Relevant bibliographies by topics / Foreign policies

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Foreign policies'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Foreign policies"

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King, Mae C., and Stephen Wright. "African Foreign Policies." International Journal of African Historical Studies 33, no. 1 (2000): 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/220293.

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Dorsey, Steven D., and Stephen Wright. "African Foreign Policies." African Studies Review 42, no. 2 (September 1999): 180. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/525385.

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Gerhart, Gail M., and Stephen Wright. "African Foreign Policies." Foreign Affairs 78, no. 3 (1999): 152. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20049341.

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Flint, John, and Stephen Wright. "African Foreign Policies." International Journal 54, no. 1 (1998): 187. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40203369.

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Berger, Lars. "Foreign policies or culture." Journal of Peace Research 51, no. 6 (May 8, 2014): 782–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022343314527983.

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Boardman, Robert. "Review: Western Foreign Policies: British Foreign Policy." International Journal: Canada's Journal of Global Policy Analysis 44, no. 1 (March 1989): 223–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002070208904400112.

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Shearman, Peter. "USSR foreign policies after detente." International Affairs 62, no. 1 (1985): 141–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2618124.

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Buzan, Barry, Gavin Boyd, and Gerald W. Hopple. "Political Change and Foreign Policies." International Journal 43, no. 3 (1988): 521. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40202554.

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Gardner, Frank. "Political change and foreign policies." International Affairs 64, no. 2 (1988): 271–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2621863.

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Brown, Roland, Mike Faber, and Max Sisulu. "POLICIES TOWARDS INWARD FOREIGN INVESTMENT." IDS Bulletin 25, no. 1 (January 1994): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1759-5436.1994.mp25001008.x.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Foreign policies"

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Chen, Jinghan. "Foreign direct investment in China : policies and performance." Thesis, Lancaster University, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.332056.

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Gulmohamad, Zana. "The making of Iraq's foreign policies post-Saddam." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2017. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/19259/.

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Torres, Miguel Augusto Rodrigues Matos. "Pro-internationalisation policies and outward foreign direct investment." Doctoral thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/12442.

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Doutoramento em Economia
This thesis addresses the impacts of public policies on outward foreign direct investment, seeking to contribute to a better understanding of the interplay between pro-internationalisation policies and firm behaviour. Home country measures associated with these policies are explored in terms of use and awareness, as determinants of foreign direct investment, as drivers of policy objectives, in terms of perceived importance and impact in different scenarios of internationalisation. Using a comprehensive database of 441 Portuguese firms, being those that had participated at least in one of the 11 types of public support between 1994 and 2009. The empirical papers presented here reveal a moderating effect of firm capabilities and internationalisation conditions on policy objectives. In fact, firms’ resources and capabilities frame the awareness and use of home country support measures, the existence of public policy determinants of foreign direct investment, the decision to carry out more aggressive modes of entry and the choice of more demanding environments, the impact of policy objectives, and the perceived importance of incentives. In practical terms, the findings of this thesis points that firms’ resources and capabilities are negatively associated with the use of public support, contrasting with awareness, which is found to increase with firms’ resources and capabilities. This insight sheds light on a potential problem of incentives allocation. Our results support the established theorizing about the co-evolution of government and firms' policies, home country measures being found as determinants of foreign direct investment. It is also shown that prointernationalization policies reinforce the firms’ resources and capabilities, which seems to have a positive impact on international growth. An evaluation of public policy, from the foreign direct investor's lens, supports the argument that firms involved in more demanding projects tend to attribute more importance to public supports. Behind the specific and concrete contributions identified in each of the empirical papers, as a whole this thesis makes methodological contributions by introducing the evaluation of impacts of public policies to the field of international business through the firm perspective; these contributions are achieved by taking the pro-internationalisation policies of a small open economy to better understand the impacts of public policies, and by shedding light on co-evolution between resource and institutional-based views.
O presente trabalho propõe-se contribuir para a avaliação de políticas públicas com impacto nos investimentos diretos realizados no estrangeiro. Desta forma,esta tese permitirá uma melhor compreensão da ação recíproca entre politicas pro-internacionalização e o comportamento das empresas em presença das mesmas. Um conjunto de medidas implementadas pelo país de origem são exploradas para obter um melhor entendimento relativamente ao seu uso e conhecimento pelas empresas. Estas medidas também são analisadas como determinantes do investimento direto realizado no estrangeiro, como fortificantes de recursos e capacidades das empresas, em termos de importância percebida, e como apoio para os objetivos de política pública. Utilizando uma base de dados com 441 empresas Portuguesas que receberam apoios públicos entre 1994 e 2009 são apresentados quatro artigos empíricos que revelam um efeito considerável das características das empresas e das condições de internacionalização sobre os efeitos das políticas. De facto, as capacidades e os recursos das empresas são fundamentais para o conhecimento e uso dos apoios, para a existência de investimento direto realizado no estrangeiro, para absorver e canalizar os efeitos dos apoios e para a decisão de explorar mercados externos com modos mais agressivos de internacionalização. Para além das contribuições identificadas, em termos genéricos esta tese contribui também com aspetos metodológicos relevantes. Nomeadamente, usando uma perspetiva da empresa, é introduzida a avaliação de políticas com impacto no investimento direto estrangeiro. Estes impactos são analisados para melhor compreender a ação reciproca entre politicas e comportamentos da empresa tomando como pano de fundo uma pequena economia.
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Raynova, Boryana Ivanova. "The Visegrad Foreign Policies and the Kosovo Question." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-191495.

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The aim of the master thesis is to analyze the Visegrad foreign policies towards Kosovo and moreover the question of the development of its international status as a sovereign state. First, the focus is on the context of action of thoses four countries in a stategical and historical perspective. Then it is described how are constructed the foreign policies the Visegrad countries towards the specific question of Kosovo, taking into account the different national constraints and opportunities.
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Cai, Ying. "Human rights policies of foreign capital companies of China." Thesis, University of Macau, 2011. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b2554513.

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Tahi, Mohand Salah. "The Maghreb states : regional and foreign policies 1973-1987." Thesis, University of Warwick, 1988. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/34715/.

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By 1973, the period of uncertainty that followed independence in the Maghreb was over, and the regimes in place - whether civilian or military were there to remain. Legitimising formulas were no longer rested on the ideological rhetoric that had been derived from the euphoria of independence, and by now the Maghrebi elites had to seek other legitimising sources. Thus they embarked on consolidating the state through institutionalisation and through new policies that sought to associate key constituencies with the conduct of the government. The intense social transformation over the last two decades, with greater access to education, has been coupled with the new emphasis on the state. Ideology has retreated before the advance of pragmatism and a greater awareness of the developments both at home and abroad. Accordingly, our work suggests that foreign policies of the Maghreb States, in the period under study have been executed in accordance with, and in response to, the exigencies of 'national interest'. The thesis is divided into five parts: The First Part, discusses different theories of foreign policy-making and sets out our suggested framework for analysis; The Second Part, deals with the conflicting and competitive nature that commands Inter-Maghrebin relations. The strife and rivalry for leadership and supremacy in North Africa has been a crucial factor dictating Maghrebi policies in Africa, the Middle East, Europe and beyond; The Third Part, treats Maghrebi relations with the Arab World and their attitudes with regard to issues ranging from the Arab Israeli conflict to the Iran-Iraq War, while competing for support and allies in their inter-Maghrebin altercations; Part Four, is concerned with the Maghrebi African policies. While the continent became a battle ground for the struggle against Isreal, it has also become a forum that for long has been dominated by inter-Maghrebin rivalries; Finally, the Fifth Part, deals with the Maghrebi foreign policies with regard to Europe and the super powers. As in the case of their relations with the Middle East and Africa, relations with Europe and the super powers have also been conflicting and competitive as far as the Maghreb states are concerned. Here, however, Maghrebi pragmatic approach has prevailed through the divorce of the foreign policy utterances from economic practices.
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Sayanak, Tejashree. "Foreign aid as prize : incentives for pro-poor policies /." Available to subscribers only, 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1594498661&sid=15&Fmt=2&clientId=1509&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Shi, Chen Lu. "India's strategic thinking and policies towards China :a geopolitical analysis." Thesis, University of Macau, 2015. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b3335232.

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Bradshaw, Daniel J. "Toward a better union: improving the effectiveness of foreign policies." Thesis, Monterey, California: Naval Postgraduate School, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/42587.

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Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited
A fundamental characteristic of state-state interaction in a globalized system is the explicitness with which states communicate their foreign policies to each other. In order to understand the role and the importance of foreign policy explicitness in the global foreign policy system, I first created a simple mesh model of the actors and institutions that form the U.S. foreign policy system. By optimizing this model with various systems engineering concepts, I discovered that foreign policy explicitness plays an important role in improving the effectiveness of the foreign policy system as a whole. I then applied this result to an analysis of U.S-China foreign policy relations since 1949 in order to determine how foreign policy explicitness has affected real-world state-state relations. By following the development of U.S.-China relations, I found that increases in foreign policy explicitness have been the precursor to many of the most important bilaterally beneficial developments in the U.S.-China relationship. Finally, I examined the U.S. foreign policy system in order to better understand the current state of U.S. foreign policy explicitness. I discovered that the U.S. is actively undertaking many initiatives that are increasing U.S. foreign policy explicitness; however, more can be done to focus this process.
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Nathananan, Montri. "Theoretical essays on trade policies, mergers and foreign direct investment." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2003. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/11142/.

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This thesis is a collection of theoretical essays in the area of trade policies, mergers and foreign direct investment. We employ partial equilibrium analysis to investigate various issues concerning the above topic. In the first chapter we review theoretical works that investigate the links between trade policy and merger activity. We focus our attention on Falvey (1998) which analyses the effects of tariff policy on mergers and reaches the conclusion that tariffs tend to encourage mergers involving small firms based in the restricting country but discourage mergers involving small firms based in the non-restricting country. In the second chapter we extend Falvey (1998) to include the effects of the quotas on merger profitability. The quotas tend to discourage mergers involving small firms from both restricting and non restricting countries. When a ranking of the tariff and the quota regimes can be made, mergers gains are larger under the equivalent quota regime. In the third chapter we investigate tariff and quota equivalence when firms have the option of direct investment. High tariffs induce a foreign firm to switch from trade to investing directly in the home country. Restrictive quotas, however, induce a foreign firm to engage in direct foreign investment in addition to trade. The two regimes are not always equivalent especially in terms of the level of imports. In the fourth chapter we use game theory to investigate the interaction between welfare maximising home government and a foreign firm capable of choosing the direct foreign investment option. If the foreign firm move first, it may pre-empt the home government by committing to the direct investment option if the optimal tariff is expected to be high. If the home government move first, it may need to set the tariff below the optimal level so that direct foreign investment is not induced.
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Books on the topic "Foreign policies"

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Gardini, Gian Luca, and Peter Lambert, eds. Latin American Foreign Policies. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230118270.

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Buffer states: Power policies, foreign policies and concepts. Hauppauge, NY: Nova Science Publishers, 2009.

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Staar, Richard Felix. USSR foreign policies after detente. Stanford, Calif: Hoover Institution Press, Stanford University, 1987.

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USSR foreign policies after detente. Stanford, Calif: Hoover Institution Press, 1985.

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Rai, Hameed Ali Khan. Foreign policies of major powers. Lahore, Pakistan: Aziz Publishers, 1989.

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Corporation, Rand, ed. Perspectives on economic and foreign policies. Santa Monica, CA: Rand, 1995.

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Foreign policies of India's prime ministers. New Delhi: Lancer Publishers, 2009.

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Fund, International Monetary. Foreign borrowing and export promotion policies. Washington, D.C: International Monetary Fund, 1989.

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Staar, Richard Felix. Foreign policies of the Soviet Union. Stanford, Calif: Hoover Institution Press, Stanford University, 1991.

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Hadfield, Amelia, Ian Manners, and Richard G. Whitman, eds. Foreign Policies of EU Member States. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY: Routledge, 2017.: Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315276724.

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Book chapters on the topic "Foreign policies"

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Hix, Simon, and Bjørn Høyland. "Foreign Policies." In The Political System of the European Union, 302–30. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-230-34418-1_12.

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Beach, Derek. "Security Policies." In Analyzing Foreign Policy, 151–71. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-00279-2_6.

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Ravenhill, John. "Foreign economic policies." In New Developments in Australian Politics, 231–48. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-15192-9_13.

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Beach, Derek. "Economic Foreign Policies." In Analyzing Foreign Policy, 185–97. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-00279-2_8.

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Bischoff, Paul-Henri. "Introduction." In African Foreign Policies, 1–14. New York: Routledge, 2020.: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429328237-1.

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Salem, Ahmed Ali. "Tunisia’s foreign policy towards France before and after an undemanding “revolution”." In African Foreign Policies, 159–79. New York: Routledge, 2020.: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429328237-10.

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Njoloma, Eugenio. "Straddling between convergence and divergence." In African Foreign Policies, 180–94. New York: Routledge, 2020.: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429328237-11.

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Souaré, Issaka K. "Strategies of a small state between realism and liberalism." In African Foreign Policies, 195–209. New York: Routledge, 2020.: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429328237-12.

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Nedziwe, Cecilia Lwiindi. "Rethinking SADC." In African Foreign Policies, 210–27. New York: Routledge, 2020.: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429328237-13.

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Aning, Kwesi, and Kwaku Danso. "Ghana." In African Foreign Policies, 228–43. New York: Routledge, 2020.: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429328237-14.

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Conference papers on the topic "Foreign policies"

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Peshkova, Galina. "Improvement Of Russian Cluster Policies Based On Foreign Experience." In International Conference on Economic and Social Trends for Sustainability of Modern Society. European Publisher, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2020.10.03.41.

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Noyan Yalman, İlkay, Mutlu Türkoğlu, and Yalçın Yalman. "Small and Medium Sizes Enterprises (SMEs) and Foreign Trade Policy." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c06.01207.

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A high level of a country’s foreign trade is related to the growth of foreign earnings, to the acceleration of investments, to increase employment and contributes significantly to the growth of the country's economy. In this context, SMEs as one of the mile stones of the economy, foreign trade and economic growth are located in the leading roles. Especially SMEs sufficiently developed oppressed against strong opponents abroad, government policies or practices in trade restrictive policies are some of the reasons for this downside. SMEs that exports goods, or the infrastructure needed to produce goods for SMEs who import raw materials as well as the country's foreign trade policies and developments in the world economy is important. SMEs to follow the development, recognizing competitors, new markets, new products is very important in terms of growth both business and the countries. In this study, SMEs engaged in foreign trade in Sivas Province performing an application on in terms of both the business and government policy at the local level status will be examined. Data will be obtained on issues such as ultimately foreign trade potential of existing SMEs while doing foreign trade problems they face, strengths and weaknesses, market policies at national and international levels, the opinions about the state's foreign trade policy. The results obtained from the data on SMEs engaged in foreign trade by making general inferences about the data obtained on a micro scale, will allow making inferences on the macro scale.
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Reyhan, Hakan, and Ahmet Mutlu. "The Future of Multinational Corporation Investments In Turkey: An Evaluation of Environmental and Natural Sources Investments." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c03.00474.

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It’s well known that receiving foreign investments is one of the main targets of Turkey’s economic policies since 1980’s. As a result of these policies, foreign-capitalized companies have considerable market shares in many sectors from automotive to mining, from food and beverage to petroleum, from agriculture to chemicals, from construction to pharmaceutical products. On the other hand, in last year’s there is a remarkable and growing public reaction to the foreign investments especially investments related to natural resources and environmental areas. Thus, in near future MNC’s which wanted to invest in Turkey would need to take more attention to public’s tendencies then government policies. In this study, main policies concerning MNC investments in Turkey will be evaluated and public’s approaches to foreign investments in environmental and natural resources will be discussed. In this study government perspectives of the foreign investments made by MNC’s and stimulation policies for foreign investments made by MNC’s will be evaluated in terms of sustainable development policies. Then, public’s reactions which raised especially after 2000’s to the foreign investments in environmental and natural resources and potential results of these reactions for future investments will be evaluated. Method of the study, based on literature review, and analysis of statistics and social event. In the study, the sensitivity against environmental and natural resource investments was found to be active in the past. Thus, MNC, for this type of investment, must more focus on changes in Turkey.
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Songur, Mehmet, and Demet Yaman. "The Effect of Foreign Direct Investment and Foreign Trade on Gross Domestic Product in Eurasian Countries: Panel Cointegration Analysis." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c04.00740.

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In recent years, with the phenomenon of globalization, both foreign trade and foreign direct investment have become important factors that impact on economic growth. The effect of foreign trade and foreign direct investment on economic growth has been an important research area for many economists. For this purpose, this study investigates the effects of foreign direct invesment and foreign trade on economic growth, with the help of Pedroni Panel Cointegration Analysis,for 9 Eurasian countries using annual data for the period 1995-2011.The results show that in analyzed countries, there has been a long-term relationship between the variables. The results of cointegration coeffficients show that, import and export has a negative impact but foreign direct invesment has a positive impact on GDP. From these results, Eurasian economies on one hand should develop policies to increase the effeciency of foreign direct invesment and increase foreign trade. On the other hand Eurasian economies should improve policies to increase the economic and human infrastructure.
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Ersungur, Ş. Mustafa, Mehmet Barış Aslan, and Ömer Doru. "The Econometric Analysis in the Sectorial Basis of Income and Price Effects on the Foreign Trade Deficits: The Case of Turkey." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c08.01864.

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In Turkey which is one of the countries whose current account deficit has been chronic from the 1980s until today, the most important reason for the current account deficit is foreign trade deficit. The aim of our study in this context is to shed light on policies oriented foreign trade deficits by examining foreign trade of intermediate and capital goods which are one of the most important causes of foreign trade deficits in Turkey, in terms of income and exchange rate indicators. In the study in which the Marshall-Lerner condition and the foreign and domestic income elasticities were tested separately for each model, the Econometric method and quartile data between 1998 to 2014 were used. The results of the study showed that Marshall-Lerner condition is not valid in foreign trade of any goods group, and domestic and foreign income variable coefficients are strong effect on both imports and exports. In the direction of these results, we think that the economic policies to be developed for domestic and foreign revenues will be more effective than the real exchange rate policies for being decreased the foreign trade deficits of both intermediate and capital goods in Turkey.
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Gürson, Poyraz, Mustafa Kemal Topcu, Halil İbrahim Ülker, and Turan Erman Erkan. "Renewable Energy Policies and Energy Supply Security." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c05.01029.

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Energy is one of the fields that innovation is to be speeded up regarding requirements and geopolitical position of Turkey. However, as a result of natural consequence of unplanned and incorrect energy policies, dependency rate of consumed energy of Turkey has reached out a rate of 72 percent. Since need to energy is increasingly growing and a large part of consumed energy is imported, dependency seems to continue to increase. Toward this end, studies related to reducing foreign dependency on energy, the largest input of manufacturing industry in Turkey, are reviewed and discussed with a literature survey methodology. And policy recommendations concerning energy supply security are made. Renewable energy has been attached great importance worldwide as well as nationwide because of providing reliable energy regarding economy, policy, and environment. In order to meet the increasing electricity needs of Turkey as a developing country; the number of facilities on renewable energy are also growing. Domestic production of equipment for renewable energy producing and integrating those into conventional system is of high importance because of energy supply security and sustaining reserves as well as reducing foreign dependency.
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Seetha, Venkatesh, and Vinod Pathari. "A Data Science - Centered Approach to Studying International Relations and Foreign Policies." In 2018 International Conference on Advances in Computing, Communications and Informatics (ICACCI). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icacci.2018.8554549.

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Nedeljkovic, Milan, and Nikola Vasiljevic. "EMERGING FOREIGN EXCHANGE MARKETS AND MONETARY POLICY IN EURO AREA: EVIDENCE FROM THE CRISIS." In 4th International Scientific Conference – EMAN 2020 – Economics and Management: How to Cope With Disrupted Times. Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans, Belgrade, Serbia, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/eman.s.p.2020.11.

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We examine how emerging market (EM) foreign exchange (FX) markets respond to innovations in the monetary policy in advanced economies over the crisis period. We focus on the case of the European Central Bank (ECB) which pursued a combination of different policies during the Eurozone sovereign crisis. In a new econometric framework, we identify responses of foreign exchange markets in three EM economies (Hungary, Poland and Turkey) to different types of ECB policies. We find weak effect of the ECB’s Euro liquidity provisions on the EM foreign exchange markets. In contrast, while the ECB’s foreign exchange liquidity provisions as well as government bond interventions and policy rate changes did not impact the FX levels, they led to higher uncertainty in the FX markets. The results are indicative of the additional, uncertainty channels through which monetary policy shocks in advanced economies may affect the business cycle fluctuations in the EM economies.
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Nguyen, Ha Phuong, and The Tuan Tran. "Foreign Direct Investment policies towards sustainable development in Malaysia and lessons for Vietnam." In ТЕНДЕНЦИИ РАЗВИТИЯ НАУКИ И ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ. НИЦ "Л-Журнал", 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18411/lj2016-3-45.

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Acaroğlu, Hakan, and Zeki Kartal. "Measuring the Effect of Globalization Level to Economic Growth for Turkey in the Duration of Integration to the Global Economy, 1961-2013." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c07.01732.

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The economic problems due to foreign trade and foreign direct investments are recently solved in the frame of global economy. This study surveys the effects of globalization to the economic growth in Turkey in the period 1961-2013 by the channels of the trade openness (OPENNESS) and foreign direct investments (FDIs) by using annual time series data. The data are obtained from Penn World Tables and World Development Indicators (2014 for Turkey). It is found with setting up the econometric model that, the trade openness is positively affecting the investment level and economic growth in the long term. On the other hand, the results of the applied economy policies are affecting the trade openness and economic growth significantly and positively. Those findings tell that Turkey is a successful actor of globalization process. In addition to this, what the economic policies that Turkey needs to do for a sustainable economic growth are emphasized in the study.
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Reports on the topic "Foreign policies"

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Derdzinski, Joseph L. Slovenia's Foreign and Defense Policies. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, November 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada428011.

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Feenstra, Robert. Auctioning U.S. Import Quotas, Foreign Response, and Alternative Policies. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, February 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w2839.

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Blomstrom, Magnus, and Ari Kokko. Policies to Encourage Inflows of Technology Through Foreign Multinationals. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, March 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w4289.

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Junguito, Roberto, and Hernando Vargas-Herrera. Central Bank independence and foreign exchange policies in Latin America. Bogotá, Colombia: Banco de la República, February 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/be.46.

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Mercer-Blackman, Valerie, and Shiela Camingue-Romance. The Impact of United States Tax Policies on Sectoral Foreign Direct Investment to Asia. Asian Development Bank, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/wps200388-2.

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Using panel data at the country and sector level spanning almost 15 years, this paper shows that the corporate income tax rate does not affect the United States’ inward foreign direct investment once market size, costs, openness, and the business environment, are taken into account. This is true for United States foreign direct investment bound to developing Asia and across most sectors.
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Kelly, Luke. Characteristics of Global Health Diplomacy. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.09.

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This rapid review focuses on Global Health Diplomacy and defines it as a method of interaction between the different stakeholders of the public health sector in a bid to promote representation, cooperation, promotion of the right to health and improvement of health systems for vulnerable populations on a global scale. It is the link between health and international relations. GHD has various actors including states, intergovernmental organizations, private companies, public-private partnerships and non-governmental organizations. Foreign policies can be integrated into national health in various ways i.e., designing institutions to govern practices regarding health diplomacy (i.e., health and foreign affairs ministries), creating and promoting norms and ideas that support foreign policy integration and promoting policies that deal with specific issues affecting the different actors in the GHD arena to encourage states to integrate them into their national health strategies. GHD is classified into core diplomacy – where there are bilateral and multilateral negotiations which may lead to binding agreements, multistakeholder diplomacy – where there are multilateral and bilateral negotiations which do not lead to binding agreements and informal diplomacy – which are interactions between other actors in the public health sector i.e., NGOs and Intergovernmental Organizations. The US National Security Strategy of 2010 highlighted the matters to be considered while drafting a health strategy as: the prevalence of the disease, the potential of the state to treat the disease and the value of affected areas. The UK Government Strategy found the drivers of health strategies to be self-interest (protecting security and economic interests of the state), enhancing the UK’s reputation, and focusing on global health to help others. The report views health diplomacy as a field which requires expertise from different disciplines, especially in the field of foreign policy and public health. The lack of diplomatic expertise and health expertise have been cited as barriers to integrating health into foreign policies. States and other actors should collaborate to promote the right to health globally.
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Terzyan, Aram. Belarus in the Wake of a Revolution: Domestic and International Factors. Eurasia Institutes, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.47669/eea-3-2020.

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This paper explores the political landscape of Belarus in the aftermath of the 2020 presidential elections, with a focus on both domestic and international factors behind the ongoing crisis. Lukashenko’s regime has a long record of sustaining its power by preserving elite unity, controlling elections, and/or using force against opponents. Therefore, massive fraud characterizing the 2020 presidential elections and brutal suppression of peaceful protests in its aftermath came as no surprise. Against this backdrop, the anti-government protests following the presidential elections raised a series of unanswered questions regarding both their domestic and foreign policy implications. The biggest question is whether the Belarusian civil society and opposition will prove powerful enough to overcome state repression and change the status quo in Europe’s “last dictatorship”. Worries remain about the Belarusian opposition’s emphasis on foreign policy continuity, meaning that Belarus is bound to remain in the orbit of the Russian authoritarian influence. The total fiasco of post-Velvet Revolution Armenian government both in terms of domestic and foreign policies, among others, further reveals the excruciating difficulties of a democratic state-building within the Russia-led socio-political order.
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Alviarez, Vanessa, Keith Head, and Thierry Mayer. Global Giants and Local Stars: How Changes in Brand Ownership Affect Competition. Inter-American Development Bank, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003333.

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We assess the consequences for consumers in 76 countries of multinational acquisitions in beer and spirits. Outcomes depend on how changes in ownership affect markups versus efficiency. We find that owner fixed effects contribute very little to the performance of brands. On average, foreign ownership tends to raise costs and lower appeal. Using the estimated model, we simulate the consequences of counter-factual national merger regulation. The US beer price index would have been 4-7% higher without divestitures. Up to 30% savings could have been obtained in Latin America by emulating the pro-competition policies of the US and EU.
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Erkamo, Sanna, Karoliina Pilli-Sihvola, Atte Harjanne, and Heikki Tuomenvirta. Climate Security and Finland – A Review on Security Implications of Climate Change from the Finnish Perspective. Finnish Meteorological Institute, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35614/isbn.9789523361362.

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This report describes the effects of climate change for Finland from the view of comprehensive security. The report examines both direct and indirect climate security risks as well as transition risks related to climate change mitigation. The report is based on previous research and expert interviews. Direct security risks refer to the immediate risks caused by the changing nature of natural hazards. These include the risks to critical infrastructure and energy systems, the logistics system, health and food security. Indirect security risks relate to the potential economic, political and geopolitical impacts of climate change. Climate change can affect global migration, increase conflict risk, and cause social tensions and inequality. Transition risks are related to economic and technological changes in energy transition, as well as political and geopolitical tensions and social problems caused by climate change mitigation policies. Reducing the use of fossil fuels can result in domestic and foreign policy tensions and economic pressure especially in locations dependent on fossil fuels. Political tension can also increase the risks associated with hybrid and information warfare. The security effects of climate change affect all sectors of society and the Finnish comprehensive security model should be utilized in preparing for them. In the short run, the most substantial arising climate change related security risks in Finland are likely to occur through indirect or transition risks. Finland, similar to other wealthy countries, has better technological, economic and institutional conditions to deal with the problems and risks posed by climate change than many other countries. However, this requires political will and focus on risk reduction and management.
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Kamminga, Jorrit, Cristina Durán, and Miguel Ángel Giner Bou. Zahra: A policewoman in Afghanistan. Oxfam, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21201/2020.6959.

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As part of Oxfam’s Strategic Partnership project ‘Towards a Worldwide Influencing Network’, the graphic story Zahra: A policewoman in Afghanistan was developed by Jorrit Kamminga, Cristina Durán and Miguel Ángel Giner Bou. The project is funded by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands. The graphic story is part of a long-standing Oxfam campaign that supports the inclusion and meaningful participation of women in the Afghan police. The story portrays the struggles of a young woman from a rural village who wants to become a police officer. While a fictional character, Zahra’s story represents the aspirations and dreams of many young Afghan women who are increasingly standing up for their rights and equal opportunities, but who are still facing structural societal and institutional barriers. For young women like Zahra, there are still few role models and male champions to support their cause. Yet, as Oxfam’s project has shown, their number is growing, which contributes to small shifts in behaviour and perceptions, gradually normalizing women’s presence in the police force. If a critical mass of women within the police force can be reached and their participation increasingly becomes meaningful, this can reduce the societal and institutional resistance over time. Oxfam hopes the fictional character of Zahra can contribute to that in terms of awareness raising and the promotion of women’s participation in the police force. The story is also available on the #IMatter website.
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