Academic literature on the topic 'Foreign exchange – European Economic Community countries'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the lists of relevant articles, books, theses, conference reports, and other scholarly sources on the topic 'Foreign exchange – European Economic Community countries.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Journal articles on the topic "Foreign exchange – European Economic Community countries"
1
Rahutami, A. Ika. "MENJAGA VOLATILITAS NILAI TUKAR: FAKTOR PENDUKUNG PENGEMBANGAN BISNIS DI ASEAN." KINERJA 12, no. 1 (November 8, 2017): 51–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.24002/kinerja.v12i1.1390.
Full textAbstract:
Currently, economic globalization brings a big impact for business environment in Indonesia. The competition capability is one of requirement to access a broader market. Instead of the manufacture’s competence itself, a conducive macroeconomic condition will support the global competition. If the target of business is a wider market, the stability of currency should be a sustain factor. One of the currency’s risks is exchange rate volatility. The bigger volatility, the bigger risk and unstable condition hence will impede intervention to foreign market. Nowadays ASEAN establish the new integration process after the AFTA trading agreement is not sufficient to construct market and generate a better welfare. AFTA is created for a better and extensive economic integration in 2020 namely ASEAN Economic Community (AEC). Based on more stable economic integration, European Union, it can be concluded that a monetary agreement, moreover the common currency wi l l create more stable economic condition and exchange rate. A heterogeneous economic system, per capita income, economic level, currency and exchange rate among ASEAN countries being a problem for adjustment. This study observes the exchange rate volatility in ASEAN countries. The results of this study showed that the based on the financial integration framework indicator, ASEAN countries require a lot of adjustment that will make a more convergence economic policy to construct financial integration frameworkKeywords : Globalization, AEC, currency volaality, bussines development
2
Gladkov, Igor. "FOREIGN TRADE RELATIONS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION IN THE CONTEXT OF INCREASING GLOBAL UNCERTAINTY." Contemporary Europe, no. 100 (December 31, 2020): 59–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.15211/soveurope720205969.
Full textAbstract:
The article analyzes the competitive positions in the system of modern international trade of the world's largest regional integration community – the European Union (EU), consisting of 28 member countries. The most important trends in the dynamics and geographical structure of the EU's foreign trade relations are considered against the background of increasing global turbulence, as well as in the run-up to the UK's withdrawal from this grouping. Based on actual and statistical data, the author substantiates the claim that the leading integration bloc managed to maintain its leadership in the world commodity exchange in the conditions of increasing global uncertainty due to its well-thought-out foreign trade policy, which includes a number of quite effective tools. According to the author, the experience gained by the EU is undoubtedly of interest for a more detailed study, since during the entire six-year period under review (2014-2019), there were very significant changes in the sphere of world trade, both at the global and regional levels. These include rising tensions caused by the spread of protectionist sentiments among leading actors, the formation of new types of trade alliances, and the use of sanctions against competitors under the guise of untenable rhetoric. However, the current year has brought more large-scale disasters associated with the emergence of a new virus infection of a planetary scale. Such trends have a negative impact on the dynamics of global trade, including foreign trade relations of the European Union.
3
Серединський, І. В. "DIRECTIONS OF INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION IN THE FIELD OF TRAINING OF POLICE STAFF." Juridical science, no. 1(103) (February 19, 2020): 244–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.32844/2222-5374-2020-103-1.29.
Full textAbstract:
The scientific article examines the issues of areas of international cooperation in the field of police training. Emphasis is placed on the best practices of Western Europe, the United States and Canada. At first it was emphasized that in modern conditions there is a rapid development of international relations on the principles of integration and mutual enrichment, and not on the terms of rigid differentiation. It is determined that the interaction is especially evident in the field of international cooperation of European law enforcement agencies. The author found that international police cooperation is carried out in several main areas: 1) assistance in training for foreign law enforcement agencies; 2) joint research of problems of struggle against offenses; 3) exchange of experience in the field of police training; 4) provision of logistical and advisory assistance. Emphasis is placed on the fact that an important factor is the recognition by the international community among other areas and the need for cooperation in the field of personnel training. The author formulates the main directions of international cooperation in the field of police training, in particular: integration into international bodies and organizations in the field of police training; integration into international police educational institutions; integration into the education system of leading foreign educational institutions, study of experience, analysis of the work of structural units, study of the scale of social activity, the field of scientific research, etc .; creating conditions for the development of police education in a particular country with the help of international partners and the experience of foreign countries; provision-receipt on a mutual, and more often on a unilateral basis to foreign colleagues of means of equipment, communication, equipment for use in police training. Finally, it is noted that the most intensive and effective police cooperation is carried out by the police of highly developed countries with similar economic, political and social conditions, similar legal attitudes and principles of law enforcement.
4
Білявець, Сергій. "PECULIARITIES OF POLICE PROFESSIONAL TRAINING IN THE EUROPEAN UNION (END OF THE XX - BEGINNING OF THE XXI CENTURY." Збірник наукових праць Національної академії Державної прикордонної служби України. Серія: педагогічні науки 24, no. 1 (April 26, 2021): 17–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.32453/pedzbirnyk.v24i1.627.
Full textAbstract:
The article presents the results of the analysis of regulatory and scientific sources, which reveal the features of police training for EU countries at the end of the 20th and the beginning of the 21st centuries. It was found that the integration of European states in the second half of the 20th century and the first decade of the 21st century contributed to the fact that the system of police training was changing in accordance with the changes in the political and socio-economic situation in individual EU countries and in the Community as a whole. The police training system itself is part of the integration processes within the framework of the integration of the EU law enforcement and police systems. Features such as the practical orientation of training, its continuous nature, and its close relationship to practice are characteristic of all police training institutions in EU countries. At the same time, EU countries are ambivalent about the innovations proposed by the 1999 Bologna Convention.
States with established educational systems (Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Denmark, France, Germany, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Portugal, Sweden, and the United Kingdom) are more conservative and less inclined to abandon their own educational standards, unlike Eastern European states that pursue radical reform policies, including reforms in police training. In police education programs, a significant number of hours are devoted to the development of skills and abilities to work with scientific and technological means, which are extremely widely used in police work in foreign countries. It was also found that police officers are thoroughly and comprehensively prepared for close interaction of national services, both through Interpol and directly with each other. At conferences, symposiums, seminars, exchanges of experience and delegations, increased attention is certainly given to police training.
5
HALYCH, Oleksandr, and Oleh DEMYDKIN. "FEATURES OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS AND TECHNOLOGIES OF PUBLIC MANAGEMENT AND ADMINISTRATION IN THE CONTEXT OF EUROPEAN INTEGRATION PROCESSES." "EСONOMY. FINANСES. MANAGEMENT: Topical issues of science and practical activity", no. 2 (56) (June 29, 2021): 151–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.37128/2411-4413-2021-2-11.
Full textAbstract:
The article updates the importance of using modern information systems and technologies of public administration and administration in the context of European integration processes. It has been substantiated that the efficiency of the work of authorities at all levels is largely determined by the quality and efficiency of their information and analytical services. The essential-meaningful characteristic of the information system of public administration and administration has been determined by generalizing the views of domestic and foreign scientists. The structure of the information system was defined through the allocation of four main components: means of fixing and collecting information; means of transmitting the relevant data and messages; information storage means; means of analysis, processing and presentation of information. The directions of the functioning of interconnected information systems that ensure electronic interaction of public authorities of different countries in the context of digitalization and globalization of socio-economic relations with representatives of business structures and civil society, allowing to form elements of the "virtual community" and "digital power" as transformed forms of public administration were characterized. Among them are: free movement of information data; expansion of forms of audiovisual communication through the development of modern computer technology; interactivity of modern media tools used in the public administration system; anonymity of collective and individual communication on the Internet; the rapid dissemination of information using modern communications; modern means of forming and transmitting information. The technology of information exchange in the information system of public management and administration in the context of globalization and eurointegration has been formalized. The advantages of information technologies in public administration for the implementation of socio-economic cooperation projects is highlighted, including: creating conditions for the availability of information on significant economic and social issues; strengthening the level of mutual trust in society; strengthening feedback between state and public subjects of public administration relations; creation of innovative forms of public participation in public administration; the formation of sources of transparency in the actions of interacting institutions; ensuring productivity growth of e-government while reducing time and labor costs in information processing and decision-making.
6
Zhao, Haipeng, K. Bliumska-Danko, and Xu Lu. "Under the “Belt and Road” initiative, the China and Ukraine governments should assume greater responsibility to promote trade." Bulletin of Sumy National Agrarian University, no. 3(81) (September 30, 2019): 30–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.32845/bsnau.2019.3.6.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose: Ukraine is located in Eastern Europe, has a good geographical location, and has good bilateral relations and traditional economic exchanges with China, especially agriculture, high-tech, and existing and ongoing cooperation projects with China. "There are also difficulties in construction: Ukraine's economy has been in a difficult period since independence, its economic structure is very uneven, and its economic relations with Eastern European and CIS countries, as well as Russian economic relations, need to be improved. Ukraine needs to restore its national strength. China's "Belt and Road" initiative and the diplomatic concept of building a community of shared future for mankind have determined that the Chinese government is willing to help Ukraine restore its strength and restore normal political, economic, and diplomatic relations with neighboring countries. It will benefit the people through the improvement of the national economy This article aims to analyze how the two sides can use the "Belt and Road" platform to develop economic relations and strengthen cooperation to achieve mutual benefit results.
Methodology: This article uses the literature research method, the combination of analysis and synthesis methods, observation method, investigation method.
Originality: Since the Soviet Union, Ukraine has started friendly exchanges with China. After the founding of New China in 1949, Ukraine, as a part of the Soviet Union, made a greater contribution to China establishment of its national steel, machinery, agriculture and other basic industries. After Ukraine's independence, China-Ukraine relations have entered a new stage. China was the first country to recognize Ukraine's independence and established diplomatic relations with it on January 4, 1992. In the past 30 years of Ukraine's independence, the two countries have not had any conflicts of interest and no serious political and economic contradictions. The "Belt and Road" initiative proposed by Xi Jinping in 2013 provided a new platform for bilateral relations and created unprecedented opportunities for the development of bilateral relations. In the "Belt and Road" construction, Ukraine should play a greater role.
Practical value: Participating in the "Belt and Road" construction is also a very important opportunity for Ukraine, helping the Chinese people to have a more comprehensive and clearer understanding of Ukraine, and more importantly, it is conducive to the trade between the two countries to bring more Ukrainian enterprises Trade exchanges to drive the economic development of Ukraine. Politically, Ukraine and China have good bilateral relations；On June 20, 2011, the two sides signed the "China-Ukraine Joint Partnership on the Establishment and Development of Strategic Partnerships. Economically, Ukraine and China have complementary economies. Economic exchanges have been established since the Soviet Union. In recent years, the existing and ongoing cooperation between Ukraine and China has continued to develop in high-tech fields such as agriculture, machine manufacturing, and aviation. More and more Ukrainian experts have pointed out that developing relations between Ukraine and China should become a priority direction of Ukraine's current foreign policy. Ukraine has a strong advantage in agriculture, military industry, and manufacturing, especially the engine manufacturing industry, and can develop machine manufacturing; Ukraine can provide transportation for China “Belt and Road” Convenient conditions.
7
Elbashir, Rania. "LIBYA'S FOREIGN TRADE WITH EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES." MEST Journal 10, no. 2 (July 15, 2022): 64–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.12709/mest.10.10.02.07.
Full textAbstract:
The subject of this empirical and theoretical work is the exchange of foreign trade in Libya with the countries of the European Union. The scientific objective of the research is to make a scientific classification of the volume of foreign trade between Libya and the European Union countries and to discover the factors that hinder foreign trade and explain them scientifically. European countries also support this cooperation and contribute significantly to the formulation of future cooperation policies with Libya in various social, political, and economic fields. However, this cooperation takes place in light of objective difficulties arising from the conflicting interests of Western countries in North Africa and Libya. Since these relations are burdened with many problems of different nature, we started this paper from two assumptions: The first premise is that in the trade relations between Libya and the European Union, there are common interests for foreign trade that are more feasible. The second premise is that more encouragement and protection for investments by the countries of the European Union helps in new qualitative development and economic growth in Libya, which will significantly improve trade relations between Libya and the countries of the European Union.
8
Pavliuk, Svitlana. "World and Domestic Experience in Organizing Active Tourism." Modern Economics 28, no. 1 (August 20, 2021): 100–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.31521/modecon.v28(2021)-14.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. Introduction. Active recreation tourism is more effective for physical, emotional, intellectual recreation than passive recreation tourism. Active forms of tourism give dosed in terms of volume and intensity of physical activity for participants, which is the main factor in their recreation and effective recovery. Active tourism is becoming an increasingly important segment of the tourism industry. Active tourism includes more and more types of recreational and tourist and tourist and sports activities. It performs several functions - health, prevention, rehabilitation, training, and education. World experience shows that recently the share of active, extreme, and adventure tourism is growing rapidly. Therefore, the study of current trends in the world and domestic experience of organization of active tourism is relevant. Purpose. The article aims to study current trends in the world and domestic experience in the organization and functioning of active tourism. In the long run, this will help improve the tourist image of the country, region, community and increase tourist flows. Results. International practice shows that, at the present stage of the development of economic systems, tourism is the most dynamically developing area. It is also worth noting that international tourism for some developing countries is the main export ofservices and one of theprincipalsources of foreign exchange in these countries; acts as a stabilizing lever for the formation of their budgets and credit and financial relations with other states. At the beginning of the XXI century, international tourism became one of the most important economic activities in the world, and its history begins long before the invention of the word tourist in the late 18th century. According to the Western tradition, organized trips can be found in ancient Greece and Rome, which claim origins as "heritage tourism" (historical monuments of recognized cultural significance) and beach resorts. Analysis of global trends in active tourism shows that there is a growing interest in more extreme travel "nomadic recreation"; familyextreme trips; immersion in the ocean; space travel; micro-trips or weekend tours; extreme-recovery. In response to the growing demand, travel agencies in the European Union offer a wide range of cycling tours, hiking, rafting, diving, sightseeing, and fauna. Analysis of the development of tourism in Ukraine shows that due to the fast pace of life, inactive, addiction to gadgets, more and more tourists today have begun to prefer active recreation. This holiday will be especially interesting for citizens who live in highrise buildings, among the asphalt and want to change their everyday life for a while for the beauty and splendor of nature. Each region of Ukraine has potential opportunities for the development of each type of tourism: hiking, biking, car, water, fishing, hunting, horseback riding, and mountaineering. In recent years, there has been an increasing number ofspecialized tour operators and guides offering relevant services. Also, the network ofspecialized shops, suppliers, points of hire, and service of modern tourist equipment, establishments, various tourist information, maps, guides are expanded. Conclusions. It is claimed, thatthe word demand is growing for active, extreme tourism because humanity is increasingly suffering from overwork and digital dependence. Given that most areas suffer from overtourism new concepts of recreation are becoming increasingly popular, where it is possible to restore inner peace, mental and spiritual condition. In addition, the identity of local culture and the identity of territory have a significant influence on interest among tourists. Ukraine has the potential for the development of active types of tourism. Also, the world experience will help diversify the range of ideas for the development of tourism.
9
Alfiyah, Nur Inna, and Very Andrianingsih. "DAMPAK KRISIS EKONOMI YUNANI TERHADAP EUROPEAN ECONOMIC COMMUNITY (EEC)." PERFORMANCE: Jurnal Bisnis & Akuntansi 11, no. 1 (March 31, 2021): 55–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.24929/feb.v11i1.1318.
Full textAbstract:
Globalization is a phenomenon that cannot be separated from human life, where all international structures and orders change. Easy access to information, technology and the exchange of goods, services and ideology make globalization a very important part. Changing the structure and economic, political and social order at this time requires existing countries to adapt to all changes brought about by globalization. The birth of non-state actors in globalization then brought about its own changes, especially in the economic field. This study aims to explain how the impact of the Greek economic crisis on the European economic community. The method used in this research is a qualitative method with a descriptive approach. The results of this study indicate that the economic interdependence between European countries which has led to the birth of the European Economic Community (EEC) is very influential on one another. This can be seen from how the Greek crisis was able to change the economic policy order of member countries of the European Economic Community (EEC).
10
Abimanyu, Yoopi. "Stock Market Integration as a part of Financial Market in the ASEAN Economic Community." Kajian Ekonomi dan Keuangan 19, no. 1 (November 1, 2016): 79–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.31685/kek.v19i1.31.
Full textAbstract:
This paper is trying to assess whether the stock market in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) countries, among others Indonesia, Thailand, Singapore, Philippine, Malaysia, and Vietnam, are integrated monthly data from January 2000 until August 2014. To support that analysis, a somewhat similar approached is done for the foreign exchange market in the same ASEAN member countries. The empirical results suggest that the ASEAN stock markets are co-integrated (except Philippines). Also, there is a positive relationship between Indonesia's and other ASEAN member countries' foreign exchange market. Those analysis were done in relationship with the new regional condition, faced by the new government just recently elected, that is, the ASEAN common market, which would be implemented in 2015.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Foreign exchange – European Economic Community countries"
1
Li, Kwan-leung, and 李君樑. "The European currency crisis: a replay of strains on bretton woods system." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1995. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31954522.
Full text
2
Marinova, Yona Georgieva. "Bufurcation [sic] of parallel trade in the European Community /." Available from the University of Aberdeen Library and Historic Collections Digital Resources. Restricted access until May 22, 2014, 2008. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?application=DIGITOOL-3&owner=resourcediscovery&custom_att_2=simple_viewer&pid=25821.
Full text
3
Marinova, Yona Georgieva. "Bifurcation of parallel trade in the European Community." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2008. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=25821.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis examines the regulation of parallel imports of trade marked goods in the European Community (EC), demonstrates its deficiencies and advocates its amendment by the Community legislator. The thesis identifies as a primary characteristic of the regulation the bifurcation of intra-EC and extra-EC parallel importation, that is to say, the fundamental divergence of the regimes of parallel imports coming from another EC Member State and imports coming from third countries. The split as to the rationale, justification and outcome of the two regimes is so substantial that it is viewed as the existence of ‘parallel regulations on parallel trade’ in the Community. The study establishes four different manifestations of this bifurcation, the most evident one concerning the fact that while internal imports are lawful under EC law, external ones could be repelled by the mark owner as trade mark infringement. It is submitted that this variable legal tolerance to parallel trade has been legitimised through the Community rule of limited, regional exhaustion of trade mark rights and the manner in which the European Court of Justice has interpreted its application. Against this background, the thesis raises three groups of legal arguments for reviewing the current Community exhaustion policy and implementing a rule of international trade mark exhaustion. They relate to trade mark law, competition law and certain proclamations of the importance of free unrestricted global trade, made by the Community on international level and in the EC context as well. Finally, the study complements the above legal arguments with socio-economic justifications in support of international exhaustion. The research suggests that the Community should consider the implementation of international trade mark exhaustion and carry out the necessary preparatory steps outlined by the study in this regard.
4
Cross, Peter John. "Negotiating a comprehensive long-term relationship between South Africa and the European Union: from free trade to trade and development." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002978.
Full textAbstract:
On 10 May 1994 the European Union offeredSouth Africa a package of measures to ... send a strong political signal to the incoming govemment and to the South African population, thus proving its firm determination to support the transition towards democracy and its willingness to contribute to the reconstruction and economic development of South Africa after the elections. This package consisted of two parts: 1. A series of short term implementations to take place with immediate effect to help South Africa's development and transition, and 2. An offer to negotiate a comprehensive long-term relationship with South Africa should the new government so request. South Africa accepted the European Union's offer to negotiate a long-term relationship, and in response requested membership of the structure governing the Union's relations with the rest of the countries in Sub-Saharan Africa and some countries in the Caribbean and Pacific, namely the Lomé Convention. Due to various incompatibilities South Africa was not allowed to join this organisation. In its place the European Union offered to negotiate an agreement with South Africa that would lead to a Free Trade Area. This agreement was in keeping with the rules as laid down by the World Trade Organisation. It envisaged the lowering of tariffs and trade barriers between the Union and South Africa over a period not exceeding 12 years, allowing for asymmetry in terms of time constraints in implementation only. South Africa saw this type of agreement as inconsistent with the desire expressed by the European Union to support the countries development and the integration of the Southern African region. In its place South Africa proposed a new concept in trade agreement, this concept, known as the Trade and Development Agreement, embodied both trade liberalisation and support for development. This agreement would introduce a new paradigm of thought to govern trade between developed countries and developing countries within the World Trade Organisation's rules. This paper explores the events that unfolded in these negotiations. It attempts to discover whether, in the current global environment, it is possible, or beneficial, for the developed world to act in an altruistic manner towards another state in order to assist its development.
5
Ward, Stuart. "Discordant communities : Australia, Britain and the EEC, 1956-1963." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 1998. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/27667.
Full textAbstract:
This work is concerned with the demise of ‘British race patriotism’ in Australian political culture in the late 19505 and early 1960s. The organic ideal of British racial community was a founding ideological pillar of Australian nationality for much of this century, yet the declining relevance of these ideas, and the emergence of a more limited, exclusive conception of Australian ‘community’ has not been adequately addressed in the existing historical literature. In
many respects, the waning appeal of ‘Britishness’ in Australia was a gradual and piecemeal process, but at the level of Australian political culture the shifts in outlook and assumptions occurred surprisingly rapidly, and converged largely around a single key event; namely, the first British application for membership of the European Economic Community in the years 1961 to 1963. The Macmillan Govemment’s painful choice between the discordant communities of ‘Europe’ and the ‘the British race’ provoked a crisis of British race patriotism in Australia, and prompted long overdue reflection, discussion and debate about the changing determinants of Australian nationhood in the post-war world. This occurred, not under the impetus of an instinctive dawning of an innate and assertive Australian nationalism as is often suggested, but in reaction to the demise of British race patriotism as a viable and credible framework for the
ordering of Australian loyalties, priorities and policies. In the case of Britain's EEC membership application, it is significant that the revision of sentimental assumptions took place after it had become painfully self-evident that the United Kingdom was determined to pursue national interests and a national destiny that could no longer be reconciled with the traditional conception
of organic Anglo-Australian community. The tensions and contradictions between ‘sentiment’ and 'self—interest‘, long inherent in Australia's political and economic ties to Great Britain, imploded under the impetus of the Macmillan Government's EEC aspirations. Before any limited. sovereign, national community could become fully imaginable in Australian political culture, it was a necessary precondition that the wider sense of British racial community should
become ‘unimaginable’.
6
Ifestos, Panayiotis J. "Some aspects of external relations and foreign policy of the European Community: European political cooperation and defense / security issues." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/213536.
Full text
7
LEAL, ARCAS Rafael. "Theory and practice of EC external trade law and policy." Doctoral thesis, European University Institute, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/13171.
Full textAbstract:
Defence date: 11 March 2008Examining board: Prof. Bruno De Witte, European University Institute (Supervisor) ; Prof. Francesca Martines, Faculty of Economics, University of Pisa ; Prof. Petros C. Mavroidis, Columbia Law School, NY and University of Neuchâtel ; Prof. Ernst-Ulrich Petersmann, European University Institute
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digital archive of EUI PhD theses
Both the European Community (EC) and its Member States agree that it is in their best interest to coordinate their action vis-à-vis the rest of the world in international trade agreements. Theory and Practice of EC External Trade Law and Policy looks at the intricacies of the institutional framework of EC trade law, and with special emphasis on services trade, examines the law and practice of EC external trade relations from a policy, economic, legal and an overarching European constitutional perspective. The objective of the author’s analysis is not only to find ways to nurture and preserve the unitary character of EC external trade relations in areas of shared competence between EU Member States and EU institutions, but also to understand the management of the EC’s external trade relations. The book begins with an analysis of the evolution of the EC common commercial policy, through which the author examines the checks and balances at the micro, meso and macro levels. The author then proceeds to analyse the problems faced by the EU in its external relations and the legal complexity of mixed agreements. This unique legal phenomenon is tackled from an intra-EC perspective as well as from an extra-EU perspective taking into account various implications for third parties. The major EU institutions are examined: the Commission as the negotiator of international trade agreements, the role of the EU Council and the European Parliament in concluding and ratifying of agreements and the European Court of Justice in relation to judicial enforcement. The EU’s decision-making process in the trade arena and its relation with national institutions are examined. The book concludes with an analysis of the EC’s contribution to the Doha Round in the area of services trade.
8
Hengari, Alfredo Tjiurimo. "A regional economic partnership agreement between SADC and the European Union within the Cotonou framework : opportunities and challenges for the political economy of regional integration in SADC." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/49851.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (MA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2004.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: One of the most notable features of the relations between the European Union and SADC is the current reconfiguration of their trading architecture as encapsulated in the Cotonou Agreement. Such a process of change can be shown to have inevitably been the result of policy shifts, which are salient characteristics of a global political economy, whose ontology is embedded theoretically in neo-liberalism. Nevertheless, any process of change in the structure of global trading relations has the logical outcome of systemically imposing either challenges or opportunities, and in some cases both, on the participants of that structure. This study represents a scholarly attempt at creating a lucid and descriptive embodiment of the challenges and opportunities involved for SADC in the negotiation and implementation of a Regional Economic Partnership Agreement (REPA) with the European Union. These challenges and opportunities, obligatory within a REPA framework are theoretically pronounced in as far as they shape the political economy of regional integration in SADe. The process of negotiating such a multifaceted agreement with a sophisticated partner, calls for institutional and negotiating capacity. Undoubtedly, such capacity is beyond the membership of SADe. The point is also emphasized that the process of trade liberalization, ingrained in a REPA will create a complex and difficult interface with the current SADC initiatives underway to deepen regional integration. Tellingly, these would contradict the cautious developmental and bottom up approach taken by SADC in its drive for regional integration. Conversely, this study concedes that a REPA with the EU holds a number of novel opportunities for SADC because such a process would provide scope for the fundamental restructuring of the SADC economies. The competitive pressures through decreased levels of protection within a REPA can create an upward convergence of low performing industries in the region. These, amongst others are important aspects if the political economy of SADC is to move into a virtuous cycle of deeper integration and ultimate insertion in the global economy.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Een van die mees opvallende kenmerke van verhoudinge tussen die Europese Unie (EU) en Suider-Afrikaanse Ontwikkelingsgemeenskap (SAOG) is die huidige rekonjigurasie van handelsbetrekkinge, soos vervat in die Cotonou Ooreenkoms. Hierdie proses is die onafwendbare gevolg van beleidsveranderinge in die internasionale politieke ekonomie, met 'n. ontologie wat teoreties in neo-liberalisme gewortel is. Sodanige veranderinge in die struktuur van internasionale handelsverhoudinge. bied uitdagings sowel as geleenthede, en soms beide, aan deelnemers van sodanige struktuur. Hierdie studie is 'n akademiese poging om 'n helder en deskriptiewe blik te werp op die uitdagings en geleenthede vir die SAOG met betrekking tot die onderhandeling en implimentering van die Regionale Ekonomiese Venootskapsooreenkoms (REVO) met die EU Hierdie uitdagings en geleenthede, wat verpligtend is binne die REVO struktuur, is teoreties belangrik in soverre as wat dit die politeke ekonomie van regionale integrasie in SADC beinvloed. Die onderhandelingsproses van so 'n komplekse dokument met gesofistikeerde vennote vereis intitusionele en onderhandelingskapasiteit. Hierdie kapasiteit is nie in SAOG te vinde nie. Die punt word ook benadruk dat die proses van handelsliberalisering, wat deel uitmaak van REVO, botsend kan wees met SAOG inisiatiewe om regionale integrasie te versterk. In essensie sal dit die huiwerige ontwikkelings en 'onder na ba' benadering, wat die SAOG tans volg, weerspreek. Aan die ander kant, gee die studie toe dat 'n REVO met die EU 'n hele aantal voordele inhou, aangesien so 'n proses momentum kan voorsien vir verreikende herstrukturering van SAOG ekonomieë. Die kompeterende druk a.g. v. 'n afname in beskermingsvlakke onder die REVO, kan lei tot 'n opwaartse neiging onder tradisionele swakpresterende nywerhede in die streek. Hierdie is onder andere belangrike aspekte wat SADC in gedagte moet hou, ten einde deel te word van die deugsame kringloop van dieper integrasie, en uiteindelike deelwording van die internasionale ekonomie.
9
Sievers, Monika. "Liberalization of foreign direct investment : Europe 1992 and the U.S.-Canada Free Trade Agreement." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/42049.
Full textAbstract:
The recent developments in the European Community evoked by
the Single European Act and commonly referred to as the creation
of "Fortress Europe" by the end of 1992 have been attracted
considerable attention with respect to economic and political
integration in the international arena. Similarly, the
conclusion of the U.S.-Canada Free Trade Agreement aiming at a
loose form of economic integration received significant
recognition.
These two agreements cover not only liberalization of trade
in goods and services but moreover, include foreign direct
investment. This is of particular significance since little
progress has been made in its regulation on an international
level in comparison to the regulation of trade in goods. Due to
the fact that direct investment is primarily exercised by large
multinational enterprises it has a larger political impact on the
host countries than trade in goods and services. Foreign
ownership of local industry creates the concern of economic
dependence and of a loss of sovereign powers among host
governments. Consequently, governments introduce laws and
regulations aiming at the restriction of direct investment of
foreign investors.
However, as foreign investment augments economic growth, it
is of common benefit to both investors and host countries to
provide an investment climate which balances the conflict of
interest between the need of legal certainty and flexibility for
foreign investors arid the safeguard of economic independence and
political freedom of host country governments to introduce and
maintain measures deemed necessary for the benefit of their
national economies.
This thesis will demonstrate the most effective regime to
solve this conflict through comparison of the Free Trade
Agreement with the Treaty of Rome as amended by the Single
European Act. These agreements have been chosen since they
involve two of the triad world economic powers and thus,
represent industrialized nations with the highest degree of
foreign direct investment aiming at the liberalization of direct
investment in their "enlarged" markets.
The thesis is divided into three parts. The first and
second parts will discuss the degree of liberalization of foreign
investment within the Common Market including the progress made
under the Single European Act of 1986 and within the free trade
area established by the U.S.-Canada Free Trade Agreement in 1989.
The analysis will centre around the issues of free establishment
of companies, the National Treatment Principle, capital movement,
and mergers and acquisitions. The third part consists of the
comparative analysis and will provide the final conclusions.
The conclusions will show that the two agreements share few
similarities but they are characterized by their divergent
approach to direct investment liberalization. It is submitted
that the more comprehensive form of liberalization is reached in the Common Market due to its broad restraint on sovereign powers
of its Member States and coherently implemented elimination of
restrictions on foreign investment. In contrast, the Free Trade
Agreement only imposes selected obligations on the parties to
liberalize direct investment. It will become clear that the Free
Trade Agreement stands for a settlement of the most vexing
investment issues between the parties rather than a commitment to
virtually liberalize investment between the U.S. and Canada.
In view of this result, recommendations are made to further
liberalize investment under the Free Trade Agreement. These have
to be seen, however, in the light of numerous economic and
political divergencies between the Common Market and the U.S.-
Canadian free trade area.Law, Peter A. Allard School of
Graduate
10
O'Malley, Terence T. "The impact of participation in the European monetary union of the abnormal returns to U.S. target companies acquaired by European firms." Honors in the Major Thesis, University of Central Florida, 2002. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETH/id/291.
Full textAbstract:
This item is only available in print in the UCF Libraries. If this is your Honors Thesis, you can help us make it available online for use by researchers around the world by following the instructions on the distribution consent form at http://library.ucf.edu/Systems/DigitalInitiatives/DigitalCollections/InternetDistributionConsentAgreementForm.pdf You may also contact the project coordinator, Kerri Bottorff, at kerri.bottorff@ucf.edu for more information.Bachelors
Business Administration
Finance
Books on the topic "Foreign exchange – European Economic Community countries"
1
Michele, Fratianni, and Nabli Mustapha K, eds. Exchange rates, money, and output: The European experience. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1985.
Find full text
2
Michele, Fratianni, and Nabli Mustapha K, eds. Exchange rates, money and output: The European experience. London: Macmillan, 1985.
Find full text
3
Horst, Ungerer, and International Monetary Fund, eds. The European monetary system: Recent developments. Washington, D.C: International Monetary Fund, 1986.
Find full text
4
Themelēs, Nikos. Hē kinēsē kephalaiōn stis Eurōpaikes Koinotētes. [Athēna]: EKTE, 1988.
Find full text
5
Ist Europa ein optimaler Währungsraum?: Eine theoretische und empirische Analyse auf der Grundlage von Nachfrage- und Angebotsschocks. Frankfurt am Main: P. Lang, 1997.
Find full text
6
Die Weiterentwicklung des Europäischen Währungssystems zur Europäischen Währungsunion: Geld- und budgetpolitische Voraussetzungen. Baden-Baden: Nomos, 1992.
Find full text
7
Economic and monetary union in Europe: Moving beyond Maastricht. Cambridge [England]: Cambridge University Press, 1995.
Find full text
8
Lambertini, Luisa. Inflation convergence with realignments in a two-speed Europe. London: Centre for Economic Policy Research, 1991.
Find full text
9
Friberg, Richard. Exchange rates and the firm: Strategies to manage exposure and the impact of EMU. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Macmillan Press, 1999.
Find full text
10
Die Evolution der transatlantischen Welt, 1945-1990: Westeuropa, die Vereinigten Staaten und der Dollar. Frankfurt am Main: P. Lang, 1991.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Foreign exchange – European Economic Community countries"
1
Martenczuk, Bernd. "Cooperation with Developing and Other Third Countries: Elements of a Community Foreign Policy." In External Economic Relations and Foreign Policy in the European Union, 385–417. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-6156-2_12.
Full text
2
Dulik, Tomas, Michal Bliznak, and Roman Jasek. "Best Practices in Designing Low-Cost Community Wireless Networks." In Social and Economic Effects of Community Wireless Networks and Infrastructures, 215–35. IGI Global, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-2997-4.ch012.
Full textAbstract:
The Czech Republic (CR) has been ranked the 1st among the countries of the European Union (EU) countries in the growth rate of broadband access. The Internet penetration rate has increased by 48 percent between 2005 and 2011. This high growth rate is driven by the entry of new operators and the proliferation of Community Wireless Networks (CWNs). The CR holds the first place in EU in the number of newly entered operators. There are 1150 companies providing Internet access in 601 Czech towns and 5645 villages. In addition, a number of community wireless networks have emerged as an alternative of these commercial Internet Service Providers (ISPs). Their main purpose is to increase the affordability and penetration of broadband Internet in the country. This chapter discusses the contribution of CWNs to the proliferation and affordability of broadband access in the CR, focusing on the reasons for their success and popularity. Their key success factors include obtaining a non-profit status, engaging academics, and cooperating with government entities. They formed the CZFree.net forum for experts and volunteers to exchange information and best practices with respect to new technologies, design considerations, and technical and social issues. It also articulates on technology options and best practices for building low-cost CWNs. Furthermore, the chapter discusses the role of the Netural czFree eXchange association in aggregating their technical, financial, and personal resources of individual CWNs. Thanks to this association and the CZFree.net forum, CWNs in the CR have become influential competitors in the local telecommunication industry.
3
Chadee, Doren, Alex Kouznetsov, and Banjo Roxas. "Institutional Reform and Export Competitiveness of Central and Eastern European Economies." In Geo-Regional Competitiveness in Central and Eastern Europe, the Baltic Countries, and Russia, 1–31. IGI Global, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-6054-0.ch001.
Full textAbstract:
Following their political and economic independence in 1989, a group of ten Central and Eastern European countries (CEEs) embarked on major institutional reforms to modernise their economies in order to become an integral part of the global economy. This chapter provides an overview of the main institutional reforms undertaken in the CEEs and their effects on export competitiveness. The chapter focuses on selected meso and macro institutional reforms, namely price liberalisation, competition policy, trade and foreign exchange, privatisation, and corporate governance. The results show that institutional reforms in the CEEs were rapid and generally successful. All CEEs became members of the European Union (EU) and the World Trade Organization (WTO). Institutional reforms contributed significantly to improved efficiency and growth in the export sector. The results also suggest that further reforms are needed to improve competition policy and corporate governance, both of which are still below the standards found in Western industrialised countries.
4
Chadee, Doren, Alex Kouznetsov, and Banjo Roxas. "Institutional Reform and Export Competitiveness of Central and Eastern European Economies." In International Business, 1402–25. IGI Global, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-9814-7.ch065.
Full textAbstract:
Following their political and economic independence in 1989, a group of ten Central and Eastern European countries (CEEs) embarked on major institutional reforms to modernise their economies in order to become an integral part of the global economy. This chapter provides an overview of the main institutional reforms undertaken in the CEEs and their effects on export competitiveness. The chapter focuses on selected meso and macro institutional reforms, namely price liberalisation, competition policy, trade and foreign exchange, privatisation, and corporate governance. The results show that institutional reforms in the CEEs were rapid and generally successful. All CEEs became members of the European Union (EU) and the World Trade Organization (WTO). Institutional reforms contributed significantly to improved efficiency and growth in the export sector. The results also suggest that further reforms are needed to improve competition policy and corporate governance, both of which are still below the standards found in Western industrialised countries.
5
Franczak, Michael. "North-North Dialogues." In Global Inequality and American Foreign Policy in the 1970s, 36–62. Cornell University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501763915.003.0003.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter emphasizes how the New International Economic Order (NIEO) both exposed deep divisions in the transatlantic alliance. It argues that the NIEO prompted its renewal in the semi-institutional Group of 7. While the United States remained divided over its policy response to the NIEO, the chapter highlights that its closest allies in Europe were converging. The chapter then outlines how Henry Kissinger, the architect of the new partnership, promoted economic managerialism among the North and economic concessions to the South as a way to break the “unholy alliance” between oil-importing developing nations and the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) and to prevent both from striking separate deals with the European Community. The chapter follows how this move toward transatlantic unity in the emerging North–South dialogue stalled divergence in the North's economic policies, after more than a decade of troubling drift, while also weakening the resolve of the OPEC–No-PEC alliance and thus the South's negotiating power.
6
Zastavetska, Lesia, and Nataliia Taranova. "THE ROLE OF GEOGRAPHY IN THE EXERCISE OF FOREIGN POLICY AND DIPLOMACY." In European vector of development of the modern scientific researches. Publishing House “Baltija Publishing”, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/978-9934-26-077-3-4.
Full textAbstract:
One of the most promising areas of modern science is geopolitics, which determines the main trends of today's social life. The research pays detailed attention to the theoretical aspects of the development of geopolitics as an important area of modern social geography. The main geopolitical trends of the twentieth century and the brightest representatives of each of them are described. The purpose of this study is to systematize the existing geopolitical schools and demonstrate the peculiarities of the formation of each of them. Geopolitics has existed since the existence of states. Whether small or large, states are always worried about their borders, while others express a desire to expand to countries with which they border. But beyond the natural and demarcated borders of each country, there are other geographical factors that favor or discourage the development of a country into a Great Power. It seems, therefore, that over the centuries geography has been a common denominator in shaping the foreign policy of states, the implementation of a geostrategic and geo-economic policy in order to maintain or increase their power at regional or international level. Although geopolitics has at times been condemned and rejected by the scientific community, it is clearly demonstrated that it is one of the most important factors in shaping the foreign policy of all states, regardless of whether they are characterized as Great Powers or not. The difference between the less powerful states and the Great Powers is that the latter have the ability and the opportunity to formulate their foreign policy and to advance their national interests, while the less powerful states simply endure the effects of these politics. Geopolitics is defined by many manuals and dictionaries of geography as a field of knowledge, which considers the concept of «space» important for understanding the nature of international relations. Understood mainly as «the geography of power» and having from time to time received various slightly different interpretations, geopolitics involves the following stable core of interpretation: it is the study of the interaction of natural geographical division and human purpose with cultural construction ensuring the economic and the military condominium a force on a particular area of the globe.
7
Vasylyshyna, Nataliia, Tetiana Skyrda, and Ruslan Slobozhenko. "WORLD VIEWS OF THE CURRENT PROBLEM OF FOREIGN LANGUAGE TEACHING IN HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS IN MODERN SOCIO-CULTURAL SPACE." In Development of scientific, technological and innovation space in Ukraine and EU countries. Publishing House “Baltija Publishing”, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/978-9934-26-151-0-5.
Full textAbstract:
The reasons for writing the paper are grounded on the basis that the integration of Ukraine into the intercultural space, the expansion of economic ties necessitate the modernization of the training of masters of tourism in the field of time to improve the theoretical and methodological foundations for effective intercultural interaction. In this regard, higher education institutions face a responsible task – to provide al spheres with highly professional competitive workers in order to build an economically strong democratic state. This requires from future professionals not only high qualification, but also the ability to work at the appropriate professional cross-cultural level. As a result, the aim of the study is to identify the main innovations in approaches to learning English in Ukraine, based on the European experience. Methodology. The methodological basis of the study is demonstrated by the operational and methodological tools of foreign language education of future professionals. Based on this, the components of this toolkit, called as eight methodolodies were such as: the first methodology is «Flipped classroom», the second methodology is «Project learning», the third methodology is «Cooperative learning: together stronger», the fourth methodology is «Gamification», the fifth methodology is «Problem-based learning», the sixth methodology is «Design thinking», the seventh methodology is «Learning, based on thinking «, the eighth methodology» Learning based on competencies». Outcomes of the survey witnessed that the main innovations in approaches to teaching English in Ukraine, based on the: European experience; compliance with the content of the European recommendations on language education, unification of levels of education in Ukraine and the world, compliance with modern European standards of language education in accordance with the descriptors that determine the levels of English language proficiency (from A1 to C2); competence approach in teaching foreign languages, development of competencies in all four types of speech; minimization of the use of the native language in the process of communication, interactivity of learning, dynamism and variety of tasks in the classroom; maximum involvement of each student in the process of language acquisition; language learning with the help of educational and methodological complexes developed by groups of methodological specialists from Great Britain and the USA on the basis of the latest research; focus on international English language exams (FCE, CAE, IELTS, TOEFL,); clearly defined criteria for assessing the level of language proficiency. Practical implications. The ongoing research is grounded on the activity-oriented approach, which: determines the learning of material as close as possible to real life situations and user needs; tasks for the development of critical thinking; changing the role of the teacher and the introduction of partnership pedagogy; active use of multimedia tools, audio and video materials, the Internet to create a speech environment for students, the use of modern devices for searching and processing information; organization of project work of students, application of non-standard and creative tasks; involvement of students in cultural and educational activities conducted in foreign languages in extracurricular time; participation of future specialists in exchange programs; promoting lifelong learning and self-development. Value/originality. One of the key indicators of education reform is the study of foreign languages as a priority of Ukraine’s domestic policy on EU integration. One of the tasks in the program is «ensuring the increase and optimization of Ukraine’s presence at international events and platforms, presence in the international academic, cultural and social environment». The implementation of this task requires a qualitatively new level of teaching foreign languages at universities, in particular English as the language of international communication.
8
Stiglitz, Joseph E. "From Manufacturing-Led Export Growth to a Twenty-First Century Inclusive Growth Strategy." In Inequality in the Developing World, 284–318. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198863960.003.0012.
Full textAbstract:
Success in economic development over the past half-century was based on manufacturing-led export growth. Because the share of global employment in manufacturing is set to continue to decline, manufacturing will not play the same role in the future. The author deconstructs what enabled manufacturing to generate growth and structural transformation. The strategy proposed is multi-pronged, addressing separately, in different sectors, the challenges of learning, foreign exchange, and employment. A carefully designed, coordinated multi-sector strategy, with sectoral policies in agriculture, natural resources, manufacturing, and especially services, has the prospect of attaining the same success as the old manufacturing-led export strategy. To implement it, countries will require active industrial policies based on a new understanding of dynamic comparative advantage. The creation of a global reserve system could help provide the finance required for success. New development strategies will require greater balance among the market, state, and community—a perspective articulated in the Stockholm Statement.
9
Klymchuk, Iryna. "FEATURES OF THE SCANDINAVIAN MODEL OF PUBLIC DIPLOMACY OF THE KINGDOM OF SWEDEN." In Development of scientific, technological and innovation space in Ukraine and EU countries. Publishing House “Baltija Publishing”, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/978-9934-26-151-0-28.
Full textAbstract:
The article is devoted to the studying of the functioning of features of public diplomacy of the Kingdom of Sweden. The author covered the evolution of Swedish public diplomacy as a bright example of «niche» public diplomacy. It has been proved that the initial goal of county’s public diplomacy was to get rid of the negative consequences of the neutrality policy during World War II, and during the 1950s and 1980s – to make the Sweden more visible in the international arena by promoting its national features and interests. The institutional and legal principles and tools for the implementation of public diplomacy are also revealed. In particular, it has been established that the main country’s public diplomacy institutions are: the Swedish Institute, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Swedish Arts Council, Natioanal Heritage Fund, Team Sweden, Nordic Council of Ministers. Today, Sweden successfully implements its public diplomacy through cooperation with Eastern European countries, among which special attention is paid to the development of relations with European Union, as well as countries in South Africa, the Middle East, Latin America and Asia. The priority areas of country’s public diplomacy are environmental protection, gender equality, education, combating sexual violence and others. Also, a set of theoretical and empirical methods have been used during the study of the topic. Thanks to the use of the historical method, it was possible to investigate the origins, causes and preconditions of the public diplomacy’s institution development. Due to the systematic method, public diplomacy was considered as a set of appropriate tools and mechanisms responsible for improving the image, visibility and attractiveness of the Scandinavian state in the eyes of the world community. With the help of swat analyze it was possible to summarize the advantages and disadvantages, as well as challenges and potential threats of the Swedish public diplomacy. The study object is the public diplomacy as an element of Swedish foreign policy. The subject of the study is the peculiarities of the functioning of public diplomacy in the Kingdom of Sweden. The aim of the study is to analyze the features and prospects of the public diplomacy model of the Kingdom of Sweden. During the research it has been founded that the strengths of Swedish public diplomacy are: convenient geographical location, membership in international organizations (UN, Nordic Council, EU), democratic style in decision making, international corporations that promote products and services associated with Swedish quality and standards (IKEA, Flippa K, H&M, Spotify, Ericsson, COS); great cultural heritage (music, cinema, literature, design, fashion, cuisine); active academic mobility and cooperation, intensive implementation of Internet technologies Web 2.0; attractive tourist infrastructure. Instead, one of the shortcomings are: the weak migration policy, which has led to the large influx of immigrants from Africa and the Middle East, that affects the economic and social climate in the country and further more the blurring of national identity; lack of clear long-term strategy for the development of foreign affairs.
10
Clark, David S. "Postwar Legal Transplants and Growth of the Academic Discipline: 1945–1990." In American Comparative Law, 349—C7.N1. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195369922.003.0007.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract America again re-engaged in foreign legal reform after 1945 in Germany, Japan, and Korea, dependent upon the social, political, economic, and military situation. During the 1950s, the communist Cold War ideological threat to capitalism and liberal democracy pushed the United States to demonstrate its ability to foster economic and social progress among its allies and non-aligned nations. Comparatists in the ABA and the newly formed American Association for the Comparative Study of Law devoted substantial effort to international unification of commercial and trade law and later law projects to promote modernization among developing countries, such as agrarian reform, judicial independence, and active instruction in legal education. By the 1970s, unsatisfactory results for most of these action programs shifted concern to scholarly inquiry about the relationship between law and social change. Furthermore, comparative lawyers began to take a greater interest in the amorphous concepts of rule of law and human rights. The postwar period marked a steady rise in comparative law academic quality, stimulated by the AACSL, its meetings, journal, and participation in international congresses. Comparatists developed expertise in subfields, namely, unification of law, private international law, and comparative legal sociology. Law schools saw more comparative law courses and coursebooks; some specialized in Soviet, Japanese, or Latin American law, or in fields such as comparative constitutional law or European Community law. Comparative law journals proliferated, as did degree programs for foreign students. By 1990, the AACSL had instituted a democratic system of election, which put it on a path toward further growth.
Conference papers on the topic "Foreign exchange – European Economic Community countries"
1
Öngel, Volkan. "An Alternative Foreign Trade Market for Turkey: The Eurasian Economic Community." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c01.00222.
Full textAbstract:
The Eurasian Economic Community (EEC) is an international organization that has been created by five Commonwealth of İndependent States countries (Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia and Tajikistan) on October 10th,2000. The object of this organization was promote the creation of a customs union and the common economic space. After ten years in 2010, three countries (Belarus, Russia and Kazakhstan) made a custom union agreement as a second step. And the target is to establish a common economic space by 1 January 2012, a single market for goods, investment and labor. This custom union creates a common market of 170 million people with a $2 trillion economy, $900 billion trade and 90 billion barrels of oil reserves.
This three countries have a strategic geopolitical position, rich producer goods reserves:especially oil and natural gas. The economic structure of this three countries can be explain as consumer goods importer, producer goods exporter. This is the exact opposite of European Union economic structure.
Therefore, this paper argues that The Eurasian Economic Community would be a good foreign trade market alternative of EU for Turkey. Hence this paper tries to analyse the trade opportunities of this market for Turkey’s export. This paper based on the statistical foreign trade datas of relevant countries.
2
Ganiev, Junus, and Damira Baigonushova. "Prospects for Exchange Rate Cooperation in the Eurasian Economic Union." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c11.02266.
Full textAbstract:
Foreign exchange risk is one of the main factors affecting foreign trade and foreign investment activities. The exchange rate instability in the Eurasian Economic Union members and in Turkey, which is one of the Union’s major economic partners, constitutes one of the major economic problems. This situation inevitably affects the foreign economic relations of the countries. Therefore, the leaders of most countries such Turkey and Russia are encouraging to use national currencies in economic relations to reduce the dependence on the dollar, to provide stability in the foreign exchange market and to reduce the risk of exchange rate. One of the basic conditions for the success of these initiatives is the stability of exchange rates between national currencies. This study examines the fluctuations of exchange rates among national currencies of EAEU members and Turkey. The ERM implementation of the European Union and its applicability will be discussed as a solution.
3
Diril, Funda. "Comparison of Fiscal Reforms in Some South and East European Transition Economies." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c05.01014.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of this paper is to compare fiscal reforms of some of the transition economies in Balkans including The Republic of Macedonia. Since 1990’s former planned economies, which are in the process of economic transformation into market economy have carried out several reforms. During this economic transformation process both the effects and the results of these reforms vary according to the difference between the needs of structural change in each country. In this study, some of the selected transition economies in Balkans are analyzed: Some of the recent members of European Community in Balkans and The Republic of Macedonia are examined in comparison. Analysis of fiscal reforms of these transition economies are evaluated in several headings in reference to the macroeconomic statistics created by international organizations such as OECD, EC and IMF and policy suggestions are proposed accordingly. The government deficit, government debts and tax policy are the significant part of these reforms. Several strategies are implemented in developing support systems for competitive environment and private ownership. Economic shrinkage, current account deficit, low foreign capital and government deficit indicate economic weakness in these countries. The Czech Republic, Bulgaria, The Republic of Macedonia, Romania and Hungary face fiscal problems such as economic shrinkage, debt service and government deficit during the transition process. As being the candidate country for European Union accession; The Republic of Macedonia is approaching to the Maastricht Criteria and has better outcomes in public debt compared to the other countries given above.
4
Condruzbacescu, Monica. "E-TWINNING - THE COMMUNITY FOR SCHOOLS IN EUROPE." In eLSE 2016. Carol I National Defence University Publishing House, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.12753/2066-026x-16-139.
Full textAbstract:
The paper focuses on Etwinning, the community for schools in Europe. Launched in 2005 as a fundamental component of the eLearning program of the European Commission, eTwinning has become an integral part of the Erasmus +, the EU Programme for Education, Training, Youth and Sport, in 2014. The Central Support Service eTwinning is run by European Schoolnet, an international partnership formed of 31 European ministries of education, which designs learning tools for schools, teachers and students in Europe. ETwinning promotes school collaboration in Europe through information and communication technologies by providing support, tools and services to schools. The portal is available to teachers through online tools by which they may seek partners, can start the project, they can exchange ideas and best practices and can start to work immediately thanks to the broad range of customized tools on the eTwinning platform. From October 2007, eTwinning started to be carried out in Romania. In the long term, it aims to improve the abilities to use new technologies, to improve communication in foreign languages, knowledge and intercultural dialogue.The paper also deals with the development of key competences through eTwinning, rules of communication and behavior inside etwinning community and implications for teaching activities. The next part of the paper presents Etwinning advantages from eLearning perspective: accessibility, the freedom of decision, professional community, information resources, training opportunities for teachers, specialist support, motivation and recognition systems. ETwinning platform is ideal for secondary education because it offers extensive opportunities for managing virtual spaces - which facilitates, in a much higher degree than other web platforms, learning activities. Benefits of eTwinning platform for students and teachers involved in online learning projects by collaboration at European level are very high due to factors such as: the opportunity to interact with students and teachers in other European countries, didactic and technological support offered by the portal to the highest European standards, innovative working tools, teamwork, stimulate interest and critical thinking. Advantages for school are also important because the image of the school is promoted by eTwinning projects and foundations of a future collaboration at the institution level in future partnerships are set up.
Reports on the topic "Foreign exchange – European Economic Community countries"
1
Payment Systems Report - June of 2021. Banco de la República, February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/rept-sist-pag.eng.2021.
Full textAbstract:
Banco de la República provides a comprehensive overview of Colombia’s finan¬cial infrastructure in its Payment Systems Report, which is an important product of the work it does to oversee that infrastructure. The figures published in this edition of the report are for the year 2020, a pandemic period in which the con¬tainment measures designed and adopted to alleviate the strain on the health system led to a sharp reduction in economic activity and consumption in Colom¬bia, as was the case in most countries. At the start of the pandemic, the Board of Directors of Banco de la República adopted decisions that were necessary to supply the market with ample liquid¬ity in pesos and US dollars to guarantee market stability, protect the payment system and preserve the supply of credit. The pronounced growth in mone¬tary aggregates reflected an increased preference for liquidity, which Banco de la República addressed at the right time. These decisions were implemented through operations that were cleared and settled via the financial infrastructure. The second section of this report, following the introduction, offers an analysis of how the various financial infrastructures in Colombia have evolved and per¬formed. One of the highlights is the large-value payment system (CUD), which registered more momentum in 2020 than during the previous year, mainly be¬cause of an increase in average daily remunerated deposits made with Banco de la República by the General Directorate of Public Credit and the National Treasury (DGCPTN), as well as more activity in the sell/buy-back market with sovereign debt. Consequently, with more activity in the CUD, the Central Securi¬ties Depository (DCV) experienced an added impetus sparked by an increase in the money market for bonds and securities placed on the primary market by the national government. The value of operations cleared and settled through the Colombian Central Counterparty (CRCC) continues to grow, propelled largely by peso/dollar non-deliverable forward (NDF) contracts. With respect to the CRCC, it is important to note this clearing house has been in charge of managing risks and clearing and settling operations in the peso/dollar spot market since the end of last year, following its merger with the Foreign Exchange Clearing House of Colombia (CCDC). Since the final quarter of 2020, the CRCC has also been re¬sponsible for clearing and settlement in the equities market, which was former¬ly done by the Colombian Stock Exchange (BVC). The third section of this report provides an all-inclusive view of payments in the market for goods and services; namely, transactions carried out by members of the public and non-financial institutions. During the pandemic, inter- and intra-bank electronic funds transfers, which originate mostly with companies, increased in both the number and value of transactions with respect to 2019. However, debit and credit card payments, which are made largely by private citizens, declined compared to 2019. The incidence of payment by check contin¬ue to drop, exhibiting quite a pronounced downward trend during the past last year. To supplement to the information on electronic funds transfers, section three includes a segment (Box 4) characterizing the population with savings and checking accounts, based on data from a survey by Banco de la República con-cerning the perception of the use of payment instruments in 2019. There also is segment (Box 2) on the growth in transactions with a mobile wallet provided by a company specialized in electronic deposits and payments (Sedpe). It shows the number of users and the value of their transactions have increased since the wallet was introduced in late 2017, particularly during the pandemic. In addition, there is a diagnosis of the effects of the pandemic on the payment patterns of the population, based on data related to the use of cash in circu¬lation, payments with electronic instruments, and consumption and consumer confidence. The conclusion is that the collapse in the consumer confidence in¬dex and the drop in private consumption led to changes in the public’s pay¬ment patterns. Credit and debit card purchases were down, while payments for goods and services through electronic funds transfers increased. These findings, coupled with the considerable increase in cash in circulation, might indicate a possible precautionary cash hoarding by individuals and more use of cash as a payment instrument. There is also a segment (in Focus 3) on the major changes introduced in regulations on the retail-value payment system in Colombia, as provided for in Decree 1692 of December 2020. The fourth section of this report refers to the important innovations and tech¬nological changes that have occurred in the retail-value payment system. Four themes are highlighted in this respect. The first is a key point in building the financial infrastructure for instant payments. It involves of the design and im¬plementation of overlay schemes, a technological development that allows the various participants in the payment chain to communicate openly. The result is a high degree of interoperability among the different payment service providers. The second topic explores developments in the international debate on central bank digital currency (CBDC). The purpose is to understand how it could impact the retail-value payment system and the use of cash if it were to be issued. The third topic is related to new forms of payment initiation, such as QR codes, bio¬metrics or near field communication (NFC) technology. These seemingly small changes can have a major impact on the user’s experience with the retail-value payment system. The fourth theme is the growth in payments via mobile tele¬phone and the internet. The report ends in section five with a review of two papers on applied research done at Banco de la República in 2020. The first analyzes the extent of the CRCC’s capital, acknowledging the relevant role this infrastructure has acquired in pro¬viding clearing and settlement services for various financial markets in Colom¬bia. The capital requirements defined for central counterparties in some jurisdic¬tions are explored, and the risks to be hedged are identified from the standpoint of the service these type of institutions offer to the market and those associated with their corporate activity. The CRCC’s capital levels are analyzed in light of what has been observed in the European Union’s regulations, and the conclusion is that the CRCC has a scheme of security rings very similar to those applied internationally and the extent of its capital exceeds what is stipulated in Colombian regulations, being sufficient to hedge other risks. The second study presents an algorithm used to identify and quantify the liquidity sources that CUD’s participants use under normal conditions to meet their daily obligations in the local financial market. This algorithm can be used as a tool to monitor intraday liquidity. Leonardo Villar Gómez Governor