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Journal articles on the topic 'Forced settlements in the Soviet Union'
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1
Zykin, Ivan V. "DEVELOPMENT OF THE SETTLEMENT NETWORK IN THE TIMBER INDUSTRY OF THE SOVIET UNION IN THE 1930s." Architecton: Proceedings of Higher Education, no. 4(72) (December 28, 2020): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.47055/1990-4126-2020-4(72)-14.
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The period of "socialist industrialization" of the late 1920s - early 1940s in the Soviet Union was associated with active construction of a settlement network, including in the forest industry. Active development of resources in the northern and eastern regions and in the European part of the country and construction and reconstruction of enterprises gave rise to a large number of working villages, some of which were given the status of town. Extensive operations across forestry areas and crisis in the industry in the last decades of the 20th and early 21st century led to the shrinking of the settlement network, especially in the timber harvesting sector, and the cities and towns for which timber enterprises were or still are a mono-employer have slipped into depression. This calls for turning attention to the experience of locating, planning and building worker villages in the timber industry in the late 1920s and early 1940s. This study of the settlement network revealed that settlements were set up close to timber production sites, worker villages tended to grow into towns, and several attempts were made to construct "socialist cities". Settlements near medium and large timber enterprises and those lying close to transport routes formed the framework of the settlement network of the industry, while the number of timber-logging villages began to decline since the late 1930s.
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Breslavskii, Anatolii Sergeevich. "The results of Soviet urbanization of Chita Oblast: structure, count and functional significance of urban settlements." Исторический журнал: научные исследования, no. 5 (May 2020): 157–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0609.2020.5.34014.
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The article is dedicated to the results of urbanization of Chita Oblast in the late Soviet period. The author examines the established structure of urban settlements, count of cities and industrial townships, as well as their functional designation in the late 1980s. A brief characteristic of production base formed in the Soviet period (organizations, enterprises, etc.) is given by each city and large worker’s settlement. Calculation is conducted on separate demographic parameters of urbanization of the region: share of the urban population, share of the population of cities and industrial townships in the urban population, etc. The research leans on the official results of the All-Union Census of 1989, as well as the data from the official websites of urban settlements in Zabaykalsky Krai. It is underlined that by the end of the 1980s, on the territory of Chita Oblast was formed a broad and dispersed network of urban settlements, which for the most part scattered along Trans-Siberian Railway and southward towards the border with China. Trans-Baikal Railway and mining industry played the leading role in formation of majority of cities and workers’ settlements. The structure of urban settlements highlighted the capita of the region – Chita by demographical and functional aspects. However, nine more cities and five large townships with over 12,000 population and developed infrastructure, smoothed out the territorial imbalances in urbanization of the region.
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Tircsi, Richárd. "The History of the Germans from Mérk and Vállaj, Deported to the Soviet Union for Forced Labour 1945–1949." Acta Universitatis Sapientiae, European and Regional Studies 7, no. 1 (August 1, 2015): 61–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/auseur-2015-0006.
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Abstract The deportation - in German: Verschleppung - was a ‘taboo' for a long time. However, the works born since the change of regime provide an excellent and overall picture about this painful historical act. At the same time, it is desirable to get a more precise picture by examining the detailed history of the deportation in the case of the individual settlements. Merk and Valla), the Swabian settlements in the Szatmar region, in the eastern part of the country, lie on the periphery in several aspects. Still, considering the numerical proportion of their population, the most displaced persons were deported by the Soviets, as war criminals, from here in 1945 - a quarter of whom never saw their beloved ones and home country again. It is the particular tragedy of this fact that those deported were at least as much bound to their recipient country, the Hungarian nation, as to their German nationality. They are not criminals of war but victims of the war of racial discrimination. ‘Who will be responsible for these people suffering innocently?’ - puts the question Ferenc Juhasz, parish priest in Merk at that time. Giving an answer is the task of all of us. The paper seeks to explore a segment of the micro-texture of the country-wide, and even wider, regional trauma of this community, based on diary excerpts from the period as well as on individual, specialized literature research.
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Shnitser, Ihor. "The Soviet Union and the Slovak question during the second World War." Scientific Papers of the Kamianets-Podilskyi National Ivan Ohiienko University. History 34 (December 29, 2021): 123–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.32626/2309-2254.2021-34.123-136.
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The purpose of the article is to study the Slovak question in the foreign policy of the Soviet Union during the Second World War. The methodological basis of the proposed article is the principles of historicism and objectivity, the application of which involves an unbiased depiction of past events in their historical context. To carry out a comprehensive scientifi c analysis of the article, the author has used the unique historical research methods – problematic, comparative-historical, retrospective, and diachronic. The scientifi c novelty lies in the systematic analysis of the place and the role of the Slovak question in the foreign policy of the Soviet Union in 1939–1945. Conclusion. The USSR considered the independent Slovak Republic an artifi cialentity, a product of German expansion. The establishment and development of Soviet-Slovak interstate relations in September 1939 – June 1941 were primarily dictated by the conjuncture of the short-lived German-Soviet partnership. After the Nazi Germany attacked on the USSR and the severance of Soviet-Slovak interstate relations, offi cial Moscow supported the idea of the continuity of the Czechoslovak Republic and the annulment of the Munich Agreements. In prac-tice, this meant that the USSR advocated the return of Slovakia to the Czechoslovak Republic, which was to become an infl uential leader of Soviet infl uence in Central and South-Eastern Europe. The Soviet Union considered the future state and legal system of the republic to be an internal aff air of Czechoslovakia and did not interfere in settlement of Czech-Slovak relations. On the positive side, the Soviet leadership recognized Slovaks as a separate people. This forced the Czechoslovak government and E. Beneš personally to partially reconsider their views on the issue and agree to the revival of the Czechoslovak Republic as a common state of equal Czech and Slovak nations but without a clear defi nition of the state and legal status of Slovakia.
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Shaydullaev, R. B., U. I. Abdimatov, and B. M. Mamatkadyrova. "ON ORGANIZATION OF PASSENGER TRANSPORTATION IN SMALL CITIES OF KYRGYZSTAN (on the example of Tash-Kumyr)." Herald of KSUCTA n a N Isanov, no. 1-2021 (March 22, 2021): 6–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.35803/1694-5298.2021.1.6-15.
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The subject of the research is the peculiarities of the organization of passenger transportation in small towns of Kyrgyzstan, since timely transport links between nearby settlements are of particular importance in settlements, as is the case in the city of Tash-Kumyr. The problems of the development of cities involved in the mining industry in America and Europe are considered, in these countries during the crisis there were also collapses. But in these countries, with the improvement of the country's economy, they left the stage of collapse, therefore, one of the ways out of the collapse of the city of Tash-Kumyr, we proposed to organize a tourist base. The main stages of the development of the city of Tash-Kumyr in the post-Soviet period and the ways of solving problems in organizing a new route of movement between the settlement of Kyzyl-Alma and the city have been studied, and chronometers of the movement of the direct route of the city of Tash-Kumyr have been made. In addition, the speed of movement, the consumption of fuels and lubricants (POL) and the economic effect of the newly opened route of public transport in comparison with the private transportation of passengers have been determined. The purpose of this work is to organize passenger transportation in small towns by the example in the city of Tash-Kumyr when changing the route of movement of vehicles within the city and creating favorable conditions for opening a tourist base. The city of Tash-Kumyr was formed in the process of opening, this settlement of a coal mine, in this regard, a city with all amenities appeared in a small place. With the opening of a coal mine, jobs were organized for engineers and technicians, miners, builders and other professions. Such a process of organizing work took place during the development of the former Soviet Union, but with the collapse of the Union, all ties with other republics of the former Union were destroyed. The article examines the existing routes in the city of Tash-Kumyr: direct and circular bus routes. The proposed route of movement facilitates transport links with. Kyzyl-Alma with the small town of Tash-Kumyr, and the population of the village has an opportunity to get relief during the trip to the city.
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Gerasimenko, Tatiana, and Natalia Sviatokha. "Transformation of the oikonyms of the Republic of Tajikistan: analysis and mapping." InterCarto. InterGIS 26, no. 4 (2020): 320–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.35595/2414-9179-2020-4-26-320-328.
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Toponymy of different epochs on the map of Tajikistan, as well as other complex ethno-cultural regions, coexists. It is explained by the dynamics of the ethnic composition of the population for millennia. Toponymy in a certain extent reflects the historical and geographical specifics of the region. Several toponymic layers are highlighted on the map of the republic. The “Soviet” layer reflects the processes of unification that were prevailing during this period of time throughout the entire Soviet space. As part of the project, supported by a grant from the Russian Geographical Society, it is planned to create a series of maps showing the change in toponymy in the post-Soviet space. The purpose of this stage of the study was to analyze the transformation of the oikonyms of the level of district centers throughout the 20th–21st centuries, and especially in the post-Soviet period. The scale of renaming is much wider and applies to oronyms, hydronyms and other toponyms. In the framework of the historical and geographical approach, we used a system of methods to identify transformation trends: comparison of multi-temporal maps, statistical, geoinformation. We have created a database based on an analysis of the dynamics of the oikonymy of sixty-five settlements of Tajikistan over the period of the 20th–21st centuries. After the collapse of the Soviet Union the processes of regionalization and transformation of the cultural and geographical space intensified and accelerated on the territory of the newly formed sovereign states. One of the indicators of these processes became a large-scale tendency to rename the names of geographical objects. In the Republic of Tajikistan, the renaming of districts, cities, rural settlements and individual objects is carried out in the several directions. They are: a replacement of “Soviet” (for the most part Russian) names, renaming some Turkic (Uzbek) place names, and renaming also some place names in Tajik. Most of the renamed settlements received historical names or the names of figures of Tajik history and culture. An analysis of the processes of change, in particular, desovetization, derusification, deturization and transformation of traditional Tajik toponyms, revealed the need to fix the current and lost toponymic system of Tajikistan, as well as other post-Soviet countries.
7
Birzniece, Eva. "Construction of Resistance Discourse in Latvian Post-Soviet Literature about Deportations and Imprisonments." Romanian Journal for Baltic and Nordic Studies 4, no. 2 (December 15, 2012): 175–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.53604/rjbns.v4i2_9.
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During the Soviet era there were no publicly available published literary representations of the Soviet deportations and imprisonment of civilians and Latvian Army officers to Siberia and the Far East. If there were any, these were very scarce and available to very few people. Deportations and imprisonments were marginalized and silenced themes in all possible respects – politically, socially and culturally. Many narratives (in books published in state publishing houses) emerged only in the beginning of the 1990ies when the Soviet Union collapsed and Latvia regained its independence. Those narratives were written secretly during the Soviet time, as the authors were or could be repressed for talking about forbidden topics. The female experience was not only totally silenced but it was also different from men’s experience of imprisonments and deportations as men and women with children were separated – men were sent to forced labour camps and women to places of settlement. Even when writing about deportations was dangerous, the narratives of that experience construct strong resistance to the Soviet repressions against Latvia and its people. Many female narratives about these experiences emerged later adding to the testimonials studies of archives and historical documents thus making resistance discourse more pointed and stronger.
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TAMPU, Stelian. "THE POLITICAL HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE 1989 GDR REFUGEES PASSING THROUGH HUNGARY." Strategic Impact 79, no. 2 (October 7, 2021): 145–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.53477/1841-5784-21-10.
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Raising awareness on the political-historical background of the popular movements of the 20th century is very important because behind the stories there were often ill-considered political decisions. It is interesting to see how the last century leaders of the great powers represented their self-interests, and what political games they had developed to achieve their political goals. The interests of nations living in countries were often not interesting to take into consideration. The Soviet Union was not a nation-state, but neither was the United States of America, while at that time most of the European states were nationstates, and along this were nations that sought to assert their national interests, by force when necessary. However, the post-World War II political settlements did not serve the interests of the German nation, but divided its population and turned them against one other. This is why the movement of German citizens within Germany has occurred.
9
Yuvitsa, Nikolay. "Local government in Kazakhstan: an attempt to create a national model." Upravlenie 7, no. 1 (May 7, 2019): 26–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.26425/2309-3633-2019-1-26-34.
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With the development of independence, all public institutions, including the Institute of local government, have undergone changes in Kazakhstan. In the preceding period of local control in the Soviet Union, which includes Kazakhstan, was carried out in forms of state control at the local level, the functions of which are realized in the framework of local councils of people’s deputies. Participation of the population in the management of territories and settlements was limited to the delegation of their powers to elected representatives – deputies of rural districts, district, city and regional councils. Elections of people’s deputies were carried out in accordance with the Constitution and the norms of Soviet law, which also reflected the rights and duties of local councils within the political system of the Union state. With the independence of the country within the framework of the national legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the constitutional status was acquired by local self-government. It is being radically reformed on a democratic basis in order to increase the self-organization of the population within the framework of the model of the national structure and political system of society. For this purpose, the bodies of public administration at the local level – akimats, headed by akims of regions, districts (cities), rural settlements. In addit ion, maslikhats were formed as representative bodies elected by the population - at the district (city) and regional levels. These structures, in accordance with the legislation, are partially endowed with the functions of self-government of the territories. At the same time, taking into account the world experience, the Republic is in the process of formation of self-government institutions of the territories. However, it is too early to talk about the effectiveness of the created national model of local self-government and its mechanisms. In reality, the population of Kazakhstan is not yet able to independently and responsibly solve issues of local importance; to monitor the work of local authorities, etc. The context of local governance in Kazakhstan is changing with the change of society under the influence of internal and external factors. These changes are ongoing and create some uncertainty, leading to the modernization of elements of existing institutions of local government. However, in view of the upcoming changes in the future, new challenges of global, regional and national character, it is necessary to move to more effective mechanisms and methods of managing society at different levels of government on a democratic basis.
10
Marmazov, Vasyl, and Pavlo Pushkar. "The Right of Access to Non-State Dispute Resolution in the Legal Order of Larger Europe: A Yardstick to Harmonise Approaches to State and Non-State Dispute Settlement in Ukraine." NaUKMA Research Papers. Law 7 (July 20, 2021): 33–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.18523/2617-2607.2021.7.33-43.
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The Ukrainian legal thought has traditionally regarded the right of access to justice as a right of access to the State court, or to State managed or controlled procedures for dispute settlement. One of the main reasons for that was that the non-state, or uncontrolled by the State dispute settlement was not formally permitted, prohibition being imposed by the Soviet system and even to a certain extent during the period of domination on parts of the territory of the modern Ukraine, of the various externally imposed requirements of various legal systems in force at the material time. Non-state dispute settlement in its traditional forms, mainly based on the custom, was also left outside the attention in the pre-Soviet times and could not find its dignified place between accessible schemes and instruments for dispute settlement. Moreover, the understanding that justice delivery for the parties to the dispute should remain within State monopoly, became commonly accepted as from 1996. The adoption of the Constitution of Ukraine to a certain extent perverted approach to settlement of conflicts, focusing on the main role for the State courts, to these ends. In particular, the courts are having “direct jurisdiction” over any dispute, this led to perception of pre-trial settlements as unnecessary, even as regards those that remained in force, notably, the commissions on labour disputes that were recognized in the case-law of the European Court as equating in legal force to binding and enforceable legal instruments. Thus, the traditional historical approach to seeing judicial examination of disputes as an exceptional step in dispute settlement, in the absence of agreement or settlement by the parties, notably through mediation, arbitration or conciliation, variousforms of third party involvement, steadily disappeared. However, alternative examination of disputes is returning back to its original standing. It is gaining its place in the discussions on the judicial reform and reform of the system for settlement of disputes. This reform is far from being finalised and possibly has not even started in practice. The new approach to settlement of disputes, aimed at breaking the principle of State monopoly on examination of disputes and seeing State dispute settlement by court as an exception, is still not firmly entrenched into the mentality of lawyers, public servants, judges, law enforcement employees and politicians in Ukraine. Thus, the article suggests and points out to importance of taking into account with these changes of a wider European perspective. Such a perspective should relate not only to theoretical and practical advantages of the non-state dispute settlement, but also provides that the privatisation of the dispute settlement procedures and breaking the state monopoly on it, is a part of wider international obligations, also being a part of the supranational legal order of the European Union. This obligation of Ukraine is also seen as part of the requirements stemming from the Council of Europe law. Both the EU law and the Council of Europe provide for extensive soft law recommendations, legal principles, which are formed by the case-law of the European Court of Human Rights. Such an approach provides that alternative means of dispute settlement, including arbitration, do not run contrary to the principles of human rights with regard to fair judicial proceedings. On the contrary, they could be seen as a highly relevant actual means of dispute settlement for any modern European society, built on the principles of respect to rule of law and human rights.
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Avdashkin, Andrey A. "Forced Migrants from Central Asia in Terms of Archival Documents (1991-2002): A Case Study of the Chelyabinsk Region." Herald of an archivist, no. 3 (2021): 767–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-0101-2021-3-767-778.
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The article draws on the documents from the United State Archive of Chelyabinsk Region and the State Archive of the Russian Federation to examine forced migration from the former Soviet republics to the South Urals in 1991-2002. The choice of chronological framework is due to the fact that this period saw the peak of forced migration caused by the outflow from the military conflicts zones and due to the difficulties of post-socialist transit in the states of Central Asia. The 2002 Population Census allows the author to draw the balance of these processes and to identify the number of the region’s residents who arrived from the former Soviet Union republics between 1989 and 2002. The Chelyabinsk region is a part of the Russian-Kazakh frontier. After the collapse of the USSR and the reformatting of state borders, this borderland was an extended settlement area of the Russian-speaking population, mostly leaning towards moving from Kazakhstan. Due to a sufficiently high level of development, transport accessibility and low start-up opportunities for migrants, these border regions became one of the main places for receiving forced displacements from the Central Asian states, mostly Kazakhstan. In the current historiographical situation, a holistic reconstruction and detailing of these large-scale migrations requires a reliance on new historical sources. Archival documents of regional migration services contain valuable data on the number of forced migrants, their main areas of origin, socio-demographic characteristics, and other important parameters. The documents revealed in the fonds of the OGACHO and the GARF have showed that, at the initial stage, the backbone of migration flows was the Russian-speaking population from neighboring Kazakhstan, able-bodied, with a sufficiently high level of skills. This compensated for demographic losses due catastrophic growth of mortality and decline in birth rate. Thus, according to the migration service of the region, migration compensated for more than half of the total population loss, without any significant impact on its ethnic composition. At the same time, migrants encountered numerous difficulties in integrating into Russian society, which were rarely reflected in the specific documentation of state institutions. Many of the arrived, for various reasons, were not included in the forced migrants and refugees statistics due to numerous bureaucratic difficulties and an objective lack of resources for helping such a large number of people.
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Harz Feldbrugge, Benedikt. "Conflicting Perceptions: Russia, the West and Kosovo." Review of Central and East European Law 34, no. 1 (2009): 491–518. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157303508x339715.
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AbstractThe confrontation between the West and Russia over conflict resolution in breakaway states (Kosovo, Abkhazia, South Ossetia, etc.) has been, by and large, the result of dangerous geopolitical moves on the part of both sides after the collapse of the Soviet Union. The US tried to translate the unexpectedly quick victory in the Cold War into a policy aimed at making political use of this tectonic shift in world affairs. On the other hand, Russia—economically marginalized and fully dependent on foreign aid—was forced to stand by and swallow the bitter pill of being excluded from geopolitical decision making. This applies to international diplomacy in the Balkans in the 1990S and, especially, to the Kosovo question, which had already become heated by 1999. However, times have changed in this respect, and things have gotten worse. The Georgian-Ossetian conflict in the summer of 2008 shows that neither side is really interested in an irreversible settlement process in the regions concerned: Russia—for a long time humiliated by the West—acts with a hint of satisfaction in its voice and the West still denies reality by referring to the fairy tale of Kosovo as a sui generis case.
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Khachaturov, Artemii, and Iryna Kochetkova. "THE JEWISH COMMUNITY OF BILA TSERKVA: HISTORY AND MODERNITY (LOCAL STUDIES)." GEOGRAPHY AND TOURISM, no. 63 (2021): 44–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2308-135x.2021.63.44-52.
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Purpose of the study. The purpose of the work is a comprehensive study of the local history of the main trends in the historical development and the current state of the Jewish community in the city of Bila Tserkva. Research methodology. It is based on a combination of historical and geographical approaches using the methods of local history analysis and synthesis of secondary information. Research results. The Jewish people, who lived on the territory of modern Ukraine, for a long time were subjected to oppression and persecution. Since the era of Bohdan Khmelnitsky and until the fall of the Soviet Union, various restrictions and prohibitions were imposed on the ethnos under study. Despite this, the territory of the Ukrainian state became home to many Jewish generations: shtetls were created everywhere, dynasties of Hasidic tzaddiks were formed, and the like. One of the places that has undergone a significant influence of the activities of the Jewish community is the city of Bila Tserkva. This work reflects the main milestones in the formation and development of the Jewish community in the Bila Tserkva, identifies the main factors that influenced the system of settlement of the people in the city. On the basis of literary sources, including the works of O. Starodub, S. Burlaka, E. Chernetsky, the connections of the studied people with the toponymy of the city, which over the centuries took root in its system, were analyzed. In addition, the influence of the Jewish ethnos on the formation of a modern architectural ensemble was revealed, in particular the buildings of the Market Square, the choral synagogue, the city hospital, etc. This work also reveals the special role of the cemetery as an ethnocultural attribute of the town. The study also highlights current trends in the development of the Jewish community in the city: an analysis of its activities, its main social programs and relationships is carried out. Scientific novelty. During the times of the Soviet Union, full-fledged studies of the characteristics of the life of the Jewish people on the territory of Ukraine were almost not carried out, especially little attention was paid to the local history analysis of local settlements. Since independence, the number of such works has increased significantly, however, there are still significant blank spots. In this work, for the first time, a comprehensive study of the Jewish community of the Bila Tserkva is carried out. Disclosed, previously unknown aspects of local history, and the peculiarities of the life of the ethnic group in the conditions of modern Ukraine. Practical significance. The results of this work can be used for further regional studies of the Bila Tserkva region and Porosya, and as important materials for studying the characteristics of the life of the Jewish population in Ukraine. In addition, the publication can draw attention to the current state of Jewish communities, the degree of preservation of objects of the spiritual and material heritage of the people.
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Tagirova, Alsu. "From Crisis Management to Realignment of Forces." Journal of Cold War Studies 24, no. 1 (2022): 116–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jcws_a_01027.
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Abstract In 1969, after a series of large-scale border clashes, the People's Republic of China (PRC) and the Soviet Union finally decided to enter negotiations to prevent a wider military confrontation. The de-escalation process that ensued gave Soviet and Chinese leaders two options: either to compromise and reach a settlement or to go back to a strategy of delay. This article shows that the choice between the two options depended on whether either state believed it could improve its relative position in a better political environment or could gain certain political advantage by immediately settling the dispute. Ultimately, both sides chose to return to a strategy of delay. The Chinese decision was influenced by the strategic configuration of U.S. “triangular” diplomacy and the hope that it would enhance the PRC's relative position. For Soviet officials, the outcome stemmed from a lack of trust in their Chinese counterparts.
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Jokay, Charles Z. "Introduction: Nationality/Ethnic Settlement Patterns and Political Behavior in East Central Europe." Nationalities Papers 24, no. 3 (September 1996): 377–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00905999608408454.
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Western experts claim that the end of the Warsaw Pact and the artificial stability it provided, together with what are routinely called “traditional ethnic animosities,” are the causes of continual and inevitable clashes between states in East Central Europe. This area, a triangle formed by the Adriatic, Baltic, and Black Seas, covers the Western border area of the former Soviet Union, and all of Poland, ex-Yugoslavia, Hungary, Romania, ex-Czechoslovakia and the eastern territories of Germany. This issue of Nationalities Papers is dedicated to the Hungarian ethnic minorities of East Central Europe, in part to examine the validity of the “traditional ethnic animosity” thesis. Spread among seven states, roughly three and a half to four million souls, they constitute the largest diaspora in Europe, and, in relative terms, are more numerous in states around Hungary than the ethnic Russians outside of the Russian Federation on the territory of the former Soviet Union.
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Sukhonos, V. V. "THE SOVIET MODEL OF LOCAL GOVERNANCE OF THE FATE OF THE NEW ECONOMIC POLICY: THE POLITICAL AND LEGAL ASPECTS." Legal horizons, no. 18 (2019): 20–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/legalhorizons.2019.i18.p20.
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The article is devoted to the constitutional and legal issues of local government organizations. The main attention is paid to the Soviet model of local government, which, in the period of the industrialization of the country, focused on the further strengthening of the Soviet state apparatus, the deployment of the so-called “Soviet democracy” and the fight against bureaucratic defects. However, such a situation as a whole was not typical of the Soviet system. That is why the Bolsheviks attempts to attract the poor sections of the rural population. However, success in this direction was caused not so much by the strengthening of the Soviet economy as a whole, but by the opportunity for the rural poor to plunder wealthy peasants, which had developed because of the dictatorship of the proletariat existing in the USSR. Subsequently, the Bolshevik Party raised the issue of organizing special groups of poverty or factions for an open political struggle to attract the middle peoples to the proletariat and to isolate wealthy peasants (the so-called “kulaks”) during the elections to the Soviets, cooperatives, etc. With the onset of socialist reconstruction, there was a need to organize poverty, because it was an important element and the establishment of “Soviet democracy in the countryside.” The Stalin Constitution of 1936 transformed the Soviets. From 1918, they were called the Soviets of Workers’, Peasants’ and Red Army Deputies, and now, with the entry into force of the Stalin Constitution, the Soviets of Workers’ Deputies. This transformation of the Soviets reflected the victory of the socialist system throughout the national economy, radical changes in the class composition of Soviet society, and a new triumph of “socialist democracy”. In addition, the “victory of socialism” in the USSR made possible the transition to universal, equal, and direct suffrage by secret ballot. On December 24 and 29, 1939, citizens of the Soviet Union elected their representatives to the local Soviets of Workers’ Deputies. 99.21 % of the total number of voters took part in the vote. The election results are another testament to the growing influence of the Bolshevik Party on the population of the Soviet Union, which has largely replaced the activities of the Soviets themselves, including the local ones. Holding elections to the regional, regional, district, district, city, village and settlement councils of workers’ deputies completed the restructuring of all state bodies in accordance with the Stalin Constitution and on its basis. With the adoption in 1977 of the last Constitution of the USSR, the councils of workers’ deputies were renamed the councils of people’s deputies. In 1985, the last non-alternative elections were held for 52,041 local councils, and in 1988, their structure became more complicated: there were presidencies organizing the work of regional, regional, autonomous regions, autonomous districts, district, city and rayon in the cities of Soviets. People’s Deputies. Within the framework of the city (city subordination), village, and town councils, this work is carried out directly by the heads of the designated Councils. On December 26, 1990, the Congress of People’s Deputies of the USSR introduced regular amendments to the Constitution of the USSR, which formally abolished the Presidencies, but did not prohibit their existence. On September 5, 1991, the Constitution of 1977 was effectively abolished. Finally, it happened after December 26, 1991, when the USSR actually ceased to exist. Thus, existing in the USSR during the period of socialist reconstruction and subsequent transformations that began with the processes of industrialization and ended as a result of the collapse of the USSR, the model of local government organization remained ineffective due to its actual replacement by the activities of the governing bodies of the ruling Communist Party. Keywords: Local Government; the system of Councils; local Councils; Council of Deputies of the working people; Council of People’s Deputies; Soviet local government.
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Shevchenko, Oleksandr. "VISION OF POLISH-UKRAINIAN RELATIONS IN POLISH POLITICAL THOUGHT IN 1945-1964." Polish Studies of Kyiv, no. 35 (2019): 32–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/psk.2019.35.32-37.
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The relevance of the study of the evolution of the vision of Polish-Ukrainian relations in Polish political thought today lies in the fact that this process led to a peaceful resolution of the issue of the border in 1991, when the first Polish- Ukrainian settlements were concluded. According to some authors, the concept of ULB, also called the »doctrine of Giedroyc», has kept the entire Eastern European region from the scenario that occurred in the Balkans. In addition, in articles from the period of common communist captivity, we find many theses about the possibility of solving complicated difficult historical problems, which looks particularly active in the times of today’s next crisis in Polish- Ukrainian relations. The context of today’s Polish-Ukrainian relations is particularly important in this regard, because the crisis in the bilateral relations of our countries does not consist in any new topics, but in those that were often described by Polish and Ukrainian political journalists on emigration before the collapse of the Soviet Union. At the same time, by shaking up two directions of political thought, we can find both how common ideas and problems that the Polish and Ukrainian authors talk about, as well as the differences that today have created new problems in the relations of our countries. The scientific elaboration of the subject is diverse. If on the Polish side we find many editions of how to shape Polish Eastern policy in general, and the evolution of Polish-Ukrainian relations, then similar publications and books on the Ukrainian side are missing. And this is also the timeliness of this work. The hypothesis of the work is that the issues in which there was no complete agreement reached in these times are today partly responsible for the crisis in Polish-Ukrainian relations. At the same time, in some of the theses described in those times, many beneficial arrangements can be found now. It is worth highlighting the territorial and chronological framework to define the scope of work. The chronological work will cover the period 1945-1967. The choice of this period is conditioned by the fact that after the Second World War a new Polish-Ukrainian border was formed, which posed a number of new problems in bilateral relations. In addition, the Volyn tragedy was also a topic that needed an effort to find an agreement between the two nations.
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Demidov, Andrei Vladimirovich. "Vatican and Nazi Germany’s Invasion of the Soviet Union." Interactive science, no. 1 (47) (January 20, 2020): 29–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.21661/r-529560.
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The article based on a brief historical background analyses the role of Vatican in provoking the aggression of Hitler’s Germany against the Soviet Union. The author stresses that true motivation of the Holy See was forced imposition of Catholicism in the country.
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Hudson, Hugh D. "Terror in Soviet Architecture: The Murder of Mikhail Okhitovich." Slavic Review 51, no. 3 (1992): 448–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2500054.
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Throughout the 1920s and into the years of Stalinism, progressive architects in the Soviet Union sought to construct new forms of housing and settlement that would offer the best of modern technology and whose design would include provisioning of services that would allow all citizens, especially women, to partake in creative work. Schools, dining facilities, laundries, parks, cinemas, clubs and housing in a choice of styles formed the core of these architectural dreams. In the tradition of the Populists, modernist architects initially saw themselves as teachers but some came to appreciate the necessity of listening and began to learn from worker assessments of housing and urban design. This communication formed the basis for bridging, at least in housing, the cultural gap between revolutionary elites and common people. Inherent in the modernist movement in architecture, as reflected most eloquently in the work of the Association of Contemporary Architects (OSA), was a greater democratization of political and social life.
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Smith, Jenny Leigh. "Agricultural Involution in the Postwar Soviet Union." International Labor and Working-Class History 85 (2014): 59–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547913000458.
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AbstractThis article describes a form of agricultural labor intensification common in the postwar Soviet Union that shares some important similarities to Clifford Geertz's notion of agricultural involution, first devised to describe Javanese wet rice agriculture. Using the examples of hog farming and cotton production, this paper describes the phenomenon of postwar agricultural involution, and explores its limits and possibilities. The most important divergence from Geertz's original model is that in the Soviet cases, agricultural involution did not attain any form of environmental equilibrium; in fact, because of agricultural involution, the Soviet Union was forced to confront the environmental limits of agricultural intensification. The concept of agricultural involution provides a way of thinking about the relative flexibility or rigidity of agroecological health in the face of labor intensification. This quality—how much additional labor and how many extra humans an agricultural ecosystem is able to support—is critical in evaluating how robust or fragile a landscape is.
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Bugai, N. F. "WOMAN IN THE SOVIET UNION: INFERNAL FORCED LABOR, STRUGGLE FOR SURVIVAL." Historical and social-educational ideas 9, no. 3/1 (January 1, 2017): 25–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.17748/2075-9908-2017-9-3/1-25-37.
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Belousov, Sergey S. "Поселения крестьян-единоличников в Калмыкии(1930–1991 гг.)." Oriental studies 15, no. 1 (April 15, 2022): 63–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.22162/2619-0990-2022-59-1-63-73.
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Introduction. The article examines the history of emergence and development of unauthorized settlements of individual peasants in the territory of Kalmykia between 1930 and 1991. The insight into the topic provides an opportunity to learn more about the past of certain social groups, strata, classes — and related state policies during the Soviet era. Goals. The paper primarily aims to show a history of settlements arbitrarily established by individual peasants in Soviet times. The work examines causes and factors to have resulted in new settlements across Kalmykia, analyzes official Soviet policies, relations between government agencies and such settlers. Materials and methods. The study employs the historical comparative and historical genetic methods, analyzes works by previous authors and materials from the State Archive of the Russian Federation and National Archive of Kalmykia, including new unpublished materials thus to be introduced into scientific circulation. Results. The analysis shows the emergence and development of settlements were determined by such factors as island locations, desolate and undeveloped character of lands, harsh natural conditions, persistence of settlers, and the unspoken support from authorities of Priyutnensky District in earliest years of existence. The paper presumes it be also very important to take into account the fact unauthorized settlements had been initiated by individuals who — unlike kulaks — were considered unconscious, ‘lost’ people, and not socially alien elements. Most of the ‘unauthorized settlers’ were ones to have avoided dekulakization, the wealthiest ones had been able to liquidate their farms before lists of the to be dekulakized were compiled. Authorities identified such settlements as kulak ones, although in formal parameters those were socially different. Conclusions. Unauthorized settlements of individual peasants in Kalmykia appeared as a result of forced collectivization and served a manifested protest against official restriction policies. The collectivization movement and sociocultural ideology kept them under constant pressure, but two settlements did survive to resist for decades to come. In general, the Soviet period witnessed a success in eliminating unauthorized settlements of individual proprietors.
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POZDNYaKOVA, I. P. "PROBLEMS OF DEVELOPMENT OF URBAN SETTLEMENTS ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE VILLAGE NOVOSEMEYKINO." Urban construction and architecture 3, no. 2 (June 15, 2013): 35–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.17673/vestnik.2013.02.6.
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The article describes the problems of the modern development of towns in Russia, their education, development and extinction of the XX century. Highlighted the key types of settlements established during the Soviet Union. Analyzed the planning structure of settlements in Russia. The analysis of the existing situation urban settlement in the Samara region Novosemeykino, its development and reconstruction at the level of urban development. The conclusion about the feasibility of development and reconstruction of towns in Russia.
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Matisovs, Ivars. "URBANIZATION PROCESSES AND ITS SPECIFICS IN LATGALE." Via Latgalica, no. 3 (December 31, 2010): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/latg2010.3.1679.
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<p>Urbanization is an important demo-geographical process and a complex social phenomenon under impact of which changes are made not only to the global, regional or national settlement systems, but all socio-economic processes are also substantially transformed. Changes caused by urbanization have an impact on traditional way of life, cultural particularity, community and individual psychology and other aspects of spiritual life, therefore expressions and regularities of this process might be of interest not only for demographers, geographers and economists, but also for representatives of the field of humanities.</p><p>Paper presents the progress of urbanization processes in Latgale, by covering the period from establishment of the first urban-type settlements in the Eastern Latvia until today, when under impact of the depopulation processes number of inhabitants in all cities of the region decreases dramatically. Particular attention is paid to the course of formation and evolution of the Latgale urban network, successively looking at characteristics of the course of urbanization process during all major stages of the historical process.</p><p>Towns and cities constitute the basis for the Latvian population system, characterized by historically formed relatively dense urban network. Like elsewhere in the country, also in modern Latgale towns and cities are distributed evenly throughout the region area, but historically it has not always been so. Urban spatial and landscape model in Latgale has been developed within the long historical process of gradual accumulation of changes in the landscape space; however the balance of this process is destroyed by sudden transformations of political, economic and socio-cultural conditions the region and its people have had to survive in more than one occasion.</p><p>The article particularly deals with characteristics of the urbanization processes during post-Soviet period, outlines the present urban development trends in Latgale, and highlights major urban demo-geographical problems, among which the emphasis has to be placed on the rapid depopulation, an ageing population and the deepening of territorial inequalities, also intra-regionally.</p><p>Structural economical changes and increasing mobility of population during the post- Soviet period have changed the urban development perspective. Activities based on new knowledge are concentrated in large agglomerations, while individual regions, including Latgale, with less competitive urban centers are noticeably lagging behind in their development.</p><p>Therefore, exactly in these areas and localities it is necessary to strengthen the urban functions to impede also interregional migration of population, since it substantially restricts the functionality of the most remote and underdeveloped areas and hinders provision of services to population at an appropriate level. This is even more important since implementation of the cohesion principles has been proclaimed to be one of the cornerstones of the European Union regional policy.</p><p>Unfortunately, at least for the time being situation in urban areas of Latgale is far from encouraging - negative net migration and negative natural growth factor, persistently high level of unemployment is observed there, social exclusion and apathy prevailing. Admittedly, in recent years urban development in Latgale represents also several positive trends. Urban environmental quality has improved significantly, which is generally associated with transition to environmentally more friendly fuels and implementation of various environmental projects, based on funding from the EU budget, such as municipal waste management, improving of water supply and sewerage systems.</p><p>Encouragingly, facilities of regional higher education institutions improve, and the capacity of scientific work increases, important interdisciplinary research has been launched. In the nearest future significant educational and scientific infrastructure improvement projects at the University of Daugavpils and Rezekne Higher Education Institution are planned to be made, which will certainly increase competitiveness of the Latgale region in the science and technology area.</p><p>Article is based on review of comprehensive scientific literature and analysis of available statistical information. The author does not claim to provide all-inclusive and in-depth analysis of the urbanization processes in Latgale, since this task would be performed in course of further studies, but summarizes the results obtained at an early stage of research of urban areas and population demo-geographical development, as well as of the quality of urban environment.</p>
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De Groot, Michael. "The Soviet Union, CMEA, and the Energy Crisis of the 1970s." Journal of Cold War Studies 22, no. 4 (December 2020): 4–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jcws_a_00964.
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Numerous scholars have claimed that the Soviet Union was a primary beneficiary of the 1973–1974 oil crisis. Drawing on archival evidence from Russia and Germany, this article challenges that interpretation, showing that the oil crisis forced Soviet policymakers to confront the limits of their energy industry and the effects of the crisis on their East European allies. Demand for Soviet energy outpaced production, forcing Soviet officials to weigh their need to compensate for economic shortcomings at home against their role as the guarantor of Communist rule in Eastern Europe. The Soviet decision to raise prices within the Council on Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA) and the Soviet Union's inability to fulfill demand across CMEA compelled the East European governments to purchase oil from Middle Eastern countries at increasing world market prices, crippling their balance of payments and accentuating their other economic shortcomings.
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Luk'yanets, Artem S., and Farzona M. Garibova. "Major Factors of the Settlement of Migrants from Central Asian Countries in Siberia and the Far East." Economic Strategies 160, no. 1 (February 20, 2022): 118–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.33917/es-1.181.2022.118-125.
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With the Soviet Union’s collapse Russia became a recipient country for labour migrants from Central Asian countries. First of all, this is related to the fact that migration subsystem has been formed, based on socio-economic relations between the countries of the former Soviet Union, as well as to geographic proximity; secondly, there are more opportunities for migrants in Russia — there is the lack of jobs in their countries, low wages and therefore migrants move to Russia mainly in search of a better life. In this article, the authors examine the settlement dynamics of migrants from Central Asian countries in the Siberian Federal District and in the Far Eastern Federal District. The main factors that influence the resettlement of migrants in these territories were identified. As a result of the study, it was revealed that these two federal districts are quite attractive for migrants from the mentioned countries, despite rather severe climate, since in case of the Central Asian countries the socio-economic factor prevails over the natural-climatic one.
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Humphrey, Caroline. "Deportees in Society." Inner Asia 21, no. 1 (April 15, 2019): 38–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22105018-12340115.
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AbstractThis paper discusses forced labour migrations in the Buryat-Mongolian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic in the Stalin era. It attempts to set this regional case in the context of deportations and ‘special settlements’ in the USSR as a whole. It points out that forced labour migrants were not only sent to the Buryat Republic from western regions of the USSR; various categories of the ‘repressed’ were also deported from the Republic and displaced within it. The paper focusses on relations between forced migrants and the rest of society, with particular attention to Germans and Lithuanians sent into Buryatia and to Buryats exiled from the same regions.
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Bléjer, Mario I., and Carlo Cottarelli. "Forced Savings and Repressed Inflation in the Soviet Union: Some Empirical Results." IMF Working Papers 91, no. 55 (1991): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781451847550.001.
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TIMOSHENKO, A. I. "DYNAMICS OF THE GROWTH OF URBAN POPULLATION AND CHANGESIN MIGRATION PROCESSES AT THE TERRITORY OF THE SIBERIAN REGION IN THE 1950-S AND 1970-S." Territory Development, no. 3(21) (2020): 22–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.32324/2412-8945-2020-3-22-26.
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Population growth in the Siberian region began at the end of the XIX century, during the construction of the Transsiberian railway, which passed through all of Siberia and the far East. Many rural people came to the region from the European part of the Russian Empire. Some settlements to which they arrived became urban settlements in Soviet times. The formation of the urban population continued during the Soviet period, where were significant changes in the dynamics of growth of the urban population of the Siberian region and its social structure. By 1950, in Siberia, the consequences of the Great Patriotic War were largely eliminated. In the Eastern regions of the Soviet Union, the creation of new for the Siberian region industrial sectors continued. As a result of these actions, there was a significant increase in the urban population, which was accompanied by the development of the social processes that was new and important for the State. In Siberia, new cities and workers settlements were built, which later became cities. At new buildings of the Siberian region, at the All-Union Komsomol call, arrived, as a rule, young people, who then had building new enterprises and cities in the region. The autor believes that the migration processes took place due to the development of industrial sectors which was necessary for the region, the construction of completely new for Siberia military-defense enterprises, and the construction of new industrial production facilities. The article uses both General scientific and historical methods, including dialectical, chronological, comparative, as well as other methods and approaches.
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Mędelska, Jolanta, and Marek Cieszkowski. "Отражение ранних вариантов советских национальных языков в московских русско-иноязычных словарях." Acta Baltico-Slavica 35 (July 28, 2015): 91–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.11649/abs.2011.008.
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Reflection of early Soviet dialects of national languages in Russian bilingual dictionaries published in MoscowAfter the October Revolution, over half of the citizens of the new Russian state were non-Russians. The historical homeland of some of them was outside the Soviet Union. The experiences of two largest national minorities: the Germans (1 238 000) and the Poles (782 000) were similar in many respects. Members of both nations were persecuted, suffered massive repression, and were deported to Siberia and Kazakhstan. The new cultural and political reality (separation from the historical homeland and national languages, influence of Russian and other languages of Soviet Union nations, necessity to use new Soviet lexis and technical/scientific terminology on a daily basis) forced changes in German and Polish used in the Soviet Union. Soviet dialects of national languages were reinforced in books, handbooks, the press, and propaganda materials etc. published in German and Polish in huge number of copies. The Soviet dialects of German and Polish were reflected on the right side of Russian-German and Russian-Polish dictionaries published in the 1930s by “Sovetskaya Entsyklopedia”. The analysis and comparison of the language material excerpted from the dictionaries show that Soviet dialects of both languages were characterized by the presence of orientalisms (result of the constant contact with the nations and nationalities of the Soviet Union and their culture) and unique lexis related to the Russian way of life (Russian culinary lexis, names of musical instruments, names of garments) and Sovietisms (i.e. new political terminology and words related to the Soviet way of life). The Germans found it more difficult to adapt their native code to life in the Soviet Union.
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Megem, Maxim E. "Soviet Historiography of the Medieval Lithuanian Past." Izvestiya of Saratov University. New Series. Series: History. International Relations 20, no. 3 (2020): 318–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/1819-4907-2020-20-3-318-325.
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The article deals with the process of organization and development of the study of the history of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the Soviet Union. The author considers the fate of pre-revolutionary historians, experts in Lithuanian history, who were forced to either emigrate or change the field of research. The article presents the analysis of the first works of Soviet scholars concerning the Lithuanian Middle Ages. It also examines the contribution of Vladimir I. Picheta and Vladimir T. Pashuto to the organization of Soviet Lithuanistics.
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Rodionova, Irina, Tatiana Kokuytseva, and Olga Shuvalova. "Innovative energy policy of the of the Eurasian Economic Union member countries." E3S Web of Conferences 159 (2020): 02002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202015902002.
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CIS countries gained independence in the early 1990s. Prior to this, they were republics within the Soviet Union, on the territory of which the Unified Energy System functioned. After the collapse of the USSR, each country in the post-Soviet space was forced to independently solve the problems of supplying its economy with energy. They will build relations with their neighbors in a new way, including in the energy sector. This article presents an analysis of the situation in alternative energy of the EEU member countries (Russia, Kazakhstan, Belarus, Armenia and Kyrgyzstan). At the same time, Russia and Kazakhstan have their own energy resources and even export surplus hydrocarbons. Therefore, they are less concerned about the development of alternative energy. At the same time, Belarus and Armenia are forced to import energy resources. And in the energy sector of Kyrgyzstan, the production of electricity at hydroelectric power plants predominates. Therefore, these states, which are experiencing a shortage of energy resources, are interested in the development of alternative energy. But these states have difficulties financing alternative energy. In general, a situation has developed in the post-Soviet space when foreign investors are actively investing in alternative energy. All projects are aimed at reducing dependence on energy supplies from Russia. At the same time, Russia practically does not take part in investment projects to develop alternative energy for neighboring countries. The article analyzes the mechanisms for implementing investment projects in alternative energy using the EEU countries as an example.
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Cottarelli, Carlo, and Mario I. Blejer. "Forced Saving and Repressed Inflation in the Soviet Union, 1986-90: Some Empirical Results." Staff Papers - International Monetary Fund 39, no. 2 (June 1992): 256. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3867059.
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Hupka, Jordan. "Stalin's Hollow Cross-the Russian Orthodox Church as a Tool of Soviet Foreign Policy." Constellations 2, no. 2 (June 7, 2011): 31–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/cons10492.
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It has been said that the Second World War saved the Russian Orthodox Church from extermination. Ever since the Revolution of 1917, the religious peoples of Russia were constantly persecuted by Soviet ideologists and politicians. Prior to Operation Barbarossa, in 1941, it seemed that the days of the Russian Orthodox Church, the largest religious institution in the Soviet Union, were numbered. However, the unique climate of the Second World War forced the Soviet government to end its war against the church. The Kremlin soon saw the Church as a useful tool to help aid in the re- occupation of Eastern Europe.
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Geber, Clara Momoko. "Songs of Japanese Prisoners of War in the Soviet Union after World War II." Vienna Journal of East Asian Studies 11, no. 1 (December 1, 2019): 179–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/vjeas-2019-0007.
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Abstract The Second World War ended with Japan’s capitulation after the disastrous nuclear bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Subsequently, approximately 700,000 Japanese soldiers were selected as captives to undertake physical labour in Soviet prison camps. After returning to Japan, some of them wrote about their lives in the Soviet Union, drew pictures about their experiences, or wrote about their favourite songs that they had sung during their imprisonment. My study of various reports of Japanese prisoners of war (POWs) after the Second World War surprisingly revealed that not only traumatic conditions during forced labour were published, but also social interactions in the form of joint artistic activities such as making music, producing theatre plays, and staging sports competitions. The prisoners have often retrospectively described these as strikingly positive events during their years of internment in the Soviet Union. This article analyses a total of thirty-four songs sung and composed by Japanese POWs during captivity on a lyrical level (text analysis). In doing so, I adopt a new approach to interpreting the social conditions during the imprisonment of Japanese soldiers in the Soviet Union.
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Laamanen, Ville. "VOKS, Cultural Diplomacy and the Shadow of the Lubianka: Olavi Paavolainen’s 1939 Visit to the Soviet Union." Journal of Contemporary History 52, no. 4 (December 22, 2016): 1022–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022009416669422.
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Existing scholarship suggests that Stalin’s Great Terror of 1936–8 seriously undermined Soviet cultural diplomacy and forced its main promoter, the All-Union Society for Cultural Relations with Foreign Countries (VOKS), to succumb to the strict control of the party and secret police. By contrast, this article argues that by the spring and summer of 1939 VOKS was recovering from stagnation and reintroducing customs from before the Great Terror. Through a micro-historical analysis of Finnish writer Olavi Paavolainen’s exceptionally long visit to the Soviet Union between May and August 1939, the article demonstrates how case studies of select VOKS operations can explain many of the dilemmas and peculiarities of Soviet cultural diplomacy during the thus far scantily researched 1939–41 period. By focusing on the interactions between Paavolainen, the VOKS vice-chairman Grigori Kheifets and Soviet writers, the article illustrates that after the purges, VOKS continued its efforts to disseminate a positive and controlled image of Soviet life by complex means that linked propaganda with network-building. Finally, the article highlights the role of individuals in cultural diplomacy and explores how an outsider perceived the Great Terror’s effects on Soviet cultural intelligentsia.
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Knight, Amy. "The KGB, Perestroika, and the Collapse of the Soviet Union." Journal of Cold War Studies 5, no. 1 (January 2003): 67–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/152039703320996722.
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This article examines the role of the Committee on State Security (KGB) during the turbulent six-and-a-half years under Mikhail Gorbachev, from March 1985 to December 1991. Contrary to popular impressions, the KGB was never an independent actor in the Soviet system; it acted at the behest of the Communist Party. When Vladimir Kryuchkov replaced Viktor Chebrikov as head of the KGB in 1986, the move signaled what was intended to be a new role for the KGB. But as the reforms launched by Gorbachev became more radical, and as political instability in the Soviet Union became widespread, many in the KGB grew anxious about the possible fragmentation of the country. These concerns were instrumental in the decision by Kryuchkov and other high-ranking KGB officials to organize a hardline coup in August 1991. Even then, however, the KGB was not truly independent of the party. On the contrary, KGB officials were expecting—and then desperately hoping—that Gorbachev would agree to order an all-out crackdown. Because Gorbachev was unwilling to take a direct part in mass repression, Kryuchkov lacked the authority he was seeking to act. As a result, the attempted coup failed, and the KGB was forced onto the defensive. Shortly before the Soviet state was dissolved, the KGB was broken up into a number of agencies that soon came under Russia's direct control.
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Kryvun, Mykhaylo. "A System of Food Providing for the Population without Market of the Food." Herald of the Economic Sciences of Ukraine, no. 2(39) (2020): 232–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.37405/1729-7206.2020.2(39).232-237.
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This article analyzes the fundamental differences between the functioning of the food supply system in the Soviet Union and the developed capitalistic countries. The system of food providing the population without free market functioned for almost the whole of the twentieth century in the territory of 15 modern countries, including Ukraine, within the framework of state formation named the Soviet Union. The leadership of this formation has set an ambitious goal to create a self-sufficient economy that would independently meet all its needs with its own production. The purpose of this study is to provide a critical overview of the food supply system in the absence of a food market. There is an assessment of the development of food production factors, as well as the distribution of food, their receipt by direct consumers. This article reviews the formation and development of food production factors. It was determined that their use in food production was extremely unsatisfactory in terms of fulfilling the tasks of providing the population with the necessary food. The common cause of their inefficient functioning (in particular, scientific and technological progress) is the destructive development of the individual qualities of the human personality in the Soviet Union. It was the result of the first violent attacks on the freedom and life of the population of the Soviet Union by the totalitarian regime, and then the forced narrowing of the ways of developing human talents to the “Soviet man” stamp. As for the food supply system of the population, it also contributed to the development of the human personality of the citizens of the Soviet Union. The limited assortment and the deficit that has generated long lines for food both have adversely affected the population of the USSR as a whole.
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Rozovyk, Olesya. "The eviction of Polish and German population from the border regions of the Ukrainian SSR to the Kazakh SSR in 1935–1936." Universum Historiae et Archeologiae 3, no. 1 (December 4, 2020): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/26200112.
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The aim of the article is to reveal the process of forced eviction of the Polish and German population from the border regions of the Ukrainian SSR to the Kazakh Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (since 1936 – the Kazakh SSR) in the period of 1935–1936 based on the analysis of little-known documents stored in the archives of the Security Service of Ukraine. The research methodology is based on historical and scientific principles, as well as the use of historical-genetic, problem-chronological and comparative methods. Results. In 1935–1936, the Soviet government pursued a policy of forced eviction of residents from the territories near the western border of the Ukrainian SSR. The border areas were under the supervision of the military command of the republic at that time. In the early 1930s the border began to be actively fortified, and the border area of 7,5 km was defined as esplanade (that is, a territory between military or fortified objects and settlements). According to the Soviet leadership, it was necessary to evict the local population from this territory, including Polish and German people. Residents of the western regions of the Ukrainian SSR came under special attention of the NKVD, who for the most part had a negative attitude towards the Soviet regime. Besides, they had relatives abroad, and in the case of a future armed conflict with neighboring countries, they could support foreign troops. There were 178 such settlements. They were home to 4 232 Polish and 1 357 German families with a total number of more than 27 000 people. But subsequently, the total number of planned migrants increased to 15 000 families, which amounted to 70 000 people. Due to the fact that all vacant lands in the southeastern regions of the republic were settled in the 1920s, it was planned to move the named number of Polish and German families mainly to Kazakhstan. Conclusions. In 1935–1936, the NKVD officers evicted not only the Ukrainian population, but also residents of Polish and German national regions. In 1936, more than 74 000 people were resettled from Vinnytsa, Kyiv and Odesa regions to the Kazakh SSR. Thus, forced eviction of population from the border areas became a continuation of the Soviet regime’s repressive policy as a means of overcoming the protest movements of the inhabitants of the Ukrainian SSR. Practical value. The results of the study outline a range of little-studied problems that can be investigated in the future with declassification of new documents of this period; the information presented in the article can be used in the development of educational programs. Originality. The study is based on little-known documents stored in the archives of the Security Service of Ukraine. Scientific novelty. The article supplements historical research on the national and repressive policies of the Soviet regime, which makes it topical and fills in the gaps in historical data on forced evictions of the mid-1930s. Article type: empirical.
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Lin, Mao. "China and the Escalation of the Vietnam War: The First Years of the Johnson Administration." Journal of Cold War Studies 11, no. 2 (April 2009): 35–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jcws.2009.11.2.35.
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This article reexamines how concerns about China contributed to the escalation of the Vietnam War during the first years of Lyndon Johnson's administration. Johnson escalated the war in Vietnam to protect America's global credibility as the leader and defender of the non-Communist world in the face of the threat posed by China's “wars of national liberation” strategy in Vietnam. U.S. officials evaluated this threat in the context of the broadening Sino-Soviet split. The concern in Washington was that if Hanoi, a regime openly supported by Beijing as a star in the “wars of national liberation,” were to take over South Vietnam, the Soviet Union might then be forced to discard the “peaceful coexistence” principle and the incipient détente with the West. The escalation in Vietnam was spurred largely by apprehension that a failure to contain China in Vietnam might prompt the Soviet Union to shift back to a hard line toward the West.
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Sheng, Michael, Qiang Zhai, and Deborah Kaple. "Perspectives on Sergey Radchenko's Two Suns in the Heavens." Journal of Cold War Studies 14, no. 1 (January 2012): 96–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jcws_a_00196.
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In this forum, three leading experts on Sino-Soviet relations and Mao Zedong's policy toward the Soviet Union offer their appraisals of Sergey Radchenko's Two Suns in the Heavens, The Sino-Soviet Struggle for Supremacy, 1962–1967, published by the Woodrow Wilson Center Press. The commentators praise many aspects of Radchenko's book, but Michael Sheng and to a lesser extent Qiang Zhai and Deborah Kaple wonder whether Radchenko has gone too far in downplaying the role of ideology in Mao's foreign policy. Unlike Lorenz Lüthi, who gives decisive weight to ideology in his own book about the Sino-Soviet split, Radchenko argues that a classical realist approach is the best framework for understanding Chinese foreign policy and the rift between China and the Soviet Union. Sheng and Zhai also raise questions about some of the sources used by Radchenko. Replying to the commentaries, Radchenko defends his conception of Mao's foreign policy, arguing that it is a more nuanced view than Sheng and Zhai imply. Radchenko also stresses the inherent shortcomings of the source base scholars are forced to use when analyzing Chinese foreign policy.
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Radchenko, Sergey. "Reply to the Commentaries." Journal of Cold War Studies 14, no. 1 (January 2012): 107–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jcws_a_00197.
Full textAbstract:
In this forum, three leading experts on Sino-Soviet relations and Mao Zedong's policy toward the Soviet Union offer their appraisals of Sergey Radchenko's Two Suns in the Heavens, The Sino-Soviet Struggle for Supremacy, 1962–1967, published by the Woodrow Wilson Center Press. The commentators praise many aspects of Radchenko's book, but Michael Sheng and to a lesser extent Qiang Zhai and Deborah Kaple wonder whether Radchenko has gone too far in downplaying the role of ideology in Mao's foreign policy. Unlike Lorenz Lüthi, who gives decisive weight to ideology in his own book about the Sino-Soviet split, Radchenko argues that a classical realist approach is the best framework for understanding Chinese foreign policy and the rift between China and the Soviet Union. Sheng and Zhai also raise questions about some of the sources used by Radchenko. Replying to the commentaries, Radchenko defends his conception of Mao's foreign policy, arguing that it is a more nuanced view than Sheng and Zhai imply. Radchenko also stresses the inherent shortcomings of the source base scholars are forced to use when analyzing Chinese foreign policy.
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Nguyen, Ho, Norbert Hölzel, Andreas Völker, and Johannes Kamp. "Patterns and Determinants of Post-Soviet Cropland Abandonment in the Western Siberian Grain Belt." Remote Sensing 10, no. 12 (December 7, 2018): 1973. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs10121973.
Full textAbstract:
The transition from a command to a market economy resulted in widespread cropland abandonment across the former Soviet Union during the 1990s. Spatial patterns and determinants of abandonment are comparatively well understood for European Russia, but have not yet been assessed for the vast grain belt of Western Siberia, situated in the Eurasian forest steppe. This is unfortunate, as land-use change in Western Siberia is of global significance: Fertile black earth soils and vast mires store large amounts of organic carbon, and both undisturbed and traditional cultural landscapes harbor threatened biodiversity. We compared Landsat images from ca. 1990 (before the break-up of the Soviet Union) and ca. 2015 (current situation) with a supervised classification to estimate the extent and spatial distribution of abandoned cropland. We used logistic regression models to reveal important determinants of cropland abandonment. Ca. 135,000 ha classified as cropland around 1990 were classified as grassland around 2015. This suggests that ca. 20% of all cropland remain abandoned ca. 25 years after the end of the Soviet Union. Abandonment occurred mostly at poorly drained sites. The likelihood of cropland abandonment increased with decreasing soil quality, and increasing distance to medium-sized settlements, roads and railroads. We conclude that soil suitability, access to transport infrastructure and availability of workforce are key determinants of cropland abandonment in Western Siberia.
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Vladimirov, Katya. "Purges and Forced Retirements of Soviet Party Elites as Power Tools of Social Mobility." Canadian-American Slavic Studies 48, no. 3 (2014): 329–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22102396-04803005.
Full textAbstract:
The article presents a tumulus seventy-year history of the top party élite, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CC CPSU), by profiling the anatomy of historical generations that embodied it. Five district generations in power and various political “teams” had been locked in ferocious battle for access to political capital, high social status, coveted positions, ranks, and privileges. Their survival and advancement demanded perseverance, bargaining skills, and ruthless elimination of competitors. Purges and forced retirement were essential power tools used in their generational struggle for power and status. The article discusses these methods of compulsory “exclusion” and offers innovative and revealing perspective on the nature of the Soviet political structure as well as on the techniques of its internal combat.
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Pipes, Richard. "Polish Sovietology in the Lead-up to the Cold War." Journal of Cold War Studies 13, no. 2 (April 2011): 175–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jcws_a_00103.
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After the Bolsheviks took power in Russia, some of the closest study of the new Communist regime and Soviet state was conducted by Polish scholars, whose country had a long history of troubled relations with Russia. Polish scholars had long been studying the Tsarist regime, but the advent of Soviet rule forced major adjustments. Some of the literature that emerged in Poland about the Soviet Union was perceptive, but other works were warped by anti-Semitism and an obsession with alleged Bolshevik-Judeo conspiracies. By the time of World War II, a substantial body of expertise about the USSR had accumulated in Poland. The war and the subsequent establishment of Soviet hegemony largely brought an end to this tradition, which could not truly be revived until after 1989.
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MUKANOV, Malik Rsbaevich, and Ernar Nurlanovich BEGALIEV. "The Current State of the Monetary Sphere of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan within the Framework of Changes in the Legislation." Journal of Advanced Research in Law and Economics 9, no. 5 (June 10, 2019): 1708. http://dx.doi.org/10.14505//jarle.v9.5(35).24.
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The article discusses the current state of the monetary – credit sphere in the former states of the Soviet Union. The authors note that, the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, which led to the defragmentation of the monetary system, is an important event in the formation of the financial sector in Central Asia. The single monetary and financial system, which was adapted to the conditions of the planned economy, had started rapidly falling apart. The result was a break of the traditionally existing economic ties.
It is important to note that the monetary policy has a direct impact on the major macro-economic indicators such as GDP, employment and the level of prices. It is thus important to have a solid legal base. The accelerated formation of national monetary systems in Central Asian states has required the creation of genuinely independent emission center as the Central Banks of Central Asia. Since 1994, Central Asian governments have begun to carry out macroeconomic regulation, mutual settlement in the economy and emission activity.
The next step was a reform of the banking system in Central Asia. At the beginning of the independence of the Central Asian states a legal framework was created and a transition was made to a two-tier banking system. According to the adopted laws in the countries of Central Asia, a two-tier banking system was formed, where the upper level was represented by the State Bank of the region (with emission rights), and the bottom were - commercial and government specialized. Creating second tier banks was a response to the needs of the Central Asian countries.
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Czubocha, Krzysztof. "LEGALNOŚĆ ŁADU JAŁTAŃSKO-POCZDAMSKIEGO Z PUNKTU WIDZENIA PRAWA MIĘDZYNARODOWEGO PUBLICZNEGO." Zeszyty Prawnicze 11, no. 3 (December 20, 2016): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.21697/zp.2011.11.3.05.
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THE LEGALITY OF THE YALTA AND POTSDAM LEGAL ORDER FROM THE POINT OF VIEW OF PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW Summary The Yalta and Potsdam agreements of 1945 created the so-called “new peaceful order” in Europe. The agreements contained three sorts of provisions. The provisions concerning solely the Great Three were legal. The clauses referring to the WW II aggressors were legal as well. However, the provisions referring to third countries which were not aggressors were null and void. Smaller states were forced to confirm the decisions of the Great Three. The problem is that only an aggressor can be forced to sign a treaty. In other cases the use of force causes invalidity of the treaty. In consequence, the Axis powers were punished lawfully whereas Poland lost its eastern territories unlawfully. Finland and Romania were qualified as aggressors, but in fact the Soviet Union acquired their territories first in 1940 as a result of an aggression and the threat of force. Every attempt at opposing the will of the Great Three was quashed. For instance, Polish government-in-exile was deprived of its effectiveness as it opposed the clauses mandating the loss of Polish Eastern territories. The Great Three were in breach of law in case of several provisions. They were not able to fully adhere to international law as one of the aggressors (the Soviet Union) participated in the creation of the post-war legal order. Therefore, the justice was nor fully served as the Soviet Union was not punished for its aggressions of 1939-1940. The consequences of the partially unlawful decisions of the Great Three linger even today causing international tensions particularly in Central and Eastern Europe.
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Snyder, Timothy. "“To Resolve the Ukrainian Problem Once and for All”: The Ethnic Cleansing of Ukrainians in Poland, 1943–1947." Journal of Cold War Studies 1, no. 2 (May 1999): 86–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/15203979952559531.
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The complicated and violent interactions between Ukrainians and Poles during and after World War II have been the subject of competing Ukrainian and Polish historical interpretations. This article sifts through the historical evidence to determine why Ukrainian and Polish memories of that period are so much at odds. The fate of the contested territories of Eastern Galicia and Volhynia was decided ultimately by the Soviet Union, which imposed new borders on Poland. Once those borders had been established, the transfer of Poles from the newly enlarged Soviet Ukraine and the forced removal of Ukrainians from eastern Poland consolidated an “ethnically cleansed” post-war order.
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Korobkov, Andrei. "State and Nation Building Policies and the New Trends in Migration in the Former Soviet Union." Carl Beck Papers in Russian and East European Studies, no. 1702 (January 1, 2003): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/cbp.2003.123.
Full textAbstract:
Democratic transitions are especially complex in federal states and countries with multinational populations and compact, ethnic minority settlements; the increasing ethnic, linguistic, religious, and cultural heterogeneity of a society complicates the achievement of political compromises. In this sense, the post-Soviet newly independent states (NIS) face an especially complex transition pattern. Roman Szporluk, for example, enumerates three different transformations: the dissolution of the imperial structure and the resulting formation of independent states, the transition from a centralized to a market economic system, and the transition from authoritarianism to (at least ideally) a political democracy, with all three "combined or fused in the chaotic and extremely difficult process of formation and transformation of states and nations. " Thus the transition in the NIS is marked by simultaneous developments in the political, economic, social, religious, ideological, and cultural spheres, including the creation or re-creation of ethnic and other identities.
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Leonavičius, Vylius, and Eglė Ozolinčiūtė. "The Transformation of the Soviet Agriculture." Sociologija. Mintis ir veiksmas 44, no. 1 (December 20, 2019): 93–131. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/socmintvei.2019.1.10.
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The Soviet past is crucial in understanding the processes of transformation of the Lithuanian kolkhoz system into the farming practices of free-market economy. The violent and forced incorporation of the nation-states into the Soviet Union radically transformed societies. In our analysis of kolkhoz system and its transformations, we use two different concepts – Soviet modernity and modernity of the Soviet period. These concepts let us to approach the agricultural project of the Soviet collective farming as an alternative system of social institutions for implementation of industrial farming of modern society. The concept of entangled modernity refers to interaction of two trends of modernization and defines the kolkhoz as a hybrid or a result of intertwining of two models of modernity – the universal and the Soviet one. By applying the concept of entangled modernity and hybrids to the interpretation of the kolkhoz’s post-Soviet transformation, the article explores the experiences of social actors and the inevitable human and material losses of the hybrid’s transformation. In our theoretical interpretation, we use data from interviews with former agents of the kolkhoz system and legislative documents.