Journal articles on the topic 'Foreign country choice'
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Li, Wen. "The Role of Language Capability in Migration Choice of International Medical Students." International Medical Student Education 3, no. 1 (June 22, 2020): 27–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.51787/imse202000104.
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Background:An alarming proportion of healthcare workers from low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) migrate to foreign countries, especially to high-income countries (HICs), to seek employment. The aim of this study was to explore the role of language capability in migration choice of China-educated international medical students (IMSs), mainly from LMICs in Asia and Africa. Methods:A questionnaire was delivered electronically to final-year IMSs at 4 universities in China from June, 2019 to July, 2019. The questionnaire comprised questions on language capability and migration choices of IMSs. Chi-square test was used to determine whether participants’ English language proficiency, Chinese language proficiency, and capability of speaking multi-languages were associated with their migration choices. Results:A total of 202 valid responses were obtained and 91 (45%) participants showed intention of choosing a foreign country. The intention of staying outside the home country was associated with the capability of speaking multi-languages (speaking at least another non-English foreign language apart from Chinese) by IMSs. Higher-level Chinese proficiency certificate holders were more likely to choose China as the destination country. The capability of speaking a non-English/non-Chinese foreign language did not correspond to the intention of migrating to the country where this language is spoken. Furthermore, the intention of migrating to a non-English/non-Chinese speaking foreign country did not correspond to the capability in the language spoken in this foreign country. Conclusion:The effect of language capability on migration choice of China-educated IMSs was explored in this study. The findings indicate that language capability has played some role in IMSs’ migration choice. However, migration decision-making process is complex and is affected by various factors. Therefore, further studies should be conducted to explore correlations among factors affecting migration choice of IMSs.
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Engle, Robert L., and Briana Nash. "Foreign Travel Experience and Cultural Intelligence: Does Country Choice Matter?" Journal of Teaching in International Business 27, no. 1 (January 2, 2016): 23–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08975930.2016.1173615.
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Fong, Cher-Min, Chun-Ling Lee, and Yunzhou Du. "Consumer Animosity, Country of Origin, and Foreign Entry-Mode Choice: A Cross-Country Investigation." Journal of International Marketing 22, no. 1 (March 2014): 62–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1509/jim.13.0079.
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Aidt, Toke S., Facundo Albornoz, and Esther Hauk. "Foreign Influence and Domestic Policy." Journal of Economic Literature 59, no. 2 (June 1, 2021): 426–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jel.20201481.
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In an interconnected world, economic and political interests inevitably reach beyond national borders. Since policy choices generate external economic and political costs, foreign state and non-state actors have an interest in influencing policy actions in other sovereign countries to their advantage. Foreign influence is a strategic choice aimed at internalizing these externalities and takes three principal forms: (i) voluntary agreements, (ii) policy interventions based on rewarding or sanctioning the target country to obtain a specific change in policy, and (iii) institution interventions aimed at influencing the political institutions in the target country. We propose a unifying theoretical framework to study when foreign influence is chosen and in which form, and use it to organize and evaluate the new political economics literature on foreign influence along with work in cognate disciplines (JEL D72, D74, F51, F53, P26, P33).
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Zhu, Xiaodong, Chunling Yu, and Saiquan Hu. "Love for One's Country or Oneself: A Brand-choice Framework in Emerging Markets." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 44, no. 2 (March 23, 2016): 325–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2016.44.2.325.
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We utilized 185 Chinese survey responses to evaluate the effects of national brand consciousness (NBC) and self–brand connection (SBC) on Chinese consumer preferences. We used linear models, and our analyses established two key effects. First, NBC was positively related to Chinese consumers' attitudes toward national brands and negatively related to foreign brands. Second, SBC exerted a positive influence on Chinese consumers' attitudes toward both national and foreign brands. Whereas quality judgments moderated their attitude toward national brands, psychological distance between consumer and brand moderated their attitude toward foreign brands. The relationship between brand attitude and purchase intention was also positive. Finally, we have suggested branding strategies for both Chinese and foreign firms operating in the Chinese market.
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Quer, Diego, Laura Rienda, Rosario Andreu, and Si Miao. "Host country experience, institutional distance and location choice of Chinese MNEs." Cross Cultural & Strategic Management 26, no. 1 (April 26, 2019): 24–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ccsm-02-2018-0028.
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PurposeThe conventional wisdom suggests that the lack of prior host country-specific experience and a higher institutional distance deter multinational enterprises (MNEs) from entering a foreign country. However, past studies report that Chinese MNEs show an unconventional risk-taking behavior choosing foreign locations, where they have no prior experience or there is an increased institutional distance. Drawing on the institutional theory, the purpose of this paper is to argue that Chinese Government official visits to the host country may act as a risk-reduction device, thus providing an explanation for such an unconventional behavior.Design/methodology/approachThe authors develop two hypotheses regarding how Chinese Government official visits moderate the impact of host country-specific experience and institutional distance on the location choice of Chinese MNEs. The authors test the hypotheses using a sample of investment location decisions by Chinese MNEs in Latin America.FindingsThe authors find that government official visits mitigate the lack of firm’s prior host country experience. However, only high-level government visits reduce institutional distance.Originality/valueThe authors contribute to the international business literature by analyzing how home country government diplomatic activities may pave the way of host country institutional environment for foreign MNEs from that home country. In addition, the authors provide an additional explanation for the unconventional risk-taking behavior of Chinese MNEs. Finally, the authors also contribute to a better understanding of the decision-making process of emerging-market MNEs entering other emerging economies.
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Cai, Dongling, Leonard Fengsheng Wang, and Xiaokai Wu. "Governance, privatization and foreign direct investment." Nankai Business Review International 9, no. 4 (November 5, 2018): 569–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/nbri-01-2018-0002.
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Purpose The purpose of this study is to investigate the interplay between economic governance and privatization, and how these two instruments affect the entry mode choice of the foreign firm and the social welfare of the host country. Design/methodology/approach This study constructs a mixed duopoly model wherein one domestic public firm competes with a foreign firm and investigates the influence of economic governance investment on the domestic government’s optimal degree of privatization choice and the foreign firm’s entry mode choice. Findings This study shows that (1) better economic governance enhances the effect of privatization on output, thus resulting in a lower degree of privatization; (2) the optimal privatization policy of the domestic government is partial privatization irrespective of the foreign firm’s entry mode choice; (3) with optimal investment by the domestic government on economic governance, the optimal degree of privatization is higher under FDI than export, and the host-country welfare is also higher under FDI. In particular, this study demonstrates that better economic governance decreases the threshold of the degree of privatization when the foreign firm switches from export to FDI, implying that better economic governance stimulates the foreign firm to undertake FDI in the host country. Practical implications The findings shed some light on both the mixed ownership reform of the SOEs in China and attracting foreign capital inflow to improve the host country’s social welfare. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this study constitutes the first attempt to build a theoretical framework to explore how the interactions between economic governance and privatization influence the entry mode choice of the foreign firm.
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Lv, Ping, and Francesca Spigarelli. "The determinants of location choice." International Journal of Emerging Markets 11, no. 3 (July 18, 2016): 333–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijoem-09-2014-0137.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to analyze the role of institutional distance and host country attractiveness in location determinants of Chinese Foreign investments in EU in the renewable energy sector, taking into account bilateral political and economic relations. Design/methodology/approach – A firm-level Ministry of Commerce (MofCom) database of greenfield and non-greenfield Chinese investments abroad is used. A six fixed-effects logit analysis is performed. Findings – Chinese firms tend to invest in EU countries with reduced rule of law; market affluence is an attraction factor for them, but they do not seem to be human capital asset-seekers. Countries with politically stable environment are most attractive to sales/services subsidiaries; while countries with good control of corruption, low trade barriers and encouraging foreign ownership are most attractive to manufacturing subsidiaries. A large market is the most attractive factor for R & D subsidiaries, and a rich market is the most attractive factor for manufacturing subsidiaries. Manufacturing subsidiaries are more technological asset-seekers. R & D subsidiaries are the most non-human capital asset-seekers. Research limitations/implications – The study extends the state of the art of the literature by developing a theoretical framework, grounded on the influence of host country institutional factors and on endowment of resources on the location choice of Chinese investors. Further variables should be included in the future (industrial specialization of host country, cultural distance, bilateral ties). Practical implications – Policy implications are relevant. They are related both to outward foreign direct investment attraction policies and to Europe-China cooperation dialogue. With reference to attraction policies, as Chinese green firms are technological asset-seekers, more than human capital asset-seekers, EU countries interested in partnering with Chinese investors should develop specific measures targeting encouraging technology spillover. Even R & D subsidiaries should be tempted with technology-oriented measures. With reference to Europe-China cooperation, the paper findings support suggestions for a more active European position on foreign investments in key European energy sectors. Originality/value – The paper is grounded on an improved theoretical model, tested through a unique Mofcom firm-level database. Originality lies in the fact that the authors provide a sectoral insight. The need for sectoral analysis is fundamental as Chinese industrial development and internationalization path vary extensively across industry, due to policy interventions, supportive measures and prioritized initiatives. Zhang et al. (2011, p. 229) found that – specifically – the energy sector is highly sensitive to host country institutional context, therefore Chinese foreign direct investment are more likely to be exposed to regulatory and competitive pressure compared to other industries.
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Laufs, Katharina, Michael Bembom, and Christian Schwens. "CEO characteristics and SME foreign market entry mode choice." International Marketing Review 33, no. 2 (April 11, 2016): 246–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/imr-08-2014-0288.
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Purpose – Using arguments from the upper echelons perspective this paper aims to examine the impact of CEO characteristics on small and medium-sized enterprises’ (SMEs’) equity foreign market entry mode choice and how these associations are jointly moderated by geographic experience of the firm and host-country political risk. Design/methodology/approach – The empirical analysis draws on data gathered from German SMEs testing triple-interaction effects between CEO’s age, firm tenure and international experience, geographic experience of the firm (organizational level), and host-country political risk (environmental level). Findings – Empirical findings validate that the influence of CEO’s age and firm tenure on SME foreign market entry mode choice varies by managers’ level of managerial discretion (i.e. latitude of action) as determined by the SME’s geographic experience and the level of political risks prevailing in the foreign market. Practical implications – Empirical findings help SME owners and managers to understand how CEO’s age and firm tenure are related with individual’s risk-taking behavior and information-processing demands and how these contingencies vary by the context in which the individual CEO is nested. Originality/value – This study contributes to the growing body of literature focussing on SME foreign market entry mode choice by emphasizing the important role of CEOs in the decision to internationalize. More specific, this study contributes by an examination of the interactive effect of CEO’s age, firm tenure and international experience, geographic experience of the firm and host-country political risk and, therefore, emphasizes the context and boundary conditions under which the association between CEO characteristics and foreign market entry mode choice is more or less pronounced.
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Asmussen, Christian Geisler, Bo Nielsen, Anthony Goerzen, and Svenja Tegtmeier. "Global cities, ownership structures, and location choice." Competitiveness Review: An International Business Journal 28, no. 3 (May 21, 2018): 252–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cr-09-2017-0063.
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Purpose This paper aims to develop a more nuanced view of subnational location choice with a particular focus on global cities. It is argued that multinational firms may use global cities to establish bridgeheads-subsidiaries at intermediate levels of the ownership chain that enable further international as well as subnational expansion. Design/methodology/approach Beyond those host country subsidiaries that are directly owned by a foreign multinational, the authors go deeper and focus specifically on the multi-tiered – “subsidiaries of subsidiaries” to examine how the geographic origins and destinations of these investments are associated with micro-location choices in a host country. Findings The authors find that there are substantial differences between the types, roles, activities and geographic origins of the firms locating in different areas, and in the ownership structures spanning them. The authors propose that this has managerial and theoretical implications which may be understood based on an organizing framework describing a tradeoff between the pursuit of global connectivity and local density on the one hand and cost control on the other. Research limitations/implications Empirical work on foreign location choices should take into account ownership structures and take a more fine-grained view of subnational variation. Practical implications Managers need to consider the trade-offs between connectivity, density and costs when making foreign location decisions. Social implications Policy makers should think about the unique contributions that various subnational regions such as global and ordinary cities can make to global value chains. Originality/Value The authors bridge the hitherto separate literatures pertaining to subsidiary mandates and subnational dimensions of foreign location choice by investigating the fine-grained roles and ownership structures from a supranational as well as subnational perspective.
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Choi, Paul Moon Sub, Chune Young Chung, Kaun Y. Lee, and Liu Chang. "Agglomeration Effects and Foreign Direct Investment Location Choice: Cross-country Evidence from Asia." Journal of Korea Trade 24, no. 1 (February 28, 2020): 35–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.35611/jkt.2020.24.1.35.
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Pehrsson, Anders. "An acquisition or a greenfield subsidiary? The impact of knowledge on sequential establishments in a host country." International Marketing Review 37, no. 2 (April 14, 2020): 377–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/imr-12-2018-0345.
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PurposeEstablishment of wholly owned subsidiaries in a foreign market is central to international marketing because sole ownership and high commitment facilitate firm's marketing in the local market. Drawing on knowledge-based theory, this study extends the current understanding of firm's sequential establishments of wholly owned subsidiaries in a host country.Design/methodology/approachSwedish firms' establishments of wholly owned subsidiaries in Germany, the United Kingdom and the United States were analyzed using a longitudinal approach.FindingsA firm's broad international experience is associated with an acquisition in any phase, while mode experience and value-adding experience are associated with postinitial acquisitions. There is no association between mode experience and greenfield investments.Research limitations/implicationsKnowledge-based theory explains a firm's choice of establishment mode when establishing in the same host country. Effects of marketing experiences are due to the establishment mode and different experiences explain choices for initial and postinitial establishments.Practical implicationsIn choosing between a wholly owned subsidiary in terms of an acquisition or a greenfield investment, for a foreign establishment the firm is advised to consider the impact of marketing experiences and establishment phase.Originality/valueResearch is needed on how experiences affect choices between foreign establishment modes where the firm is the sole owner. This study is the first to focus on the choice between wholly owned subsidiaries in terms of acquisitions and greenfield investments, and the impact of experience and phase of establishment in a particular host country.
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Kalaycıoğlu, Ersin. "Public choice and foreign affairs: Democracy and international relations in Turkey." New Perspectives on Turkey 40 (2009): 57–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0896634600005215.
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AbstractIn a democracy it is through the process of voting that people find an opportunity to register their likes and dislikes of domestic and foreign policy decisions most effectively. In Turkey, the recent national elections on 22 July 2007 provided an opportunity to observe the nexus between voters’ choices and foreign policy issues. Questions pertaining to problems facing the country and the campaign issues fail to give any clue as to whether people paid attention to foreign policy in making their choices among the political parties of the country. However, a closer examination of the factors determining the vote indicates that, although party identification and satisfaction with the performance of the economy and the expectations of the government in managing the economy played major roles, attitudes towards the European Union (EU), nationalism, and globalization closely followed in magnitude those two factors in determining the voters’ party preferences across the left-right spectrum. While AKP supporters had the most favorable attitude towards the EU, MHP supporters appeared highly nationalistic, and CHP voters seemed most influenced by positive orientations to openness to the world.
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Baral, Bhim Nath. "Changing Dynamics of Nepalese Foreign Policy: Patterns and Trends." Journal of Political Science 18 (June 29, 2018): 25–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jps.v18i0.20437.
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After the unification of many tiny states into a single and unified state, the foundation of Nepalese foreign policy was coined by brave, visionary and nationalist king Prithivi Narayan Shah. On the basis of geo-reality, his foreign policy based on non-alignment and neutrality is still relevant. But the subsequent rulers could not maintain their foreign policy images. The trend of changing foreign policy tilt with every change in regime in general and leader in particular created difficulty in foreign policy making. The geo-strategic location of the country on the one hand and continuous political instability in the country on the other always created threat for its survival. The geographical proximity of two Asian powers and their security concern further added more threat upon our independence. All these conditions have played influencing role in the determination of foreign policy choices. Since, Nepal is in advantageous position to benefit from India and China, after a long transition, the newly elected government has almost single choice to act as a balance of local, regional and global interest. So the main objective of this article is to analyze the patterns and trends of Nepalese foreign policy choices. Secondary sources of data are used to achieve the objectives.Journal of Political Science, Volume XVIII, 2018, page: 25-45
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Dadzie, Samuel Ato, and Richard Afriyie Owusu. "Understanding establishment mode choice of foreign manufacturing firms in Ghana." International Journal of Emerging Markets 10, no. 4 (September 21, 2015): 896–920. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijoem-09-2012-0124.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to analyse the foreign direct investment (FDI) strategies of manufacturing firms in Ghana using the eclectic model in order to understand how ownership, location and internalization factors impact FDI to developing countries like Ghana. Design/methodology/approach – The authors use a quantitative methodology in order to statistically explore the relationships between dependent and independent variables. The data comes from a sample of 75 multinational enterprises that invested in the manufacturing sector between 1994 and 2008. Findings – The results reveal that large firm size, extensive international experience and large market size lead to the choice of acquisition mode of entry, while high cultural distance, high country risk, high proprietary assets and incentives lead to the choice of greenfield mode in the context of Ghana. Research limitations/implications – The results imply that the different economic, business and legal (locational) conditions of developing countries create different FDI strategies and paths of companies compared to developed markets. Practical implications – Policy makers in developing countries should make efforts to improve market size, the institutional and regulatory environment, as well as the availability of human capital in order to attract FDI. Originality/value – FDI studies have mainly analysed establishment mode strategies of firms in advanced markets. There is an increasing amount of research on FDI in emerging markets but very little on developing countries and African markets. Therefore, this study enables the authors to develop implications for existing theory and generate practical implications for firms and policy makers related to African and developing country markets.
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Maruyama, Masayoshi, and Lihui Wu. "The relevance of retailer country-of-origin to consumer store choice: evidence from China." International Marketing Review 31, no. 5 (September 2, 2014): 462–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/imr-03-2013-0060.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the relevance of retailer country-of-origin (COO) on consumers’ actual choice between foreign and domestic retailers. It explores two basic issues regarding the relevance of COO, first to assess consumer perceptions regarding the importance of retailer COO (PIO) and the importance of supporting domestic retailers (PISD) in store choice decisions. The second is to analyse the influence of these factors on store choice decisions. Relative influence of PIO and PISD (compared to the retail mix factors) was also evaluated. Design/methodology/approach – Data were collected through a consumer survey targeting grocery consumers in a second-tier city in China. Factor analysis and binary probit models were used to analyse the data. Findings – The authors found that a considerable proportion of respondents perceive retailer COO and being supportive of domestic retailers as important factors when choosing between foreign and domestic retailers. Interestingly, results of probit analysis showed that consumers’ perceived importance of retailer COO (PIO) did not have a significant impact on consumer store choice behaviour. In contrast, consumers’ perceived importance of supporting domestic retailers has a negative effect on consumers’ choice of foreign retailers. Results of the relative contribution of retail mix factors and COO variables showed that generally, COO variables are as important as retail mix factors. Originality/value – This study is one of the few empirical studies on the relevance of retailer COO and it focused on two basic issues concerning the consumer perceptions regarding the importance of retailer COO, seldom studied previously. This study makes a significant contribution to the COO literature not only because it focuses on the retailing context but also by providing a fresh perspective.
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Ukrainets, L. A. "The determainants of the recipient country choice for foreign direct investment by Chinese multinationals." Economic scope, no. 142 (February 26, 2019): 15–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.30838/p.es.2224.260219.15.376.
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Marchiano, Marcello, Fernando Antonio Ribeiro Serra, Jose Antonio de Sousa Neto, and Henrique Cordeiro Martins. "Factors that influence the choice of a destination country for Brazilian foreign direct investment." Revista Gestão & Tecnologia 18, no. 1 (April 1, 2018): 32–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.20397/2177-6652/2018.v18i1.1279.
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Belaounia, Samia, Tawhid Chtioui, and Mehdi Nekhili. "The Determinants Of Foreign Location And Market-Entry Mode By Multinational Banks: A Simultaneous Approach." Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR) 32, no. 3 (May 2, 2016): 883–902. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jabr.v32i3.9671.
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The study aims to explain the determinants of banks’ choices of location of overseas activities and of market-entry mode (subsidiary, branch and representative office). Location of overseas activities and market-entry mode are considered as simultaneously determined. The determinants are based on the factors associated with the characteristics of the parent bank and host country. A 3SLS model is used to estimate these determinants. Based on sample of 63 banks from 18 countries in 2004, the results show that foreign location and market-entry mode are governed by the characteristics of both the host country and the parent bank. Our results also provide some answers about the impact of entry mode on location choice, and vice versa.
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Puig, Francisco, Anoop Madhok, and Zhi Shen. "Investigating firm heterogeneity in country-of-origin cluster location choice decisions." Multinational Business Review 28, no. 2 (August 29, 2019): 221–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mbr-07-2018-0051.
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Purpose This paper aims to analyse which firm-level characteristics drive their location decisions when investing in a foreign country. Focusing on origin clusters, the authors will study the potential influence of the home country context and, in particular, the impact of firm-level factors, both investor- and investment-related, underlying heterogeneity in their location choice decisions. Design/methodology/approach The empirical analysis draws on data gathered from mainland Chinese MNEs that have invested in Germany between 2005 and 2013 (269 firms). The authors chose a single host (Germany) and a single home (China) country for their representativeness and for methodological reasons to control for country effects. The authors used a multinomial logit model to assess the effects of the independent variables on the probability that each of the three location possibilities would be selected. Findings The results suggest that investors preferring co-location in origin clusters have distinct structural and strategic characteristics. From a more structural point of view, Chinese foreign direct investment (FDI) undertaken by smaller firms and those without prior experience in the EU prefer an area where there are other Chinese investors. From a more strategic perspective, these FDI flows are more likely to tap into industry agglomerations when the investors’ objective is strategic asset seeking, and they have less knowledge-intensive investments. Practical implications The findings may be of great practical value to practitioners and policymakers. Knowledge of the advantages and disadvantages of the types of agglomeration networks can help managers to balance the rewards and risks in their decision-making and to select a suitable development path for their FDIs. For policymakers, an understanding of the structure and formation of different groups of firms in one location and the characteristics of investors who may enter the location can help them to improve their regulatory work and to develop policies to attract investments, thereby enhancing local economic development and community stability. Originality/value The research shifts the emphasis of the location choice decision beyond just where to locate toward with whom to collocate. It also contributes to the growing research on emerging market multinationals by providing further insight into understanding of FDI location behavior by firms from emerging economies.
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Wang, Yichen, and Régis Chenavaz. "The Entry Of International Banks In China." Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR) 32, no. 5 (September 1, 2016): 1495. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jabr.v32i5.9775.
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With the remarkable degree of openness of China’s economy, an increasing number of foreign banks are rushing into this country. Two main theories prevail in current studies on the motivations of foreign banks to enter a new country, namely, customer-driven or market opportunity driven. Using the event study methodology, this paper analyses the value effect on foreign banks of the “entering the Chinese market” event. The results show that compared to customer-driven factors, the new opportunities of the Chinese market better explain this value effect. Our results provide a reference for foreign banks on operating strategies in China and enable a better understanding of the choice of destination and motivations for foreign banks to enter China.
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Edwards, Terence Huw. "Tariffs, Horizontal Regulatory Standards and Protection against Foreign Competitors." Global Economy Journal 9, no. 2 (March 2009): 1850164. http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1524-5861.1456.
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This paper focuses on a regulator's choice between setting a pure, horizontal technical barrier to trade (HTBT) or a tariff in a linear, Cournot duopoly, where a foreign firm competes with a local rival. Where a country is free to impose a tariff, it will not impose a HTBT. Only under a limited set of circumstances will the profit-shifting effect be sufficient to lead to total exclusion of the foreign firm: in other conditions, the country will set a tariff yielding some revenue. By contrast, if tariffs are constrained by international agreement, then the importing country will set an HTBT to exclude the foreign firm if and only if tariffs are reduced below a threshold level. Trade liberalisation agreements which only cover tariffs can reduce, rather than increase global welfare.
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Vatin, Nikolay, and Olga Gamayunova. "Real Estate Abroad: How to Make the Right Choice." Applied Mechanics and Materials 670-671 (October 2014): 1612–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.670-671.1612.
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Last years more and more Russians are buying property abroad, not only in order to obtain from her rental income or resale, but also for a family holiday by the sea in a favorite of the country. The article describes the main criteria for the choosing of foreign real estate. Particular attention is paid to the specifics of buying property in countries such as Turkey, Egypt, Greece.
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Garrett, Richard. "Foreign Higher Education in India: The Latest Developments." International Higher Education, no. 88 (January 17, 2017): 5–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.6017/ihe.2017.88.9680.
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India has long had mixed emotions about letting foreign higher education institutions operate in the country. Advocates champion greater student choice and high quality programming while opponents worry about exploitation and unfair competition. In practice, many foreign institutions do operate but the rules are complex and unevenly enforced. The latest government measures are more open and clear in some respects but otherwise perpetuate restrictions and ambiguity.
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Chanavat, Nicolas. "French football, foreign investors: global sports as country branding." Journal of Business Strategy 38, no. 6 (November 20, 2017): 3–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jbs-04-2017-0053.
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Purpose This research aims to examine the fundamental elements regarding Paris Saint-Germain (PSG) marketing strategy. Specifically, the objective of this analysis is the implementation of globalizing the club brand of PSG. Design/methodology/approach The author held three 2-h face-to-face meetings. Given that the main criterion in the choice of the respondent for a case study was the quality of the information that could be obtained during the interview, the professionals were selected because of their direct involvement in the PSG’s global marketing strategy. Data collection was conducted with the aid of several in-depth interviews with the Deputy General Manager (in charge of commercial activities), Frédéric Longuépée, the Corporate and Brand Communications Manager, Nicolas Serres and the Brand Diversification and Development Manager (in charge of eSports), Fabien Allègre. Findings It appears that since the acquisition of PSG by Qatar Sports Investments, the club has entered a new era and has set in motion a strategy to compete with the biggest sports brands in the world. The results of this research reveal that the globalization strategy of PSG is itself part of Qatar’s internationalization approach. The findings also suggest that the global marketing strategy of the club is based on three key steps. First was the reorganization of the club to create an omnisports brand with a new CEO at its head, which is highlighted here. The rebuilding of the brand followed, through the creation of new identity and logotype, the acquisition of brands-athletes and controlled communication. Finally, the development of the club which is based on the diversification of growth drivers. Originality/value Overall, these results contribute to the enrichment of sports clubs and global marketing research This research offers a unique perspective and insights on the marketing strategic globalization of a professional sports club linked with the internationalization of a country. Best practices become visible through this analysis, which might serve as guidelines in other contexts.
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Brummell, Paul. "A Gift for a President." Hague Journal of Diplomacy 16, no. 1 (January 25, 2021): 145–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1871191x-bja10058.
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Summary Gifts to US Presidents from foreign leaders between 2001 and 2016 are analysed in this essay, to assess the motivation behind the choice of gift against the background of the regulated character of the transaction through the Foreign Gifts and Decorations Act. Seven strategies are identified: showcasing the culture of the gifting country; highlighting the bilateral relationship; praising US culture and values; praising or appealing to the interests of the President; offering a nice gift; impressing through a lavish gift and supporting the luxury exports of the gifting country. The first three strategies acknowledge the regulated character of the gift exchange, the next three try to mask it in a focus on the personal and the seventh combines elements of both. Prior co-ordination with the US side sometimes influences the choice of gift.
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Claver, Enrique, and Diego Quer. "Choice of market entry mode in China: the influence of firm-specific factors." Journal of General Management 30, no. 3 (March 2005): 51–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030630700503000304.
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One of the issues attracting wider attention within research into corporate internationalisation is the choice of mode of entry into a foreign country. At present, China is one of the destinations which is acquiring greater importance in the international expansion of firms from various countries around the world. In this context, by combining the traditional theory on foreign direct investment with the resource-based view of the firm, this paper will analyse the influence of various tangible and intangible corporate factors on the degree of commitment towards direct investment in China.
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Karhunen, Päivi, Riitta Kosonen, and Svetlana Ledyaeva. "Institutional distance and international ownership strategies in Russia." Baltic Journal of Management 9, no. 3 (July 1, 2014): 254–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bjm-07-2013-0125.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to analyse the impact of institutional distance, extended to capture subnational institutional variation, on foreign entry mode choice. Design/methodology/approach – As an empirical study, it focuses on manufacturing firms established in Russia by foreign investors from developed countries. The dependent variables, the share of foreign ownership and the entry mode choice binary variable (equal to 1 for full foreign ownership and zero for a joint venture) were obtained from the registry of foreign-owned firms in Russia. The World Bank's regulatory quality (RQ) index on a national level and a respective indicator for the various Russian regions on a subnational level were utilised to measure institutions. Multilevel cross-classified analysis including foreign firms, the various Russian regions and characteristics of the foreign owners’ home countries was applied to for making empirical estimations. Findings – The empirical results show, first, that the regionally adjusted institutional distance, i.e. the distance between the home country and the Russian region in question, when measured in terms of RQ, shifts the ownership structure towards shared ownership. However, nation-level institutional distance between the home country and Russia does not show any statistically significant relationship with the modal choice. Originality/value – The results indicate that with the exception of industries of strategic importance to the state, the most important “rules of the game” for foreign entry strategies are provided not by the federal government but by the regional governors. The theoretical value of the paper lies in the extension of the institutional distance concept to the subnational level. At the same time, the paper identifies those institutional features that foreign entrants eyeing Russia need to take into account when selecting an entry mode and location within Russia.
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Fard, Maryam Mosahebipoor, and Hamid Saberi. "Studying the Motivations of Choosing Foreign Tourism Destinations: Case Study of Thailand." Journal of Sustainable Development 8, no. 9 (November 29, 2015): 254. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v8n9p254.
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Nowadays tourists choose their destinations according to their taste, conditions and provided facilities. Aimed at psychologically understanding the reasons of travelling and the attraction of trip destinations, the scientists have presented different patterns for the travelling and the choice of trip destination. This study has been done in order to realize the motivations of choosing Thailand as a trip destination by tourists departed from Isfahan. The study is methodologically descriptive-analytic and is done in 2014. In total, 384 people were chosen through Cochran formula among the whole population –including all the tourists departed from Esfahan to Thailand- in order to achieve the goals of the research. The results of the research show that the existence of cheap attractive centers and proper currency of Iran and Thailand and also on the other hand beach attractions in Thailand affect the choice of this country as a tourist destination but the men’s and women’s motivation of choosing this country as a tourist destination differs significantly.
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O'Farrell, P. N., L. Moffat, and P. A. Wood. "Internationalisation by Business Services: A Methodological Critique of Foreign-Market Entry-Mode Choice." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 27, no. 5 (May 1995): 683–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a270683.
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In this paper the work of geographers, economists, and management scientists in studying interregional and international expansion by service companies is reviewed. A critique is presented of some of the fundamental methodological problems inherent in analysing foreign-market entry-mode choice. These are particularly apparent when studying the process of business service-sector internationalisation. Issues discussed include inconsistencies in the definition of which entry decision to analyse; the level of aggregation to adopt when modelling mode choice; mode choice and cooperative organisational networks; different approaches to measuring cultural distance and country risk; and the methodologies used to develop scales to represent the constructs relevant to internationalisation.
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Li, Nicolas, and Pavlos Dimitratos. "How do business-level strategies affect multiple market servicing modes in the foreign country?" International Marketing Review 31, no. 5 (September 2, 2014): 526–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/imr-05-2013-0106.
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Purpose – There is considerable literature on the firm's market servicing mode (MSM) when it enters the foreign country. However, scant research has been conducted to examine how business-level strategies (BLSs) affect internationalised firms to choose a multiple rather than single post-entry MSM. The purpose of this paper is to test the effect of three BLSs on firms’ selection of multiple MSMs. Design/methodology/approach – Survey responses of 165 internationalised Greek small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) were collected capturing the types of BLSs they used during 2008-2010 and their number of MSMs in a particular foreign country in 2011. The data were analysed using logistic regression. Findings – The findings suggest that firms that implement collaborative and differentiation strategies are more likely to use multiple rather than single MSMs. Firms that implement penetration pricing strategies are more likely to use single MSMs, although this effect is marginally significant. Overall, the validity of the strategic choice model regarding the choice of multiple MSMs is confirmed. Originality/value – Despite its importance, the effect of BLSs influencing MSMs has not seemingly been investigated, especially in the context of internationalised SMEs as opposed to large multinational enterprises; and, for post-entry as opposed to initial modes. The findings underline the BLS significance on internationalised SME adoption of multiple vs single MSMs in the host country.
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PETIT, MARIA-LUISA, FRANCESCA SANNA-RANDACCIO, and BOLESLAW TOLWINSKI. "INNOVATION AND FOREIGN INVESTMENT IN A DYNAMIC OLIGOPOLY." International Game Theory Review 02, no. 01 (March 2000): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219198900000032.
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The paper examines the impact of the firms' choice between export and foreign direct investment on the incentive to innovate, as well as the effects of innovation and technological spillovers on the firms' international strategy and on its changes over time. The innovation process is analysed in the context of a two-country imperfect competition market, modelled as an infinite horizon, non-linear dynamic game, for which Markov perfect equilibria are computed. Where the models are not tractable by analytical techniques, equilibria are calculated by using a computational procedure based on a policy iteration method.
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WU, CHENG-RU, and CHIN-TSAI LIN. "THE CHOICE OF FOREIGN PRODUCTION STRATEGY AND TIMING OF DECISION AMONG THREE COUNTRIES UNDER EXCHANGE RATE UNCERTAINTY." Asia-Pacific Journal of Operational Research 21, no. 04 (December 2004): 499–516. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217595904000369.
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This study considers the effects of two real exchange rates on strategies that govern the locations of production by firms that are entering two foreign countries. The batch process production model of Lin and Wu (Asia-Pacific Journal of Operational Research, 21, 2004, 35–52), which considers two locations of production, one in each of two countries is extended to develop a decision valuation model to choose the two optimal locations to produce a good — one in each country. This extended model applies the Real Options Analysis (ROA) to determine the value of locating production in three countries. Moreover, a closed-form solution to the Continuous-Time Model Optimization Problem is derived. The optimal entry trigger and expected arrival time of an exporter from country-0 to country-1 or 2 are calculated; a sensitivity analysis is performed, and some characteristic strategies of the operating method for the Cobb–Douglas batch process model among three countries are determined. A useful summary of insights is provided for global managers.
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Kang, Yuanfei, and Yulong Liu. "Natural resource-seeking intent and regulatory forces." Management Research Review 39, no. 10 (October 17, 2016): 1313–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mrr-05-2015-0126.
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Purpose This study aims to investigate how natural resource-seeking as a type of strategic intent influences foreign direct investment (FDI) location choice. Grounded in the strategic intent approach and institution theory, the authors developed an interactive conceptual framework by integrating natural resource-seeking intent (NRI) with regulatory institutional factors. Design/methodology/approach The authors developed an interactive conceptual framework by integrating NRI at a firm level with regulatory factors of governmental support, political risk and economic freedom at country level. Using empirical data from a sample of 137 Chinese outward foreign direct investment (OFDI) projects in 19 Asian countries, statistical analysis was conducted using a conditional logistic regression technique. Findings Empirical findings from our study suggest that NRI has a strong influence on OFDI location choice of the Chinese firms. More importantly, the results demonstrate that influence of NRI on location choice is contingent on the regulatory forces both in the home and host countries settings. NRI is more likely to influence FDI location choice when government support from the home country is stronger and/or when political risk in a host country FDI is higher. Originality/value This is an empirical-based original study, and it contributes to the literature in several ways. First, the study enriches the strategic intent approach by demonstrating the contingency conditions from regulatory factors, especially home government support on a firm’s pursuit of NRI. Second, the study provides an explanation for the behaviour pattern of Chinese OFDI regarding their response to political risk in a host country. Third, the study demonstrates the influence of “institutional embededness” on the firm’s strategic intent. Managerial and policy implications are also discussed.
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Elliott, Gregory R., and Ross C. Cameron. "Consumer Perception of Product Quality and the Country-of-Origin Effect1." Journal of International Marketing 2, no. 2 (June 1994): 49–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1069031x9400200204.
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Consumer attitudes to local and foreign products and the likely “country-of-origin” effect in “Buy Local” and “Made In …” campaigns are surveyed. First, the importance of country of origin in relation to other product attributes is considered. Second, country of origin is assessed as a surrogate indicator of product quality. Third, the likely effect of country of origin on consumer choice across a range of product categories is studied with brand name and price held constant. Across the product categories studied, respondents rated country of origin as significantly less important as a choice determinant than product quality and price. In addition, clear country-of-origin effects are identified. Consumers rate products as being of significantly different quality when the only variation between products is stated country of origin. Further, consumers express a marked preference for locally made products when price, technical features, and brand name are invariant, and where the locally made product is perceived to be superior or, at least, not significantly inferior to an overseas-made product. Where the locally made product is perceived to be of inferior quality to the imported product, consumers generally prefer an imported product. Thus, while consumers rate country of origin after product quality and price, when these other factors are equivalent, the fact that the product is promoted as locally made is a positive influence on product choice.
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Marinkovic, Srdjan. "The choice of an exchange rate regime: Outcomes and constraints." Ekonomski anali 51, no. 168 (2006): 73–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/eka0668073m.
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An inappropriate exchange rate policy is likely to undermine overall efforts to transform the economy. Namely, it is now well accepted either at the theoretical or policy level that situations of real exchange rate misalignment could be translated into important welfare costs. This country study highlights "irrelevancy" of the stability criteria when slow growth recovery threatens to endanger even social roots of determination for reform. We discuss foreign exchange policy and other related policy measures that are likely to align economic and political goals inside a trade-off between stability and growth.
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Gao, Qiuling, Zijie Li, and Xinli Huang. "How EMNEs choose location for strategic asset seeking in internationalization?" Chinese Management Studies 13, no. 3 (August 5, 2019): 687–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cms-06-2018-0573.
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Purpose Based on the strategy tripod perspective, this study aims to address how emerging economy multinational enterprises (EMNEs) make a strategic decision of choosing a foreign location for their strategic asset seeking and under what mechanism EMNEs make foreign direct investment (FDI) location choice. Design/methodology/approach This paper first reviews the literature on strategy tripod and strategic asset seeking strategy of EMNEs. Then, six cases of Chinese multinational enterprises operating in manufacturing industry have been introduced, emphasizing on interactions within three dimensions of strategy tripod framework, namely, resource-based dimension, industry-based dimension and institution-based dimension. By triangulating with multiple sources of archival and interview data, this paper identified a conceptual model presenting location choice mechanisms. Findings Based on a comparative multi-case study, four mechanisms of EMNEs’ location choice when seek strategic asset by FDI within a strategy tripod framework have been revealed. Specifically, EMNEs make their strategic decision of choosing a foreign location for their strategic asset seeking under mechanisms of seeking complementary resources based on industry characteristics; echoing with institutional dimension of home country when exploitation of resource; matching institutional dimension of host country when consider industry fitness; and institutional leveraging combined with understanding of resource and industry dimensions inside strategy tripod. Originality/value The findings shed novel insights into the mechanisms under which EMNEs choose their location for strategic asset-seeking FDI. It also broadens the strategy tripod framework by looking deeper into the characteristics of each dimension within a new research context of EMNEs’ FDI location choice.
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Asthana, Sharad C., K. K. Raman, and Hongkang Xu. "U.S.-Listed Foreign Companies' Choice of a U.S.-Based versus Home Country-Based Big N Principal Auditor and the Effect on Audit Fees and Earnings Quality." Accounting Horizons 29, no. 3 (March 1, 2015): 631–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/acch-51105.
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SYNOPSIS We examine why U.S.-listed foreign companies choose to have a U.S.-based (rather than home country-based) Big N firm as their principal auditor for SEC reporting purposes and the effects of that choice for audit fees and earnings quality. We find that the likelihood of the Big N principal auditor being U.S.-based is decreasing in client size and the level of investor protection in the home country, and increasing in the proportion of income earned outside the home country. We also find compelling evidence that U.S.-based Big N auditors are associated with higher-quality earnings (albeit for a higher fee), despite two factors—the greater distance between the U.S.-based (vis-à-vis home country-based) Big N auditor and the client, and the likelihood that much of the audit work is done outside the U.S.—which potentially could lower the earnings quality of the U.S.-listed foreign client when the Big N principal auditor is U.S.-based. Overall, our study suggests that the higher fees associated with a U.S.-based Big N principal auditor is not just price protection; rather, U.S.-based Big N principal auditors are also improving the financial reporting environment by reporting higher-quality audited earnings for their U.S.-listed foreign clients. JEL Classifications: L11; L15; M42.
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SEN, KUNAL, and CHAITALI SINHA. "The location choice of US foreign direct investment: how do institutions matter?" Journal of Institutional Economics 13, no. 2 (November 3, 2016): 401–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1744137416000333.
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AbstractWe look at the institutional determinants of both within- and across-country variations in US foreign direct investment (FDI) flows over time. The strength of our approach is that in contrast to the previous work that has focused on average FDI flows across countries, we are able to explain both the variations in FDI flows across and within countries for a given year. Our core hypothesis is that in countries with high quality of contract enforcement, multinationals are more likely to invest in the industries, where by their very nature investments are relationship specific. Conversely, in countries with low quality of contract enforcement, multinationals are more likely to invest in industries where investments to a large degree are not relationship specific. Using-three dimensional panel data for US FDI flows to 50 countries and 6 sectors for the period 1984–2010, we find strong support for our hypothesis. Our findings suggest that countries that want to attract US FDI in sectors that are highly intensive in technology and institutions such as transportation and electronics should improve their property rights and contracting environment.
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Lipstein, K. "INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY: PARALLEL CHOICE OF LAW RULES." Cambridge Law Journal 64, no. 3 (November 2005): 593–613. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008197305006975.
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IN a previous article it was contended that for the purpose of the conflict of laws the structure of immaterial property law (which term is used here to include patents and the like) is exceptional. Due to its privileged character accorded by the sovereign local authority it is territorial in the dual sense that such laws are strictly confined in their operation to their country of origin and that within that territory the application of foreign immaterial property law is excluded by its inherent limitation. In English and Commonwealth law this insight was concealed until recently by the assertion that the courts could only exercise jurisdiction in respect of claims based on their own national intellectual property law. Jurisdiction was thus functionally linked to the exclusive sphere of the applicable law.
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Lu, Xiao Jun. "A Brief Analysis and Inspiration Regarding the Development Experience of New Emerging Industries Overseas." Applied Mechanics and Materials 448-453 (October 2013): 4224–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.448-453.4224.
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Emerging industry has become a common choice of the multi-national facing financial crisis and achieving sustainable economic development. By summarizing and analizing the advanced experience of foreign emerging industries, we have learned successful experience for our country. As a refernce, the development of new emerging industries and policy making could be improved.
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Amalia, Rizky, Hilda Yunita Sabrie, and Widhayani Dian. "The Principle of Good Faith in The Choice of Law of Foreign Direct Investment Contracts in Indonesia." FIAT JUSTISIA:Jurnal Ilmu Hukum 12, no. 2 (July 30, 2018): 170. http://dx.doi.org/10.25041/fiatjustisia.v12no2.1306.
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Applying the principle of good faith in the choice of law is one of the most common problems of international business contract, particularly in foreign direct investment contracts. The implementation of the principle of good faith in the choice of law increasingly reduced by the emergence of some problems in the investment contract, which of course, the most aggrieved entities are domestic investors who also host country. The choice of law has an important role in the contract because it concerns the interests of each of the parties, and the principle of good faith as a priority principle of international contract law should be applied as the basis for determining the choice of law for the parties to a contract. This paper examines the principle of good faith in the choice of law to realize justice among the parties with different laws, especially on private and public investment contracts between foreign investors and domestic investors in Indonesia, in the process of formation, implementation, or post-contract. This paper is legal research that is normative, meaning that this research is based on the prevailing laws and regulations in Indonesia. Then, the approach used is statute approach and conceptual approach. So it is expected that between the rules and the concept of existing topics will be aligned. Keywords: Choice of Law, Foreign Direct Investment Contracts, Principles of Good Faith.
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Rienda, Laura, Enrique Claver-Cortes, Diego Quer, and Rosario Andreu. "Greenfield investments or acquisitions? The influence of distance on emerging-market multinationals." Management Decision 57, no. 5 (May 13, 2019): 1223–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/md-02-2017-0154.
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Purpose In recent years, emerging-market multinationals (EMMs) are receiving significant attention in the international business literature. They represent a challenge for the conventional wisdom, mainly derived from the behavior of developed-country multinationals (MNEs). The purpose of this paper is to analyze how different cross-national distances, namely cultural, administrative, geographic and economic, may affect establishment mode choice by Indian MNEs. Design/methodology/approach Data are collected from 328 outward foreign direct investments carried out by Indian MNEs in 73 countries from 1991 to 2014. A binomial logistic regression analysis is used to test the hypotheses. Findings The results show that cultural and administrative distances negatively affect the choice of an acquisition. Moreover, firm size, acquisition experience, host country experience, industry, belonging to the G20 alliance and being a state-owned enterprise also influence establishment mode choice. Originality/value This is one of the first studies that investigate the relationship between distances and establishment mode choice by Indian MNEs. The findings suggest that they follow a different behavioral pattern among EMMs, since their internationalization decisions are closer to those of developed-country MNEs.
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Prajugo, Michael Saputra. "ANALISIS YURIDIS MENGENAI PENTINGNYA KLAUSULA PILIHAN HUKUM DAN/ATAU PILIHAN FORUM DALAM KONTRAK BISNIS INTERNASIONAL." Jurnal Magister Hukum ARGUMENTUM 7, no. 1 (April 1, 2020): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.24123/argu.v7i1.3006.
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One sphere regulated by International Civil Law is international business contracts which contain foreign elements. The existence of foreign elements in international business contracts is followed by the emergence of the freedom of the parties to determine choice of law and/or choice of forum. Without the inclusion of choice of law and/or choice of forum clauses, problems will arise about which country’s law applies and which forum is authorized to resolve international business contract disputes. One important thing related to choice of law and/or choice of forum in international business contracts is the limitations toward them. The research question is what are the limitations toward choice of law and/or choice of forum in international business contracts?. The research method used is juridical normative with statute approach and conceptual approach as problem approaches. The result of the research explicates in general, the limitations toward choice of law and/or choice of the forum in international business contracts are the limitations determined in Article 1339 of the Civil Code namely not contrary to propriety, customs, laws, and applicable legal system in every country. The parties need to understand the limitations toward choice of law and/or choice of forum clauses in international business contracts and implement them when making choice of law and/or choice of forum clauses so these clauses are not null and void.
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McCormack, Gerard. "BANKRUPTCY FORUM SHOPPING: THE UK AND US AS VENUES OF CHOICE FOR FOREIGN COMPANIES." International and Comparative Law Quarterly 63, no. 4 (September 23, 2014): 815–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020589314000396.
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AbstractThis paper critically evaluates ‘forum shopping’ possibilities offered by the UK and US in bankruptcy/insolvency cases. While recognizing that in some quarters forum shopping has a bad name, the paper makes the point that strategic manoeuvring and transaction planning is what litigation and case management is all about. Certain countries are popular as forum shopping venues because of substantive law or the procedural advantages brought about by litigating in that country. The paper concludes that while the UK may have shut its doors too firmly against foreign forum shoppers, the US is too much a safe haven. The paper calls for a measure of jurisdictional restraint through raising entry barriers. While a bit of jurisdictional competition in insolvency law-making may be no bad thing, the US approach runs the risk of undermining important policies considered important by other countries such as the protection of employees and the public purse. It is also asymmetrical in that US bankruptcy jurisdiction is assumed in situations where, if foreign countries had acted on a similar basis, US recognition of the foreign proceedings would be denied.
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El-Higzi, Faiza. "Foreign Market Selection Factors in the Australian Construction Services Sector." Construction Economics and Building 2, no. 1 (November 15, 2012): 107–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5130/ajceb.v2i1.2891.
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A survey of Australian construction companies is described, aimed at identifying the mainfactors considered when choosing foreign markets for their international activities. Thishighlights the importance of the host country’s economic, political and structural factors,the interplay of company motivations for expansion and the availability of a relevant constructionproject. Other factors influence a company’s approach to overseas operations,but do not significantly affect the choice of country. Also identified is a need to improvegovernment approaches to construction service expansion to other countries, with a focuson specific projects and policy regulations to assist the industry, and to build closer relationsbetween construction companies and financial institutions.
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Huang, Zhanbing, and Yu Lu. "Analysis of asset risk and household Financial Asset Allocation structure—Empirical analysis from a nonlinear model." E3S Web of Conferences 235 (2021): 01039. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202123501039.
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Chinese households now have a good understanding of finance and their asset allocation choices are increasingly skewed towards financial products. At present, most domestic and foreign researches on the structure and choice of household asset allocation mainly analyze the influence of residents’ characteristics or financial literacy on household asset allocation, while few researches on the internal relationship between household risk, asset structure and allocation choice. Based on CHFS data and the theory of asset investment behavior, this paper systematically analyzes and risk assets and family financial asset allocation structure of mutual influence and role, an empirical analysis of the influencing factors of residents in our country family financial asset allocation structure by using Probit model and Tobit model, pay attention to risk assets, family income and other factors, a deeper understanding of family financial asset investment circumstances.
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Helgertz, Jonas, and Pieter Bevelander. "The Influence of Partner Choice and Country of Origin Characteristics on the Naturalization of Immigrants in Sweden: A Longitudinal Analysis." International Migration Review 51, no. 3 (September 2017): 667–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/imre.12244.
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Using data for the period 1968–2001, this article assesses the influence of partner choice and origin country characteristics on the propensity of immigrants to naturalize in Sweden. Marriage to a foreign-born Swedish citizen increases the naturalization propensity, and its effect increases strongly when the spouse naturalizes during the same year. The analysis suggests that a lower level of civic and political freedom or relative GDP per capita in the individual's country of origin is associated with an elevated probability of naturalization. During the period of study, originating from a country which allows for dual citizenship did not systematically elevate the probability to naturalize; this probability was accentuated, however, if the individual originated from a context characterized by a low degree of civic and political freedom.
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Déniz-Déniz, Mª de la Cruz, and Antonia Mercedes García-Cabrera. "Management and ownership control in foreign investments: An analysis of the influence of isomorphism and quality of institutions." Journal of Management & Organization 20, no. 6 (November 2014): 764–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jmo.2014.52.
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AbstractAccording to new institutionalism, this work simultaneously analyzes different methods of operating abroad – that is, joint venture, acquisition and greenfield – in terms of the level of management and ownership control they provide. This research studies the regulative and cognitive institutions that explain the multinational company’s choice of a particular level of that control for its subsidiaries years after entering a foreign country. We analyze 109 German firms with subsidiaries in Spain. The results show that the level of management and ownership control for the subsidiary responds to the institutional quality of the host country and the internal and especially external isomorphic pressures.
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Mustafa, Eshaby, Muhamad Shah Kamal Ideris, and Noor Azimin Zainol. "TO COOK OR NOT TO COOK; INTERNATIONAL STUDENTS’ FOOD CHOICE STRATEGY." Journal of Tourism, Hospitality and Environment Management 5, no. 18 (March 15, 2020): 88–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.35631/jthem.518008.
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The important role of food choices in symbolic, economic and social aspects of life leads to the increased attention given to this area. This role became increasingly important and complicated for international students living in a foreign country for the first time, away from their families, as they are now required to make individual decisions on food choice. Therefore, the food choice strategy as practiced by the international students will receive dedicated attention to this study. This study is set within the academic environment at a local university in Northern Malaysia. Several qualitative methods such as in-depth interviews and observation were used to assess the international students’ food choice strategies and how the local food environment influences their food choice decision. Six international students took part in this study. The findings indicated that most international students resorted to preparing and cooking their own food, mainly to satisfy their cravings and as a cure to homesickness. The food choice strategy also depended on their level of knowledge in food preparation, convenience, and resources available to them. These finding advances the food choice decision process and explicates the food acculturation among international students in Malaysia. Moreover, the findings have direct implications for institutions’ management of international students in assisting and improving their overseas experience.