Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Forced labo'
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1
Choi, Seulki Mouw Ted. "Women's fertility and labor force dynamics." Chapel Hill, N.C. : University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2009. http://dc.lib.unc.edu/u?/etd,2618.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2009.Title from electronic title page (viewed Oct. 5, 2009). "... in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Sociology." Discipline: Sociology; Department/School: Sociology.
2
Rohan, Rory Delaney. "Power and forced labor| A geneology of labor and migration in the United States." Thesis, American University, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1572493.
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Recently, federal agents across the US have uncovered an unprecedented number of forced labor operations, many involving non-citizens who are forced to perform farm work under threat of violence and deportation. Contemporary scholarship explains this phenomenon as the effect of liberalized economic relations, industrialized agriculture, and consumer demand for cheap products. While instructive, such explanations leave open questions of how historical factors sanction the coercive farm labor relations seen today. Using the genealogical method, this paper examines the history of labor practices in Florida, a state in which forced labor not only flourished before the Civil War, but also in which forced labor remains common today.
After highlighting how Florida's ante-bellum and post-bellum labor practices and discourses imbued employment with normative valuations, this paper argues that such discourses and practices have since been taken up by state and federal institutions, eventually influencing laws and policies concerning labor, prisoners, and immigrants. These historically embedded practices and discourses, moreover, function to discipline the lives and govern the status of non-citizens in and through employment.
3
Raggio, Taras NK. "A Narrative Study Focusing on Survivors of Forced Labor Trafficking." ScholarWorks, 2019. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/7062.
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Throughout history, the media's rendering of slavery depicts vulnerable groups caught in a network of trafficking looking for a better life. Scholars of trafficking cite challenges in understanding the health care needs of domestic forced labor trafficking survivors in the United States. Seminal trafficking findings have shown that variations of trafficking affect the survivors' health after surviving trafficking. Therefore, in this qualitative, narrative inquiry I sought to understand how 8 survivors of forced labor trafficking, ages 25 years and older, described their health following trafficking beyond 5 years. The theory of social constructionism constituted the theoretical foundation, and the salutogenic model of health is the conceptual framework. The research questions for the study focused on understanding how adult survivors described experiences of entering and exiting trafficking, and their physical health, post-trafficking involvement. Criterion sampling facilitated identifying survivors of forced labor trafficking. Semi-structured interviewing guided the survivors' narrative storytelling. For analyzing the narratives, I used Braun and Clarke's Thematic Analysis strategy. The results of the pilot and main study showed that survivors suffer from an array of ongoing cognitive and general health concerns beyond surviving trafficking. The findings suggest that these ongoing health conditions influenced survivors' well-being beyond surviving trafficking. The results of the study may lead those in the medical field (e.g. health administrators) to identify other conditions influencing survivors' health after surviving trafficking.
4
Sylva, Walter Joseph. "Estimating Unemployed Entrants into the Labor Force." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/32073.
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This paper examines the methodology currently used by the Bureau of Labor Statistics to estimate unemployed entrants into the labor force. Unemployed entrants are individuals who enter the labor force for the first time, or after an absence of a year or more. Since these individuals lack current work experience, they are not eligible to receive unemployment compensation and therefore are not accounted for in the Unemployment Insurance system. According to the national Current Population Survey, unemployed entrants make up approximately 40 percent of the total unemployed. The estimation of unemployed entrants is a crucial step in the development of unemployment estimates at the labor market level. This paper demonstrates that the current method in use does not produce realistic estimates. Inconsistencies in the methodology are discussed and an econometric model is presented that produces more accurate measurements of the number of unemployed entrants into the labor force.Master of Arts
5
Bingle, Jean C. "Labor for bread the exploitation of Polish labor in the Soviet Union during World War II /." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 1999. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=630.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 1999.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains iv, 242 p. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 236-242).
6
Salimov, Rustam. "Female Labor Force Participation Rate and Economic Growth." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för ekonomi, samhälle och teknik, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-45084.
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This thesis analysed the effect of female labor force participation rate (FLFPR) on economicgrowth and included changes in male labor force participation rate (MLFPR) to help improve thepower of the model. Here, three robust regressions were used on the sample of 16 Latin Countries(Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Guatemala,Honduras, Venezuela, RB, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, El Salvador) for theperiod of 1995-2015 in order to identify the effect of each key variable when tested separately andwhen tested together. According to the results, the coefficients of FLFPR and MLFPR are differentand also the addition of MLFPR to the model that has an explanatory variable FLFPR anddependent variable economic growth clearly improves the predicting power of the model and helpsobtain better coefficients. It was also identified that FLFPR has a strong positive relationship witheconomic growth, while MLFPR has a negative effect on the latter. Finally, the existence of u-shape relationship between FLFPR and economic growth was reaffirmed in this thesis, while itwas also shown that MLFPR does not have a u-shape relationship with the economic growth.
7
Neves, David Leite das. "Explaining diferences in labor market after the redesign of the Portuguese Labor Force Survey." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/11259.
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Mestrado em Econometria Aplicada e PrevisãoNo primeiro trimestre de 2011, o Inquérito ao Emprego Português foi amplamente redesenhado, alterando-se substancialmente a metodologia de recolha de dados, bem como os conceitos estatísticos de emprego, desemprego e inactividade. Desde então, os fluxos entre estados do mercado de trabalho tornaram-se substancialmente elevados, considerando o seu padrão histórico. O presente estudo descreve as alterações conceptuais que advieram do redesenho do inquérito e pretende analisar as suas implicações nos fluxos. Paralelamente, é feito um estudo sistemático sobre os fluxos do mercado de trabalho em Portugal durante o período de 1999 a 2012. São usados métodos de regressão descontínua para investigar os efeitos das alterações ao inquérito nas séries dos fluxos, controlando as suas flutuações cíclicas e sazonais. Os resultados sugerem que o aumento brusco dos fluxos é fundamentalmente devido ao redesenho do Inquérito ao Emprego, não obstante do comportamento contracíclico de algumas séries. Adicionalmente, existe evidência que os fluxos do emprego temporário, dos inactivos que querem um emprego e dos indivíduos de idade superior e menor escolaridade, foram particularmente atingidos pelas alterações metodológicas. Posteriormente, são usados métodos seccionais e longitudinais para quantificar o efeito do redesenho na probabilidade de transitar do emprego para o não-emprego. Os resultados sugerem que sob o novo inquérito a probabilidade de se registarem transições para o não-emprego é superior, comparativamente com o anterior método. Contudo, tal parece resultar mais das consideráveis alterações metodológicas, do que de alterações na composição da amostra do novo inquérito que favoreçam a observação de transições do emprego para o não-emprego.
In the first quarter of 2011, the Portuguese Labor Force Survey underwent a major redesign. The redesign substantially changed the methodology of collecting data and concepts of employment, unemployment and inactivity. Since then, the labor market flows became substantially high compared with historical standards. This study documents the definitional changes and impacts of the redesign on labor market flows data. In addition, it provides a systematic study about the Portuguese labor market flows for the period between 1999 and 2012. We make use of regression discontinuity methods to investigate the redesign effect in the flows series, controlling their cyclical and seasonal movements. The results suggest that the jump in the flows series is mostly explained by the redesign's effect, despite of the countercyclical pattern found at some flows. Furthermore, the redesign effect seems to concentrate in specific groups, namely on the temporary employed, on the inactives who want a job and on the older and less educated respondents. On a second stage, we apply a set of cross-sectional and longitudinal methods to model the effect of the redesign in the probability to move out of employment. The new methodology appears to have increased the probability to record transitions out of employment. This appears to be more a result of a redesign effect caused by the major methodological changes than of differences between samples that could.
8
Alriksson, Anton. "Labor supply effects of increases in non-labor income : A study about older working individuals labor force participation." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för nationalekonomi och statistik (NS), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-53282.
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The ageing of the Swedish population entails an increase of public and pension expenditure. A solution to keep the compensation level constant is to make individuals retire later from the labor force. In order to understand what actions need to be implemented, there is a need of more knowledge about the characteristics of individuals who chose to remain in the labor force after the normal age of retirement. This essay investigates how senior workers’ that are above the normal retirement age responds to an increase of non-labor income and how it affects labor supply. The results show that around 66 % of individuals will continue to work to the same extent, around 15 % will choose to reduce hours of work, and near 19 % will chose to retire. Also the results show that a person that will not change anything in hours of work after an increase in non-labor income will most likely be a male that is self-employed, who really likes his job and has a postgraduate degree. One conclusion in this essay is that to only focus on compensation levels in different social insurance systems to increase senior workers’ labor force participation will not be as effective as if also focus would be on social norms and cultural beliefs to increase engagement towards work.
9
Vervoux, Cyril. "Contributions vers l'accélération de l'algorithme de Buchberger en combinant la méthode de coupure de Knuth-Schönhage et une approche de type sous-résultants." Limoges, 2002. http://www.unilim.fr/laco/theses/2002/T2002_01.pdf.
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Le but de cette thèse est l'amélioration du calcul des bases de Gröbner. Dans cet esprit, nous proposons une méthode combinant les sous-résultants et une stratégie "divide and conquer" basée sur la méthode de coupure de Knuth-Schönhage. Un progrès majeur pour le calcul des bases de Gröbner serait une implémentation d'une telle méthode sur une plateforme appropriée telle la machine du Turing multi-bande de Schönehage qui n'est pas handicapée par les limites de la RAM. Dans ce contexte surviennent de nombreuses questions techniques. Avec l'idée d'avoir finalement une approche basée sur une substitution à la Kronecker pour traiter les polynômes multivariés, nous présentons une perspective positive pour un futur algorithme rapide de bases de Gröbner et les bases concrètes d'un tel algorithme dans le cadre des polynômes univariés. En fait, les résultats sont un algorithme des sous-résultants pour plusieurs polynômes, prouvé dans les cas génériques et qui marche bien expérimentalement dans tous les cas (y compris les cas non génériques), et un algorithme "divide and conquer" d'élimination sur plusieurs polynômes utilisant à la fois l'approche des sous-résultants et une méthode de coupure. Une implémentation en Magma révèle la supériorité de l'approche combinée sous-résultants et méthode de coupure, déjà pour des polynômes de degré environ 700 pour trois polynômes (et 1250 pour cinq polynômes), et montre ainsi clairement un fort potentiel pour le développement futur de cette approche. Enfin, cette thèse amène de nombreuses questions ouvertes qui sont à résoudre pour atteindre le but initialement fixéThe goal of this thesis is the improvement of Gröbner bases computation. .
10
Celik, Ezgi. "Cross-country Analysis Of Female Labor Force Participation Rate." Master's thesis, METU, 2012. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12615037/index.pdf.
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This study focuses on the female labor force participation rate (LFPR). Cross-country fixed effect analysis of fifty-six countries shows that female LFPR increases with income and education level. Moreover, average schooling years for males is a good fit for female LFPR especially in the low income countries with low education level. Average schooling years for females is a good fit for female LFPR especially in the high income countries with high education level. Higher female tertiary enrollment ratio is significant for higher female LFPR. On the other hand, Turkey has a lower level of female LFPR than the predicted level. Low female education explains the lower female LFPR of Turkey than the countries with similar income level. However, female LFPR has a declining trend in time even if income and education level improves. Institutional background of Turkey indicates the negative impact of urbanization on participation rates. However, under different growth and education scenarios, Turkey can reach higher levels until 2030. Employment policies especially focused on higher education is essential to reach the targets.
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Goodstein, Ryan Michael Blau David. "Essays on the labor force participation of older men." Chapel Hill, N.C. : University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2008. http://dc.lib.unc.edu/u?/etd,1512.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2008.Title from electronic title page (viewed Sep. 16, 2008). "... in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Economics." Discipline: Economics; Department/School: Economics.
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Ho, Joycelyn J. "The Effect of Culture on Female Labor Force Partcipation." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2011. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/101.
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This article looks at the effect of culture on female labor force participation. Proxies of culture used are Globe cultural social practice dimensions, and Hofstede cultural dimensions. This article finds that globe cultural dimensions have a stronger explantory value that Hofstede cultural dimensions. It confirms that gender eglaitarianism is a predictor of female labor force participation. It also suggests that assertiveness and uncertainty avoidance are also predictors of female labor force participation.
13
Bayanpourtehrani, Ghazal. "Women, Fertility and Labor Market." OpenSIUC, 2011. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/dissertations/366.
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In this dissertation research, the empirical analyses are developed to investigate the role of different factors on female's fertility decisions as well as female labor force participation. This research contains two major parts related to women: first, the impact of State Children Health Insurance (SCHIP) on female's fertility decision is examined. In 1997, Congress enacted the State Children's Health Insurance Program (SCHIP) to provide matching funds to states to provide health insurance for children who do not qualify for Medicaid. The implementation of SCHIP, however, differs across states. For example, some states provide SCHIP benefits to parents while others do not. Controlling for state and female characteristics, are women in states with more generous SCHIP benefits more likely to have children than are women in states with less generous benefits? After classifying state benefits as "generous" or "not generous" under different criteria, I do not find support that the type of SCHIP matters for future pregnancy decisions. Moreover, the association between pregnancy decisions and SCHIP do not change across ethnic groups, income levels, marital status, etc. Second, using a cross-sectional empirical specification, I examine whether female labor force participation (FLFP) in a cross-section of countries between 1985 and 2005 varies depending upon the religion practiced in these countries. I initially find that FLFP is lower in Muslim countries. However, the association between Islam and FLFP greatly diminishes once other controls are included in the regression, suggesting that Islam might not diminish FLFP as some have argued. Moreover, once these additional controls are included, the association between Islam and FLFP is similar to that between Catholicism and FLFP. Countries where Protestantism is prevalent or where no religion is practiced have higher FLFP. Besides, focusing on FLFP and using a panel data from 1980 to 2005, this study examines whether democratization is associated with subsequent labor force participation rates for women. I consider a panel to exploit the within country variation in political regimes and to employ country fixed effects that can control for cultural factors that influence both women's rights and political outcomes. We find a negative association between democratization (as measured by the Freedom House indices) and FLFP. Democratization appears to lower FLFP. Part of this finding stems from the decline in FLFP in former Communist countries. But the fall of Communism is not a complete explanation. Perhaps authoritarian regimes more generally pushed more people into the labor force to maintain higher output levels even when this was not optimal for individual households.
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Sukarno, Makmuri. "Education and labour force in Central Java." Thesis, Canberra, ACT : The Australian National University, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/133343.
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This study deals with education and the labour force
in the province of Central Java, Indonesia. The
relationship between education and the labour force
includes several issues, such as education as investment
in human
capital
to prepare qualified skills, the economic capacity
to absorb educated people and the manpower policy to
adjust demand for and supply of manpower.
In this study, the relationship between education
and the labour force has been viewed in this light. The
primary source of data on education and the labour force
was the 1980 census. The 1971 census, the 1976 Labour
Force Survey, the 1985 Intercensal Population Survey and
Jawa Tengah Dalam Angka (Central Java Year Books) were
selected as the complements. The manpower policy data
were obtained from the Repelita (Five Year Development
Plans).
The educational policy in Central Java, in terms of
the quantity, has been succesful during the period 1971
to 1985, and resulted in rapid growth of educated labour
force. Meanwhile, the economic policy on economic growth
has also been succesful, but it has offered only limited
employment growth and consequently resulted in
unemployment. The unemployment rate among educated people
(secondary and tertiary graduates) was higher than among
the less educated people (primary graduates and below). The educational policy is producing graduates to
achieve the desirable labour force pyramid, while the
current economic difficulties will narrow employment
growth in the future. According to employment
projections, the increasing unemployment rate among
secondary graduates, which began during 1980-1985, is
likely to continue in the future. The government has
established pre-employment training for the period 1984-
1989, which is excessive compared with the additional
employment opportunities for that period, while the
number of pre-employment training programs for secondary
graduates is inadequate. Educated people who are
unemployed are likely to move to lower occupations and
consequently improve the quality of labour force in lower
occupations.
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Carruthers, Bruce Cameron. ""That the union of the labor forces shall be permanent"." Thesis, Click here for available full-text of this thesis, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10057/306.
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Historians disagree on the reasons the Populist Movement and labor failed to achieve a political coalition. Some find the cause in a backward-looking Populist ideology that imagined solutions to the problems of rapid industrialization could be found in a yeoman republic. According to this view, rank-and-file Populists neither understood nor had sympathy with the problems facing workers in the mass industries of the late twentieth century. Others see Populism as a progressive movement that accepted industrialization but sought to bring it under government control so that its material advantages would benefit all citizens, especially the producer classes of farmers, laborers, and small businessmen. These historians blame the failure of a coalition to develop on the immaturity of the labor movement; it was not intellectually or organizationally advanced enough to appreciate Populists’ shared interests with workers or to accept their offer of a coalition. Richard Hofstadter and Oscar Handlin are key scholars in the first school; Lawrence Goodwyn and C. Vann Woodward are acknowledged spokespersons for the second. This study attempts to address the coalition issue by examining the responses of Populist and Republican newspapers to the Homestead Strike of 1892 and the Pullman Strike of 1894. These strikes were selected because both were notorious for their violence and bloodshed and both elicited armed government intervention on behalf of business. Newspapers were examined around the time of the strikes to gain a sense of local Populist sympathy with labor and of its commitment to a political coalition of farmers and workers. Populist response was compared to opinions expressed in Republican newspapers to determine if significant ideological differences existed between the Parties. Reviewing newspapers throughout the state and for events that occurred two years apart served as a check on regional and chronological variations. In all, over 400 newspaper editions were reviewed. The study’s findings solidly support to the perspective that depicts Populism as actively seeking a coalition based on a realistic understanding of labor’s position in an industrial economy. Universal editorial stances in favor of labor also advance the position that this was an authentic grass-roots expression and not simply a reflection of national leadership ideology. All Populist newspapers called for a political coalition of farmers and laborers. Populist response was markedly different than Republican. With a few exceptions, Republican newspapers took the side of capital. Further, this investigation revealed no evidence of desire to return to an imaginary yeomen republic in Populist newspapers. The study also examined the newspapers for instances of anti-Semitism and nativism associated with Homestead and Pullman. There was little evidence of either. While this might not be surprising with regard to anti-Semitism since the strikes did not revolve around issues of banking or credit, it is significant with regard to nativism. Anti-foreigner sentiment was often associated with strikes and with the importation of cheap, European labor. If nativism infected the Populist Movement, as is claimed by many historians who see it as a reactionary movement that practiced status politics, it should have been reflected in the pages of these newspapers. Its absence raises questions about negative conceptualizations of the Movement.Thesis (M.A.)--Wichita State University, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Dept, of History.
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Jensen, Taylor (Taylor Moroni), and Qi Sun. "Absenteeism prediction and labor force optimization in rail dispatcher scheduling." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/85457.
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Thesis: M. Eng. in Logistics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division, 2013.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 61-62).
Unplanned employee absences are estimated to account for a loss of 3% of scheduled labor hours. This can be costly in railroad dispatcher scheduling because every absence must be filled through overtime or a qualified extra dispatcher. One factor that complicates this problem is the uncertainty of unplanned employee absences. The ability to predict unplanned absences would facilitate effective scheduling of extra dispatchers and help reduce overtime costs. This thesis uses data from a railroad company over a four year period to examine company-wide factors thought to impact the number of unplanned absences among dispatchers. Using Poisson regression, we identify several factors that provide statistical evidence of influencing the number of unplanned absences. These factors are month, snowstorms, shift, and certain holidays. Despite these findings, the overall predictive capability of our regression model is very weak. Instead, we model the number of unplanned absences by shift as a Hadrom process with a Negative Binomial distribution and use Monte Carlo simulation to explore the impact on overtime costs of increasing the number of scheduled extra dispatchers and increasing the number of positions on which each employee is qualified to work. Our results show that increasing the number of extra dispatchers has a greater effect on reducing overtime, but the cost savings from reducing overtime expenses are not enough to offset the additional labor costs of having more employees on staff. Our results provide insight regarding the relationship among extra staff, higher levels of qualification among employees, and the willingness to use overtime in handling unplanned absences.
by Taylor Jensen and Qi Sun.
M. Eng. in Logistics
17
Nefodova, A. A. "Migration policy and regulation of the international labor force migration." Master's thesis, Sumy State University, 2019. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/75548.
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У роботі досліджено сутність міжнародної міграції робочої сили, класифікація цього явища та певні стратегії міграційної політики з метою запобігання нелегальної трудової міграції. Був проведений аналіз вже існуючих стратегій міграційної політики та їх ефективності. Основною метою цього дослідження є розробка рекомендацій щодо підвищення ефективності вже існуючих стратегій міграційної політики та внесення певних змін задля забезпечення їх більшої ефективності.The master’s thesis examines the essence of the term “international labor migration”, the classification of this phenomenon and certain strategies of migration policy in order to prevent illegal labor migration. The focus was on the analysis of the existing migration policy strategies and the effectiveness of these strategies. The main aim of this research is to develop recommendations for improving the effectiveness of existing migration policy strategies and for making some changes to improve its effectiveness.
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Cubas, Norando German. "Essays on infrastructure, female labor force participation and economic development." Diss., University of Iowa, 2010. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/658.
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A central question in economics is why some countries are substantially richer than others. The income per capita of the five richest countries in the world is 30 times the income of the five poorest. It is a fundamental quantitative question for which growth and development economists still have no definite answer. The first chapter of this dissertation contributes to this literature. The chapter offers new evidence on the sources of cross-country income differences by investigating the role public capital in development accounting. I explicitly measure private and public capital stocks, and I find large differences in both types of capital across countries. Moreover, differences in private capital are larger than the ones I find for total capital for the richest and poorest countries. The methodology I use implies a share of public capital in output of at most 10%. My findings indicate that differences in capital stocks can not account for a substantial part of the observed dispersion in income across countries .
Other macroeconomic facts of underdeveloped and developing economies may also explain their low income per capita. These facts may be related to economic policies that could distort the allocation of resources in these economies. In the second chapter of this dissertation I document differences in labor supply between a set of Latin American countries and the U.S. in the period 1990-2005. In the U.S. the female labor force participation was 69% by 1990, while in Brazil and Mexico was 39% and 37%, respectively. Females began to participate more in the labor market of these countries after more households acquired access to basic infrastructure and when distortive policies affecting the price of household appliances were partially removed. I use a model of home production with endogenous labor force participation to account for these facts. I conclude that the price of household appliances and access to infrastructure are quantitatively important in explaining cross-country labor supply differences.
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Aytac, Isik Akin. "The effect of women's labor force participation on marital instability." PDXScholar, 1985. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/3428.
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This thesis examines the effect of women's labor force participation on marital instability. It is hypothesized that women's income-earning affects marriage in two ways: 1) the "independence effect" facilitates divorce by enabling women to be self-supporting; 2) the "parallel marriage effect" improves marital satisfaction and the quality of the marital relationship because women with higher incomes generally have more power in marriage. The "independence effect" is measured by whether or not women's income is sufficient, defined as income above the poverty line for the appropriate family size as established by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. "Parallel marriage" is measured by the wife-husband income ratio. Both women's own income level and wife-husband income ratio are taken two years prior to her divorce.
20
Omole, Christina. "Human Trafficking: The Health of Men Forced into Labor Trafficking in the United States." ScholarWorks, 2016. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/1980.
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Human trafficking is a criminal act that occurs globally. It affects both women and men, but most studies have focused on female victims; few have explored trafficked men or their related health issues. Though there are many forms of trafficking, it is believed that most male victims are trafficked as forced labor. Using gender schema theory as a framework, this quantitative study examined archival data to identify the types of trafficking men are subjected to, their health ailments, and how these differ from the health ailments of trafficked women. Archival data from 124 individuals subjected to human trafficking in Florida were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis, one-way ANOVA, Mann Whitney U, and Fisher's exact tests. Findings indicated that males were more likely to have been labor trafficked compared to other forms of trafficking, and that labor trafficked persons were not more susceptible to health ailments than were sex trafficked persons. Also, there was a significant difference in health conditions between male and female victims, with females reporting more issues such as malnourishment, skin rash, and anxiety. These findings help to alter the misperception that men are traffickers only by recognizing them to be victims as well. Implications for social change include increased awareness of male trafficking in health care policies and human trafficking prevention efforts.
21
Kim, Janice Chung Heejae. "Gender, labor and political consciousness: female factory workers in colonial Korea." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.249719.
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Switzer, W. Alayne. "Children of the gulag /." Connect to title online (Scholars' Bank), 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/7897.
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23
Lin, Peng. "Health status and the labor force participation decisions of married couples." Thesis, [College Station, Tex. : Texas A&M University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2336.
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Strayhorn, Kali-Ahset Amen. "Women's paid labor force participation and child immunization a multilevel model /." College Park, Md. : University of Maryland, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/3583.
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Thesis (M.A.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2006.Thesis research directed by: Dept. of Sociology. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.
25
Chutubtim, Piyaluk. "Home-based work, human capital accumulation and women's labor force participation." Texas A&M University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/4348.
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This dissertation examines the effect of changes in the stock of human capital on
the labor force participation decision of women aged 25-54. Without the option of homebased
work, some women choose to leave the labor market and stay at home temporarily
for family reasons. Working women realize that time out of the labor force could impose
penalties on their work careers. This is because during the break, they do not accumulate
any new human capital while the existing job skills continuously depreciate.
Nowadays, home-based work becomes possible for many jobs because rapid
development in personal computers and advances in information and communications
technology have reduced employersâ cost of offering home-based work arrangements.
Working women can resolve the time conflict between demand for paid work and family
responsibility by working from home. In a previous study, the home-based work
decision depends on the fixed cost of working and potential home production. Women
who are disabled, have small children, or live in rural areas are likely to work from home
because they have high fixed costs of working and high potential home production. However, none of the existing studies applies the human capital theory of labor supply to
the home-based work decision.
Using data on the female labor force from the Integrated Public Use Microdata
Series (IPUMS) of housing units from the 2000 U.S. Census, I estimate a nested logit
model to examine the effects of expected costs of non-participation, in terms of forgone
earnings, forgone human capital accumulation and human capital depreciation, on
womenâÂÂs labor force participation decision. I find that, other things being equal, women
aged 25 to 44 who have potentially high human capital accumulation and high human
capital depreciation are likely to stay in the labor force. In the case that the value of their
home time is so high that they choose to stay at home, they prefer to work for pay at
home than to be out of the labor force.
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Kus, Maciej. "The Role of Religion in Determining Female Labor Force Participation Rates." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för samhällsvetenskaper, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-9306.
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This paper looks at macro level data to measure the influence religion has played on female labor force participation (FLFP) rates between 1980 and 2005. It also attempts to find if this influence has changed over time. It then focuses specifically on African and post-communist nations as that is where some of the major religious changes have taken place in the last few decades. There is no clear pattern of an increasing or decreasing influence of religion on FLFP rates. Rather, different religions in different parts of the world affect FLFP in different ways. Finally, this paper looks specifically at Islamic and Catholic nations to see what variables have an effect on rising FLFP rates in those countries.
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Yamanaka, Jackie E. "The Effect of Oral Contraceptives on Women's Labor Force Participation Rates." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2013. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/270.
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The first oral contraceptive was introduced in the United States during the 1960s, and, subsequently, there was an increase in women’s labor force participation rates. Although the economic role of oral contraceptives is still highly debated by scholars, previous studies have found that the pill had a statistically significant impact on women’s labor force participation rates. Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Young Women, I will analyze how hours worked, hourly wages, weekly earnings and occupations for women were affected by oral contraceptives. By controlling for various governing statutes that affected the availability of the use and distribution of oral contraceptives in different states, I am able to provide evidence highlighting the extent of the pill’s significance. I find that early legal access (ELA) to oral contraceptives that resulted from residential states legalizing abortion before others positively and significantly affects women’s hours worked, hourly wages, weekly earnings and whether or not women entered into professional occupations.
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Wan, Kam-ming Galaxy, and 尹錦銘. "Application of logistic regression to female labor force participationin Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1993. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31977522.
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Smallens, Ziya Mehmet. "Prosperity in the On-Demand Economy: Reinvigorating the American Labor Force." Oberlin College Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=oberlin1462885077.
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Legerski, Elizabeth Miklya. "Women's Response to Spousal Unemployment: Economic, Labor Force, and Family Constraints." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2004. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd502.pdf.
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Lin, Ta-Win. "Women's labor force supply and commuting behavior: a time-budget analysis." PDXScholar, 1985. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/452.
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Female labor and commuting behavior has been inappropriately approached by traditional economic and location theories. While labor economists assume that commuting is a "fixed" element of the cost-of-entrance, they ignore the spatial variation in wage rate or job opportunities. Urban economists, on the other hand, treat the variation in commuting distance as a function of household housing consumption, and a "fixed" amount of labor supply is assumed. Both assumptions are unrealistic, especially in the case of females. The major contention raised in this study is that labor supply and commuting behavior are interrelated decisions. This "simultaneity" relationship should be captured by any model studying either labor or commuting behavior. In the case of female household members, time as a scarce resource must be allocated more efficiently since women are traditionally assigned housework responsibility--be they housewives or working women. A simultaneous-equation model has been specified to simulate the household decision of appropriating its (economic and human) resources among female income-earning activities--i.e., market labor supply and commuting--and housework. Time is adopted as the measurement unit of the three endogenous variables. Demographic and environmental variables are included in order to obtain the most efficient estimation and to link the results of this research to other economic and sociological studies. A two-stage Tobit and OLS estimation procedure is employed, according to the characteristics of the data, to avoid the selection bias problem (Tobin, 1958; Killingsworth, 1983). The results derived give (empirical) support to the theoretical argument that the relationship between commuting and labor supply is not a single-direction one, suggesting that the estimation of the traditional single-equation model may well be subject to serious specification bias. The theoretical and empirical inferences provided by this study contribute to a better understanding of how a household perceives its female members' domestic service and income-earning activity. Also, theoretically, the estimation can be used to give a more precise measure of the local (potential) labor pool and a more precise prediction of the amount of (female) commuters using certain routes. All these contributions have significance with respect to the firm's location decision and production planning, and the planning for the provisions of other public services.
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Chilka, Rashmi Bali. "The politics of location : bonded labor in Jaunsar Bawar, North India /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/10501.
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Rose, Sarah. "Tenure security and household labor decisions the effect of property titling on labor force participation in urban Ecuador /." CONNECT TO ELECTRONIC THESIS, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1961/3614.
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Edmark, Karin, Che-Yuan Liang, Eva Mörk, and Håkan Selin. "Evaluation of the Swedish earned income tax credit." Uppsala universitet, Nationalekonomiska institutionen, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-168214.
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Over the last twenty years we have seen an increasing use of in-work tax subsidies to encourage labor supply among low-income groups. In Sweden, a non-targeted earned income tax credit was introduced in 2007, and was reinforced in 2008, 2009 and 2010. The stated motive of the reform was to boost employment; in particular to provide incentives for individuals to go from unemployment to, at least, part-time work. In this paper we try to analyze the extensive margin labor supply effects of the Swedish earned income tax credit reform up to 2008. For identification we exploit the fact that the size of the tax credit, as well as the resulting average tax rate, is a function of the municipality of residence and income if working. However, throughout the analysis we find placebo effects that are similar in size to the estimated reform effects. In addition, the results are sensitive with respect to how we define employment, which is especially true when we analyze different subgroups such as men and women, married and singles. Our conclusion is that the identifying variation is too small and potentially endogenous and that it is therefore not possible to use this variation to perform a quasi-experimental evaluation of the Swedish EITC-reform.
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Rincon, de Munoz Betilde. "Determinants of female labor force participation in Venezuela : a cross-sectional analysis." [Tampa, Fla] : University of South Florida, 2007. http://purl.fcla.edu/usf/dc/et/SFE0001985.
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Wan, Kam-ming Galaxy. "Application of logistic regression to female labor force participation in Hong Kong." [Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong], 1993. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B13781467.
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Tamefuji, Rieko. "The impact of child care proximity on labor force participation of parents." CONNECT TO ELECTRONIC THESIS, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1961/6990.
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Ermerak, Goznur <1988>. "The Effects of Culture on Labor Force Participation of Women in Turkey." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/3567.
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In order to measure the effects of culture on Labor Force Participation decisions of women, two proxy is created.One proxy is to measure the effect of conservatism and second one is to measure the effect of religion on labor force participation decisions of women.
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Pierobon, Isabella <1988>. "Here is California! Immigrant labor force in the intensive agriculture of Capitanata." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/4156.
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The paper aims at providing the structural determinants that explain poor living conditions, exploitative working position, precarious life possibilities, careless public treatment and racist social environment of immigrant working force in the vegetable and fruits agricultural sector of the Capitanata region in Puglia. In the first part of the paper, the methodology adopted is to investigate intensive agriculture in Capitanata as an application of the Californian production model described by French scholar Jean-Pierre Berlan. The comparison with the Californian model is allowed, besides from pedoclimatic similarities, by the common structural role played by migration. Thus, Berlan’s archetype works as a tool for describing the agricultural system in which immigrants’ working force is inscribed. The comparison is divided into four chapters, corresponding to the features of the Californian model: (1) the inheritance of a latifundary land structure and its consequences on nowadays’ regime of landownership; (2) the criteria that define intensive agriculture and the forces that make its implantation possible; (3) the type, amount and working conditions of the immigrant labor force employed; and, lastly, (4) the auto-regenerative strength of the system. Then, the study of immigrant laborers’ exploitation in the perspective of the Californian model is located within the dynamics of the big-scale agri-business reorganization in an ultra-neoliberal perspective. Hence, in the second part of the paper, the analysis of public policies’ consequences is organized according to three guidelines: (5) the radicalization of landownership’s concentration and fragmentation processes; (6) the removal of protections from the domestic market and the intensification of first sector’s dependence on public funding; (7) the enlargement of the power of the agro-industrial lobby and the choking of vegetable and fruits producers. Lastly, the Californian model is used as a tool of study in order to read and interpret the actions of protest against this system of exploitation carried out by different actors. This allows to highlight the successes and limits of what has been done so far, to criticize some new simplistic proposals and to identify what currently appears to be the real crux of the system that needs to be addressed. That is, to break the bottleneck power of large retail chains to reclaim our right to food sovereignty.
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Trinh, Lan Vy <1993>. "HIGH-QUALITY LABOR FORCE OF SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT INDUSTRY IN VIETNAM FOR OUTSOURCING." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/16143.
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As globalization and technology bringing the world closer, the physical frontiers are almost eliminated. The relevance of outsourcing has expanded noticeably in recent years because of its efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and expert solutions, particularly in software development. However, it is projected that cost reduction is not the only factor affecting outsourcing decisions. The quality of services is appointed as the key feature for competition in dynamic economic.
The aim of this work is to explore the advantages of the Vietnamese workforce for outsourcing software development, besides the low labor cost rather than other IT outsourcing competitors. Additionally, the aim is to determine high-quality labor as one of the best core competencies of the Vietnamese workforce to not only compete in the software development industry but also build and maintain the trust of foreign customers in outsourcing decision making to Vietnam. To achieve these goals, a qualitative method is applied to the semi-structured interview approach. The interviewees are working for different IT companies with various positions, including project managers, human resources managers, senior developers, and freelancers.
The outcomes of this study indicate that Vietnam's core competencies for outsourcing software development are consist of cost efficiency and high-quality labor. Among those, high-quality labor is gradually becoming more important and influences the outsourcing decision making of foreign customers because of the characteristics of Vietnamese developers. These findings provide some insights for decision-makers when selecting the outsourcing candidate for their own companies. Moreover, this outcome encourages Vietnamese providers to improve their workforce quality in order to attract more foreign clients.
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Chen, Xi. "Three Essays on Labor Supply in China." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/81258.
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This dissertation consists of three essays studying the determination and evolution of labor supply in China. The analysis especially focuses on the labor market behavior of the wage workers with urban registration (Hukou). The first chapter outlines the dissertation by briefly discussing the motivations, methods, and main findings in each of the following chapters.
Chapter two examines the evolution of female labor supply in urban China. Female labor force participation rate in China has been declining rapidly over the last three decades. Using a time series of cross-sections from the Chinese Household Income Project Series (CHIPS), this chapter attempts to systematically relate the decrease in female labor force participation to the socio-economic changes happening in China during the same period, and assess their respective contributions. Adopting both linear and non-linear decomposition techniques, the results show that during 1988-1995, changes in population age distribution and family size both contribute, during 1995-2002, age effect dominates, and during 2002-2007, non-labor income effect dominates in explaining the decreasing trend in female labor force participation.
Chapter three investigates the impact of social norms on married women's labor supply decision in China. Using data from the China General Social Survey (CGSS) and the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS), we find a strong and robust positive correlation between the labor supply behavior of a married woman and the former work experience of her mother-in-law. Our estimation results indicate that being raised by a working mother influences both a man's attitude toward gender roles and his household productivity, and therefore married women whose mothers-in-law were not working are themselves significantly less likely to participate in the labor force.
The last chapter evaluates the labor market consequence of rural-to-urban migration in China. Starting from the mid-1990s, there is a remarkable increase in the number of migrant workers in cities, from around 39 million in 1997 to 145 million by 2009 (Meng et al. 2013). Chapter four intends to explore how does this important economic event affect the labor market conditions of urban residents. Specifically, we estimate the possible employment and earnings displacement effects of rural-to-urban migration on urban residents by exploiting regional variation in the rural migrant share of education-experience cells. We use multiple sets of instrumental variable to address the potential endogeneity problems associated with the rural migrant ratio in a city. The estimation results are consistent with the predictions of the textbook model of a competitive labor market, indicating the inflow of rural migrants reduces the wage and labor supply of competing urban residents.Ph. D.
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Boria, Maria Gabriella. "Human Trafficking and Natural Disasters: An Empirical Analysis." Thesis, Boston College, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/bc-ir:106784.
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Thesis advisor: S AnukritiThesis advisor: Robert Murphy
It is widely believed that natural disasters increase human trafficking from the affected region or country; however, credible analyses of the causal relationship are lacking. This paper estimates the causal effect of natural disaster occurrence on economic factors and the probability of human trafficking. I find that there is a significant, positive effect of disasters—as measured by an indicator for occurrence as well as disaster intensity—on human trafficking. Moreover, disasters negatively impact economic outcomes, suggesting a potential mechanism through which disasters indirectly affect trafficking. These findings are policy-relevant for anti-human trafficking and disaster relief organizations as they provide empirical evidence for a previously hypothesized relationship and may help prioritize the underemphasized rise in trafficking during times of inevitable chaos
Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2016
Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: Arts and Sciences Honors Program
Discipline: Economics
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Leech, Tasha Nicole. "Human Trafficking: the Gap between International regulation and Enforcement." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-205089.
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The goal of this thesis is to provide insight as to why the number of trafficking cases and convictions is still relatively low compared to the total volume of trafficking occurring, even though the trade is increasingly addressed by international law. Through a study of trafficking itself, a summary of current international legislation, and an analysis of the implementation of said legislation this thesis will show that the gap between legislation and enforcement can be partially accounted for by a widespread failure by states to adequately address the demand for trafficked persons in their national legislation. While this is far from a complete explanation of the problem it is an important piece of the puzzle.
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Moottatarn, Manassinee. "Thailand's Hidden Labor Force: Solutions to Improve the Situation of Burmese Migrant Workers." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2013. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/674.
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Burmese migrant workers leave Myanmar and come to Thailand because of the ongoing economic and political discrimination at home. Drawn to the greater work opportunities available in Thailand, these migrant workers are actively working and looking for jobs in Thailand’s menial job sectors such as agriculture, domestic work, fisheries, construction and manufacturing. They suffer from low-paid, difficult and dangerous work conditions which are largely unprotected by labor laws. Taking into account Thailand’s new minimum wage, the Thai economy’s labor shortage problem and the coming of the ASEAN Economic Community in 2015, the Thai government should coordinate the efforts of its own various agencies, employers, migrant associations, civil society, the Thai public, ASEAN and the international community to improve Burmese migrant workers’ rights. Beyond the process of clarifying the rights of migrants in the workplace to Thai employers and labor unions, as well as enforcing existing laws, the Thai government should provide migrants with health care services, education, and the option of citizenship, so that the migrants can live a quality life in their adopted country.
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劉麗蘭. "Penal of Forced Labor in Sung Dynasty." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/30414325400036900328.
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LIANG, KAI-HSIN, and 梁楷欣. "Disability and Labor Force Participation." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/49509937140747362093.
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碩士國立高雄大學
應用經濟學系碩士班
105
Over the past two decades, the numbers of disabled have increased substantially. With the increasing trends of disabled, the expenditures of disability welfare program have also increased significantly, but the labor force participation rates of disabled have declined. Although the government encourages employment of disabled, we wonder whether or not the generosity of disability welfare program will discourage effect on the labor force participation or employment of disabled. The data used in this thesis are from Physically and Mentally Disabled Citizens Living Demand Survey in 2003, 2006 and 2011 from Ministry of the Interior and Ministry of Health and Welfare. The replacement rates of disabled are estimated for aged 15-65. The replacement rates have shown to rise quickly during the period of 2003-2011. We further use Logit regression model to estimate the effects of generosity of disability welfare programs on the labor force participation and employment of disabled. The empirical results show that there is the disincentive effect of the disability welfare program on the labor force participation and employment. Moreover, the increasing generosity of disability welfare program has increasing disincentive effect on labor force participation and employment of disabled people, though they are statistically insignificant.
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Kinugasa, Tomoko. "Life expectancy, labor force, and saving." Thesis, 2004. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?index=0&did=765934111&SrchMode=2&sid=1&Fmt=2&VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=1233338379&clientId=23440.
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Chen, Yu-Hua, and 陳玉華. "Female Labor Force Participation Patterns in Taiwan." Thesis, 1993. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/10786697083851086230.
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Lin, Shu-Jyun, and 林淑君. "Labor Force Participation and Unemployment：Evidence From Canada." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/36429686189069062013.
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碩士淡江大學
經濟學系碩士班
102
This paper uses Canadian macroeconomic data as research object to analyze the interaction between the labor force participation rates and the unemployment rates. In order to discuss the phenomena of the added worker effect, the discouraged worker effect, and the unemployment invariance hypothesis that, which one exists in Canadian labor market. On the whole, regardless of male, female, or both altogether, it has been empirically indicated that there is long-term equilibrium relationship between labor force participation and unemployment rate. Besides, with the changing of unemployment rate, labor force participation rate changes reversely. Therefore, discouraged worker effect exists in Canadian labor market.
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Su, Meng Yu, and 蘇孟瑜. "The Study of International Female Labor Force Participation." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/82411855184327018736.
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碩士國立政治大學
臺灣研究英語碩士學程
96
In tandem with the economic development in Taiwan, female participation in the labor market has been growing. In 1980, female labor force participation rate in Taiwan was only 39.25% but it increased about 10 percentage points in the following 27 years, rising to 49.44% in 2007. Compared with advanced countries in the OECD, female labor force participation in Taiwan still has a long way to go. This research draws on past patterns in Taiwan and OECD member countries to understand the development of international female labor force participation. The purposes of this study are to understand the trend of female labor force participation in OECD countries and in Taiwan, and to know the impact of the new economy and atypical work on female labor force participation. From this study, it is obvious that internationally female labor force participation has grown from 1980 to 2006. By age groups, it indicates that the highest female labor force participation rate in OECD countries was in the age group of 40-44 while in Taiwan it was in the age group of 25-29. By the level of educational attainment, it brings out that education has improved female labor force participation since the highest female labor force participation rates were in the group of tertiary education in OECD countries, as well as in Taiwan. By sector and occupation, the statistics show that more and more females are employed in the service sector, working as service workers and sales workers. Moreover, the knowledge-based economy and the atypical jobs have lowered the entry barriers of labor market for females and have improved female labor force participation.