Academic literature on the topic 'Foreign country choice'
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Journal articles on the topic "Foreign country choice"
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Li, Wen. "The Role of Language Capability in Migration Choice of International Medical Students." International Medical Student Education 3, no. 1 (June 22, 2020): 27–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.51787/imse202000104.
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Background:An alarming proportion of healthcare workers from low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) migrate to foreign countries, especially to high-income countries (HICs), to seek employment. The aim of this study was to explore the role of language capability in migration choice of China-educated international medical students (IMSs), mainly from LMICs in Asia and Africa. Methods:A questionnaire was delivered electronically to final-year IMSs at 4 universities in China from June, 2019 to July, 2019. The questionnaire comprised questions on language capability and migration choices of IMSs. Chi-square test was used to determine whether participants’ English language proficiency, Chinese language proficiency, and capability of speaking multi-languages were associated with their migration choices. Results:A total of 202 valid responses were obtained and 91 (45%) participants showed intention of choosing a foreign country. The intention of staying outside the home country was associated with the capability of speaking multi-languages (speaking at least another non-English foreign language apart from Chinese) by IMSs. Higher-level Chinese proficiency certificate holders were more likely to choose China as the destination country. The capability of speaking a non-English/non-Chinese foreign language did not correspond to the intention of migrating to the country where this language is spoken. Furthermore, the intention of migrating to a non-English/non-Chinese speaking foreign country did not correspond to the capability in the language spoken in this foreign country. Conclusion:The effect of language capability on migration choice of China-educated IMSs was explored in this study. The findings indicate that language capability has played some role in IMSs’ migration choice. However, migration decision-making process is complex and is affected by various factors. Therefore, further studies should be conducted to explore correlations among factors affecting migration choice of IMSs.
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Engle, Robert L., and Briana Nash. "Foreign Travel Experience and Cultural Intelligence: Does Country Choice Matter?" Journal of Teaching in International Business 27, no. 1 (January 2, 2016): 23–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08975930.2016.1173615.
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Fong, Cher-Min, Chun-Ling Lee, and Yunzhou Du. "Consumer Animosity, Country of Origin, and Foreign Entry-Mode Choice: A Cross-Country Investigation." Journal of International Marketing 22, no. 1 (March 2014): 62–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1509/jim.13.0079.
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Aidt, Toke S., Facundo Albornoz, and Esther Hauk. "Foreign Influence and Domestic Policy." Journal of Economic Literature 59, no. 2 (June 1, 2021): 426–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jel.20201481.
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In an interconnected world, economic and political interests inevitably reach beyond national borders. Since policy choices generate external economic and political costs, foreign state and non-state actors have an interest in influencing policy actions in other sovereign countries to their advantage. Foreign influence is a strategic choice aimed at internalizing these externalities and takes three principal forms: (i) voluntary agreements, (ii) policy interventions based on rewarding or sanctioning the target country to obtain a specific change in policy, and (iii) institution interventions aimed at influencing the political institutions in the target country. We propose a unifying theoretical framework to study when foreign influence is chosen and in which form, and use it to organize and evaluate the new political economics literature on foreign influence along with work in cognate disciplines (JEL D72, D74, F51, F53, P26, P33).
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Zhu, Xiaodong, Chunling Yu, and Saiquan Hu. "Love for One's Country or Oneself: A Brand-choice Framework in Emerging Markets." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 44, no. 2 (March 23, 2016): 325–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2016.44.2.325.
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We utilized 185 Chinese survey responses to evaluate the effects of national brand consciousness (NBC) and self–brand connection (SBC) on Chinese consumer preferences. We used linear models, and our analyses established two key effects. First, NBC was positively related to Chinese consumers' attitudes toward national brands and negatively related to foreign brands. Second, SBC exerted a positive influence on Chinese consumers' attitudes toward both national and foreign brands. Whereas quality judgments moderated their attitude toward national brands, psychological distance between consumer and brand moderated their attitude toward foreign brands. The relationship between brand attitude and purchase intention was also positive. Finally, we have suggested branding strategies for both Chinese and foreign firms operating in the Chinese market.
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Quer, Diego, Laura Rienda, Rosario Andreu, and Si Miao. "Host country experience, institutional distance and location choice of Chinese MNEs." Cross Cultural & Strategic Management 26, no. 1 (April 26, 2019): 24–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ccsm-02-2018-0028.
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PurposeThe conventional wisdom suggests that the lack of prior host country-specific experience and a higher institutional distance deter multinational enterprises (MNEs) from entering a foreign country. However, past studies report that Chinese MNEs show an unconventional risk-taking behavior choosing foreign locations, where they have no prior experience or there is an increased institutional distance. Drawing on the institutional theory, the purpose of this paper is to argue that Chinese Government official visits to the host country may act as a risk-reduction device, thus providing an explanation for such an unconventional behavior.Design/methodology/approachThe authors develop two hypotheses regarding how Chinese Government official visits moderate the impact of host country-specific experience and institutional distance on the location choice of Chinese MNEs. The authors test the hypotheses using a sample of investment location decisions by Chinese MNEs in Latin America.FindingsThe authors find that government official visits mitigate the lack of firm’s prior host country experience. However, only high-level government visits reduce institutional distance.Originality/valueThe authors contribute to the international business literature by analyzing how home country government diplomatic activities may pave the way of host country institutional environment for foreign MNEs from that home country. In addition, the authors provide an additional explanation for the unconventional risk-taking behavior of Chinese MNEs. Finally, the authors also contribute to a better understanding of the decision-making process of emerging-market MNEs entering other emerging economies.
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Cai, Dongling, Leonard Fengsheng Wang, and Xiaokai Wu. "Governance, privatization and foreign direct investment." Nankai Business Review International 9, no. 4 (November 5, 2018): 569–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/nbri-01-2018-0002.
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Purpose The purpose of this study is to investigate the interplay between economic governance and privatization, and how these two instruments affect the entry mode choice of the foreign firm and the social welfare of the host country. Design/methodology/approach This study constructs a mixed duopoly model wherein one domestic public firm competes with a foreign firm and investigates the influence of economic governance investment on the domestic government’s optimal degree of privatization choice and the foreign firm’s entry mode choice. Findings This study shows that (1) better economic governance enhances the effect of privatization on output, thus resulting in a lower degree of privatization; (2) the optimal privatization policy of the domestic government is partial privatization irrespective of the foreign firm’s entry mode choice; (3) with optimal investment by the domestic government on economic governance, the optimal degree of privatization is higher under FDI than export, and the host-country welfare is also higher under FDI. In particular, this study demonstrates that better economic governance decreases the threshold of the degree of privatization when the foreign firm switches from export to FDI, implying that better economic governance stimulates the foreign firm to undertake FDI in the host country. Practical implications The findings shed some light on both the mixed ownership reform of the SOEs in China and attracting foreign capital inflow to improve the host country’s social welfare. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this study constitutes the first attempt to build a theoretical framework to explore how the interactions between economic governance and privatization influence the entry mode choice of the foreign firm.
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Lv, Ping, and Francesca Spigarelli. "The determinants of location choice." International Journal of Emerging Markets 11, no. 3 (July 18, 2016): 333–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijoem-09-2014-0137.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to analyze the role of institutional distance and host country attractiveness in location determinants of Chinese Foreign investments in EU in the renewable energy sector, taking into account bilateral political and economic relations. Design/methodology/approach – A firm-level Ministry of Commerce (MofCom) database of greenfield and non-greenfield Chinese investments abroad is used. A six fixed-effects logit analysis is performed. Findings – Chinese firms tend to invest in EU countries with reduced rule of law; market affluence is an attraction factor for them, but they do not seem to be human capital asset-seekers. Countries with politically stable environment are most attractive to sales/services subsidiaries; while countries with good control of corruption, low trade barriers and encouraging foreign ownership are most attractive to manufacturing subsidiaries. A large market is the most attractive factor for R & D subsidiaries, and a rich market is the most attractive factor for manufacturing subsidiaries. Manufacturing subsidiaries are more technological asset-seekers. R & D subsidiaries are the most non-human capital asset-seekers. Research limitations/implications – The study extends the state of the art of the literature by developing a theoretical framework, grounded on the influence of host country institutional factors and on endowment of resources on the location choice of Chinese investors. Further variables should be included in the future (industrial specialization of host country, cultural distance, bilateral ties). Practical implications – Policy implications are relevant. They are related both to outward foreign direct investment attraction policies and to Europe-China cooperation dialogue. With reference to attraction policies, as Chinese green firms are technological asset-seekers, more than human capital asset-seekers, EU countries interested in partnering with Chinese investors should develop specific measures targeting encouraging technology spillover. Even R & D subsidiaries should be tempted with technology-oriented measures. With reference to Europe-China cooperation, the paper findings support suggestions for a more active European position on foreign investments in key European energy sectors. Originality/value – The paper is grounded on an improved theoretical model, tested through a unique Mofcom firm-level database. Originality lies in the fact that the authors provide a sectoral insight. The need for sectoral analysis is fundamental as Chinese industrial development and internationalization path vary extensively across industry, due to policy interventions, supportive measures and prioritized initiatives. Zhang et al. (2011, p. 229) found that – specifically – the energy sector is highly sensitive to host country institutional context, therefore Chinese foreign direct investment are more likely to be exposed to regulatory and competitive pressure compared to other industries.
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Laufs, Katharina, Michael Bembom, and Christian Schwens. "CEO characteristics and SME foreign market entry mode choice." International Marketing Review 33, no. 2 (April 11, 2016): 246–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/imr-08-2014-0288.
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Purpose – Using arguments from the upper echelons perspective this paper aims to examine the impact of CEO characteristics on small and medium-sized enterprises’ (SMEs’) equity foreign market entry mode choice and how these associations are jointly moderated by geographic experience of the firm and host-country political risk. Design/methodology/approach – The empirical analysis draws on data gathered from German SMEs testing triple-interaction effects between CEO’s age, firm tenure and international experience, geographic experience of the firm (organizational level), and host-country political risk (environmental level). Findings – Empirical findings validate that the influence of CEO’s age and firm tenure on SME foreign market entry mode choice varies by managers’ level of managerial discretion (i.e. latitude of action) as determined by the SME’s geographic experience and the level of political risks prevailing in the foreign market. Practical implications – Empirical findings help SME owners and managers to understand how CEO’s age and firm tenure are related with individual’s risk-taking behavior and information-processing demands and how these contingencies vary by the context in which the individual CEO is nested. Originality/value – This study contributes to the growing body of literature focussing on SME foreign market entry mode choice by emphasizing the important role of CEOs in the decision to internationalize. More specific, this study contributes by an examination of the interactive effect of CEO’s age, firm tenure and international experience, geographic experience of the firm and host-country political risk and, therefore, emphasizes the context and boundary conditions under which the association between CEO characteristics and foreign market entry mode choice is more or less pronounced.
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Asmussen, Christian Geisler, Bo Nielsen, Anthony Goerzen, and Svenja Tegtmeier. "Global cities, ownership structures, and location choice." Competitiveness Review: An International Business Journal 28, no. 3 (May 21, 2018): 252–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cr-09-2017-0063.
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Purpose This paper aims to develop a more nuanced view of subnational location choice with a particular focus on global cities. It is argued that multinational firms may use global cities to establish bridgeheads-subsidiaries at intermediate levels of the ownership chain that enable further international as well as subnational expansion. Design/methodology/approach Beyond those host country subsidiaries that are directly owned by a foreign multinational, the authors go deeper and focus specifically on the multi-tiered – “subsidiaries of subsidiaries” to examine how the geographic origins and destinations of these investments are associated with micro-location choices in a host country. Findings The authors find that there are substantial differences between the types, roles, activities and geographic origins of the firms locating in different areas, and in the ownership structures spanning them. The authors propose that this has managerial and theoretical implications which may be understood based on an organizing framework describing a tradeoff between the pursuit of global connectivity and local density on the one hand and cost control on the other. Research limitations/implications Empirical work on foreign location choices should take into account ownership structures and take a more fine-grained view of subnational variation. Practical implications Managers need to consider the trade-offs between connectivity, density and costs when making foreign location decisions. Social implications Policy makers should think about the unique contributions that various subnational regions such as global and ordinary cities can make to global value chains. Originality/Value The authors bridge the hitherto separate literatures pertaining to subsidiary mandates and subnational dimensions of foreign location choice by investigating the fine-grained roles and ownership structures from a supranational as well as subnational perspective.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Foreign country choice"
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Hollender, Lina [Verfasser]. "Internationalization Processes of SMEs: Foreign Market Entry Mode Choice, Experiential Learning, and Host-Country Selection / Lina Hollender." Düsseldorf : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1142000451/34.
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Gould, Richard Robert, and RichardGould@ozemail com au. "International market selection-screening technique: replacing intuition with a multidimensional framework to select a short-list of countries." RMIT University. Social Science & Planning, 2002. http://adt.lib.rmit.edu.au/adt/public/adt-VIT20081125.145312.
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The object of this research was to develop an international market screening methodology which selects highly attractive markets, allowing for the ranges in diversity amongst organisations, countries and products. Conventional business thought is that, every two to five years, dynamic organisations which conduct business internationally should decide which additional foreign market or markets to next enter. If they are internationally inexperienced, this will be their first market; if they are experienced, it might be, say, their 100th market. How should each organisation select their next international market? One previous attempt has been made to quantitatively test which decision variables, and what weights, should be used when choosing between the 230 countries of the world. The literature indicate that a well-informed selection decision could consider over 150 variables that measure aspects of each foreign market's economic, political, legal, cultural, technical and physical environments. Additionally, attributes of the organisation have not been considered when selecting the most attractive short-list of markets. The findings presented in the dissertation are that 30 criteria accounted for 95 per cent of variance at cross-classification rates of 95 per cent. The weights of each variable, and the markets selected statistically as being the most attractive, were found to vary with the capabilities, goals and values of the organisation. This frequently means that different countries will be best for different organisations selling the same product. A
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Oortwijn, Maud. "Foreign entry commitment as a human choice : an empirical study of how firm and manager experience impact the entrance decision and entry mode choice through the managerial assessment of host country conditions in China." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2011. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/51490/.
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This thesis reports on how firm and manager experience relate to internationalization commitment in foreign entrance decisions and mode choice, by studying the managerial assessment of the host country. In doing so, it addresses the core issue of international business studies: a lack of knowledge about foreign markets complicates the decision making on commitment to work across country borders. The basic premise of the well known internationalization process theory is that knowledge on internationalization is acquired through firm experience abroad (Johanson and Vahlne, 1977). This study provides empirical support for the assumed experiential learning within the firm. Multilevel comparative case studies are suited to study how managerial assessment reflects the learning of the firm in the internationalization process. A total of 54 plans with 26 decision making managers are studied in 25 Dutch firms. Data is gathered on (a) the managerial assessment of host country conditions in China, (b) the firm and manager’s experience and (c) how the main strategic choices evolve during the entrance process. This multilevel analysis allows for insight in what causes increasing entry commitments. The findings confirm that more international experience often relates to higher commitment in entrance and entry mode, supporting the internationalization process view empirically. Analysis at a lower level reveals how different managers form varying opinions on host country conditions in China, dependent on the firm and manager’s characteristics and experience. The manager’s host country assessment reflects the learning process in internationalization. The manager and the firm as a context in which entry choices are made, should not be ignored in international business research.
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Zhang, Tingting, and 张婷婷. "Subnaitonal [i.e. Subnational] institutional environments within a host country, entry mode choices of multinational corporations,foreign affiliate performance and subsequent expansions of foreignaffiliates." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2013. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B50662326.
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Based on the institution-based view, this thesis investigates the effects of subnational institutional environments within a host country on foreign direct investment decisionsand the performance of foreign affiliates. Subnational institutional environments refer to the rules of the game of a society in a subnational region, shaping the manners of individual and organizational activities in the region. I focus on two aspects ofsubnational institutional environments, the level of subnational institutional development and legitimating actors’ cognition of wholly owned foreign subsidiaries in a subnational region, and then develop three studies examining the influences of subnational institutional environments on the entry mode choices of multinational corporations (MNCs), the performance of foreign affiliates, and the subsequent expansions of foreign affiliates.
The first study proposes that the levels of subnational economic, political and social institutional development have positive effects on MNCs to take wholly owned subsidiaries (WOSs) at the time of entry, while the high level of acceptance in legitimating actors’ cognition of wholly owned foreign subsidiaries also encourages MNCs to choose WOSs as the entry modes. The influences of the two aspects of subnational institutional environments on the entry mode choices of MNCs vary in degree. The second study examines the independent and relative influences of the levels of subnational economic, political and social institutional development on the level of and variation in foreign affiliate performance. The third study hypothesizes that the subsequent expansions of foreign affiliates within a subnational region are contingent onboth the levels of subnational economic, political and social institutional development and the affiliates’ relative performance to their aspiration levels. The poor performance feedback stimulates a foreign affiliate to take advantage of high levels of subnational political and social institutional development for changing the current situation via expanding the operational size within a subnational region.
Drawing from the foreign-invested firms positing in different subnational regions of a large institutional transition economy, China, I test hypothesized relationships based on a measurement of subnational institutional development that captures economic, political and social institutional conditions of subnational regions within the country. This thesis provides implications for both theoretical development and management practices.published_or_final_version
Business
Doctoral
Doctor of Philosophy
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Lee, Chun-Ling, and 李君玲. "Country-of-origin, consumer animosity, and foreign entry-mode choice: A cross-country study." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/58549741001955513459.
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博士國立中山大學
企業管理學系研究所
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Drawing on the perspective of country of origin (COO), this study proposes the concepts of host identity and foreign identity to explain the effect of foreign direct investment (FDI) entry modes and branding strategies on foreign subsidiary product purchases in an animosity context. Three studies were conducted in two host country markets: one with high animosity (China) and the other with low animosity (Taiwan) toward a target country (Japan). Study 1 verified the negative effect of consumer animosity on foreign product purchases in a cross-country context. Study 2 examined consumer purchase intentions toward products launched through five FDI modes (greenfield, full acquisition, acquisition joint venture [AJV], majority greenfield joint venture [GJV], and minority GJV). Study 3 further examined consumer purchase intentions toward an equal-equity GJV subsidiary adopting a co-brand with different brand orders (Foreign-Local [F-L]) and Local-Foreign [L-F]). Results show that in a high-animosity host country, consumers prefer products launched through an entry mode and with a brand having a higher host identity (lower foreign identity). In a low-animosity host country, the FDI entry mode and branding strategy have no effect.
Books on the topic "Foreign country choice"
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Honkapohja, Seppo. Country characteristics and the choice of the exchange rate regime: Are mini-skirts followed by maxis? London: Centre for Economic Policy Research, 1992.
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Demirgüç-Kunt, Aslı. The menu approach to developing country external debt: An analysis of commercial banks' choice behavior. Washington, DC (1818 H St., NW, Washington 20433): Debt and International Finance, International Economics Dept., World Bank, 1990.
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Charles, Proctor. Part F Cross-Border Issues, 48 Customer Obligations and Foreign Law. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780199685585.003.0048.
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This chapter examines the impact of foreign law (moratoria or exchange controls) on the obligations of the customer to the bank. Exchange controls and similar laws will be of mandatory application in the country concerned, and the borrower have no choice but to comply with them. It may therefore be impossible for the borrower to instruct its bank to make the necessary payments. It is also important to know whether the English courts will continue to regard the debt obligation as valid.
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Hill, Jonathan. 4. Contractual obligations. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198732297.003.0004.
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This chapter deals with contract disputes which have foreign elements that come before the English court: one or both of the parties may be foreign; the making or performance of the contract may be connected with a number of foreign countries. In this type of case which law is the court to apply? The general principle is that every international contract has a governing law — known at common law as the ‘proper law’and under EU law as the ‘applicable law’. Subject to certain limitations, parties to a contract are free to choose the applicable law; if the parties fail to make a choice, the governing law is, as a general rule, the law of the country with which the contract is most closely connected. The remainder of the chapter focuses on the Rome I Regulation, including its scope and interpretation; determining the applicable law; the limits of the applicable law; articles 5 to 8; and choice of law aspects of various contractual issues.
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Hill, Jonathan. 1. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198732297.003.0001.
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This introductory chapter begins by explaining the nature of the subject known as conflict of laws or private international law, which deals with cases before the English court which have connections with foreign countries. The foreign elements in the case may be events which have taken place in a foreign country or countries, or they may be the foreign domicile, residence, or place of business of the parties. In short, any case involving a foreign element raises potential conflict of laws issues. The conflict of laws is concerned with the following three questions: jurisdiction; choice of law; and the recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments. The remainder of the chapter discusses the various stages of proceedings which raise conflict of laws issues.
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Hill, Jonathan. 7. Marriage. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198732297.003.0007.
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When the English court has to decide whether a marriage is valid, foreign elements may be involved: one or both of the spouses may be of overseas origin, or the marriage may have been celebrated in a foreign country. This chapter considers which law applies to determine the validity of such marriages. For choice of law purposes, rules about the validity of marriage are divided into two classes: those concerned with formal validity and those concerned with essential validity or capacity to marry. Rules of formal validity lay down the way in which a marriage must be celebrated (for example, to ensure publicity and proof of marriage). Rules of essential validity or capacity are concerned with the permissibility of the marriage relationship itself — whether the parties ought to be allowed to marry each other (or at all). The chapter also discusses the application of the doctrine of renvoi and rules for same-sex marriages, civil partnerships, and polygamous marriages.
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Joshi, Manoj. The Media in the Making of Indian Foreign Policy. Edited by David M. Malone, C. Raja Mohan, and Srinath Raghavan. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198743538.013.19.
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The media has often been called the fourth estate, or the fourth branch of the government, for the role it plays in the societal and political life of a country. Through the medium of newspapers, TV, and now the Internet, it not just informs, but also influences public opinion and through that, the government, to adopt, reject, or modify a chosen policy direction. While there are other means through which people make informed choices on domestic policy, the media plays a significantly larger role when it comes to foreign policy. This chapter seeks to establish just what kind of a role the Indian media plays in the making of foreign policy, discussing also influences over its content, not least those relating to media ownership in India.
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Hill, Jonathan. 6. Domicile, nationality, and habitual residence. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198732297.003.0006.
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The object of jurisdictional rules is to determine an appropriate forum and choice of law rules are designed to lead to the application of the most appropriate law, the law that generally the parties might reasonably expect to apply. The test for recognition of foreign judgments is not dissimilar. A judgment granted by an appropriate forum should normally be recognised. The problem is one of ascertaining the connecting factor (or factors) which would best satisfy the criterion of appropriateness. With regards to personal connecting factors, there is little international agreement as to the appropriate test of ‘belonging’. In England and most common law countries, the traditional personal connecting factor is domicile, which loosely translates as a person's permanent home. One of the problems here is that domicile is a connecting factor which is interpreted differently in various parts of the world. In contrast, most of continental Europe and other civil law countries have traditionally used nationality as the basic connecting factor, especially for choice of law purposes; the personal law is the law of the country of which the person is a citizen. In some countries, including England, another connecting factor, habitual residence, has emerged. This is increasingly being used for the purposes of jurisdiction rules and in the law relating to recognition of foreign judgments. This chapter examines each of these personal connecting factors. Primary emphasis is laid on domicile and habitual residence as the two main connecting factors employed by English law.
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Brown, Katherine A. Your Country, Our War. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190879402.001.0001.
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This book reviews how news intersects with international politics and discusses the global power and reach of the U.S. news media, especially within the context of the post-9/11 era. It is based on years of interviews conducted between 2009 and 2017, in Kabul, Washington, and New York. The book draws together communications scholarship on hegemony and the U.S. news media’s relationship with American society and the government (i.e. indexing and cascading; agenda-building and agenda-setting; framing; and conflict reportage) along with how national bias and ethnocentrism are fixed phenomena in international news. Given the longevity of the U.S. presence in Afghanistan and the Afghan news media’s dramatic proliferation since 2001, Afghanistan provides a fascinating case study for the role of journalists in conflict and diplomacy. By identifying, framing, and relaying narratives that affect the normative environment, U.S. correspondents have played unofficial diplomatic and developmental roles. They have negotiated the meaning of war and peace. Indirectly and directly, they have supported Afghan journalists in their professional growth. As a result, these foreign correspondents have not been merely observers to a story; they have been participants in it. The stories they choose to tell, and how they tell them, can become dominant narratives in global politics, and have directly affected events inside Afghanistan. The U.S. journalists did not just provide the first draft of history on this enduring post-9/11 entanglement between the United States and Afghanistan—they actively shaped it.
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Basrur, Rajesh. India’s Policy Toward Pakistan. Edited by David M. Malone, C. Raja Mohan, and Srinath Raghavan. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198743538.013.27.
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India’s most difficult foreign policy challenge has been Pakistan. At one level, the relationship has been managed reasonably well given the fundamental contradiction between India’s status quo-ist approach on Kashmir and Pakistan’s determination to alter the status quo. At another, Indian policy-makers’ inability to meet the challenge effectively reflects the constraints imposed by major policy choices. Jawaharlal Nehru opted for a set of ‘independent’ strategic and economic policies that congealed into ‘non-alignment’ and ‘self-sufficiency’. This left India militarily and economically weak and unable to counter Pakistan’s sustained bid to wrest Kashmir. A later set of choices encompasses failure to anticipate the consequences of Pakistan’s acquisition of nuclear capability, reluctance to match Islamabad’s asymmetric strategy of pressurizing India, and a tendency to slip back into the autonomy-oriented policy template of the Cold War era. Consequently, India’s capacity to fashion an optimal policy towards Pakistan continues to be significantly constrained.
Book chapters on the topic "Foreign country choice"
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Tseng, Chiung-Hui, and Ruby P. Lee. "Managing Host Country Environmental Challenges with Market Linking Capability: Effects on Foreign Ownership Choice." In Developments in Marketing Science: Proceedings of the Academy of Marketing Science, 208. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-18687-0_80.
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Deca, Ligia. "Internationalization of Higher Education in Romania and Portugal—Strategies and Transitions at the (Semi-)Periphery." In European Higher Education Area: Challenges for a New Decade, 67–79. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-56316-5_5.
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Abstract Governments and higher education institutions see internationalization of higher education as one of the main factors that influence their strategic endeavors in the years to come. When looking at the national level, the drivers of internationalization are linked to economic and geo-political positioning, cultural influences, as well as international competitiveness for knowledge and human capital. Party politics, foreign affairs, economy and immigration policies also play a big role in shaping country level approaches. For universities, prestige factors, disciplinary or constitutive groups’ interests and financial imperatives predominantly drive internationalization policies. In this context, the paper will look at national and institutional strategic pursuits in the field of internationalization of higher education, in the case of two countries geographically (and perhaps economically) positioned at Europe’s periphery: Romania and Portugal. The choice of these two countries relies on their recent transition from totalitarian regimes to democracies, coupled with similar trends of massification and underfunding of the higher education sector. The conclusion will include policy lessons for decision-makers, especially with a view on whether well-established global models of internationalization of higher education are fit for purpose for transitioning countries. The author’s work for this article was supported by the scholarship for a post-doctoral research fellowship, provided by the New Europe College (NEC), during the 2018–2019 academic year.
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Govindaraj, V. C. "The Law of Obligations." In The Conflict of Laws in India, 53–68. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199495603.003.0005.
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The law of obligations consists of the law of contracts and the law of torts. The law of obligations, whether it be contract or tort, is the outcome of the act of parties which gives rise to a legal obligation. This chapter discusses the following: foreign contracts and the conflicts resolution process; express choice of law; informed or implied intention; inferred choice of law; inference as to the validity of a contract in case of conflict; absence of express or inferred choice of law; presumptions relating to the proper law doctrine; whether the proper law signifies connection with a country or with the system of law; time factor as an aid to interpretation; the doctrine of renvoi vis-à-vis the proper law; and foreign torts.
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Risse, Mathias, and Gabriel Wollner. "Dealing with Communities." In On Trade Justice, 219–31. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198837411.003.0013.
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In addition to setting wages, transnational corporations also regularly confront choices about where to locate facilities. This can involve uprooting production to move elsewhere. There is basically no normative work on what issues arise here. This chapter dismisses some unconvincing ways of faulting relocation decisions and explains how complaints about relocation are plausibly understood as complaints about exploitation. It proposes conditions under which relocation is exploitative and explains what policy measures may still render it all-things-considered permissible. At issue is both the decision to relocate from the corporation’s country of origin (often a choice to relocate from the developed to the developing world) and relocation between foreign countries.
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Geneviève, Saumier. "Part 2 National and Regional Reports, Part 2.6 North America: Coordinated by Geneviève Saumier, 67 Canada: Canadian Perspectives on the Hague Principles." In Choice of Law in International Commercial Contracts. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198840107.003.0067.
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This chapter examines Canadian perspectives on the Hague Principles. Canada is a federal state, with legislative competence over constitutionally designated fields divided between the federal and provincial level. Although private international law is not a listed field of competence, all three areas of private international law—jurisdiction, choice of law, and enforcement of foreign judgments—fall within the provincial competences over civil procedure or private law. The general provincial competence over choice of law means that each of the ten Canadian provinces could, theoretically, develop distinct regimes. In reality, however, the division is apparent only between Quebec and the other nine provinces. Indeed, Quebec is the only province within Canada to have a comprehensive codification of its private international law, which was adopted as part of the new Civil Code of Quebec in 1991. There is, therefore, a sharp contrast regarding the level of detail associated with the applicable regime in Quebec versus the rest of the country. Despite this, it remains accurate to say that, throughout Canada, the rules governing choice of law in contract, in particular party autonomy, are largely congruent with the Hague Principles.
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Govindaraj, V. C. "Procedure." In The Conflict of Laws in India, 225–38. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199495603.003.0013.
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This chapter begins with a brief discussion of the jurisprudential distinction between substance and procedure. Substance relates to rights and obligations of the parties to a dispute, whereas procedure is the means employed to determine such rights and obligations. Matters of substantive law are governed by the lex causae (that is, the law that governs the cause of action), the law found applicable under the concerned country’s rules for the choice of law. Matters of procedure, on the other hand, are governed by the lex fori (that is, the law of the forum), the law of country where the action is brought. The chapter covers procedural matters of interlocutory character; remedial measures for enforcing a right; conflict of laws and the law of limitations; matters of enforcement; underlying norms and principles of stay of proceedings; and proof of foreign law.
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Kansal, Purva, and Amit Kumar Kaushik. "Offshore Outsourcing." In Global Information Technologies, 3647–69. IGI Global, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-59904-939-7.ch258.
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In an attempt to influence their pace of development, developing countries around the world try and influence the rate of investment (especially foreign private investments) in their economy. These countries attempt to influence investor decisions by matching and changing their portfolio with that of foreign investors’ needs. However, to make the country portfolio impressive, a country requires massive investment in infrastructure and other portfolio variables which brings countries at an impasse. This chapter discusses the viability of increasing income as a way out. This leads to another important issue as to how to increase revenue of a country with its limited portfolio of strengths. Recent developments in information technology and the Internet have led to a simple solution to this - offshore outsourcing. Outsourcing as a strategy has been around for many years. Traditionally, companies used to outsource their activities to independent suppliers who were best, but the choice was made from the suppliers located in the vicinity of the outsourcing company for easier coordination and control of the activities of the partner. However, due to developments in e-commerce, distance has become a relative term. Exchange of information in a fraction of a minute, irrespective of physical distance, has made it possible for companies to widen their horizons and look for independent suppliers in different nations — offshore outsourcing.
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Mironova, Vera. "Help from Abroad." In From Freedom Fighters to Jihadists, 101–34. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190939755.003.0006.
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This chapter covers the involvement in the Syrian civil war by foreigners, some of whom went to Syria and took up arms and others who stayed home and supported the group by other means. For foreigners with an interest in a civil war, their choice is not whether to leave or fight as it is with locals, but whether to go or not. While there are people who come with a positive perspective (going to the foreign battlefield), others went with a negative perspective (getting away from something back in their home country). Some foreigners decided to take a risk and go to the frontline, but other supporters did not. Instead, like local civilians, they actively helped armed groups with media outreach, raising funds, buying and sending equipment, and helping potential fighters move to the battlefield.
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Liu-Farrer, Gracia. "Growing up in Japan." In Immigrant Japan, 176–99. Cornell University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501748622.003.0009.
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This chapter studies immigrant children's diverse strategies to make sense of their subjectivities and establish their relationships with Japanese society. In particular, it examines how changing environments, especially the different institutional contexts they go through in the course of their growing up, contribute to the shaping of their identities. Born to foreign parents, immigrant children in Japan are surrounded by a complex cultural and social environment and have to continually adjust their relationships to such contexts and modify their subjectivities in the course of doing so. Because nationality is a powerful identification, they also have to negotiate their own identity between Japan—the place where they live and are acculturated to but at times rejected by—and the country or countries where their parents are from and where their passports say they are from. This process of encounters and negotiations enhances their awareness of the limits and freedom of being immigrants in Japan. In the end, among a group of them, a cosmopolitan self emerges as a response to the limited repertoire of identity choice. In other words, many immigrant children, unwilling to resign to either nationality, choose to become citizens of the world.
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Alam, Mirza Mohammad Didarul, and Ataul Karim Patwary. "Global Brand and Global Consumers." In Cross-Border E-Commerce Marketing and Management, 148–71. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-5823-2.ch007.
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In this era of digitalization, the world is now at the palm of the consumers due to high connectivity through the Internet. Consumers across the borders are simply a click away from a wide variety of global brands. However, the differences in cultural, political, technological, and environmental forces in the foreign country put the global marketers into a greater challenge to successfully operate their businesses. Hence, the marketers across the borders must be concerned about recent trends and tailored their marketing initiatives to adjust with the changing pattern. To ensure the success of the global brands, marketers should always be careful about several brand relates issues, such as satisfaction, trust, romance, love, and loyalty of the brands. Moreover, given the world as a melting pot of culture, global marketers have no choice but to follow hybridization, creolization, and glocalization strategies. Finally, today's global marketers must be careful enough regarding the digital generations (Gen Y and Z) as they offer themselves as a lucrative but challenging market.
Conference papers on the topic "Foreign country choice"
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N Schrage, Burkhard. "Natural Catastrophes and Sovereign Bond Prices." In InSITE 2017: Informing Science + IT Education Conferences: Vietnam. Informing Science Institute, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/3784.
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Aim/Purpose: This study investigates effects of natural catastrophes on the cost of sovereign debt in developing countries and discusses MNC financing strategies. Background: Over the last decades, natural disasters have increased in both number and severity. The combination of higher event frequency and intensity, coupled with fragile economic conditions in emerging market countries, may affect sovereign bond prices—particularly in developing countries—and consequently may have effects on the financing strategy of MNCs Methodology: Parametric and non-parametric analyses and event study method. Contribution: The current literature in International Business research has overlooked natural catastrophes as a source of heterogeneity across countries for investment decisions. We develop the theory and demonstrate empirically that both researchers and practitioners should take into account natural disasters when making internationalization decisions. Findings: We find that natural disasters have a material impact on the bond returns issued by developing country governments and consequently on MNCs’ host-country financing costs. Recommendations for Practitioners: Practitioners may consider the likelihood of natural disasters when making investment decisions in foreign countries. Recommendation for Researchers: Researchers may consider including natural disasters when in internationalization research; our research adds in particular a new dimension to the location choice literature. Impact on Society: Governments—in particular those in emerging markets—may rethink their strategies of how to “insure” themselves against natural disasters. Not being insured against these disasters result in negative secondary effects on economic development through higher cost of capital, and possible through lower FDI activities. Future Research: Future research can be done. There are several avenues: using our insights and applying them to governmental reinsurance strategies would be a worthwhile topic. On a different level, one could also investigate further the contingencies of our findings and extend the theoretical framework towards developed markets.
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O’Driscoll, Josh. "Re-shaping Irish universities: The application of Self-Determination Theory to an entrepreneurial education policy." In Learning Connections 2019: Spaces, People, Practice. University College Cork||National Forum for the Enhancement of Teaching and Learning in Higher Education, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.33178/lc2019.29.
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“Entrepreneurs are heroes in our society. They fail for the rest of us….. Courage (risk taking) is the highest virtue. We need entrepreneurs.”Nassim Taleb (2018: p36 & p189) – Skin in the Game: Hidden Asymmetries in Daily Life. Drucker (1985) states that entrepreneurship is neither a science nor an art, but a practice. Therefore, this paper works with the assumption that entrepreneurship can be nurtured. The skills and competencies that a deeper learning around entrepreneurship can bring has the potential to make all students more creative individuals. Unfortunately, according to Eurostat (2019), Ireland is one of the worst countries in Europe for start-ups, lagging behind the E.U. average. Additionally, Entrepreneurship Education at School in Europe (2015) found that Ireland was the country with the lowest percentage of young people that have started their own business. Is our education system failing to equip our youth with skills and competences needed for entrepreneurship? If this is the case, Ireland needs to implement a policy that can change this, before Ireland becomes even more dependent on multinational/foreign companies for economic growth and employment. Other countries have shown that learning “for” and “about” entrepreneurship can bring many more benefits than just business formation ideas (Bager, 2011; EU Expert Group, 2008). Even if one does not value entrepreneurship, or has no interest in being an entrepreneur, the skills and competences learned will help every individual, regardless of their career choice. This paper argues that introducing an entrepreneurial education policy in Ireland could reap massive benefits moving forward. This paper aims to carry out three tasks: 1. To outline an entrepreneurial and enterprise education policy that increases students’ autonomy of their own learning experiences. 2. To present a convincing argument of why Ireland should implement this policy moving forward. 3. Recommend plausible and practical actions in order to implement such a policy in Ireland. This paper is structured as follows: the theory section outlines the Self-Determination Theory that serves as the theoretical backbone for this argument. Evidence of Good Practise presents evidence to back up the need for such a policy and possible solutions towards the improvement of entrepreneurship education. This will build on the theory presented in the Method Section. Conclusions summarises the argument presented and highlights future lines of research.
Reports on the topic "Foreign country choice"
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Stephan, Paula, Chiara Franzoni, and Giuseppe Scellato. Choice of Country by the Foreign Born for PhD and Postdoctoral Study: A Sixteen-Country Perspective. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, February 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w18809.
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