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1
Currah, Paisley, and Grace Chang. "Forced Labor." Women's Review of Books 18, no. 1 (October 2000): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4023516.
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Kolesnik, E. А. "Employment Strategies for Refugees and Forced Migrants: A Regional Aspect." Administrative Consulting, no. 5 (June 13, 2023): 40–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/1726-1139-2023-5-40-62.
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The movement of people from one place to another can be caused by a variety of factors, including conflicts in the military, political or socio-economic sphere, natural disasters and other situations that force people to seek safety in other countries. As a result, there is a change not only of the country of residence, but also of lifestyle, social status, place and type of employment. The situation, which is quite difficult for migrants, forces them to change and build employment strategies in proportion to the possibilities of labor realization in the country (region) of residence — labor market conditions, established labor regimes, peculiarities of remuneration and labor incentives, etc. The purpose of the article is to conduct an empirical study of the employment strategy of refugees and forced migrants. The object is refugees and forced migrants from Ukraine who arrived on the territory of the Tyumen region. The relevance of the topic is due to the fact that forced migration is a global problem, and the possibility of “embedding” migrants, especially forced ones, has a decisive impact on the economic aspects of the country and the development of its regions. The significance of this study is particularly high and on the basis of the fact that there is a shortage of qualified specialists in various industries in the Tyumen region and the labor market is characterized as labor deficient.The consideration of the problem is based on the use of various methods of scientific analysis, the main of which are survey and statistical methods, methods of generalization, systematization and grouping; official data of international organizations dealing with the problem under consideration, official statistics of the Russian Federation and Tyumenstat, official data of the Federal Migration Service of Russia and the Migration Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia are reflected in the work in the Tyumen region. The results consist, firstly, in the study of common problems faced by refugees and forced migrants in the labor market of the Tyumen region, secondly, in the study of the features of labor integration of migrants from Ukraine, thirdly, in the consideration of employment strategies for refugees and forced migrants for their successful integration into the regional labor society.
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邱慧洳, 邱慧洳. "護理勞動權益：雇主違反勞工法令與勞工被迫辭職." 月旦醫事法報告 61, no. 61 (November 2021): 115–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.53106/241553062021110061009.
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Leppel, Karen. "Labor force plans and labor force status." Demographic Research 12 (April 22, 2005): 173–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4054/demres.2005.12.8.
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Safonov, A. L., and S. O. Peskov. "FORMATION OF SOURCES OF LABOR FORCE RESERVE IN RUSSIA FROM AMONG CONVICTED PERSONS." Social & labor researches 51, no. 2 (2023): 38–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.34022/2658-3712-2023-51-2-38-49.
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The purpose of the study is to determine the real size of the reserve of potential labor force that can be involved in the country's economy from among convicted; to consider the socio–demographic composition of convicts, periods of punishment in order to analyze motivation to work and to form stable labor relations during the period of serving a sentence and during social adaptation; to identify the existing economic, legislative and organizational restrictions for the widespread use of forced labor, as well as incentives for the involvement of convicted persons in socially useful work. The task is to determine the conditions for more effective use of the potential reserve labor force among convicted persons to partially compensate for the reduction of the labor force in the economy of the Russian Federation under the influence of demographic and migration factors. In the course of the study, systematic and comparative approaches, structural analysis, and methods of statistical information processing were used. The analysis of scientific literature, statistical data of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia (FSIN), the Judicial Department of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, State Statistics (Rosstat), and materials of the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation was carried out. One of the practical results of the study is the new approaches developed by the authors in the organization of the use of the labor of convicted persons in the framework of forced labor aimed at creating conditions for prolonged employment and a continuous system of social adaptation of convicts after serving sentences. Conclusions are drawn about the presence of barriers in the current system of organization of forced labor to increase the number of convicted persons who can be effectively involved in socially useful labor.
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Rasulov, Jurabek. ""THE CONCEPT OF ""FORCED LABOR"": ANALYSIS OF NATIONAL LEGISLATION AND INTERNATIONAL LEGAL STANDARDS"." Tsul legal report 2, no. 1 (July 16, 2021): 146–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.51788/tsul.lr.1.1./idip7151.
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This article analyzes the norms of international law and national legislation regarding to the legal nature of “forced labor”. The article reveals the features of transformation into national legislation norm of the International Labor Organization on the issue of forced labor.
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Hartnett, Allison Spencer. "The Effect of Refugee Integration on Migrant Labor in Jordan." Review of Middle East Studies 52, no. 2 (November 2018): 263–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rms.2018.91.
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AbstractBefore the Syrian civil war, Egyptians were the single largest migrant labor community in Jordan. Labor market pressures and changes to the Jordanian work permit system have resulted in the increasing vulnerability of Egyptian labor, who have been the primary labor force on Jordanian farms and construction sites since the late 1970s. Using new data from the 2015 Jordanian census, the 2010 and 2016 Jordan Labor Market Panel Survey, and field interviews conducted in Jordan from 2014 to 2018, I show that higher concentrations of Syrians at the subdistrict level are associated with higher rates of informal labor market participation for Egyptians. Furthermore, higher proportions of Syrians do not correlate with negative impacts on the formality or household wealth of Jordanian citizens, suggesting that Syrian labor does not directly compete with the Jordanian labor force. Given the importance of supporting host communities during refugee crises, this analysis sheds light on how mass forced migration affects other vulnerable segments of the migrant labor force in the Global South.
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Kim, Min Chul. "Criticism of Forced Mobilization and Forced Labor Denialism." Critical Studies on Modern Korean History 44 (October 31, 2020): 411–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.36432/csmkh.44.202010.11.
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Bjarnesen, Jesper. "Between Labor Migration and Forced Displacement." Conflict and Society 2, no. 1 (June 1, 2016): 52–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/arcs.2016.020107.
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The significant number of involuntary returns of labor migrants to Burkina Faso is a relatively neglected aspect of the armed conflict in Côte d’Ivoire. Between 500,000 and 1 million Burkinabe migrants were forced to leave Côte d’Ivoire between 2000 and 2007, placing tremendous pressure on local communities in Burkina Faso to receive and integrate these mass arrivals, and causing those returning labor migrants an acute sense of displacement. Th is article analyzes the experiences of displacement and resettlement in the context of the Ivorian crisis and explores the dialectics of displacement and emplacement in the lives of involuntary labor migrant returnees; their young adult children; and Burkinabe recruits returning aft er their service in the Forces Nouvelles rebel forces in Côte d’Ivoire.
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Jheng, Wei-Cherng Sam. "A cartographic view on mood prominence and force in Mandarin." International Journal of Chinese Linguistics 9, no. 1 (June 7, 2022): 1–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ijchl.20011.jhe.
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Abstract This work investigates the division of labor between mood and illocutionary force in syntax by examining three modal construals encoded by the speaker-oriented adverb zuìhǎo ‘best’ (deontic, epistemic and evidential) in Mandarin, and accounts for a cluster of syntactic and pragmatic properties it is associated with. Very much in line with Tsai’s (2015a, 2015b and 2015d) modal system in Mandarin, it is observed that each type of zuìhǎo can co-occur with its matching modal auxiliary in the fashion of Cinque’s (1999) ‘location-in-Spec’ hypothesis and encodes a certain type of illocutionary force. One persistent question is how zuìhǎo substantiates illocutionary force in syntax, while its designated position is not situated in the licensing domain of ForceP. As far as the left periphery is concerned, this work argues for a conspiracy between syntax, semantics and pragmatics to ensure the success in activating the Bidirectional Agree relation between speech act, force and mood. We argue for a speech act layer (Sa*P) externally merging to CP (Speas and Tenny, 2003), whose head values the uninterpretable speech act feature [uSa] on Force0 via the Bidirectional Agree to trigger its interface with the utterance content (CP). Meanwhile, following Kempchinsky’s (2009) idea, it is further argued in this work that Force0 hosts the uninterpretable feature [uW] which has to be checked and valued by the modal construals of zuìhǎo to determine the irrealis-realis mood. An immediate implication is that ForceP serves as a gateway to not only mood but also speech act at the interface. Several issues involved in dealing with zuìhǎo are discussed.
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Maestas, Nicole, and Julie Zissimopoulos. "How Longer Work Lives Ease the Crunch of Population Aging." Journal of Economic Perspectives 24, no. 1 (February 1, 2010): 139–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.24.1.139.
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Population aging is not a looming crisis of the future—it is already here. Economic challenges arise when the increase in people surviving to old age and the decline in the number of young people alive to support them cause the growth in society's consumption needs to outpace growth in its productive capacity. The ultimate impact of population aging on our standard of living in the future depends a great deal on how long people choose to work before they retire from the labor force. Here, there is reason for optimism. A constellation of forces, some just now gaining momentum, has raised labor force participation at older ages at just the time it is needed. We examine the most important factors behind the increase in labor force participation realized to date: the shift in the skill composition of the workforce, and technological change. We argue that forces such as changes in the structure of employer-provided pensions and Social Security are likely to propel future increases in labor force participation at older ages. The labor market is accommodating older workers to some degree, and older men and women are themselves adapting on a number of fronts, which could substantially lessen the economic impact of population aging. Age-related health declines and the reluctance of employers to hire and retain older workers present challenges, but the outlook for future gains in labor force participation at older ages is promising.
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Rodionov, Ivan. "Labor Use of Polish Prisoners of War in the Camps of Central Russia, 1920–1921." Izvestia of Smolensk State University, no. 4(60) (April 12, 2023): 163–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.35785/2072-9464-2022-60-4-153-166.
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Based on the materials of the federal and regional archives of Central Russia, the article analyzes the practice of labor use of prisoners of war of the Polish-Soviet War in the camps of Central Russia in 1920–1921. The author examined the regulatory framework for the labor use of prisoners of war of the Polish army. The study showed the professional composition of Polish prisoners of war, as well as their level of education. In fact, Polish prisoners of war were a large group of educated special-
ists whose work was used in various fields. The regions also requested the necessary number of Polish prisoners of war for certain labor tasks, partially covering the shortage of labor. An attempt to organize labor squads from captured Poles is considered. But, labor squads were formed in Moscow and in those provinces where there was a high concentration of prisoners of war of the Polish army. In the rest, for the most part, labor unions were never formed. With the beginning of the repatriation of Polish prisoners of war, they began to gradually remove from work and look for a replacement for them. Before repatriation, prisoners of war submitted applications
to the sub-departments of forced labor to issue them salaries, funds earned from forced labor, which they were supposed to receive on the day of departure to their homeland. The labor of Polish prisoners of war was paid at local rates, and they
were equated with Red Army soldiers in terms of supply.
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Wolcott, Susan. "The Perils of Lifetime Employment Systems: Productivity Advance in the Indian and Japanese Textile Industries, 1920–1938." Journal of Economic History 54, no. 2 (June 1994): 307–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050700014492.
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In the interwar period, Japanese textile firms were able to greatly increase labor efficiency and become the world's main exporter of cotton textiles. Meanwhile, the Indian industry stagnated and was forced to retreat behind tariff walls. This paper argues that the flexibility of the Japanese work force stemmed from its high turnover; the Indian laborers were collectively inflexible in defending lifetime careers against technical changes that reduced labor demand. As the industry requires only a few easily acquired skills, a committed work force was actually a disadvantage to Indian management.
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Комбаров, Р. В. "Implementation problems of forced labor." Ius Publicum et Privatum, no. 4(14) (March 3, 2022): 59–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.46741/2713-2811-2021-4-59-63.
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Статья посвящена рассмотрению некоторых существующих на сегодняшний день проблем в сфере реализации уголовного наказания в виде принудительных работ. Анализируется практика применения данного наказания, выявляются сложности правового регулирования его реализации, предлагаются соответствующие пути их преодоления. В частности, рассматриваются вопросы назначения судами принудительных работ и направления осужденных к месту отбывания наказания, очерчивается круг лиц, в отношении которых не целесообразно назначение наказания в виде принудительных работ, проводится анализ схожих по своему содержанию порядка и условий отбывания наказания в виде принудительных работ и лишения свободы с отбыванием наказания в колониях-поселениях. Особое внимание уделено проблемам трудоустройства осужденных к принудительным работам как во время отбывания наказания, так и после освобождения, а также вопросам их медицинского обслуживания The article is devoted to the consideration of some of the current problems in the implementation of criminal punishment in the form of forced labor. The practice of applying this punishment is analyzed, the difficulties of legal regulation of its implementation are revealed and appropriate ways to overcome them are proposed. In particular the issues of the appointment of forced labor by the courts and the direction of convicts to the place of serving the sentence are considered, the circle of persons in relation to whom it is not advisable to impose a sentence in the form of forced labor is considered, the analysis is carried out of the similar in content order and conditions for serving a sentence in the form of forced labor and deprivation freedom with serving punishment in colonies-settlements. Particular attention is paid to the problems of employment of those convicted to forced labor both during serving their sentences and after their release as well as to the issues of their medical care.
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Sharp, Carolyn J. "Of Fields and Forced Labor." Horizons in Biblical Theology 38, no. 2 (September 26, 2016): 145–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18712207-12341327.
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Biblical narratives about ostensibly “local” barter (Abraham’s purchase of the cave at Machpelah), protection of battle spoils (Achan’s theft and subsequent execution), and commodification of labor and bodies (Ruth gleaning for hours and offering herself to Boaz) reveal much about ideologies of economic control operative in ancient Israel. The materialist analysis of Roland Boer provides a richly detailed study of Israelite agrarian and tributary practices, offering a salutary corrective to naïve views of Israelite economic relations. Highlighting labor as the most ruthlessly exploited resource in the ancient Near East, Boer examines the class-specific benefits and sustained violence of economic formations from kinship-household relations to militarized extraction. Boer’s erudite study will compel readers to look afresh at the subjugation of the poor and plundering of the powerless as constitutive features of diverse economic practices throughout the history of ancient Israel.
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Smith, Rebecca. "GUEST WORKERS OR FORCED LABOR?" New Labor Forum 16, no. 3 (June 2007): 70–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10957960701636687.
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Engerman, Stanley. "The Economics of Forced Labor." Itinerario 17, no. 1 (March 1993): 59–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115300003697.
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The problem of forced labor has been at the center of much recent historical literature. If anything, the debate has shown that not all coercion has the same social, political, and economic effects upon the coerced laborer and his (or her) employer. Central to this debate is the question why coerced labor is needed, and why certain forms of coerced labor are chosen under certain circumstances. Why do the specific forms of coerced labor change over time and differ across space, and why, even in a given area at a given time, do differing forms of coerced labor exist?
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Kontsur, Mykola. "The origins and establishment of the forced labor system in the Third Reich: on the materials of Poland." Scientific Papers of the Kamianets-Podilskyi National Ivan Ohiienko University. History 40 (July 3, 2023): 134–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.32626/2309-2254.2023-40.134-145.
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The purpose of the study is to show the main stages of the formation of the German system of forced labor in the second half of the 19th and the fi rst half of the 20th centuries, which is closely related to the territory of Poland and the Polish population, based on the work of pred- ecessors and the available source base. Th e research methodology is based on the principles of historicism, objectivity, and systematicity. Th e scientifi c novelty lies in the fact that, for the fi rst time in Ukrainian historiography, an attempt has been made to trace the stages of transformation of economic relations between neighboring nations from mutually benefi cial to the mass enslave- ment and exploitation of the Polish population by the German regimes. Conclusions. At the end of the XIX – at the beginning of the XX century in Polish-German economic relations, the use of Polish seasonal workers in agriculture was of great importance, which became the basis for the formation of the system of forced labor in Germany. Th e Kaiser’s government was forced to turn to it due to the overexertion of the country’s forces in the fi ght against an enemy whose forces and resources greatly exceeded those of Germany. In the conditions of a protracted bloody war, the practice of forced labor of foreign workers proved to be eff ective, especially in the fi eld of agriculture, and provided an opportunity to control the occupied territories and their population, cementing the cynical idea that forced labor was profi table only under the conditions of its mass and the ap- plication of totalitarian measures during its organization. Kaiser Germany laid the foundation for the system of forced labor of foreign workers and the policy of segregation based on nationality and state affi liation, which later became the foundation of the economy and ideology of the Th ird Reich. During the Second World War, the policy of the German occupiers varied depending on the country or region of enslavement, and it also changed at diff erent stages of the war. On the territory of Poland, the attempt of the Th ird Reich to create loyal authorities with the assistance of the Polish right-wing forces proved unsuccessful due to their small number and disunity. Th e occupiers man- aged to organize the use of Poland’s economy and human resources mainly by relying on national minorities and the experience of the Kaiser’s government, which was improved and supplemented by the idea of racial superiority at the legislative level.
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Biggs, Michael. "Forces of Labor." Contemporary Sociology: A Journal of Reviews 33, no. 4 (July 2004): 467–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009430610403300444.
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Yang, Gangqiang, Hong Chen, and Xia Meng. "Regional Competition, Labor Force Mobility, and the Fiscal Behaviour of Local Governments in China." Sustainability 11, no. 6 (March 24, 2019): 1776. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11061776.
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At present, China is in a critical period of transition from labor-intensive industries to capital- and technology-intensive industries. Accordingly, the increasing labor force mobility among Chinese cities has promoted competition over production factors among regions, having a significant impact on local governments’ fiscal expenditure structure. A theoretical analysis shows that the competition of livelihood public good expenditures is playing an increasingly important role in the factor flow competition. Different labor forces’ demand for different public goods and local governments’ demand for different labor forces affect the structural preference of local government fiscal expenditures. Based on panel data on Chinese prefecture-level cities in 2010–2016, this paper empirically tests the impact of different labor mobilities on the structure of local government fiscal expenditures, finding that current decision making on labor mobility is increasingly sensitive to the supply of livelihood public goods, and strengthening labor mobility has reversed the expenditure bias historically caused by the government’s simple capital competition. After dividing the mobile labor force based on whether the labor is settled in the current year, the two labor force types’ demand for different livelihood public goods was found to be different. To attract different labor inflows, local governments should promote an increase in relevant livelihood public good expenditures, showing a strategic fiscal expenditure structural bias. Specifically, with increasing new added general labor mobility, local goverments will increase the proportion of fiscal expenditures on education and medical care, combined with the increase of newly added registered labor mobility, which will correspondingly increase the proportion of environmental protection expenditures.
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Zhou, Xiaoqi, Rongjun Ao, Yierfanjiang Aihemaitijiang, Jing Chen, and Hui Tang. "Influence of skill relatedness on the location choice of heterogeneous labor force in Chinese prefecture-level cities." PLOS ONE 18, no. 8 (August 24, 2023): e0289803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0289803.
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High-quality regional development should be promoted by facilitating inter-regional mobility of heterogeneous labor force to optimize its spatial allocation. This study incorporates skill relatedness into spatial categorization and selection effects, and explores how skill-relatedness affects the location choice of heterogeneous labor force. To do so, we use labor force migration data and employee data by occupation subcategory from the 2000 National Population Census and 2015 National Population Sample Survey. The empirical evidence provides three major findings. First, there are significant regional differences in labor migration rates by the occupational group between cities in China, and the trend is increasing. Regional concentration of location choice is increasing and six significant agglomerations are formed. Second, skill relatedness positively affects the location choice of the heterogeneous labor force in Chinese cities. When cities’ skill-relatedness is more robust, influence on labor location choice is more remarkable. In cities with high-size classes, the effect of high-skill relatedness on labor location choice is higher. Third, labor force with solid skill relatedness with regional employment moves to the location owing to the spatial sorting effect. Labor force without skill relatedness or weak relatedness moves out or does not move to the location owing to the spatial selection effect.
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Malynovska, Olena. "Ethnopolitics and migration policy: to the question of interconnection and mutual influence." Political Studies, no. 5 (2023): 178–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.53317/2786-4774-2023-1-10.
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The article examines the question of the feasibility of expanding the object of ethnopolitics at the expense of ethnic groups, formed as a result of migration, as well as the need to take into account the ethnic characteristics of migrants while regulating migration processes on the background of the current migration situation in Ukraine and the prospects for its further development. On the basis of the analysis of the theoretical works of Ukrainian and foreign authors, political and international legal documents, legislation of Ukraine, it was concluded that in the interests of social unity is the recognition of diversity as a value and resource of development, the spread of ethnopolitics measures to „new” migrant minorities, the provision them guarantees against violation of rights, marginalization, forced assimilation. Unfavorable demographic situation, massive forced migration of Ukrainians abroad because of the war, as well as irreversible military losses of the population can lead to a shortage of labor force necessary for the post-war reconstruction of the country. If own labor and intellectual potential will be insufficient, Ukraine may need additional labor force from abroad for post-war recovery. Although Ukraine is currently unattractive to immigrants, their number compared to other countries is small, due to the war it has decreased, potential economic development and the need for additional labor force, closer ties with the EU may increase immigration, which will lead to the growth of ethnic, linguistic, cultural diversity The complexity of the ethno-cultural structure of society can have a positive character, contribute to the mutual enrichment of cultures and the common good, but it can also lead to negative consequences – a conflict of values, cultural norms, a breach of social unity. Under such conditions, the requirements for the migration policy of the state, as well as for its ethnopolitics, will naturally grow. This actualizes the intensification of the state's activities on the integration of newcomers into Ukrainian society, the formation of a tolerant attitude of the indigenous population towards migrants and migration, the prevention of all forms of discrimination, the prevention of racism and xenophobia, the deepening of intercultural dialogue, the awareness that unconditional protection of the rights of national minorities in the civilized world is impossible without ensuring a general climate of tolerance towards "others", which also applies to migrants.
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KIM, Kyung Nam. "Illegality of Imperial Japan’s Installation of War Facilities and its Compulsory Mobilization of Students in the Pusan-Kyŏngnam Region in terms of the International Labor Organization (ILO) in the 1930s and 1940s." Institute of History and Culture Hankuk University of Foreign Studies 85 (February 28, 2023): 3–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.18347/hufshis.2023.85.3.
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This study explores the process of installing war facilities in Colonial Korea by the Japanese military when it designated the southern part of colonial Chosŏn as a rear base for its military actions during the Asia-Pacific War. Additionally, it investigates violations by Japan of international law, specifically ILO (International Labor Organization) principles, in its compulsory mobilization of students in Busan and other areas in Kyŏngnam Province into military service.
After the United States entered the war., Pusan and Kyŏngnam Province became increasingly important as a strategic base for military operations. Students were forced to build aircraft bases and roads, including forest roads for war facilities, maintain park areas for constructing batteries, convert school playgrounds into agricultural plots to increase food production, and help in the recruitment of soldiers.
Additionally, the study suggests that student mobilization should be treated as a category of forced mobilization. This becomes clear in two respects. First, the Japanese Government-General of Chosŏn legalized the forced mobilization of students via a National Mobilization Act enacted through two revisions to the Chosŏn Education Ordinance. Second, the Government-General beautified the practice under names like ‘education in labor’ and ‘physical training’, and reorganized students into ‘National Labor Groups’ (1938-1941) and ‘General Student Forces’ (1941-1945) which were collectively mobilized. After 1943, students were mobilized ranging in age from elementary pupils to college students, and after 1944, all classes were abolished and students were instead forced to engage in wartime labor.
Furthermore, the study reveals that the mobilization of student labor promoted by the Japanese imperial government clearly violated International Labor Organization principles, as seen in the specific cases of Pusan and Kyŏngnam Province. This fact suggests that those students should be classified as victims of Japanese forced labor because they were routinely deployed through a separate organizational system.
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Islam, Md Saiful, Saleh Saud Alsaif, and Talal Alsaif. "Trade Openness, Government Consumption, and Economic Growth Nexus in Saudi Arabia: ARDL Cointegration Approach." SAGE Open 12, no. 2 (April 2022): 215824402210966. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/21582440221096661.
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This study intends to examine the influence of trade openness on economic growth in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia including government consumption and labor force as control variables. Using time-series yearly data from 1985 to 2019, the study applies the Auto-Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) cointegration regression and the Toda-Yamamoto (T-Y) Granger causality check to achieve the objective of the study. The ARDL model estimation discloses the positive contribution of trade openness and labor force to economic growth in the short and long run as well; government consumption causes economic growth positively in the short-run, while in the long its impact is insignificant run. The T-Y Granger causality test outcomes have demonstrated several bidirectional and unidirectional causalities. There are three feedback relations; “trade openness-economic growth,” “economic growth-government consumption,” and “government consumption-labor forces.” Three are an equal number of unidirectional causalities; “labor forces to economic growth,” “labor forces to trade openness,” and “trade openness to government consumption.” The outcomes have implications for the policymaker to boost the Kingdom’s trade openness to benefit further from trade, rationalize its government’s size to promote private sector growth to raise the latter’s effective contribution to GDP, and accelerate income growth.
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Sobirova, Dilfuza Tukhtasinovna. "THE ROLE OF UZBEK WOMEN IN THE NATIONAL ECPNOMY DURING THE SECOND WORD WAR." American Journal Of Social Sciences And Humanity Research 03, no. 04 (April 1, 2023): 55–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/ajsshr/volume03issue04-11.
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It is known that during the former Soviet Union, the central government formed Uzbekistan as an economic colony, a base for the supply of cheap raw materials for the “center”. The unscientific conclusion that “women’s issues were solved” in the former Soviet Union led the Soviet government and the Communist Party to involve women in social production under the slogan of “economic liberation” and to make them the main productive force in society by using their labor as cheap labor “made it possible”. It is known that during the former Soviet Union, the central government formed Uzbekistan as an economic colony, a base for the supply of cheap raw materials for the “center”. The unscientific conclusion that “women’s issues were solved” in the former Soviet Union led the Soviet government and the Communist Party to involve women in social production under the slogan of “economic liberation” and to make them the main productive force in society by using their labor as cheap labor “made it possible”.
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Jacobsen, Joyce P. "Labor force participation." Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance 39, no. 5 (January 1999): 597–610. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1062-9769(99)00020-4.
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Minat, V. N. "Influence of organizational factor on change productivity and work intensity (based on the example of US economy sectors)." Vestnik NSUEM, no. 1 (April 3, 2024): 129–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.34020/2073-6495-2024-1-129-144.
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Based on the results of existing research and the empirical data obtained by the author, a number of conclusions have been made about the nature and degree of influence of the labor organization factor (labor force, actually living labor) on productivity and labor intensity in industries/sectors of the US economy. This analysis covers the period from 2010 to 2022, when the American economy, subject to an extremely high degree of servization, entered the stage of “re-industrial turn”, formed on the basis of a new sixth technological structure, characterized, in addition to technological innovations, by a significant increase in the role of a person - a qualified worker with creative content of work. Based on the results of regression analysis, the grouping of industries/sectors of the US economy according to the elasticity of productivity and intensity depending on the indicators of labor organization in American companies, expressed through the corresponding regression coefficients, allowed us to draw conclusions about the ambiguity in the nature and significance of the influence of the sought factor on the explained variables. Currently, a number of American industries are forced to use extensive forms of labor organization, in particular to increase the actual hours worked, in order to maintain profitability and competitiveness, despite increasing social costs. The identification of four groups of sectors of the American economy according to this criterion indicates a change in the structural policy of the United States, characterized by a sectoral focus in the field of stabilization and increasing productivity growth rates due to the organizational factor.
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Paas, Martha White. "Family Labor Strategies in Early Modern Swabia." Journal of Family History 17, no. 2 (April 1992): 233–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/036319909201700207.
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The article presents evidence from the period 1480–1618 in Augsburg suggesting that there were economic constraints on the decisionmaking of the peasant family: (1) Inheritance patterns and village rights offered options to the peasant. These supply side factors helped to promote an integrated labor market in Swabia. (2) Market forces influenced the supply of labor by acting on subsidiary enterprises of the peasant family. The rise of the grain prices and of land forced peasants into auxiliary enterprises to earn cash. (3) Peasant households on small land holdings were vulnerable to harvest failure and consequently did not benefit from the rise in agricultural prices that accrued to holders of larger plots. (4) On the demand side, the structure of production and long-distance trade caused real wages to decline. Within these constraints, the rural community in Swabia became integrated with the urban trading sector in a type of protoindustrialization in which the individual decision makers began to respond to increasingly complex market forces.
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EGGEBEEN, DAVID J., and ALAN J. HAWKINS. "Economic Need and Wives' Employment." Journal of Family Issues 11, no. 1 (March 1990): 48–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019251390011001004.
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This article argues that the meaning of the economic motive for White married mothers' labor force participation has changed over the past 30 years. The growth in White married mothers' labor force participation has come from mothers whose husbands earn a relatively “adequate” income rather than from mothers whose husbands earn “inadequate” incomes. For most White married mothers, the decision to work outside the home is best characterized as a personal choice to seek an ideal life-style combining family and employment rather than economic necessity. Broad structural forces will continue to influence couples' decisions about maternal employment, but these forces may weaken as they are increasingly mediated by personal value systems about how we should live our lives rather than real economic exigency.
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Belyaev, V. I., and O. V. Kuznetsova. "PRECARIATE AND EROSION OF THE LABOR FORCE REPRODUCTION: CONTENT OF THE PROBLEM, RESEARCH METHODOLOGY, RESULTS." Economics Profession Business, no. 4 (December 10, 2020): 25–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/epb201996.
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The article is devoted to the study of the content of the relationship between the labor force reproduction with such factors of labor activity as informal employment and labor precariatization. These factors impede the enrichment of the informal employer’s work content, the improvement of their qualifications, and, consequently, the qualitative reproduction of the labor force. On a society scale, they are a brake on economic growth and economic development, considered in the context of the interaction of productive forces and social and labor relations. The article reflects the results of the study and the quantitative assessment of informal employment in the Russian Federation, as one of the sources of the formation of the precariat, which are presented in statistics according to the OKVED-2 classification. Based on the results of the study, a system of measures aimed at reducing the potential of informal employment and precariatisation of labor was proposed in order to create more favorable conditions for the reproduction of the labor force, economic growth and development.
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Ольховик, Николай Владимирович. "Recidivism of convicts serving forced labor." Vestnik Kuzbasskogo instituta, no. 1(46) (March 22, 2021): 45–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.53993/2078-3914/2021/1(46)/45-53.
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На основании эмпирического исследования, проведенного в 15 территориальных органах ФСИН России, в которых функционируют исправительные учреждения для осужденных к принудительным работам - исправительные центры и участки исправительных учреждений, функционирующие в режиме исправительных центров (УФИЦ), а также участки исправительных центров на предприятиях, в статье приводится криминологическая характеристика преступности осужденных, отбывающих принудительные работы, состояние и структура их рецидивной преступности. Автор дает криминологическую характеристику осужденных, отбывающих принудительные работы, и выявляет их наиболее криминогенную категорию с точки зрения их предшествующей (первичной) преступной деятельности и других обстоятельств. Наиболее криминогенной категорией являются мужчины в возрасте от 20 до 30 лет, не имеющие семьи, с неполным общим образованием, осужденные за побои, угрозу убийством или причинением тяжкого вреда здоровью, неуплату средств на содержание детей, умышленное причинение легкого вреда здоровью, незаконную рубку лесных насаждений, нарушение неприкосновенности жилища, нарушение правил дорожного движения и эксплуатации транспортных средств, оскорбление представителя власти. Обосновывается необходимость внесения изменений в ч. 4 ст. 80 УК РФ, ч. 5 ст. 46, ч. 4 ст. 49 , ч. 3 ст. 50 , ч. 5 ст. 53 УК РФ в части расширения перечня обстоятельств, которые должен учитывать суд при замене неотбытой части лишения свободы принудительными работами, а также при замене иного вида наказания, не связанного с лишением свободы, на принудительные работы за злостное уклонение осужденного от его отбывания. Ставится вопрос о необходимости увеличения штатной численности сотрудников исправительных центров (УФИЦ) и введения в штат исправительных (УФИЦ) различных категорий должностей, в том числе и оперативных сотрудников. Для решения проблем трудоустройства осужденных к принудительным работам предлагаются механизмы государственно-частного партнерства. On the basis of the conducted empirical research in the 15th territorial bodies of the FPS of Russia, in which function correctional institution for prisoners to forced labor - correctional centers and areas of corrections operates the correctional centres, as well as areas of correctional centers in the article criminological characteristics of crime convicts serving their forced labor, the state and structure of their recidivism. The author gives a criminological description of convicts serving forced labor and identifies the most criminogenic category in terms of their previous (primary) criminal activity and other circumstances. Most crime categories are men, aged 20 to 30 years old, unmarried, and with incomplete education, convicted of assault, threat of murder or infliction of grievous bodily harm, failure to pay funds for the maintenance of children, intentional infliction of bodily harm, illegal felling of forest plantations, trespassing, violation of traffic rules and operation of vehicles, the insult of a representative of authority. The necessity of amendments to part 4 of article 80 of the Сriminal Code of Russian Federation, paragraph 5 of article 46, part 4 of article 49 , part 3 of article 50 , paragraph 5 of article 53 of the Сriminal Code to extend the list of circumstances that should be considered by the court when replacing the unserved part of the imprisonment, forced labor, and when you replace that kind of punishment not related to imprisonment, forced labor, for the transfer of the convicted person from serving it. The question is raised about the need to increase the number of employees of correctional centers and to introduce various categories of positions, including operational staff, into the staff of correctional centers. To solve the problems of employment of convicts to forced labor, the mechanisms of public-private partnership are proposed.
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Tapiola, Kari. "Persistence of Forced Labor in Myanmar." International Labor Rights Case Law 5, no. 3 (December 13, 2019): 315–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24056901-00503013.
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Ash, Catherine B. "Forced Labor in Colonial West Africa." History Compass 4, no. 3 (May 2006): 402–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1478-0542.2006.00327.x.
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Azmuk, N. A. "The Transformation of the Labor Market in the Conditions of War: Challenges and Strategies for Labor Force Renewal." HERALD OF THE ECONOMIC SCIENCES OF UKRAINE, no. 1(42) (June 9, 2022): 171–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.37405/1729-7206.2022.1(42).171-179.
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The national economy suffers significant losses because of the russian-Ukrainian war due to the destruction of industrial enterprises and infrastructure facilities, damage to agricultural sector, and blockade of logistics routes. Business is trying to mitigate the negative impact and adapt to new operating conditions, but it is difficult to minimize the consequences of the devastating effects of war. Destruction and losses of human capital, contractions of business activity form new and deepen the existing imbalances of the national labor market. The purpose of the article is to study the transformation of the national labor market under the influence of the war, changes in supply and demand, labor force renewal and set strategic directions for post-war labor market reconstruction.The article identifies and characterizes transformation vectors of the national labor market, determines changes in its characteristics during war, and outlines the main imbalances. Disadvantages of the labor market in the pre-war period were labor surplus conjuncture, labor migration, learning and qualification gaps and unregistered employment. The digital segment of the labor market has an upward trend in its development characterized by active growth, while the IT services segment is characterized by lack of specialists. The destructive impact of the war has exacerbated the imbalance between supply and demand in the labor market, led to regional disparities and revealed a reduction in demand for getting assistance in setting up businesses among the unemployed, making complete labor force renewal impossible. The analysis of labor force renewal is conducted according to the following types of movements: natural, migratory, social, economic and digital. The expediency of pointing out digital movement of labor force renewal is substantiated. Natural movement is characterized by a long-term labor force shrinking, age imbalance and aging, which is exacerbated by the loss of human capital during war. Migratory movement in the conditions of war takes place along two vectors: external and internal, the first has led to a significant labor force shrinking; the second one has resulted in distortions in regional labor markets. In social movement, the emphasis is on the negative change in the professional social and economic social status of the workforce. It is determined that the war complicates economic movement of labor force renewal. It is found out that two vectors characterize digital movement of labor force renewal: upward for employees who were forced to switch to a digital form of employment and downward for those who had already been engaged in it before war. The strategic priorities of labor force renewal in the post-war period are set and substantiated, in particular: technological restoration of industry, strengthening of the scientific component of the economy, reforming the educational system, revitalizing the development of small and medium-sized enterprises. Keywords labor market; digital segment of the labor market; russian-Ukrainian war; labor force renewal; movements of labor force renewal; strategic priorities of labor market reconstruction.
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Alifov, Alishir. "Mixed forced, parametric, and self-oscillations with nonideal energy source and lagging forces." Izvestiya VUZ. Applied Nonlinear Dynamics 29, no. 5 (September 30, 2021): 739–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/0869-6632-2021-29-5-739-750.
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The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of retarded forces in elasticity and damping on the dynamics of mixed forced, parametric, and self-oscillations in a system with limited excitation. A mechanical frictional self-oscillating system driven by a limited-power engine was used as a model. Methods. In this work, to solve the nonlinear differential equations of motion of the system under consideration, the method of direct linearization is used, which differs from the known methods of nonlinear mechanics in ease of use and very low labor and time costs. This is especially important from the point of view of calculations when designing real devices. Results. The characteristic of the friction force that causes self-oscillations, represented by a general polynomial function, is linearized using the method of direct linearization of nonlinearities. Using the same method, solutions of the differential equations of motion of the system are constructed, equations are obtained for determining the nonstationary values of the amplitude, phase of oscillations and the speed of the energy source. Stationary motions are considered, as well as their stability by means of the Routh–Hurwitz criteria. Performed calculations obtained information about the effect of delays on the dynamics of the system. Conclusion. Calculations have shown that delays shift the amplitude curves to the right and left, up and down on the amplitude–frequency plane, change their shape, and affect the stability of motion.
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Poquet Catala, Raquel. "INDEMNIZACIÓN Y TRABAJADOR EN EXCEDENCIA AFECTADO EN EXPEDIENTE DE REGULACIÓN DE EMPLEO." E-REVISTA INTERNACIONAL DE LA PROTECCION SOCIAL 1, no. 6 (2021): 370–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.12795/e-rips.2021.i01.17.
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En este trabajo se realiza un análisis de los derechos del trabajador en excedencia voluntaria que se encuentra afectado en un expediente de regulación de empleo, concretamente, del derecho a recibir la correspondiente indemnización por despido colectivo o no. La doctrina judicial y jurisprudencial ha negado que el trabajador excedente incurso en un expediente de regulación de empleo tenga derecho a la misma. No obstante, ello va unido a la posición que se tenga sobre la naturaleza jurídica de la excedencia voluntaria, aspecto debatido entre la doctrina, tanto científica como judicial. En este sentido, una línea doctrinal ha considerado que la excedencia voluntaria tiene un carácter extintivo, mientras que otra una naturaleza suspensiva y otra estima que es un tertium genus.
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Attia Mohamed Omran, Emad, and Yuriy Bilan. "The impact of fiscal policy on female labor force participation in Egypt." Problems and Perspectives in Management 21, no. 4 (November 14, 2023): 361–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ppm.21(4).2023.28.
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There is no doubt that women play a vital role in all aspects of economic activities around the globe. However, despite the great efforts that governments have made over the past three decades to increase women’s integration into the labor market, their participation is still relatively low compared to men. On the other hand, economic literature argues that the government can use fiscal policy tools such as tax revenue and spending to decrease gender inequality in the labor market. The aim of this paper is to investigate the impact of government spending and tax revenue shocks on the female labor force participation rate (the share of women in the total labor force) in Egypt. Annual time-series data were collected from the Central Bank of Egypt and the World Bank from 1990 to 2021, where the vector autoregressive (VAR) model and impulse response functions have been used. The results suggest that government spending and tax revenue shocks increase gross domestic product (GDP) growth rate, female labor force participation, and inflation. Results validated the research hypotheses and showed that a one standard deviation shock to either government spending or tax revenue has a positive impact on female labor force participation. Therefore, the study recommends that using an expansionary fiscal policy may increase the accessibility of Egyptian women to the labor market.
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Dolhan, Norliza, Zarina Othman, and Nor Azizan Idris. "Forced Labor Trafficking and Human Security From Various Perspective." JPPUMA Jurnal Ilmu Pemerintahan dan Sosial Politik Universitas Medan Area 8, no. 2 (October 12, 2020): 115–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.31289/jppuma.v8i2.3566.
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Today's industrial revolution provides much of the facility to universal humanity. However, the current trend of modern technology has also witnessed non-traditional and cross-border threats such as drugs and fire arms smuggling and also heinous crime notably forced labor trafficking. This study addresses issues of forced labor trafficking from various perspectives across the world and their impact on the human security. The concept of human security is used in this study while the approach is qualitative. It includes literary discussions such as books, journals, theses/ dissertations and monographs related to the research topic of this paper. The preliminary findings show that an important factor influencing the trafficking activities of foreign workers is that of recruitment by recruiters in their home countries although they are often associated with exploitation in destination countries. The roles of foreign labor as one of the driving forces of the country's economy and development should be balanced through the human security approach within the policies of foreign workers as these measures are more realistic and relevant.
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Haroon, Sehrish, Faiza Azhar Khan, and Naheed Zia Khan. "Personal Traits, Familial Characteristics and Success in the Labor Market: A Survey Study of Christian Labor Force in Pakistan." Forman Journal of Economic Studies 15 (December 30, 2019): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.32368/fjes.20191501.
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Ryazantsev, Sergey, and Mauro Alexandre Luís Miguel. "Economic Aspects of Migration in the Republic of Angola." DEMIS. Demographic Research 2, no. 1 (March 23, 2022): 80–0. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/demis.2022.2.1.7.
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The article discusses the features of migration in the Republic of Angola. The country has a strong demographic and economic potential. Migration processes occur in two directions: there is an immigration to the country of qualified and highly qualified specialists, return forced migrants; and labor and educational migrants emigrate from the country. Between Angola and Portugal there are fairly stable migration ties. The largest Angolan diaspora outside of Africa has formed in the former metropolis. Portugal attracts Angolans with a common language, historical ties, labor market opportunities, and prospects for integration into society. Also, Angolan diasporas began to form in the so-called “new emigration” countries - France, the USA, South Africa, Brazil. The most recent trend has been the emigration of Angolans to China, which is actively developing and establishing strong ties with African countries. Remittances from labor migrants and representatives of the Angolan diasporas characterize new directions of emigration from the country. Remittances to Angola come mainly from those countries where labor migrants go to work. Angola gradually transformed from a country of outflow of forced migrants into a country of reception of forced migrants. Large-scale return migration of Angolan refugees who had previously left the country is taking place in the country. Despite the magnitude of the phenomenon of forced migration, there is little research on the integration of refugees and the reintegration of returned refugees into Angolan society. As a result, the potential of former refugees is not fully utilized in terms of developing the human capital of Angola and its regions.
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Clogg, Clifford C., Scott R. Eliason, and Robert J. Wahl. "Labor-Market Experiences and Labor-Force Outcomes." American Journal of Sociology 95, no. 6 (May 1990): 1536–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/229463.
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Stavig, Ward. "Continuing the Bleeding of These Pueblos Will Shortly Make Them Cadavers: The Potosi Mita, Cultural Identity, and Communal Survival in Colonial Peru." Americas 56, no. 4 (April 2000): 529–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003161500029837.
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The exploitation of Andean villagers under the forced labor regime for the mines of Potosi is almost as infamous as the silver they extracted from the cerro rico is famous. Established by Viceroy Toledo in the 1570s, the mita, as the system of forced labor was known, remained in place until the smoke and shot of Latin American independence struggles were in the air. For over two centuries, Spain forced thousands upon thousands of naturales (a common colonial term for indigenous people) from communities throughout the southern Andean highlands to lend their muscle and sweat, and all too often their blood and their lives, to keep Potosi's veins open and flowing. Through this work the mitayos and their communities not only drove the colonial economy, but also were a major force in sustaining the Spanish empire and in helping forge the modern world's dominant economic system. Conversely, mita exploitation threatened the very survival of the communities subject to it. The mita was so onerous that virtually all indigenous peoples subject to the labor draft, regardless of ethnicity or class, raised an almost continuous voice of protest from their communities against the mita and its abuses. Tensions created by the mita also severely strained the bonds that linked community, curaca, and the state, which were primary ingredients in the social glue that kept colonial Andean society from coming apart. To avoid descending into the mines, and to escape such horrors as laboring over mercury vapors, many people permanently fled their communities, giving up the status of originarios (community members with rights such as access to land and subject to state obligations) to become forasteros (indigenous person not living in community of origin, or descendant of the same, without communal rights but exempt from many state obligations). In this way the mita, one of the few forces that had potential for uniting Andean peoples in opposition to the state also fractured them. Communal solidarity was severely strained and neither the shared experience of the mita nor the commonality of experience in Potosi created sufficient cohesion to overcome the ethnic and regional differences that divided them.
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Kai, Chang. "China’s Transition to Collective Labor Relations: Top-Down and Bottom-Up Mechanisms." China Law and Society Review 7, no. 2 (September 22, 2023): 65–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/25427466-07020003.
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Abstract The article analyzes the development, characteristics, and tendency of China’s labor relations and the labor movement in recent years. It points out that China has begun the transition from individual labor relations to collective labor relations with the strike wave in the summer of 2010 as the main turning point. In the process of transformation, there are two kinds of forces and two ways to accomplish the labor movement. One is the top-down labor union movement led by the authorities within the system; the other is the bottom-up labor movement formed spontaneously by workers outside the system. The article particularly analyzes the emergence of, and mutual relationship between these two types of transition, as well as their influence and significance on China’s labor relations.
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Of the Journal, Editorial board. "The collective labor force." Ukrainian Religious Studies, no. 66 (February 26, 2013): 496–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.32420/2013.66.301.
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Abbosov, Samandar. "Improvement of the legal regulation of the prohibition of forced labor in the Republic of Uzbekistan." Russian Journal of Labour & Law 12 (2022): 239–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu32.2022.119.
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In this article the author examines the current state of the prohibition of forced labor in the Republic of Uzbekistan, in particular, measures taken by the state to prohibit forced labor and to eradicate the worst forms of child labor. The article shows the relationship between forced labor and the principles of the prohibition of discrimination in employment and occupation and elimination of the worst forms of child labor, and draws attention to the need to harmonize the definition of forced labor, contained in the Labor Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan, with ILO Convention № 29. The circumstances contributing to the risk of the use of forced labor are defined, including imperfect legislation, in particular the absence in the Labor Code of Uzbekistan of a closed list of jobs that do not constitute forced labor. The article notes that unreasonable narrowing of the term “forced labor” in the Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan on administrative responsibility often limits the possibility of bringing to justice those guilty of using forced labor. On the basis of the analysis of administrative and criminal responsibility for forced labor according to the legislation of the Republic of Uzbekistan the need to extend the scope of the articles on responsibility for forced labor to legal entities was substantiated. Despite the positive dynamics of development in the sphere of prohibition of forced labor in the Republic of Uzbekistan, the author concludes that an integral part of this process should be the solution of a range of economic, organizational and social measures, the implementation of which is impossible without improving national legislation, bringing it into conformity with international labor standards.
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Kalleberg, Arne L. "Labor Market Uncertainties and Youth Labor Force Experiences: Lessons Learned." ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 688, no. 1 (March 2020): 258–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716220913861.
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Labor market uncertainties have plagued all countries in recent years, but young workers have borne the brunt of these uncertainties. Liberalization of labor markets has transformed work, creating a variety of nonstandard employment relations as well as increasing the number of people who do not have traditional employers. Macro social, political, and economic forces have also made it harder for young adults to gain solid footholds in the labor market. The articles in this issue of The ANNALS present empirical evidence about labor market uncertainties and youth labor force experiences from diverse regions of the world, both in the Global North and Global South: Asia (China, South Korea, Hong Kong, Caucasus and Central Asia); Latin/South America (Mexico, Brazil); Eastern Europe (Lithuania); Western Europe; and the United States. In this epilogue, I summarize the main insights from the articles and draw some broader conclusions about the future of labor market policies to address concerns related to workers’ insecurities and uncertainties.
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Сика, А. М. "Conceptual Grounds for the Use of Forced Labor." Ius Publicum et Privatum, no. 3(18) (August 24, 2022): 115–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.46741/2713-2811.2022.18.3.012.
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В статье ставятся актуальные вопросы современного применения уголовного наказания в виде принудительных работ. Исследуются его концептуальные основания, к которым относятся эволюционно сформированные и научно обоснованные постулаты относительно теоретической модели, правовой регламентации, исполнения и социально значимых ожидаемых эффектов от применения принудительных работ. В качестве ключевого концептуального основания применения принудительных работ исследуется Концепция развития уголовно-исполнительной системы Российской Федерации на период до 2030 г. в аспекте тенденций и перспектив данного уголовного наказания. Согласно этому документу развитие сети исправительных центров предполагает создание таких учреждений на базе имущества, предоставляемого в безвозмездное пользование организациями в целях трудоустройства лиц, осужденных к принудительным работам. В целях расширения практики привлечения к труду соответствующей категории осужденных предполагается участие бизнес-сообщества в их трудоустройстве на предприятиях, в том числе при строительстве крупных объектов, а также привлечение к работам по очистке территории Арктической зоны Российской Федерации от загрязнения (отходов производства и потребления). В исправительных центрах и изолированных участках, функционирующих как исправительные центры, к 2024 г. планируется кратное увеличение размещения осужденных к принудительным работам, к 2030 г. – в полном объеме. Вместе с тем с научной точки зрения большое значение имеют теоретическое исследование и моделирование в форме научных гипотез позитивных эффектов от реализации принудительных работ на среднесрочную перспективу. The article raises topical issues of the modern application of criminal punishment in the form of forced labor. Its conceptual foundations are investigated, which include evolutionarily formed and scientifically based postulates regarding the theoretical model, legal regulation, execution and socially significant expected effects from the use of forced labor. As a key conceptual basis for the use of forced labor, the Concept for the development of the penal system of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2030 is studied in the aspect of trends and prospects of this criminal punishment. According to this document, the development of a network of correctional centers involves creation of such institutions at the premises provided for free use by organizations to employ persons sentenced to forced labor. In order to expand the practice of attracting the appropriate category of convicts to work, it is assumed that the business community will participate in their employment at enterprises, including in constructing large facilities and cleaning the territory of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation from pollution (production and consumption waste). In correctional centers and isolated areas functioning as correctional centers, there will be a fold increase of convicts sentenced to forced labor by 2024 and the fullest extent by 2030. At the same time, from a scientific point of view, theoretical research and modeling in the form of scientific hypotheses of positive effects from the implementation of forced labor in the medium term are of great importance
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Hao, Zezhong, Xianrong Zhu, and Xiuwu Zhang. "The Influence of Industrial Digitalization on the Quality Structure of the Labor Force: A Panel Threshold Model Based on Industrial Structure Upgrading." Journal of Advanced Computational Intelligence and Intelligent Informatics 27, no. 6 (November 20, 2023): 1025–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jaciii.2023.p1025.
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The rapid development of China’s digital economy has promoted industrial structure upgrading and further affected the quality structure of the labor force across industries. This study conducts a theoretical derivation by building a task-based theoretical model and uses panel data of 30 Chinese provinces from 2001 to 2020 to conduct empirical research on the relationship between industrial digitalization, industrial structure upgrading, and structural changes in labor quality. The study results show that industrial digitalization and industrial structure upgrade affect changes in the quality structure of China’s industrial labor. The industrial structure upgrading index plays a mediating role in influencing industrial digitalization on the educational structure of labor employment. When industrial structure upgrading is considered as the threshold variable, the impact of industrial digitalization on the employment and educational structure of different labor forces in China’s industries has diverse threshold characteristics. In the process of digital industrial development, China needs to focus on protecting labor with secondary education at different stages of digital development and accelerate the development of a skilled labor force to drive the high-quality development of China’s industrial economy.
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Majka, Lorraine, and Brendan Mullan. "Employment Retention, Area of Origin and Type of Social Support among Refugees in the Chicago Area." International Migration Review 26, no. 3 (September 1992): 899–926. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791839202600307.
Full textAbstract:
This article examines the impact of various sociodemographic variables on refugees’ employment propensities in the greater metropolitan Chicago area. It extends existing research and knowledge of forced migrants’ labor force activities by exploring the impact of region of origin and refugees’ access to support systems and organizations on employment retention and job maintenance. The analysis shows that refugees’ labor force participation patterns and experiences are influenced differentially both by their background characteristics and by their exposure to U.S. assistance systems. Southeast Asian asylees are less successful in maintaining stable job placements when compared to their more socially advantaged and often more suitably placed Eastern European counterparts. Refugee self-help initiatives require greater empowerment and increased acceptance and status to assist other refugees in adjusting to the host society.
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Krasko, Olga. "THEORETICAL APPROACHES TO THE STATE POLICY OF FORMATION, ACCUMULATION AND USE OF HUMAN CAPITAL IN THE CONDITIONS OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT." PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND LAW REVIEW, no. 1 (March 30, 2023): 30–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.36690/2674-5216-2023-1-30.
Full textAbstract:
Realization of the ability to work as a qualitative characteristic of the workforce allows us to understand the reasons and driving forces for the development of the innovative economy. The purpose of the article is to generalize and improve theoretical approaches to the state policy of formation, accumulation and use of human capital in the conditions of socio-economic development. The theoretical and methodological basis of the research was the fundamental provisions, concepts, hypotheses and approaches to the management of human capital for the benefit of innovative development, set forth in the works of the classics and modern domestic and foreign scientists. The research is based on the methods of comparative, dynamic and comparative analysis, decomposition method, monographic research. Collective human abilities, distinguished by the continuity of cognition, understanding of the acquired knowledge, and their creative use are the labor potential of the socio-economic system, which characterizes the possibility of the development of this system. The conversion of human capital into labor resources is determined by the labor force index. The labor force is the able-bodied part of the country's population, which, due to mental, physiological and intellectual qualities, is able to produce material goods or services. Labor resources include the population capable of working. These are, first of all, people of working age, as well as working pensioners, teenagers, and immigrants. In the system of state statistics, the labor force is called "economically active population". A feature of developed countries is a high share of employees, less developed - self-employed, primarily due to the large number of self-employed households. It has been established that countries that rely on social and economic development on human capital formed through the education system become leaders. The functions of education are realized in various forms of individual benefits and public benefits at the corporate, regional, national and global levels. Public goods are recognized as collective goods that relate to the social. They characterize the development of society in general: social solidarity, equality in rights and self-determination of people, social and geographical mobility (freedom of movement), general knowledge and the possibility of participation in the discussion. Common goods can only be created jointly. Some are aimed at the individual (eg human rights) and some at groups of people (eg laws).