Journal articles on the topic 'Forced population transfers'
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1
Becker, Sascha O., Irena Grosfeld, Pauline Grosjean, Nico Voigtländer, and Ekaterina Zhuravskaya. "Forced Migration and Human Capital: Evidence from Post-WWII Population Transfers." American Economic Review 110, no. 5 (May 1, 2020): 1430–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.20181518.
Abstract:
We study the long-run effects of forced migration on investment in education. After World War II, millions of Poles were forcibly uprooted from the Kresy territories of eastern Poland and resettled (primarily) in the newly acquired Western Territories, from which the Germans were expelled. We combine historical censuses with newly collected survey data to show that, while there were no pre-WWII differences in educational attainment, Poles with a family history of forced migration are significantly more educated today than other Poles. These results are driven by a shift in preferences away from material possessions toward investment in human capital. (JEL I25, I26, J24, N34, R23)
2
Wolff, Stefan. "Can forced population transfers resolve self‐determination conflicts? a European perspective." Journal of Contemporary European Studies 12, no. 1 (April 2004): 11–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1460846042000207132.
3
MAIDANIK, ІRYNA. "Remmitances in Ukraine During the Full-Scale War." Demography and social economy, no. 3 (October 30, 2023): 18–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/dse2023.03.018.
Abstract:
The article is dedicated to the study of the issues related to private money transfers to Ukraine from abroad and in the reverse direction after the onset of a full-scale invasion. The relevance of the research is explained by the dramatic changes in migration behavior of the Ukrainian population as a result of the full-scale attack by the aggressor country and the significant increase in population outflow beyond the country’s borders. As a result, it is necessary to identify the changes in the volumes and patterns of private transfers since these financial flows have been a source of well-being for their recipients and have significantly stimulated the development of the national economy. The aim of the article is to investigate money transfers to Ukraine from abroad and in the reverse direction after the full-scale invasion by the aggressor country. Methods of analysis, synthesis, comparison, generalization, and selective observation were used. The novelty of the research lies in determining the significance of money transfers from Ukrainians during the full-scale war, identifying the resource potential of forced and voluntary migrants for conducting private transfers to Ukraine, and highlighting the theme of outbound financial flows from Ukraine. A full-scale war has led to a noticeable decrease in the overall volume of remittances to Ukraine. This has primarily occurred due to a reduction in the coverage area of data collection, as the aggressor occupied additional territories, and also due to possible changes in the remitters’ transfer behavior. Research has revealed a rapid decrease in the cost of conducting remittances to Ukraine following the onset of the full-scale invasion. Based on empirical data regarding the well-being of forced Ukrainian migrants abroad who left the country after the full-scale invasion, their potential for conducting private transfers to Ukraine is assessed as low. Migrants who left the country before the invasion have more opportunities for making transfers to Ukraine. The research has documented the widespread active use of funds accumulated in Ukraine abroad. This includes personal savings, pensions, and other types of payments, as well as infrequent remittances sent to forced migrants in their host countries.
4
Urushadze, Amiran. "The Caucasian War and Population Transfers in the Southern Outskirts of the Russian Empire." ISTORIYA 12, no. 10 (108) (2021): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840016336-8.
Abstract:
The article examines the history of transfers (displacements) of the population during the years of the Caucasian War. Transfers are analyzed in the context of the Russian Empire's policy of establishing military and political control in the region. The article is based on the materials of several federal and regional archives, as well as published historical evidence and research literature. The author concludes that the history of colonization of the North Caucasus, which is widely represented in historiography, needs revision. The history of Russian colonization is a narrative about the adaptation of the Cossacks and peasants to the new conditions of life and interaction with the local population. However, new settlers came to the territories previously occupied by the indigenous population forced to leave them. In this respect, it is the history of transfers that allows us to understand the motives of the imperial administration, the mechanisms of organization of relocations, and the resettlement reflection of the population. Another conclusion of the article is that during the course of the Caucasian War, population transfers became one of the standard mechanisms of the Russian administration, and the large-scale eviction of the Adygs in 1862—1864 was a continuation of this policy.
5
Kim, Alexander. "Ethnic Cleansing as a Distinct Crime under International Law: Assessing the Case of Forcible Transfer of Ethnic Koreans in the Former USSR(1937)." Korea International Law Review 63 (October 31, 2022): 193–236. http://dx.doi.org/10.25197/kilr.2022.63.193.
Abstract:
The forcible transfer of ethnic Koreans in 1937 marked the first precedent of the policy of wholesale eviction and displacement of populations as an instrument of ethnic cleansing in the USSR and became a pattern during and after World War II, when different ethnic minorities amounting to around 6 million people have been uprooted from their homes, with 1 to 1.5 million estimated to have perished as a result of forced internal displacement.
The present research considers the forced internal displacement of the ethnic Korean population in the USSR to be an act of ethnic cleansing, which is a mass atrocity crime and a blatant human rights violation. Inability to bring the perpetrators to justice for forced displacement of the entire civilian population of ethnic Koreans in the USSR, which has caused the physical extermination of several thousand people and the destruction of their socio-economic infrastructures and culture, will remain in history as the most serious form of impunity and the most flagrant violation of the fundamental right of victims to justice. The state cannot be held accountable for this wrongful act since the Soviet Union, as a subject of international and geopolitical reality, no longer exists and ethnic cleansing has not yet been recognized as an independent crime under international law.
International law sets out the human rights and each State and other authorities have a prime responsibility and duty to protect, promote and implement all these rights and fundamental freedoms, and it is essential to carry out protection activities at the national and international level. While the prohibition of forced displacement itself has been a well-established feature of international criminal law since the Nuremberg trials following the Second World War, ethnic cleansing has not yet been written and signed in any UN treaty, which means Member States do not have to protect those who have fallen victim, since ethnic cleansing is still not a criminal charge in international law. But in 2005, a UN World Summit included ethnic cleansing along with genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity as four things from which each individual State has a duty to protect their populations.
Despite the fact that forcible transfer and other practices involving the coerced, arbitrary or involuntary displacement of the civilian population from their homes, lands, and communities constitute a specific phenomenon, there is no single legal principle in international law that can be applied to all kinds of population transfers. In some circumstances, deportation or internal displacement as well as other forms of involuntary population transfers may amount to a crime against humanity, a crime of genocide or a war crime, depending on the factual elements of the case and the specific requirements of a certain crime.
This study accordingly reviews population transfers as the constitutive element of such crimes as genocide and crimes against humanity, and transposes this comparative analysis into the context of ethnic cleansing.
Every state has the responsibility to protect its population from four mass atrocity crimes: genocide, war crimes, crimes against humanity (that have not yet been codified in a separate treaty of international law), and ethnic cleansing (that has not been recognized as an independent crime under international law). The term ‘ethnic cleansing’ itself has been acknowledged in judgments and indictments of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, although it did not constitute one of the counts for prosecution. One aspect of the criticism of the terms ‘ethnic cleansing’ focuses primarily on the fact that many state governments use this term even when an incident can be classified as genocide in order not to use state resources or taking action against the perpetrating State.
6
Beer, Matthias. "Vertriebene und “Umsiedlerpolitik.” Integrationskonflikte in der deutschen Nachkriegsgesellschaft und die Assimilationsstrategien in der SBZ/DDR 1945-1961." Central European History 39, no. 1 (March 2006): 169–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938906370069.
Abstract:
Among forced population transfers in the twentieth century, the expulsion of the German population from East Central Europe at the end of World War II was remarkable. More than twelve million Germans were expelled from the eastern parts of the German Reich and some eastern European states. These refugees arrived in a defeated, occupied, destroyed, and divided country. Initially, the percentage of expelled persons in the Soviet Occupation Zone was much higher than in the western zones. With almost 4.5 million individuals, the expellees made up twenty-four percent of the total population in the Soviet Occupation Zone in 1949. By contrast, western Germany had eight million expellees, who comprised roughly sixteen percent of the total population.
7
Woodward, Susan L. "Genocide or Partition: Two Faces of the Same Coin?" Slavic Review 55, no. 4 (1996): 755–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2501235.
Abstract:
Robert Hayden is not alone in wondering why the expulsion of Serbs from Croatia in 1991 and 1995 was labeled a population transfer and even justified by the logic of nation-states, while the expulsion of Muslims by Serbs in 1992-96 from an area of Bosnia and Herzegovina that the Serbs claim for their state was labeled genocide and justified establishing an international war crimes tribunal. Hayden wants to protect the term genocide, and its legal standing internationally, for truly exceptional instances—to wit, the Holocaust, and nothing else until, God forbid, there should be another such instance. By contrast, he argues, population transfers, even on a massive scale and forced, are not pathological. "Ethnic cleansing" of territory in the former Yugoslavia, whether of Croatia or of Bosnia and Herzegovina, is unexceptional, a normal part of the history of the twentieth century. Although final solutions are not inevitable—Hayden criticizes Croatian President Tudjman for writings that seem to have justified the Serb expulsion as such—"ethnic cleansing" is a part of the history even of states that now sit in moral condemnation of the Balkan horrors and the Bosnian Serbs.
8
Hodzic, Sandra. "Government under pressure: investing in better outcomes through social impact bonds." Journal of Community Safety and Well-Being 3, no. 2 (October 17, 2018): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.35502/jcswb.75.
Abstract:
With shrinking resources and declining federal transfers, provincial governments across Canada are forced to provide increased levels of supports to vulnerable individuals with decreasing resources (Janssen & Estevez, 2013). Governments continue to face obstacles in meeting the needs of vulnerable populations such as children, single parents, and those who are homeless, to name a few. Manitoba, for instance, faces demographic challenges related to an influx of newcomers who are seeking refuge, resettlement, and housing supports, an aging baby boomer population that will need end-of-life supports, as well as a growing number of children in government care. Instead of funding programs based on their activities and outcomes, this paper presents outcomes-based financing, such as the social impact bond, that reward service providers who are able to demonstrate proof of outcomes and can show how the intervention improved the lives of the individuals it was meant to serve. Under a social impact bond, government engages non-traditional partners in the private and non-for-profit sectors, and the community as a whole becomes part of the solution to challenging social problems.
9
Kravchenko, I. S. "THE LABOR MARKET OF POLAND AND UKRAINE UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF THE NEW MIGRATION WAVE." THEORETICAL AND APPLIED ISSUES OF ECONOMICS, no. 45 (2022): 135–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/tppe.2022.45.13.
Abstract:
he new wave of migration caused by the full-scale war in Ukraine has caused massive forced displacement of the population, both within the country and outside its borders. The situation with large-scale external migration is becoming critical and, poses a threat to the national security of Ukraine due to the non-return of a part of migrants in the post-war period: demographic changes due to the rapid reduction of the population of Ukraine, threats to socio-economic development, aging of the population, excess of demand over supply of labor in the labor market, etc. In order to clarify the changes taking place in the labor markets of Poland and Ukraine under the influence of the new migration wave, the role and significance of Ukrainian labor migrants in Poland before the start of the war was analyzed: the volumes, causes, main growth trends and probable consequences of external labor migration were determined; an assessment of the impact of labor migration and transfers on the Ukrainian economy in the pre-war period was carried out. An analysis of the number of Ukrainian forced migrants to European countries, in particular, to Poland, after 02/24/2022 was carried out. The influence of the new wave of migration from Ukraine on the labor markets of Poland and Ukraine is studied. Difficulties and obstacles affecting the employment of Ukrainian migrants in recipient countries are analyzed. Consequences caused by mass labor migration for the economy of Poland and Ukraine are considered. It has been proven that the additional labor force from Ukraine contributes to the rejuvenation of the age structure of the population, supports the economy of Poland and contributes to economic growth. At the same time, it should be noted that for Ukraine, the growing volume of external migration leads to a loss of labor potential, a reduction in consumption within the country, the volume of production of goods and services and, accordingly, an even greater reduction in GDP. It was established that in the conditions of war, a new wave of migration creates a number of challenges for the state and requires the implementation of an effective social and economic policy.
10
Frątczak, Ewa Zofia. "The Demographic Crisis and Global Migration – Selected Issues." Papers on Global Change IGBP 23, no. 1 (January 1, 2016): 71–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/igbp-2016-0006.
Abstract:
Abstract Currently the world is undergoing a serious demographic shift, characterised by slowing population growth in developed countries. However, the population in certain less-developed regions of the world is still increasing. According to UN data, as of 2015, (World… 2015), 244 million people (or 3.3% of the global population) lived outside their country of birth. While most of these migrants travel abroad looking for better economic and social conditions, there are also those forced to move by political crises, revolutions and war. Such migration is being experienced currently in Europe, a continent which is thus going through both a demographic crisis related to the low fertility rate and population ageing, and a migration crisis. Global migrations link up inseparably with demographic transformation processes taking place globally and resulting in the changing tempo of population growth. Attracting and discouraging migration factors are changing at the same time, as is the scale and range of global migration, and with these also the global consequences. The focus of work addressed in this paper is on global population, the demographic transformation and the role of global migrations, as well as the range and scale of international migration, and selected aspects of global migrations including participation in the global labour market, the scale of monetary transfers (remittances) and the place of global migration in the UN 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (Transforming… 2015) and the Europe of two crises (Domeny 2016).
11
Kind-Kovács, Friederike. "Memories of ethnic cleansing and thelocalIron Curtain in the Czech–German borderlands." Nationalities Papers 42, no. 2 (March 2014): 199–222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00905992.2013.867931.
Abstract:
The Czech–German borderlands are an archetypal European border region. They evoke not only Cold War histories, but also shelter layers of European memories of the ethnic reshaping of early post-war Europe. By means of life story interviews with German speakers of the border region, this article analyzes the symbolic meaning of and the individual dealing with thelocalIron Curtain. It will shed light on the biographical and narrative interconnectedness of experiences of ethnic cleansing in the early post-war period and retrospective perceptions of the Iron Curtain in these borderlands. In particular, it inquires whether and to what extent thelocalIron Curtain intensified fractures caused by the region's post-and pre-war attempts to halt the multiethnic composition of the border communities. The article suggests that thelocalCzech–German Iron Curtain would have never endured as strongly if the border communities’ common identity had not already been severely damaged in the course of the region's traumatic history and forced population transfers.
12
Chinea, Jorge L. "Race, Colonial Exploitation and West Indian Immigration in Nineteenth-Century Puerto Rico, 1800-1850." Americas 52, no. 4 (April 1996): 495–519. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1008475.
Abstract:
“Unlike some Latin American mainland societies which still contain large numbers of indigenous peoples,” Jorge Duany observed, “Caribbean societies are immigrant societies almost from the moment of their conception.” Médéric-Louis-Élie Moreau de Saint- Méry likened the latter to “shapeless mixtures subject to diverse influences.” Their population, Dawn I. Marshall reminds us, “is to a large extent the result of immigration—from initial settlement, forced immigration during slavery, indentured immigration, to the present outward movement to metropolitan countries.” Throughout their history, David Lowenthal noted, limited resources and opportunities kept West Indian societies in a constant state of flux, impelling continuous transfers of people, technology, and institutions within the area. Despite the frequency and importance of these population movements, the bulk of scholarship on American migration history has traditionally concentrated on areas favored by European settlement. Moreover, the overwhelming quantity of research on immigration to the United States, Canada, Argentina, and Brazil has tended to overshadow the study of similar processes in other American regions. Due to its historical association with the arrival of involuntary settlers, migratory currents in the Caribbean have been too narrowly identified with bondage, penal labor and indentured workers. Nowhere is the imbalance more conspicuous than in the study of trans-Caribbean migratory streams during slavery. Discussions on pre-1838 population shifts have centered largely on inter-island slave trading and the exodus prompted by Franco-Haitian revolutionary activity in the Caribbean. The parallel legacy of motion hinted by Neville N.A.T. Hall's “maritime” maroons and Julius S. Scott's “masterless” migrants has attracted noticeably less attention.
13
Juhászová, Tereza. "The Troubled Pasts of Hungarian and German Minorities in Slovakia and Their Representation in Museums." Journal of Nationalism, Memory & Language Politics 12, no. 1 (July 30, 2018): 52–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jnmlp-2018-0002.
Abstract:
Abstract In the 20th century, the two world wars reshaped the map of Central Europe as well as the status of Central Europe’s diverse societies. In my article, I focus on the Hungarian and German minorities in Slovakia and the representation of their problematic historical past in contemporary Slovak museums. More specifically, I zoom in on the exhibition Exchanged Homes displayed in Bratislava, which aims to commemorate the fate of Hungarians, Germans, and Slovaks, all of whom were affected by the population transfers after World War II. Based on the concept of memorial museums theorized by Paul Williams, I aim to show how the different exhibitions engage with the traumatic past of forceful resettlement. By offering multifaceted memories of a troubled past, these exhibitions avoid categorizing “victims” and “perpetrators” along national or ethnic lines. My paper thus analyzes the concepts and components of the exhibitions—the context of the postwar events, oral history interviews, and objects of everyday use that should bring the visitor closer to the experience of the people who were forced to leave. I argue that exhibitions of this sort have the ability to challenge the dominant historical narrative focusing on a national “Slovak” history and help the process of reconciliation between the Slovak majority society, and the Hungarian and German minorities.
14
Rusu, S. "The Impact of COVID-19 on Citizens of the Moldova Working Abroad." World Economy and International Relations 66, no. 9 (2022): 130–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2022-66-9-130-138.
Abstract:
The COVID 19 pandemic and its consequences have changed the lives of migrants around the world. It affected all spheres of people’s life, from the health and education systems to the economy and politics. Migrants who were carrying out work abroad during the outbreak of the pandemic literally became hostages of the situation, many lost their jobs and were forced to return home. However, at home many of them became unexpected guests, so that they hope to be able to return back to where they came from as soon as the borders are opened, and resume their working days in order to continue to provide for their families. In the article, the author examines labour migration from the Republic of Moldova during the COVID 19 pandemic and analyses its impact on citizens who work abroad. It is noted that Moldova is a country where a third of the employable age population is working abroad. In 2019–2020, many migrants had to return to their homeland and adapt to new living conditions, including finding a job at home, with a relatively high unemployment rate in the country. It is emphasized that since the end of 2019, when the pandemic began, despite the “crisis” that has arisen, money transfers have not decreased, but, on the contrary, have broken the maximum record since 2008. In order to identify the impact of the pandemic on migrants, a survey was conducted among Moldovan citizens who work abroad, and they were asked to answer the following questions: where they work; what their education level is; on what grounds they live in the country where they work; how their employment has changed since the start of the pandemic; if they have tried to return to their homeland with the outbreak of the pandemic; if they received financial assistance, and from whom, during the pandemic; how their income has changed during the pandemic; if they made money transfers home during the pandemic, and in what quantity. To sun up, it can be said that, not only the COVID 19 pandemic, but also the poor economic situation in the country led to mass migration from the country and instability among its citizens abroad.
15
Ite, Uwem E. "Turning Brain Drain into Brain Gain: Personal Reflections on Using the Diaspora Option." African Issues 30, no. 1 (2002): 76–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1548450500006363.
Abstract:
Brain drain is a global phenomenon and has always been so. It is a problem confronting and threatening development in Africa and other developing world regions. A study by Carrington and Detragiache concluded that there is an overall tendency for migration rates to be higher for highly educated individuals. Brain drain can therefore be seen as one of the more detrimental implications of organizational decline and crisis. Skilled migration, taking the form of brain drain and movements of professionals and job transfers, has become an important component of contemporary migration.3 Typically, in a historical context highly skilled migration involved the forced movement of professionals as a result of political conflicts, followed by the emergence of the “brain drain” in the 1960s. In the current situation highly skilled migration represents an increasingly large component of global migration streams.Common wisdom suggests that the migration of people with a high level of human capital is detrimental for the country of emigration. In other words, the loss of skilled human resources will ultimately have a grave effect on the economy and jeopardize development programs of the country experiencing brain drain, as the brain drain is a negative externality on the population left in the source country. However, as Mountford has shown, when educational decisions are endogenous and if successful emigration is not a certainty, a brain drain may increase the productivity of a developing country. There is also sufficient evidence to show that the migration of talent from the South to the North does not always mean that developing countries lose out.
16
Musgrave, Stephanie, Elizabeth Lonsdorf, David Morgan, Madison Prestipino, Laura Bernstein-Kurtycz, Roger Mundry, and Crickette Sanz. "Teaching varies with task complexity in wild chimpanzees." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 2 (December 23, 2019): 969–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1907476116.
Abstract:
Cumulative culture is a transformative force in human evolution, but the social underpinnings of this capacity are debated. Identifying social influences on how chimpanzees acquire tool tasks of differing complexity may help illuminate the evolutionary origins of technology in our own lineage. Humans routinely transfer tools to novices to scaffold their skill development. While tool transfers occur in wild chimpanzees and fulfill criteria for teaching, it is unknown whether this form of helping varies between populations and across tasks. Applying standardized methods, we compared tool transfers during termite gathering by chimpanzees in the Goualougo Triangle, Republic of Congo, and in Gombe, Tanzania. At Goualougo, chimpanzees use multiple, different tool types sequentially, choose specific raw materials, and perform modifications that improve tool efficiency, which could make it challenging for novices to manufacture suitable tools. Termite gathering at Gombe involves a single tool type, fishing probes, which can be manufactured from various materials. Multiple measures indicated population differences in tool-transfer behavior. The rate of transfers and probability of transfer upon request were significantly higher at Goualougo, while resistance to transfers was significantly higher at Gombe. Active transfers of tools in which possessors moved to facilitate possession change upon request occurred only at Goualougo, where they were the most common transfer type. At Gombe, tool requests were typically refused. We suggest that these population differences in tool-transfer behavior may relate to task complexity and that active helping plays an enhanced role in the cultural transmission of complex technology in wild apes.
17
Michalski, Max, Tonya W. An, Melodie F. Metzger, Trevor Nelson, and Glenn B. Pfeffer. "Extensor Tendon Transfers for Treatment of Foot Drop in Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease: A Biomechanical Evaluation." Foot & Ankle Orthopaedics 5, no. 4 (October 1, 2020): 2473011420S0035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2473011420s00356.
Abstract:
Category: Midfoot/Forefoot; Ankle; Lesser Toes; Other Introduction/Purpose: Transfer of the Extensor hallucis longus (EHL) and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) tendons is an underutilized procedure for the treatment of drop foot in patients with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT). Transfer of these tendons should be considered for augmentation of ankle dorsiflexion in the CMT population, regardless of the presence of clawed toes. The preferred site for tendon transfer, however, remains unknown. We hypothesized that EHL/EDL transfers will improve ankle dorsiflexion compared to the intact state but will produce similar motion at either the metatarsal necks or cuneiforms. Methods: Eight fresh-frozen cadaveric specimens transected at the mid-tibia were mounted into a specialized jig with the ankle held in 20 degrees of plantarflexion. The EHL and EDL tendons were isolated and connected to linear actuators with suture. Diodes secured on the 1st metatarsal, 5th metatarsal and tibia provided optical data for tibiopedal position in 3-dimensions. After preloading, the tendons were tested at 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% of maximal physiologic force for the EHL and EDL muscles, individually and combined. Results: Transfers to metatarsal and cuneiform locations significantly improved ankle dorsiflexion compared to the intact state. No difference was observed between these transfer sites. Following transfer, only 25% of maximal force by combined EHL and EDL was required to achieve a neutral foot position. Conclusion: Transfer of the long toe extensors, into either the metatarsals or cuneiforms, significantly increases dorsiflexion of the ankle. Transfer should be considered for augmentation of dorsiflexion in the CMT population, regardless of the presence of clawed toes. This study supports tendon transfers into the cuneiforms, which involves less time, fewer steps and easier tendon balancing without compromising dorsiflexion power.
18
Woods, Laura C., Rebecca J. Gorrell, Frank Taylor, Tim Connallon, Terry Kwok, and Michael J. McDonald. "Horizontal gene transfer potentiates adaptation by reducing selective constraints on the spread of genetic variation." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 43 (October 14, 2020): 26868–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2005331117.
Abstract:
Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) confers the rapid acquisition of novel traits and is pervasive throughout microbial evolution. Despite the central role of HGT, the evolutionary forces that drive the dynamics of HGT alleles in evolving populations are poorly understood. Here, we show that HGT alters the evolutionary dynamics of genetic variation, so that deleterious genetic variants, including antibiotic resistance genes, can establish in populations without selection. We evolve antibiotic-sensitive populations of the human pathogen Helicobacter pylori in an environment without antibiotic but with HGT from an antibiotic-resistant isolate of H. pylori. We find that HGT increases the rate of adaptation, with most horizontally transferred genetic variants establishing at a low frequency in the population. When challenged with antibiotic, this low-level variation potentiates adaptation, with HGT populations flourishing in conditions where nonpotentiated populations go extinct. By extending previous models of evolution under HGT, we evaluated the conditions for the establishment and spread of HGT-acquired alleles into recipient populations. We then used our model to estimate parameters of HGT and selection from our experimental evolution data. Together, our findings show how HGT can act as an evolutionary force that facilitates the spread of nonselected genetic variation and expands the adaptive potential of microbial populations.
19
Mariana, Bil. "Forced migration under conditions of high social vulnerability of the population of Ukraine." Migration & Law 2, no. 5-6 (2022): 31–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.32752/2786-5185-2022-2-5-6-31-43.
Abstract:
The forced migration of the population of Ukraine in the context of high social vulnerability is researched in the article. The aim of the article is actualization of the problematics of the forced migration researches in the context of social vulnerability of the population; determination of the actual problems of regulating the forced migration of the population of Ukraine in today’s conditions and through the prism of planning the priorities of post-war recovery. The results of the research are theoretical generalizations about the essence of forced migration and it’s interrelation to the population social vulnerability. A retrospective analysis of the migration of the population of Ukraine confirmed that forced migration was characteristic of the second and third migration waves of the 20th century. Faced with forced migration in 2014, legal, organizational and other mechanisms for regulating these processes were formed in independent Ukraine. However, given the scale of forced displacements in 2022, they should be applied more comprehensively and effectively. The analysis of trends in forced migration since 2022 rejected the hypothesis about the high potential of the population re-emigration, that was widespread in the first half of the year of the Russian invasion. Significant migration losses in the conditions of a demographic catastrophe determine the urgent need to regulate forced migration. The analysis of the projects and measures of the Recovery Plan of Ukraine related to the regulation of forced migration and the reduction of the population social vulnerability confirmed their overly extensive and unsystematised list and the risks of high formalism during implementation, taking into account the low political culture in Ukraine. In this regard, the basic directions of state policy are proposed that are support for internally displaced persons, stimulation of re-emigration to Ukraine and effective use of migration capital by directing migrants’ remittances for investment purposes, transfer of acquired rights from social insurance upon return. Key words: forced migration; social vulnerability; internally displaced persons; refugees; potential of non-return; re-emigration; resilient economy and society
20
Portegies Zwart, S. "The origin of the two populations of blue stragglers in M30." Astronomy & Astrophysics 621 (January 2019): L10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201833485.
Abstract:
We analyze the position of the two populations of blue stragglers in the globular cluster M30 in the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram. Both populations of blue stragglers are brighter than the cluster’s turn-off, but one population, the blue blue-stragglers, aligns along the zero-age main sequence whereas the other, red population is elevated in brightness (or color) by ∼0.75 mag. Based on stellar evolution and merger simulations we argue that the red population, which composes about 40% of the blue stragglers in M 30, has formed at a constant rate of ∼2.8 blue stragglers per gigayear over the last ∼10 Gyr. The blue population on the other hand formed in a burst that started ∼3.2 Gyr ago at a peak rate of 30 blue stragglers per gigayear with an e-folding time scale of 0.93 Gyr. We speculate that the burst resulted from the core collapse of the cluster at an age of about 9.8 Gyr, whereas the constantly formed population is the result of mass transfer and mergers through binary evolution. In this scenario, about half the binaries in the cluster effectively result in a blue straggler.
21
Caruthers, Elena J., Julie A. Thompson, Ajit M. W. Chaudhari, Laura C. Schmitt, Thomas M. Best, Katherine R. Saul, and Robert A. Siston. "Muscle Forces and Their Contributions to Vertical and Horizontal Acceleration of the Center of Mass During Sit-to-Stand Transfer in Young, Healthy Adults." Journal of Applied Biomechanics 32, no. 5 (October 2016): 487–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jab.2015-0291.
Abstract:
Sit-to-stand transfer is a common task that is challenging for older adults and others with musculoskeletal impairments. Associated joint torques and muscle activations have been analyzed two-dimensionally, neglecting possible three-dimensional (3D) compensatory movements in those who struggle with sit-to-stand transfer. Furthermore, how muscles accelerate an individual up and off the chair remains unclear; such knowledge could inform rehabilitation strategies. We examined muscle forces, muscleinduced accelerations, and interlimb muscle force differences during sit-to-stand transfer in young, healthy adults. Dynamic simulations were created using a custom 3D musculoskeletal model; static optimization and induced acceleration analysis were used to determine muscle forces and their induced accelerations, respectively. The gluteus maximus generated the largest force (2009.07 ± 277.31 N) and was a main contributor to forward acceleration of the center of mass (COM) (0.62 ± 0.18 m/s2), while the quadriceps opposed it. The soleus was a main contributor to upward (2.56 ± 0.74 m/s2) and forward acceleration of the COM (0.62 ± 0.33 m/s2). Interlimb muscle force differences were observed, demonstrating lower limb symmetry cannot be assumed during this task, even in healthy adults. These findings establish a baseline from which deficits and compensatory strategies in relevant populations (eg, elderly, osteoarthritis) can be identified.
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Nazarova, A. G. "On Models of Funding the Lifecycle Deficit." Voprosy statistiki 27, no. 5 (October 26, 2020): 23–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.34023/2313-6383-2020-27-5-23-35.
Abstract:
The article elaborates on the macro-analysis as related to the aggregated National Transfer Accounts (NTA), the topic originated in the prior publications in Voprosy Statistiki journal (Issues 4 and 11 of 2019), and builds upon the research conducted by HSE National Research University in 2020 as part of Russia’s participation in the global National Transfer Accounts project. The author explored various models of funding the economic life cycle deficit (various support system), adopted by separate groups of economies, through the lens of population savings in these countries. The article was profoundly examined how “excessive” household consumption is supported by public transfers and the correlation between the scale of such transfers and the household sector’s appetite for savings. By taking this research angle, the author aimed to develop deeper understanding of the underlying forces that drive savings into investments within the household sector. The author summarized key parameters of aggregated NTA for Russia in 2017–2019 to produce early quantitative assessments of the deficit funding structure. A closer look into relations between the funding models and incomes saved by population allowed to make cross-country comparisons and map Russia in global environment. The article discussions will be useful to the readers with an interest in demographic studies and socio-economics.
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Bergmeister, Konstantin D., Martin Aman, Silvia Muceli, Ivan Vujaklija, Krisztina Manzano-Szalai, Ewald Unger, Ruth A. Byrne, et al. "Peripheral nerve transfers change target muscle structure and function." Science Advances 5, no. 1 (January 2019): eaau2956. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aau2956.
Abstract:
Selective nerve transfers surgically rewire motor neurons and are used in extremity reconstruction to restore muscle function or to facilitate intuitive prosthetic control. We investigated the neurophysiological effects of rewiring motor axons originating from spinal motor neuron pools into target muscles with lower innervation ratio in a rat model. Following reinnervation, the target muscle’s force regenerated almost completely, with the motor unit population increasing to 116% in functional and 172% in histological assessments with subsequently smaller muscle units. Muscle fiber type populations transformed into the donor nerve’s original muscles. We thus demonstrate that axons of alternative spinal origin can hyper-reinnervate target muscles without loss of muscle force regeneration, but with a donor-specific shift in muscle fiber type. These results explain the excellent clinical outcomes following nerve transfers in neuromuscular reconstruction. They indicate that reinnervated muscles can provide an accurate bioscreen to display neural information of lost body parts for high-fidelity prosthetic control.
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McDonald, Jared. "Stolen Childhoods: Cape San Child Captives and the Raising of Colonial Subjects in the Nineteenth-Century Cape Colony." Historia 68, no. 2 (January 4, 2024): 3–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2309-8392/2023/v68n2a1.
Abstract:
Histories of indigenous child captives in settler-colonies remain marginal amid broader inquiries into colonial-era genocides of indigenous peoples. Yet, child transfers played an integral role in the demise of indigenous populations in numerous settler-colonies. Forced child removals occurred alongside the physical annihilation of parent societies and was often an important part of the erosion and eradication of hunter-gatherer peoples and identities. This article aims to set out an analysis of the integral role played by child abductions and transfers in the genocide of the Cape San during the early nineteenth century, with a particular focus on civilian initiative. In the Cape Colony, civilians initiated the practice of capturing and transferring San children to their invasive settler society. San children were considered malleable and better disposed to forced assimilation as labourers. Apprenticeship legislation was eventually introduced in the Cape Colony to regulate indigenous child transfers and to ensure that its worst abuses were minimised, although these ideals were seldom realised. Apprenticeship legislation attempted to catch up with existing practice set in motion by civilians and in effect, colonial authorities played an enabling role by legally legitimising it. The analysis also explores the narrative justifications for San child abduction and transfer employed by European-descended settlers, and contrasts these with contemporary evangelical-humanitarian discourses. Settlers and missionaries adopted different means to incorporate San children into settler society, while agreeing that incorporation was the desired end. Discursively, settlers and missionaries managed to frame their actions as being in the best interests of San children.
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Mozaffari, Masoud, Annunziata D’Orazio, Arash Karimipour, Ali Abdollahi, and Mohammad Reza Safaei. "Lattice Boltzmann method to simulate convection heat transfer in a microchannel under heat flux." International Journal of Numerical Methods for Heat & Fluid Flow 30, no. 6 (May 27, 2019): 3371–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/hff-12-2018-0821.
Abstract:
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to improve the lattice Boltzmann method’s ability to simulate a microflow under constant heat flux. Design/methodology/approach Develop the thermal lattice Boltzmann method based on double population of hydrodynamic and thermal distribution functions. Findings The buoyancy forces, caused by gravity, can change the hydrodynamic properties of the flow. As a result, the gravity term was included in the Boltzmann equation as an external force, and the equations were rewritten under new conditions. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, the current study is the first attempt to investigate mixed-convection heat transfer in an inclined microchannel in a slip flow regime.
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Chung, Chang Foo, Ivana Chandra Voo, and Rosdiana Abdul Hamid. "The Investigation of Intergenerational Cash Transfer, Financial Status, Loneliness Status and Labour Force Participation of Elderly People in Malaysia Using Stata." 15TH GLOBAL CONFERENCE ON BUSINESS AND SOCIAL SCIENCES ON 14 - 15 SEPTEMBER 2023, NOVOTEL BANGKOK PLATINUM PRATUNAM, THAILAND 15, no. 1 (September 14, 2023): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.35609/gcbssproceeding.2023.1(11).
Abstract:
The increase in the number of elderly individuals and a decrease in the birth rate has caused significant worry about the availability of future labor force in Malaysia. Therefore, it is crucial to examine the participation of elderly individuals in the workforce. Based on the literature review, few gaps have been identified. According to Husain (2019), the modernization process will affect the traditional view of family and community support, leading to a decrease in financial support for older people as the filial piety custom fades away. Vaghefi et al. (2016) found that a significant number of elderly people have lower retirement income, and they are likely to use up their financial resources within three years of retirement. Abdullah's study (2019) shows that Malay and Indian elderly individuals are more financially vulnerable than Chinese elderly individuals. Loneliness is a common issue among the aging population, and approximately one out of four elderly individuals in developed nations experience loneliness (Guthmuller, 2022; Chawla et al., 2021). Loneliness has an indirect influence on the labor force participation of elderly individuals, as it is linked to poor health (Wang, 2022), which could limit their ability to work. There is a lack of research on the relationship between intergenerational cash transfers, financial status, loneliness status, and labor force participation of elderly individuals in Malaysia. Thus, further investigation is needed to examine the impact of intergenerational transfers, financial status, and loneliness status on the labor force participation of elderly individuals in Malaysia. Keywords: Elderly People, Intergenerational Cash Transfer, Financial Status, Labour Force Participation, Loneliness Status
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Bavera, Simone S., Tassos Fragos, Michael Zevin, Christopher P. L. Berry, Pablo Marchant, Jeff J. Andrews, Scott Coughlin, et al. "The impact of mass-transfer physics on the observable properties of field binary black hole populations." Astronomy & Astrophysics 647 (March 2021): A153. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202039804.
Abstract:
We study the impact of mass-transfer physics on the observable properties of binary black hole populations that formed through isolated binary evolution. We used the POSYDON framework to combine detailed MESA binary simulations with the COSMIC population synthesis tool to obtain an accurate estimate of merging binary black hole observables with a specific focus on the spins of the black holes. We investigate the impact of mass-accretion efficiency onto compact objects and common-envelope efficiency on the observed distributions of the effective inspiral spin parameter χeff, chirp mass Mchirp, and binary mass ratio q. We find that low common envelope efficiency translates to tighter orbits following the common envelope and therefore more tidally spun up second-born black holes. However, these systems have short merger timescales and are only marginally detectable by current gravitational-wave detectors as they form and merge at high redshifts (z ∼ 2), outside current detector horizons. Assuming Eddington-limited accretion efficiency and that the first-born black hole is formed with a negligible spin, we find that all non-zero χeff systems in the detectable population can come only from the common envelope channel as the stable mass-transfer channel cannot shrink the orbits enough for efficient tidal spin-up to take place. We find that the local rate density (z ≃ 0.01) for the common envelope channel is in the range of ∼17–113 Gpc−3 yr−1, considering a range of αCE ∈ [0.2, 5.0], while for the stable mass transfer channel the rate density is ∼25 Gpc−3 yr−1. The latter drops by two orders of magnitude if the mass accretion onto the black hole is not Eddington limited because conservative mass transfer does not shrink the orbit as efficiently as non-conservative mass transfer does. Finally, using GWTC-2 events, we constrained the lower bound of branching fraction from other formation channels in the detected population to be ∼0.2. Assuming all remaining events to be formed through either stable mass transfer or common envelope channels, we find moderate to strong evidence in favour of models with inefficient common envelopes.
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Fingleton, James, Kewu Huang, Mark Weatherall, Yanfei Guo, Stefan Ivanov, Piet Bruijnzeel, Hong Zhang, Wei Wang, Richard Beasley, and Chen Wang. "Phenotypes of symptomatic airways disease in China and New Zealand." European Respiratory Journal 50, no. 6 (December 2017): 1700957. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.00957-2017.
Abstract:
It is uncertain whether phenotypes of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) vary between populations with different genetic and environmental characteristics. Here, our objective was to compare the phenotypes of airways disease in two separate populations.This was a cross-sectional observational study in adult populations from New Zealand and China. Participants aged 40–75 years who reported wheeze and breathlessness in the last 12 months were randomly selected from the general population and underwent detailed characterisation. Complete data for cluster analysis were available for 345 participants. Hierarchical cluster analysis was undertaken, based on 12 variables: forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), FEV1/forced vital capacity ratio, bronchodilator reversibility, peak expiratory flow variability, transfer coefficient of the lung for carbon monoxide, exhaled nitric oxide fraction, total IgE, C-reactive protein, age of symptom onset, body mass index, health status and cigarette smoke exposure.Cluster analysis of the combined dataset described five phenotypes: “severe late-onset asthma/COPD overlap group”, “moderately severe early-onset asthma/COPD overlap group”, “moderate to severe asthma group with type 2 predominant disease”, and two groups with minimal airflow obstruction, differentiated by age of onset. Separate analyses by country showed similar patterns; however, a distinct obese/comorbid group was observed in the New Zealand population.Cluster analysis of adults with symptomatic airways disease suggests the presence of similar asthma/COPD overlap phenotypes within populations with different genetic and environmental characteristics, and an obese/comorbid phenotype in a Western population.
29
Bartoloni, N. "Genetic Information Transfer in Populations Under Selection." Journal of Biological Systems 05, no. 01 (March 1997): 35–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218339097000047.
Abstract:
It is important to understand the dynamics of biological information in a genetic population for it determines the dynamics of energy and, thus, of matter. In another work we have initiated the characterization of a genetic population transmitting information from one generation to the next. In this work the genetic information flow under selection is analyzed in a genetic population under random mating. A one-locus diallelic model has been utilized in the derivations. Based upon the Schmalhausen's model of information circulation and the Shannon's theory of information we have focused on the analysis of information flow in the stage of transformation under the input of selective forces. The measures of information are important parameters to take account of when the process of populational evolution is analyzed. Several expressions relating information measures with selection coefficients corresponding to each genotype have been obtained. They are conditional entropies and mutual information (information transfer). Finally, a numerical survey employing a great deal of fitness values has been performed.
30
Zhang, Fei, Yuntao Zhao, and Jian Shao. "Rolling Force Prediction in Heavy Plate Rolling Based on Uniform Differential Neural Network." Journal of Control Science and Engineering 2016 (2016): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/6473137.
Abstract:
Accurate prediction of the rolling force is critical to assuring the quality of the final product in steel manufacturing. Exit thickness of plate for each pass is calculated from roll gap, mill spring, and predicted roll force. Ideal pass scheduling is dependent on a precise prediction of the roll force in each pass. This paper will introduce a concept that allows obtaining the material model parameters directly from the rolling process on an industrial scale by the uniform differential neural network. On the basis of the characteristics that the uniform distribution can fully characterize the solution space and enhance the diversity of the population, uniformity research on differential evolution operator is made to get improved crossover with uniform distribution. When its original function is transferred with a transfer function, the uniform differential evolution algorithms can quickly solve complex optimization problems. Neural network structure and weights threshold are optimized by uniform differential evolution algorithm, and a uniform differential neural network is formed to improve rolling force prediction accuracy in process control system.
31
Tetelepta, Dio Boy, Arman Anwar, and Richard Marsilio Waas. "Pemindahan Penduduk Secara Paksa Dalam Konflik Bersenjata Di Filipina Dan Akibat Hukumnya Menurut Hukum Humaniter Internasional." TATOHI: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum 2, no. 10 (December 20, 2022): 987. http://dx.doi.org/10.47268/tatohi.v2i10.1438.
Abstract:
Introduction: Population transfer or displacement is the movement of a large group of people from one area to another, In armed conflict it is often a form of forced migration carried out by state policy or international authorities and most often on ethnic or religious grounds.Purposes of the Research: The purpose of this study is to determine and analyze the regulations prohibiting the forcible transfer of civilians in International Humanitarian Law. To know and analyze the legal impact of forcible transfer of civilians in International Humanitarian Law. Methods of the Research: The research method used in this research is normative juridical. This type of research is descriptive analytical. The sources and legal materials used are primary legal materials, secondary legal materials and tertiary legal materials. The technique of collecting legal materials through literature studies which are then processed and analyzed qualitatively.Results of the Research: The results show that the transfer of civilians in armed conflict to be used as hostages or for the purpose of winning the war at the expense of the civilian population as a living shield is a form of forced migration that is prohibited either by expulsion or other coercive actions from the area where they live without being given a reason permitted by international law. The word coercion here is not limited to physical coercion, but can include threats of violence or psychological pressure (8 paragraph (2) letters (a) and (b) of the Rome Statute and Geneva Convention IV on the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War). Forced population transfer or migration carried out by the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF) to make civilians as hostages and shields in the non-international armed conflict in the Philippines.
32
Maluta, Francesco, Alessandro Paglianti, and Giuseppina Montante. "A PBM-Based Procedure for the CFD Simulation of Gas–Liquid Mixing with Compact Inline Static Mixers in Pipelines." Processes 11, no. 1 (January 7, 2023): 198. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr11010198.
Abstract:
A compact static mixer for gas–liquid dispersion in pipelines is studied in this paper with a Reynolds averaged two fluid model approach. A procedure based on the lumped parameter solution of a population balance model is applied to obtain the bubble Sauter mean diameter needed to model the interphase forces. The gas distribution in the pipe is analyzed in two different operative conditions and the efficiency of the static mixer is assessed in terms of the gas homogeneity in the pipe section, with low coefficients of variations being obtained. A computational model to obtain the volumetric mass transfer coefficient, kLa, developed for partially segregated systems is applied finding kLa values comparable to those typically obtained with other static mixers. The proposed computational model allows us to locally analyze the oxygen transfer rate by observing the limitations due to gas accumulation behind the body of the static mixer, which leads to the local depletion of the driving force. Geometrical optimization of the static element is proposed, based on the analysis of gas–liquid fluid dynamics and of the interphase mass transfer phenomena.
33
EVANS, JONATHAN P., ANDREA PILASTRO, and INDAR W. RAMNARINE. "Sperm transfer through forced matings and its evolutionary implications in natural guppy (Poecilia reticulata ) populations." Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 78, no. 4 (April 1, 2003): 605–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.0024-4066.2002.00193.x.
34
Davenport, Miles P., Timothy Schlub, Jaime L. Sabel, John T. Harty, and Vladimir P. Badovinac. "Cell division predicts CD62L expression in vivo (83.6)." Journal of Immunology 182, no. 1_Supplement (April 1, 2009): 83.6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.182.supp.83.6.
Abstract:
Abstract Naïve CD8+ T cells express a predominantly CD62Lhigh phenotype, but CD62L expression is rapidly lost during the effector phase of the immune response and only slowly regained during the memory phase. We used adoptive transfer of TCR-transgenic T cells followed by Listeria infection to study the dynamics of cell division and differentiation in vivo. Adoptive transfer of larger quantities (400 000) of naïve TCR-transgenic T cells leads to diminished T cell growth following infection and a higher proportion of cells remaining CD62Lhigh than populations derived from adoptive transfer populations of smaller quantities (3200 naïve TCR-tg T cells). This suggests a process of 'division-linked differentiation', where a proportion of cells change phenotype (in this case CD62Lhigh => CD62Llow) upon division. A simple model of division-linked CD62L differentiation where 20% of CD62Lhigh cells differentiate to become CD62Llow on each division accurately predicts the phenotype of cells during acute infection. By contrast, expression of CD127 did not conform to this simple pattern of differentiation. These results suggests that CD62Lhigh and CD62Llow cells arise from the same precursors, and CD62Llow cells are formed from the CD62Lhigh population by a process of progressive, division-linked differentiation.
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Mas-Hesse, J. Miguel, and Miguel Cerviño. "Evolutionary population synthesis: the effect of binary systems." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 193 (1999): 550–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900206268.
Abstract:
We present in this contribution our set of multi-wavelength synthesis models including the evolution of single and binary stars. The main results we have obtained can be summarized as follows: (a) massive close-binary systems will start to experience mass transfer episodes after the first 4Myr of the starburst evolution; (b) as a result of these mass transfer processes, stars of relatively low initial mass can lose completely their envelope and become a Wolf-Rayet star. In this way, the formation of WR stars is extended over longer than 15 Myr, and does not stop at 6Myr as predicted by models including only single stars; (c) WR stars can thus be coeval with red supergiants, which peak at around 10 Myr for solar metallicities; (d) the accretion of mass will originate relatively massive stars at ages for which they should have already disappeared; these stars, together with the WR stars formed in rather evolved clusters, increase the production of ionizing photons, so that the Hβ equivalent width will not drop as rapidly as predicted by models considering only individual stars; and (e) the mass transfer to compact companions will produce an additional source of high-energy radiation in the form of high-mass X-ray binaries, not predicted either by standard synthesis models.
36
Ivanov V. A. "Low pressure DBD in He-Ne mixture. Spectroscopy of the Afterglow." Optics and Spectroscopy 130, no. 7 (2022): 799. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/eos.2022.07.54719.3076-21.
Abstract:
The paper considers the possibility of using a low-pressure dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) as a plasma source for the active medium of a He-Ne-laser. The results of a spectroscopic study of the decay stage of a DBD plasma of a cylindrical configuration with a pronounced inverse population of the upper level of the 2p55s configuration, which makes the line of 632.8 nm one of the brightest in the visible region of the spectrum, are presented. Based on the analysis of data on the populations of the excited levels of the neon atom and the metastable levels of helium 21S0 and 23S1, it is shown that in the early stage of the DBD afterglow at helium pressures of a fraction of a Torr, the distribution of populations over the 2p55s and 2p54d levels of the neon atom, which is characteristic of the excitation transfer mechanism, is realized. In the late afterglow with the departure of helium atoms He21S0, emission in the visible region of the spectrum is formed mainly by transitions from levels of the 2p53p, configuration, the population of which is associated with He(23S1) atoms. At this stage, the population of the 2p55s and 2p54d states by electron-ion recombination processes is ineffective and does not lead to the formation of population inversion. As an optimal solution in terms of the 632.8 nm line brightness in the afterglow, it is proposed to use a discharge with electrodes along the outer surface of a cylindrical discharge tube, initiated at frequencies that exclude the recombination stage of the afterglow. Keywords: elementary processes, barrier discharge, inverse population, afterglow, helium-neon plasma, excitation transfer
37
Zhang, Youyuan, Erik Lotstedt, and Kaoru Yamanouchi. "Population inversion in laser-driven N2+." EPJ Web of Conferences 205 (2019): 07010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201920507010.
Abstract:
The time-dependent population transfer process of N2+ generated in an intense laser pulse has been investigated using the quasi-stationary Floquet theory by assuming that N2+ experiences an intense laser pulse with the sudden turn-on. A light-dressed B state is formed with a significant amount of population when pulse is suddenly turned on and is adiabatically transformed to the vibrational ground state (v = 0) of the field-free B state when the pulse vanishes. In addition, a part of the population is transferred to the electronically excited A state through one-photon resonance, which also contributes to decreasing the final population in the X state, facilitating the population inversion between the B state and the X state.
38
Braga de Almeida-Gabriel, Flávio, Márcio Luiz Ribeiro, João Felipe Ferreira da Luz, and Carlos Augusto Lira Vaz da Costa. "Income Inequality of the Brazilian Amazon Population." Revista Brasileira de Estudos Regionais e Urbanos 16, no. 1 (February 17, 2023): 113–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.54766/rberu.v16i1.824.
Abstract:
The main objective of this study is to evaluate the behavior of income distribution in the Amazonian States of Brazil from 2004 to 2015. As complementary objectives, we sought to determine the immediate causes of any differences of Household Income Per Capita (HIPC) distribution in the Legal Amazon, based on the static decomposition of the Gini Index, and to analyze the dynamic decomposition of the Gini Index considering HIPC portions. This methodology used microdata from the National Household Sample Survey (PNAD) for the analyzed period. As a result, the Gini index of the Legal Amazon HIPC performed differently from that of Brazil (without Legal Amazon). The HIPC portion formed by the income of military and civil servants from the Legal Amazon stood out for having the highest degree of negative progressivity when compared to the rest of the country, whereas “government transfers” had the highest degree of positive progressivity, being responsible for 36.7 of the Gini Index variation from 2004 to 2015.
39
Oberst, Sebastian, Johanna Baetz, Graeme Campbell, Frank Lampe, Joseph C. S. Lai, Norbert Hoffmann, and Michael Morlock. "Vibro-acoustic and nonlinear analysis of cadavric femoral bone impaction in cavity preparations." MATEC Web of Conferences 148 (2018): 14007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201814814007.
Abstract:
Owing to an ageing population, the impact of unhealthy lifestyle, or simply congenital or gender specific issues (dysplasia), degenerative bone and joint disease (osteoarthritis) at the hip pose an increasing problem in many countries. Osteoarthritis is painful and causes mobility restrictions; amelioration is often only achieved by replacing the complete hip joint in a total hip arthroplasty (THA). Despite significant orthopaedic progress related to THA, the success of the surgical process relies heavily on the judgement, experience, skills and techniques used of the surgeon. One common way of implanting the stem into the femur is press fitting uncemented stem designs into a prepared cavity. By using a range of compaction broaches, which are impacted into the femur, the cavity for the implant is formed. However, the surgeon decides whether to change the size of the broach, how hard and fast it is impacted or when to stop the excavation process, merely based on acoustic, haptic or visual cues which are subjective. It is known that non-ideal cavity preparations increase the risk of peri-prosthetic fractures especially in elderly people. This study reports on a simulated hip replacement surgery on a cadaver and the analysis of impaction forces and the microphone signals during compaction. The recorded transient signals of impaction forces and acoustic pressures (≈ 80 μs - 2 ms) are statistically analysed for their trend, which shows increasing heteroscedasticity in the force-pressure relationship between broach sizes. Tikhonov regularisation, as inverse deconvolution technique, is applied to calculate the acoustic transfer functions from the acoustic responses and their mechanical impacts. The extracted spectra highlight that system characteristics altered during the cavity preparation process: in the high-frequency range the number of resonances increased with impacts and broach size. By applying nonlinear time series analysis the system dynamics increase in complexity and demand for a larger minimum embedding dimension. The growing number of resonances with similar level of the transfer function indicates a higher propensity to dissipate energy over sound; the change in embedding dimension indicates a decrease in linearity. The spectral changes as well as the altered dimension requirements indicate either an improved coupling between the bone and the broach or the onset of micro-fractures caused by growing stress levels within the bone.
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Jäntti, Markus, and Sheldon Danziger. "Child Poverty in Sweden and the United States: The Effect of Social Transfers and Parental Labor Force Participation." ILR Review 48, no. 1 (October 1994): 48–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001979399404800104.
Abstract:
The authors compare the incidence and some of the causes of child poverty in Sweden and the United States in selected years using data from the Luxembourg Income Study. The U.S. sample is restricted to white non-hispanic children to present the most favorable comparison with Sweden's more homogeneous population. When parents' labor force participation and demographic characteristics are taken into account, the proportion of children in families whose income prior to social transfers and taxes was below the poverty line (defined as 40% of median disposable income adjusted for family size) is very similar in the two countries. Because all poor children in Sweden received transfers and many in the United States did not, however, and because transfers were more generous in Sweden, a much lower percentage of children in Sweden than in the United States were poor after social transfers and taxes, regardless of parents' work effort or other characteristics.
41
Jadranin, Zeljko, Gordana Dedic, Freda Vaughan, Michael Grillo, and Vesna Suljagic. "The impact of an educational film on promoting knowledge and attitudes toward HIV in soldiers of the Serbian armed forces." Vojnosanitetski pregled 72, no. 7 (2015): 569–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/vsp140226042j.
Abstract:
Background/Aim. Millions of soldiers around the world represent one of the most vulnerable populations regarding exposure to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. The programs for HIV prevention remain the most viable approach to reducing the spread of HIV infection. Very few studies have tested the effectiveness of HIV preventive interventions undertaken in military population. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of educational film to transfer knowledge about HIV infection to soldiers. Methods. We performed a quasi-experimental study among 102 soldiers of the Serbian Armed Forces. The experimental intervention consisted of the HIV knowledge pre-questionnaire, watching a film on HIV knowledge, then the post-HIV knowledge questionnaire. The results of pre-and post-HIV knowledge questionnaires were compared. Results. There were 23 questions in the test. The average total score on the questionnaire before watching the film was 18.23 and after watching it was 20.14, which was statistically significant difference (p < 0.001). Conclusions. The results of the study show that viewing a film on HIV infection is an effective method of transferring knowledge about HIV to the Serbian military population.
42
SAITO, OSAMU. "Land, labour and market forces in Tokugawa Japan." Continuity and Change 24, no. 1 (April 20, 2009): 169–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0268416009007061.
Abstract:
ABSTRACTThis article examines the markets for land and labour in traditional Japan, where peasant families accounted for 80 per cent of the population; it focuses on the extent of these markets and how they operated. The survey of evidence, both literary and statistical, indicates that, while the size of the factor markets was small and limited, lease arrangements for farmland and the markets for seasonal labour and the rural–urban transfer of manpower functioned rather well. It is therefore suggested that market forces must have played an indispensable part in the process of Tokugawa Japan's proto-industrialization and Smithian growth.
43
Verbanck, Sylvia, Alain Van Muylem, Daniel Schuermans, Ivan Bautmans, Bruce Thompson, and Walter Vincken. "Transfer factor, lung volumes, resistance and ventilation distribution in healthy adults." European Respiratory Journal 47, no. 1 (November 19, 2015): 166–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.00695-2015.
Abstract:
Monitoring of chronic lung disease requires reference values of lung function indices, including putative markers of small airway function, spanning a wide age range.We measured spirometry, transfer factor of the lung for carbon monoxide (TLCO), static lung volume, resistance and ventilation distribution in a healthy population, studying at least 20 subjects per sex and per decade between the ages of 20 and 80 years.With respect to the Global Lung Function Initiative reference data, our subjects had average z-scores for forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC) and FEV1/FVC of −0.12, 0.04 and −0.32, respectively. Reference equations were obtained which could account for a potential dependence of index variability on age and height. This was done for (but not limited to) indices that are pertinent to asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease studies: forced expired volume in 6 s, forced expiratory flow, TLCO, specific airway conductance, residual volume (RV)/total lung capacity (TLC), and ventilation heterogeneity in acinar and conductive lung zones.Deterioration in acinar ventilation heterogeneity and lung clearance index with age were more marked beyond 60 years, and conductive ventilation heterogeneity showed the greatest increase in variability with age. The most clinically relevant deviation from published reference values concerned RV/TLC values, which were considerably smaller than American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society-endorsed reference values.
44
Foo Chung, Chang, Ivana Chandra Voo, and Rosdiana Abdul Hamid. "The Comparison between Elderly Men and Elderly Women in the Relationship of Demographic, Intergenerational Cash Transfer, Loneliness Status and Labour Force Participation in Malaysia." 15TH GLOBAL CONFERENCE ON BUSINESS AND SOCIAL SCIENCES ON 14 - 15 SEPTEMBER 2023, NOVOTEL BANGKOK PLATINUM PRATUNAM, THAILAND 15, no. 1 (September 14, 2023): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.35609/gcbssproceeding.2023.1(12).
Abstract:
As the time goes by, the world is ageing. Ageing process will take its course naturally and no one can obstruct the process. Most of the developing countries including Malaysia begins to experience the rising proportion of elderly in the population (Ismail et al., 2021). As of 2021, Malaysia is ranked 4th in terms of the ageing population size among the ASEAN members with 7.4 percent of the population aged 65 years old and above. This shows that Malaysia's ageing population is still relatively younger than Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam but it is still a great concern as the growth rate of Malaysia's ageing population is rising rapidly. Malaysia is going to hit 'aged nation' within 10 years which is faster than any developed economies (Ismail et al., 2015), where 15 percent of the population will attain age of 60 and above by 2030 (Aziz et al., 2022). In order to create an active and healthy aging community in Malaysia, elderly people must stay socially and economically active. Thus, promotion of the labour force participation of elderly people is significantly important. Despite the growing elderly population in Malaysia, there is still a lack of comprehensive research on their labor force participation. This has resulted in a number of unanswered questions regarding their demographic, financial support, and overall well-being, highlighting the need for further exploration in this area (Devasahayam et al., 2018). Hence, this paper demonstrate the study of the relationship of demographic, intergenerational cash transfer, loneliness status, and labour force participation of elderly men and elderly women in Malaysia. Keywords: Elderly, Intergenerational Cash Transfer, Demographic, Labour Force Participation, Loneliness Status
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Deng, Bangyao. "Pension’s Impact to the Subjective Well-being of Retirees." Journal of Education, Humanities and Social Sciences 24 (December 31, 2023): 366–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/3fa95k40.
Abstract:
The aging population is a growing concern of many countries worldwide. The change in population structure has forced governments of these countries to actively deal with this problem. Many countries’ governments are taking measures to the aging population problem, and the pension system is one important way to ensure old people’s welfare by transfer payment from other parties of the society. This paper aims to conclude and discuss the mechanism about how pension affects the subjective well-being of retirees. It is important to fully understand the implications behind pension’s impact for policy makers to make wise decisions. Researchers found that pension mainly contributes to financial security and health situation, which are two important factors affecting subjective well-being of retirees. Financial security is enhanced by increased income, so that retirees can transfer payment to other family member and increase their own consume costs. The positive impact of pension to health situation are only significant for poor population.
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Gallegos-Garcia, Monica, Maya Fishbach, Vicky Kalogera, Christopher P. L Berry, and Zoheyr Doctor. "Do High-spin High-mass X-Ray Binaries Contribute to the Population of Merging Binary Black Holes?" Astrophysical Journal Letters 938, no. 2 (October 1, 2022): L19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ac96ef.
Abstract:
Abstract Gravitational-wave observations of binary black hole (BBH) systems point to black hole spin magnitudes being relatively low. These measurements appear in tension with high spin measurements for high-mass X-ray binaries (HMXBs). We use grids of MESA simulations combined with the rapid population-synthesis code COSMIC to examine the origin of these two binary populations. It has been suggested that Case-A mass transfer while both stars are on the main sequence can form high-spin BHs in HMXBs. Assuming this formation channel, we show that depending on the critical mass ratios for the stability of mass transfer, 48%–100% of these Case-A HMXBs merge during the common-envelope phase and up to 42% result in binaries too wide to merge within a Hubble time. Both MESA and COSMIC show that high-spin HMXBs formed through Case-A mass transfer can only form merging BBHs within a small parameter space where mass transfer can lead to enough orbital shrinkage to merge within a Hubble time. We find that only up to 11% of these Case-A HMXBs result in BBH mergers, and at most 20% of BBH mergers came from Case-A HMXBs. Therefore, it is not surprising that these two spin distributions are observed to be different.
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Silviana, Ana, and Ariza Fuadi. "Legal Policy on the Use of Heir Certificates (SKAW) for Registration of Land Rights Transfers in Indonesia." LAW REFORM 19, no. 2 (December 29, 2023): 294–320. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/lr.v19i2.52626.
Abstract:
One of the requirements for the process of changing names in the transfer of land rights due to inheritance is to be proven by a Certificate of Heirship (SKAW). As a result of the pluralism of the civil law system in Indonesia, land policy in processing land registration due to inheritance requires the SKAW to be made by three institutions; the SKAW made by the Village Head/ Lurah and Authentic Deed by Notary, and the SKAW from the Inheritance Property Center for each population group is different. The enactment of the Population Law has eliminated racial discrimination in population classifications, leaving only Indonesian citizens and foreigners. This article aims to understand land law policies related to the making of SKAW after the Population Law and its legal force. The approach used to analyze the problem was a doctrinal approach using secondary data through legal materials. The results of the analysis show that the Indonesia's land law policy in implementing land registration due to inheritance after the Population Law no longer requires the creation of the SKAW according to population classification. It has an impact on the legal force of each SKAW legal product made by three officials, which is a binding legal product as a condition for registering land rights due to inheritance and can be used as evidence in court trials.
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Levi Setti, P. E., F. Cirillo, E. Morenghi, V. Immediata, V. Caccavari, A. Baggiani, E. Albani, and P. Patrizio. "One step further: randomised single-centre trial comparing the direct and afterload techniques of embryo transfer." Human Reproduction 36, no. 9 (July 29, 2021): 2484–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/humrep/deab178.
Abstract:
Abstract STUDY QUESTION What are the differences in ease of use between two different embryo transfer (ET) techniques: the preload direct approach and the afterload approach. SUMMARY ANSWER The afterload technique seems to reduce the rate of difficult ETs. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Numerous published trials now document that the ET procedure has an impact on pregnancy and delivery rates after IVF. Difficult transfers should be avoided, as they reduce implantation and pregnancy rates. Preload direct ETs with soft catheters under ultrasound guidance is currently considered the best procedure. However, when using soft catheters, it is not known which technique is preferable or which one should be implemented to reduce the operator factor. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION This prospective randomised unblinded controlled clinical trial, included 352 ultrasound-guided ETs assigned to either direct ET or afterload ET, between September 2017 and March 2019. The sample size was calculated based on the historical rate of difficult ETs encountered between 2014 and 2015 with a direct ET procedure. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS The inclusion criteria were women 18–38 years old, with BMI between 18 and 28, receiving a single-thawed blastocyst transfer. The exclusion criteria were use of testicular sperm and preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) cycles. The primary outcome was the rate of difficult or suboptimal transfers defined as: advancement of the outer sheath (specific for the direct transfer), multiple attempts, use of force, required manipulation, use of a stylet or tenaculum, dilatation, or use of a different catheter. The secondary outcome was clinical pregnancy rate. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE A total of 352 frozen ETs were randomised, with 176 patients in each group. The two arms were homogeneous for female and male age, female BMI, duration of infertility, secondary infertility, previous deliveries or miscarriages, myomas, previous surgery to the uterine cavity, cycle day at ovulation trigger, freeze all cycles, first transfers, indication for treatment, endometrial preparation protocol and duration, endometrial thickness, and blastocyst grade at vitrification. Across the entire population, 85 (24.1%) ETs were defined as difficult. The rate of difficult transfers was significantly higher in the direct ET group than in the afterload group: 68 (38.6%) versus 17 (9.7%), respectively (OR 0.17, 95% CI 0.09–0.30, P < 0.001). The mean percentage in the rate of difficult transfers per operator was 22.5% (SD ± 14.5%), of which 36.1% (SD ± 23.4%) were in the direct group compared with 8.6% (± 8.2%) in the afterload group (P < 0.001). The difficult transfer rate among operators varied from 0 to 43.8% (0–77.8% in the direct group and 0 to 25.0% in the afterload group). The clinical pregnancy rates (42.0% vs 48.3%, P = 0.239 in the direct and afterload groups, respectively) were not significantly different between the groups. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION There were 18 experienced operators who participated in the trial. Conclusions about the pregnancy rate should not be generalised, since the sample analysis was not performed on this outcome and, although clinically relevant, the difference was not significantly different. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS The rate of difficult transfers was significantly higher in the direct ET group compared with the afterload ET group, although a wide variation was observed among operators. Further studies regarding the association between transfer technique and ART outcomes are required. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) No specific funding was sought and there are no competing interests. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT03161119. TRIAL REGISTRATION DATE 5 April 2017. DATE OF FIRST PATIENT'S ENROLMENT 26 September 2017.
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Kustikova, Olga S., Anke Wahlers, Klaus Kühlcke, Birgit Stähle, Axel R. Zander, Christopher Baum, and Boris Fehse. "Dose finding with retroviral vectors: correlation of retroviral vector copy numbers in single cells with gene transfer efficiency in a cell population." Blood 102, no. 12 (December 1, 2003): 3934–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2003-05-1424.
Abstract:
Abstract Retroviral vectors are commonly used in clinical gene therapy, but recent observations of insertional oncogene activation in preclinical and clinical settings have forced a discussion of their safety. Here we investigated the relationship between retroviral transduction efficiency in mass cultures and the actual number of integrated vector copies in single cells using K562 leukemia and primary CD34+ cells. We found an exponential increase of integration numbers correlated to gene transfer rates and a linear increase of expression levels with insertion frequency. On average we detected one vector insertion per transduced cell for a gene transfer of less than 30%, 3 for 60%, and approximately 9 for 90% (in K562). Clonal analysis revealed strikingly increased variations of both transgene copy numbers (more than 20-fold in primary cells) and expression levels associated with higher transduction. Therefore, limiting retroviral gene transfer to approximately 30% may be suggested to avoid generating clones containing multiple insertions.
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Gurven, Michael D., Raziel J. Davison, and Thomas S. Kraft. "The optimal timing of teaching and learning across the life course." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 375, no. 1803 (June 2020): 20190500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0500.
Abstract:
The evolutionary biologist W. D. Hamilton (Hamilton 1966 J. Theor. Biol. 12 , 12–45. ( doi:10.1016/0022-5193(66)90184-6 )) famously showed that the force of natural selection declines with age, and reaches zero by the age of reproductive cessation. However, in social species, the transfer of fitness-enhancing resources by postreproductive adults increases the value of survival to late ages. While most research has focused on intergenerational food transfers in social animals, here we consider the potential fitness benefits of information transfer, and investigate the ecological contexts where pedagogy is likely to occur. Although the evolution of teaching is an important topic in behavioural biology and in studies of human cultural evolution, few formal models of teaching exist. Here, we present a modelling framework for predicting the timing of both information transfer and learning across the life course, and find that under a broad range of conditions, optimal patterns of information transfer in a skills-intensive ecology often involve postreproductive aged teachers. We explore several implications among human subsistence populations, evaluating the cost of hunting pedagogy and the relationship between activity skill complexity and the timing of pedagogy for several subsistence activities. Long lifespan and extended juvenility that characterize the human life history likely evolved in the context of a skills-intensive ecological niche with multi-stage pedagogy and multigenerational cooperation. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Life history and learning: how childhood, caregiving and old age shape cognition and culture in humans and other animals’.