Relevant bibliographies by topics / Foreign relations: Rumania, 1913

Academic literature on the topic 'Foreign relations: Rumania, 1913'

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Published: 26 July 2024
Last updated: 27 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Foreign relations: Rumania, 1913"

1

Schwartz, Herman. "Foreign Creditors and the Politics of Development in Australia and Argentina, 1880-1913." International Studies Quarterly 33, no. 3 (September 1989): 281. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2600461.

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Dobrovolsky, L. V., and A. S. Nogmova. "Evolution, Current State of Foreign Trade Activities of the Russian Federation and its Influence for the Development of the Country’s Economy." Post-Soviet Issues 9, no. 1 (June 2, 2022): 77–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.24975/2313-8920-2022-9-1-77-91.

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The article shows the role and place of the foreign trade activity of the Russian Federation in the development of its economy. The commodity composition, the main routes and the results of foreign trade in Kievan Rus and in the Moscow (Russian) kingdom have been investigated. The requirements of the Trade Charter of 1653, the New Trade Charter of 1667, the Customs Charter of 1775, customs tariffs, regulating foreign trade relations and aimed at developing foreign trade of the state, protecting it from foreign unfair competition are analyzed and summarized. The generalized results of foreign trade of the Russian Empire in the period 1901–1913 are presented. and the USSR in the pre-war and post-war periods (1940–1884). The current state of Russian foreign trade and its influence on the development of the country’s economy have been investigated. The features of the functioning of the entire system of international trade in the conditions of the formation of a global information society are revealed, the general characteristics and dynamics of the development of the information market are given. Comparative results of foreign trade of the Russian Federation for 2019–2021 are generalized and presented. The main problems of foreign trade and approaches to their solution are revealed.
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Karchaeva, T. G. "The Role of Foreign Authorities in the Property Relations of the Khakas in 1822–1913 (a Historical Aspect)." Bulletin of Irkutsk State University. Series History 29 (2019): 91–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.26516/2222-9124.2019.29.91.

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Oneal, John R., and Frances H. Oneal. "Hegemony, imperialism, and the profitability of foreign investments." International Organization 42, no. 2 (1988): 347–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020818300032847.

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Socialists at the turn of the century explained modern imperialism as an attempt to escape the crisis of monopoly capitalism. “Super-profits” that could be secured in the periphery, according to Lenin, were necessary to offset declining rates of return in the advanced economies. Today, radical theorists stress the role of the multinational corporations in accounting for neocolonialism. If great national power does produce material benefits for foreign investors, this should be apparent in two cases: the experience of British capitalists in the “high age of imperialism,“ 1870–1913, and the operations of U.S. multinational corporations abroad after World War II. But rates of return on foreign investments have not been significantly different in the developed and less developed regions of the world—a finding that is relevant not only for theories of imperialism but also for understanding development and modernization, the operation of the multinational corporation, and international capital markets.
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MOHANU, Florina, Viorela-Valentina DIMA, Teodora Monica FULGA, Oana Mioara CÂRNICIANU, and Maria-Antoaneta LORENTZ. "Internationalisation of Higher Education – A View from the Bucharest University of Economic Studies." European Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 14, no. 1 (June 30, 2022): 113–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.24818/ejis.2022.08.

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The present paper aims to provide up-to-date information on the internationalisation endeavours undertaken in the last five years by the Romanian topmost economic university – the Bucharest University of Economic Studies (ASE), based on ambitious goals set by means of its “Internationalisation Strategy” launched in 2016. We first briefly refer to key national and international literature on the internationalisation of higher education, and to the University’s international dimension since its establishment in 1913: the enrolment of foreign students, the presence of study programs in foreign languages, the existence of student exchange programmes, cooperation agreements with universities from abroad etc. Next, the paper illustrates the measures taken since 2016 in four priority areas, where constant progress has been recorded: in-house internationalisation; internationalisation abroad; internationalisation of research; and consolidation of international prestige. The analysed data are collected mainly from ASE’s International Relations Department, the Rector’s Annual Reports (2016-2019), but also from various pages of the institutional website. The discussion and conclusion sections highlight the contribution and limitations of this paper to the national literature in the field.
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Wesseling, H. L. "Gabriel Hanotaux: A Historian in Politics." Itinerario 25, no. 1 (March 2001): 65–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s016511530000557x.

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The 1944–1945 Yearbook of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences in Amsterdam includes a commemorative article written byjohan Huizinga in honour of the French historian Gabriel Hanotaux, who was a foreign member of the Academy from 1913 to 1944. Hanotaux was born on November 19, 1853, and died on April 11, 1944, a few months after his ninetieth birthday. In his commemoration of Hanotaux, Huizinga briefly sketched the life, work and achievements of Hanotaux who was, at that time, a wellknown French historian and politician. Huizinga was very impressed, as becomes apparent from his words: ‘Truly, it is almost unbelievable what this representative of all that is noble and pure in the French has created.’ He concluded his commemoration with a brief consideration of what he called his ‘temporary personal relationship with Hanotaux’.
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Bocharova, Zoya. "A Man Endowed with a “Living Vision of Reality” (the Fate of V. B. Elyashevich)." ISTORIYA 13, no. 7 (117) (2022): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840022296-4.

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Based on archival and published materials, the article reconstructs the biography of V. B. Elyashevich as a scientist, teacher, public figure, philanthropist, and clarifies information about his place of birth. His main pedagogical activity was connected with the St. Petersburg Polytechnic Institute, which he combined, among other things, with teaching at St. Petersburg University (1911—1913) after defending his master's thesis and working in state bodies (1915—1917). During the Civil War, he emigrated. The sphere of scientific interests of the scientist concerned the problems of Roman law, legal entity, civil and land relations, issues of formation and development of law and the economy of Soviet Russia. Special attention is paid to the contribution of V. B. Elyashevich to the formation of Foreign Russia, the popularization of science, his public and charitable activities.
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Manukhin, Alexey. "The Mexico-US Border during the Mexican Revolution in the Context of the Issue of Compliance with the Principle of Neutrality." Latin-American Historical Almanac 41, no. 1 (March 27, 2024): 117–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.32608/2305-8773-2024-41-1-117-148.

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The article analyzes the involvement of the United States in the events of the Mexican Revolution in relation to the situa-tion on the border of the two countries. Based on archival and published sources, it shows how socio-economic, legal and military factors influenced the decision-making process by officials in Mexico City and Washington, as well as non-state forces represented by rebel groups. It is noted that among the tools for achieving foreign policy goals and gaining ad-vantages over opponents during the revolutionary struggle, there was a constant appeal to the concept of “neutrality.” The rapprochement of the United States with the constitutionalist movement in 1913–1914 and the search for reducing the risk of war between the two countries in 1916 stand out as hall-marks. It is emphasized that due to this, Mexican-American relations were a complex combination of conflict and mutual interests.
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Yao, Yujia. "The Role of the Non-State Actor in Sino-American Relations: An Analysis Based on the Rockefeller Foundation and the Peking Union Medical College." Lecture Notes in Education Psychology and Public Media 38, no. 1 (January 15, 2024): 118–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-7048/38/20240602.

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Founded in 1913, the Rockefeller Foundation has played a major role in US cultural diplomacy. The RF has implemented various philanthropic programs to export a perception of American values, including freedom and democracy, with the aim of eliminating local vigilance and misunderstanding, improving its international reputation, and advancing US foreign policy. In particular, the RF has made significant investments in China. From 1909 to 1949, the RF consistently invested in the medicine, health, culture and education of China. The RF exerted an incalculable influence on Chinas modernization for half a century. One of its most significant and influential investments was the establishment of the Peking Union Medical College (PUMC). Accordingly, this essay seeks to analyse the RFs largest overseas investment, the establishment of the Peking Union Medical College, to evaluate its specific practices and influence, as well as to explore the role of the RF in Sino-American relations and Americas overseas expansion.
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Bogomolova, Daria Konstantinovna. "Serbian-Montenegrin relations and the prospect of the creation of the Balkan Union in 1904-1905." Исторический журнал: научные исследования, no. 3 (March 2024): 70–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0609.2024.3.70835.

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The article is devoted to the analysis of the prospects for the creation of the Balkan Union in 1904-1905, the idea of which arose under the influence of the aggravation of the international political situation in connection with the Eastern question, as well as due to the beginning of the Ilinden uprising in Macedonia. This was the first attempt in the twentieth century by young Slavic states to unite and coordinate joint foreign policy goals in the fight against the Ottoman Empire. The main sources of research are the diplomatic documents of the Balkan countries, as well as reports from Russian diplomats, the analysis of which led to the conclusion that the agreements reached during the negotiations between Serbia, Bulgaria and Montenegro, although they did not lead to the final formation of the alliance, still played a major role in the future and formed the basis of the Balkan Union of 1912-1913. They also stressed the role of the Russian Empire as an arbitrator in inter-Balkan relations. The main focus of the article is on analyzing the Serbian-Montenegrin negotiations aimed at concluding a union treaty between the countries and strengthening bilateral relations, which became possible after the change of the ruling dynasty in Serbia. Despite the fact that at first Serbian and Montenegrin politicians highly appreciated the importance of possible agreements, later negotiations failed due to serious disagreements between the parties on the issue of future territorial delimitation in the event of victory over the Ottoman Empire and the inability to work out a compromise text of the treaty. The conducted research made it possible to significantly complement and expand the picture of the Serbian-Montenegrin and inter-Balkan negotiations of 1904-1905 and to conclude that during this period conditions had not yet developed for rapprochement and coordination of foreign policy goals between the Slavic countries of the Balkan peninsula, and the beginning of negotiations on the formation of the Balkan Union was dictated to a greater extent by the temporary aggravation of the situation in connection with the uprising in Macedonia.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Foreign relations: Rumania, 1913"

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Mounts, Lauren. "To Intervene or Not to Intervene: An Analysis of American Foreign Policy in Modern Humanitarian Crises." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2018. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1913.

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This thesis seeks to identify the factors necessary to drive the United States to intervene in a humanitarian crisis. While some scholars have argued that humanitarianism in and of itself is a sufficient reason for an armed military intervention – I challenge this assumption and argue that while the United States can exhibit humanitarian impulses at times, that there are very observable limitations to these impulses. I argue that while humanitarianism can be a factor in the decision to intervene, that ultimately either national interest or another domestic political channel must also fervently push for intervention in order for action to occur. In testing my hypothesis, I examine American foreign policy in four modern humanitarian crises – Somalia, Rwanda, Bosnia, and Syria.
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Rowlands, David T. (David Thomas). "Democracy, American nationalism and Woodrow Wilson's search for identity." Thesis, Department of History, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/5790.

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Nicollet, Charlotte. "Ferdinand Ier de Bulgarie : politique étrangère et diplomatie (1887-1918)." Thesis, Paris 4, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA040114.

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Fondée en 1878 par le traité de San Stefano, mutilée par celui de Berlin, la principauté autonome de Bulgarie voit ses destinées confiées en 1887 à Ferdinand de Saxe-Cobourg et Gotha. Le nouveau knyaz est contraint dès son avènement à imposer sa personne et les ambitions de son pays dans l’arène internationale. Après une lutte de longue haleine pour obtenir la reconnaissance de son titre par le concert européen, il s’évertue à mener les Bulgares vers la réalisation de leurs idéaux nationaux. Il se heurte aux blocages dus aux liens unissant Sofia à Constantinople, à la rivalité des États environnants et aux politiques balkaniques contradictoires des puissances. Le prince aiguise au fil des ans son sens de la diplomatie et déploie une politique extérieure visant à tirer profit à la fois de la position stratégique de son pays et des rivalités des forces en présence, tout en exploitant à bon escient les circonstances successives. Sa politique de bascule aux ressorts progressivement définis est mise en œuvre, et à l’épreuve, au cours des secousses qui rythment les deux premières décennies du XXe siècle. Si elle permet à la Bulgarie d’accéder à l’indépendance, et au statut de royaume, dans le sillage de la crise bosniaque de 1908, ses revers sont patents pendant les Guerres balkaniques et le premier conflit mondial. Pourtant, force est de constater que ses échecs ne sont pas imputables au seul Ferdinand dont l’examen des faits tend à atténuer les responsabilités dans les « Catastrophes nationales », les deux défaites vécues par les Bulgares en 1913 et 1918, conséquences d’un écheveau de causes d’une grande complexité
The boundaries of an autonomous Bulgarian principality established by the provision of the San Stefano Treaty in 1878 were substantially reduced by the Great Powers at Berlin. Many unresolved problems between Sofia and Saint-Petersburg led to suspension of the bilateral relations and the abdication of Alexander of Battenberg. Ferdinand of Saxe-Cobourg and Gotha was elected Prince in 1887. After a “controversial” accession to the Bulgarian throne, the young knyaz was committed to impose himself and his country’s national interests to the international scene. After a long-term efforts aimed at recognition of his title of king amongst European chancelleries, he tried hard to realise Bulgarian national ideas. However, it undermined relationship between Sofia and Constantinople but also contributed to the rivalry between surrounding States and the Great Powers in the Balkans. Due to his diplomatic experience, Ferdinand opted for a new foreign policy strategy designed to benefit both from the Bulgaria’s strategic position and the rivalry between powers. Thus, the first two decades of the 20th century were marked by the tumult of Balkan politics. However, it allowed Bulgaria to gain independence, the status of the Kingdom in the wake of the Bosnian crisis in 1908, and the defeats during the Balkan Wars and the First World War. The defeats are not attributable entirely to Ferdinand who was the most responsible for the “National Catastrophes” in 1913 and 1918. This research has shown that fact-based analysis provides a more nuanced picture of Ferdinand’s reign which was effected by a complexity of contributing factors that inevitably plunged the country into international isolation and defeat in the Great War
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Nicollet, Charlotte. "Ferdinand Ier de Bulgarie : politique étrangère et diplomatie (1887-1918)." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 4, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA040114.

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Fondée en 1878 par le traité de San Stefano, mutilée par celui de Berlin, la principauté autonome de Bulgarie voit ses destinées confiées en 1887 à Ferdinand de Saxe-Cobourg et Gotha. Le nouveau knyaz est contraint dès son avènement à imposer sa personne et les ambitions de son pays dans l’arène internationale. Après une lutte de longue haleine pour obtenir la reconnaissance de son titre par le concert européen, il s’évertue à mener les Bulgares vers la réalisation de leurs idéaux nationaux. Il se heurte aux blocages dus aux liens unissant Sofia à Constantinople, à la rivalité des États environnants et aux politiques balkaniques contradictoires des puissances. Le prince aiguise au fil des ans son sens de la diplomatie et déploie une politique extérieure visant à tirer profit à la fois de la position stratégique de son pays et des rivalités des forces en présence, tout en exploitant à bon escient les circonstances successives. Sa politique de bascule aux ressorts progressivement définis est mise en œuvre, et à l’épreuve, au cours des secousses qui rythment les deux premières décennies du XXe siècle. Si elle permet à la Bulgarie d’accéder à l’indépendance, et au statut de royaume, dans le sillage de la crise bosniaque de 1908, ses revers sont patents pendant les Guerres balkaniques et le premier conflit mondial. Pourtant, force est de constater que ses échecs ne sont pas imputables au seul Ferdinand dont l’examen des faits tend à atténuer les responsabilités dans les « Catastrophes nationales », les deux défaites vécues par les Bulgares en 1913 et 1918, conséquences d’un écheveau de causes d’une grande complexité
The boundaries of an autonomous Bulgarian principality established by the provision of the San Stefano Treaty in 1878 were substantially reduced by the Great Powers at Berlin. Many unresolved problems between Sofia and Saint-Petersburg led to suspension of the bilateral relations and the abdication of Alexander of Battenberg. Ferdinand of Saxe-Cobourg and Gotha was elected Prince in 1887. After a “controversial” accession to the Bulgarian throne, the young knyaz was committed to impose himself and his country’s national interests to the international scene. After a long-term efforts aimed at recognition of his title of king amongst European chancelleries, he tried hard to realise Bulgarian national ideas. However, it undermined relationship between Sofia and Constantinople but also contributed to the rivalry between surrounding States and the Great Powers in the Balkans. Due to his diplomatic experience, Ferdinand opted for a new foreign policy strategy designed to benefit both from the Bulgaria’s strategic position and the rivalry between powers. Thus, the first two decades of the 20th century were marked by the tumult of Balkan politics. However, it allowed Bulgaria to gain independence, the status of the Kingdom in the wake of the Bosnian crisis in 1908, and the defeats during the Balkan Wars and the First World War. The defeats are not attributable entirely to Ferdinand who was the most responsible for the “National Catastrophes” in 1913 and 1918. This research has shown that fact-based analysis provides a more nuanced picture of Ferdinand’s reign which was effected by a complexity of contributing factors that inevitably plunged the country into international isolation and defeat in the Great War
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Books on the topic "Foreign relations: Rumania, 1913"

1

Teodorescu, Ion. Coloniile albaneze din România, România și statul albanez (1912-1914) =: Kolonitë shqiptare të Rumanisë, Rumania dhe shteti shqiptar (1912-1914). București: Editura Privirea, 2008.

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Grenzebach, William S. Germany's informal empire in East-Central Europe: German economic policy toward Yugoslavia and Rumania, 1933-1939. Stuttgart: F. Steiner Verlag Wiesbaden, 1988.

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Catana, Bogdan. Relații româno-sârbe 1875-1913. 2nd ed. Târgoviște: Editura Cetatea de Scaun, 2012.

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Frashëri, Mehdi. Kujtime: Vitet 1913-1933. Tiranë: OMSCA-1, 2005.

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editor, Duysak Cabir 1980, ed. İkdâm yazıları 1912-1913. Beylerbeyi, İstanbul: Isis Yayıncılık, 2020.

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Cliveti, Gheorghe. România și crizele internaționale, 1853-1913. Iași: Ed. Fundației "Axis", 1997.

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Sarıkçıoğlu, Melike. Osmanlı-İran hudut sorunları, 1847-1913. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu, 2013.

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Statelova, Elena Boi͡anova. Istorii͡a na bŭlgarskata diplomat͡sii͡a, 1879-1913 g. Sofii͡a: Fondat͡sii͡a Otvoreno obshtestvo, 1994.

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Romanov, V. V. V poiskakh novogo miropori︠a︡dka: Vneshnepoliticheskai︠a︡ myslʹ SShA (1913-1921 gg.). Moskva: Tambovskiĭ gos. universitet, 2005.

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Kalchev, Kalcho. Bŭlgaro-turski voennopoliticheski vrŭzki i otnoshenii︠a︡: 1913-1915 g. 8th ed. Veliko Tŭrnovo: Universitetsko izd-vo "Sv. sv. Kiril i Metodiĭ", 2010.

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Book chapters on the topic "Foreign relations: Rumania, 1913"

1

Lewis, Robert. "Foreign economic relations." In The Economic Transformation of the Soviet Union, 1913–1945, 198–215. Cambridge University Press, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781139170680.012.

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"Conclusion: The 1865–1913 Era Restated." In The Cambridge History of American Foreign Relations, 234–39. Cambridge University Press, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/chol9780521381857.012.

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"The 1865–1913 Era Restated." In The New Cambridge History of American Foreign Relations, 223–28. Cambridge University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781139015677.013.

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Dawson, William Harbutt. "(1906–1913) Foreign Relations—(iii) The Triple Entente." In The German Empire 1867–1914, 431–79. Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351059916-11.

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Dawson, William Harbutt. "(1913–1914) Foreign Relations—(iv) The Latter Days." In The German Empire 1867–1914, 480–502. Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351059916-12.

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"Constitutional Law and the Policy of Foreign Relations (1860)." In T.M.C. Asser (1838-1913) (2 vols.), 275–320. Brill | Nijhoff, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004397972_012.

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Forestier-Peyrat, Étienne. "Ba‘thists in Baku." In Russian-Arab Worlds, 308—C30P59. Oxford University PressNew York, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197605769.003.0031.

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Abstract This chapter introduces the long-serving minister of foreign affairs of Soviet Azerbaijan, Tahirə Tahirova (1913–1991), and her efforts to defuse an embarrassing intra-Ba‘th conflict between Syrian and Iraqi diplomats that played out in 1970s Baku. Tahirova’s dispatches to Moscow trace the conflicts sown by Iraq’s consul-general in Baku, ‘Adnān ‘Aydān Muhammad, who has been insulting the Syrian Ba‘th party and spreading anti-Syria propaganda through Azerbaijan’s associations of Iraqi students. Tahirova also mentions that she and Aydan discussed the recent visit to the Soviet Union of Saddam Hussein, deputy chairman of Iraq’s Revolutionary Command Council. While scholars of the USSR’s international policy have mostly considered the view from Moscow, these documents reveal the role of Soviet republics in managing dimensions of Soviet international relations outside of the USSR’s capital.
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Liehr, Reinhard, and Mariano E. Torres Bautista. "British Free-Standing Companies in Mexico, 1884-1911." In The Free Standing Company in the World Economy, 253–78. Oxford University PressOxford, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198290322.003.0017.

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Abstract Mira Wilkins has described the most common type of British direct investment abroad in the period 1870-1914 as the ‘free-standing company ‘. Earlier chapters in this volume have analysed the characteristics of this form of investment. This chapter examines the British freestanding company as it operated in Mexico during the era of President Porfirio D ‘iaz (1876-1911). Most of our data commence in 1884, the year of the start of British-Mexican negotiations to resume long-severed diplomatic relations, and include the period up to D ‘iaz ‘s resignation from the Mexican presidency in 1911. The first part of this chapter provides a general overview of foreign investment in Mexico from the 1820s to 1913, with emphasis on Porfirian Mexico. Then we specifically consider free-standing companies, based on a sample that we have developed of such Anglo-Mexican enterprises.
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Kirilina, Lyubov A. "Interns of the “Russian Grain” company on their trips to Slovenian lands (1909–1913)." In A Stranger’s Gaze: Diplomats, Journalists, Scholars — Travellers between East and West from the Eighteenth Century to the Twenty-First, 321–44. Institute of Slavic Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences; Nestor-Istoriia, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/4469-1767-9.19.

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This essay reveals some yet unexplored pages in the history of Russian-Slovenian relations. Based on materials in the Russian and Slovenian archives, the main features of the trips of Russian peasants, who were trainees of the Russian grain company, to practice in Slovenian lands are reconstructed. These visits were carried out with the aim of studying progressive methods of agriculture, which they would then be able to effectively apply at home. The organizer from the Slovenian side was the liberal politician and long-term župan (lord mayor) of Ljubljana, Ivan Hribar. Parties of Russian interns were sent to Slovenian lands in 1909 and 1912 and many of the trainees stayed abroad for one or two years. The main focus of this study is the analysis of the feedback of Russian peasants about their work and study in a foreign country and their impressions of the Slovenes. Reviews by the Russian peasants who were dispatched in 1909 were more favourable than those sent on the 1912 trip, which was for various reasons less successful. In general, the trainees who remained in the Slovenian lands for a long time acquired a lot of new knowledge and skills, which could then be successfully applied in Russia. Slovenes as a people, their culture, and their economic organization made a good impression on the Russian peasants. In addition, it was the peasants' first encounter with another world, and being close to the Slovenian people in language, culture, and traditions contributed to the expansion of their common horizons.
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Suh, Chris. "Between Empire and Exclusion." In The Allure of Empire, 55—C2P97. Oxford University PressNew York, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197631614.003.0003.

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Abstract Chapter 2 follows how the cordial US-Japan relations forged during the Russo-Japanese War became complicated by anti-Japanese immigration movements in California. The nativist movements were originally led by a working-class organization that demanded an extension of the existing Chinese exclusion to the Japanese. The Roosevelt administration resented this demand but eventually restricted Japanese labor migration by working with the Japanese Foreign Ministry to institute the Gentlemen’s Agreement, which saved Japan from a federal exclusion policy that unilaterally excluded the majority of Asians with the Immigration Act of 1917. Yet in California, anti-Japanese movements did not subside with the institution of the Gentlemen’s Agreement. A group of professional-class reformers successfully lobbied the state government to prevent Japanese immigrants from becoming landowners in 1913. They justified the law as an act to prevent the racial and labor conditions of Hawaiʽi and the American South from being replicated in the American West.
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