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Journal articles on the topic 'Forced draft cooling tower'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 28 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Kaunde, O. K. "Modeling of a Spray Assisted Natural Draft Cooling Tower." Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology 31, no. 1 (June 30, 2008): 118–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.52339/tjet.v31i1.423.

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Cooling towers are one of the largest heat and mass transfer devices that are in common use. A novel type of cooling tower has been proposed in which air flow rate into the tower is drawn by ejector action of sprays instead of fans as is done in conventional mechanical forced or induced draft cooling towers. This novel design offers the potential of savingthe energy cost for driving the fan. The paper presents mathematical models for momentum transfer which is the driving force causing the entrainment of air. Also the heat transfer model for co-current flow of liquid and gas in the tower has been presented. The liquid to gas ratio tend to decrease as liquid rate increases. The ratio attained in the experimentallaboratory tower was 3.3, correspondingly the Momentum transfer efficiency for the tower was 60% and was the highest. Experiments for cooling water initially at 45 o C to final water temperature 27 o C showed that the cooling tower efficiency was 54% and number of transfer unit 0.8.

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2

Abdulrazzaq Kareem, Fadhil, Mustafa Al-Dulaimi, and Noor Samir Lafta. "Investigation The Exergy Performance of a Forced Draft Wet Cooling Tower." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4 (September 24, 2018): 2575. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.16698.

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The performance of a forced draft wet cooling tower was investigated experimentally and the calculation was performed by applying second law of thermodynamics (exergy analysis). The mathematical model was developed by using engineering equation solver (EES) software. The results show that the chemical exergy of air increases from the bottom to the top of the cooling tower, the thermal exergy of air decreases from bottom to the top of the cooling, the exergy of water decreases from top to the bottom of the cooling tower. The exergy destruction decreases from bottom to the top of the cooling tower, and the exergy efficiency decreases from top to the bottom of the cooling. The exergy destruction tends to increase as the inlet wet bulb temperature increases while the exergy efficiency decreases. As water-air flow rate ratio increases the exergy destruction increases while the exergy efficiency decreases. The results show that there is an inverse proportional be-tween exergy destruction and exergy efficiency.

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3

NAJJAR, YOUSEF S. H. "Forced Draft Cooling Tower Performance with Diesel Power Stations." Heat Transfer Engineering 9, no. 4 (November 1988): 36–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01457638808939679.

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4

Guo, Huiqian, Yue Yang, Tongrui Cheng, Hanyu Zhou, Weijia Wang, and Xiaoze Du. "Tower Configuration Impacts on the Thermal and Flow Performance of Steel-Truss Natural Draft Dry Cooling System." Energies 14, no. 7 (April 5, 2021): 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14072002.

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In recent years, the steel-truss natural draft dry cooling technique has received attention owing to its advantages in better aseismic capability, shorter construction period, and preferable recycling. For cooling towers generating the draft force of air flow, its configuration may impact the thermal and flow performance of the steel-truss natural draft dry cooling system. With regard to the issue, this work explored the thermal and flow characteristics for the steel-truss natural draft dry cooling systems with four typical engineering tower configurations. By numerical simulation, the pressure, flow, and temperature contours were analyzed, then air mass flow rates and heat rejections were calculated and compared for the local air-cooled sectors and overall steel-truss natural draft dry cooling systems with those four tower configurations. The results present that tower 2 with the conical/cylindrical configuration had slightly lower heat rejection compared with tower 1 with the traditional hyperbolic configuration. Tower 3 with the hyperbolic/cylindrical configuration showed better thermo-flow performances than tower 1 at high crosswinds, while tower 4 with the completely cylindrical configuration appeared to have much reduced cooling capability under various crosswind conditions, along with strongly deteriorated thermal and flow behaviors. As for engineering application of the steel-truss natural draft dry cooling system, the traditional hyperbolic tower configuration is recommended for local regions with gentle wind, while for those areas with gale wind yearly, the hyperbolic/cylindrical integrated cooling tower is preferred.

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5

Ramkrishnan, Ramkumar, and Ragupathy Arumugam. "Experimental study of cooling tower performance using ceramic tile packing." Processing and Application of Ceramics 7, no. 1 (2013): 21–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pac1301021r.

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Deterioration of the packing material is a major problem in cooling towers. In this experimental study ceramic tiles were used as a packing material. The packing material is a long life burnt clay, which is normally used as a roofing material. It prevents a common problem of the cooling tower resulting from corrosion and water quality of the tower. In this study, we investigate the use of three different types of ceramic packings and evaluate their heat and mass transfer coefficients. A simple comparison of packing behaviour is performed with all three types of packing materials. The experimental study was conducted in a forced draft cooling tower. The variations in many variables, which affect the tower efficiency, are described.

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6

Al-Dulaimi, M. J., F. A. Kareem, and F. A. Hamad. "Evaluation of thermal performance for natural and forced draft wet cooling tower." Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Sciences 13, no. 4 (December 30, 2019): 6007–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.15282/jmes.13.4.2019.19.0475.

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This paper presents an experimental and numerical investigation of the thermal performance of natural draft wet cooling tower (NDWCT). The experimental investigation is carried out under natural draft condition and forced draft condition created by an axial fan. The operational parameters considered in this study are the thickness of the fill (10 and 20 cm), inlet water temperature (40, 45, and 50 °C) and inlet water volume flow rate (5.68, 7.75, and 9.46 L/min). The experimental results showed that the thermal performance is improved when the fans are used with the NDWCT. The temperature difference between inlet and outlet and effectiveness increase by 35% and 37.2%, respectively at fill thickness of 20 cm and water volume flow rate of 11.35 L/min. The temperature distribution of the air and the relative humidity were numerically simulated for both cases of natural and forced draft by employing the commercial CFD software ANSYS Fluent 15. The experimental and numerical results were validated with results from a previous work and showed a good agreement. The experimental results showed that the effectiveness increase by 22% and 30% for NDWCT and FDWCT respectively when in case of fill thickness 20 cm.

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7

., S. Parimala Murugaveni. "ANALYSIS OF FORCED DRAFT COOLING TOWER PERFORMANCE USING ANSYS FLUENT SOFTWARE." International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology 04, no. 04 (April 25, 2015): 217–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.15623/ijret.2015.0404039.

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8

Ozgur, Arif, and Hilmi Bayrakci. "Experimental investigation of air side pressure loss for wet-cooling tower fills." Thermal Science 24, no. 3 Part B (2020): 2047–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci180709317o.

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The pressure loss of air-flow in the cooling tower was measured experimentally with three different type cooling tower fill materials. Air mass flux (3.13 < Ga , < 5.21 kg/m2s), water mass flux (2.43 < Gw , < 5.21 kg/m2s) and height of the fill material (0.6, 0.8, and 1 m) were used as variable parameters for experimental works. Film, curler and splash type fillings were tested in the forced draft counter flow cooling tower unit which has 0.4 ? 0.4 m2 cross-section area. Experimental results were presented graphically. However, these results correlated for each type cooling tower fill material. The pressure loss was increased with increasing air mass flux. The pressure loss of film type filling is 29.1% higher than splash type.

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9

Ahmadikia, Hossein, Mohsen Soleimani, and Ehsan Gholami. "Simultaneous effects of water spray and crosswind on performance of natural draft dry cooling tower." Thermal Science 17, no. 2 (2013): 443–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci110510134a.

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To investigate the effect of water spray and crosswind on the effectiveness of the natural draft dry cooling tower (NDDCT), a three-dimensional model has been developed. Efficiency of NDDCT is improved by water spray system at the cooling tower entrance for high ambient temperature condition with and without crosswind. The natural and forced heat convection flow inside and around the NDDCT is simulated numerically by solving the full Navier-Stokes equations in both air and water droplet phases. Comparison of the numerical results with one-dimensional analytical model and the experimental data illustrates a well-predicted heat transfer rate in the cooling tower. Applying water spray system on the cooling tower radiators enhances the cooling tower efficiency at both no wind and windy conditions. For all values of water spraying rate, NDDCTs operate most effectively at the crosswind velocity of 3m/s and as the wind speed continues to rise to more than 3 m/s up to 12 m/s, the tower efficiency will decrease by approximately 18%, based on no-wind condition. The heat transfer rate of radiator at wind velocity 10 m/s is 11.5% lower than that of the no wind condition. This value is 7.5% for water spray rate of 50kg/s.

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10

Murav’ev, V. P. "Emergency Cooling of Nuclear Power Plant Reactors With Heat Removal By a Forced-Draft Cooling Tower." Power Technology and Engineering 50, no. 2 (July 2016): 176–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10749-016-0679-6.

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11

Cao, Mei Li, and Xing Jun Qiu. "Stress and Stability Analysis of a Cooling Tower by ANSYS." Advanced Materials Research 919-921 (April 2014): 222–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.919-921.222.

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In this paper the stress and stability of the domestic highest natural draft cooling tower under wind load, weight and temperature load are simulated by ANSYS. The wind load is proved to be the key load that must be considered in the stage of the design of a cooling tower. The maximum internal force is compressive stress and appears at the bottom, and the maximum buckling appears at the throat of the tower. The simulation result can be used to check the cooling tower during the design phase to avoid the accident.

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12

Blecich, Paolo, and Igor Wolf. "Numerical Investigation of Heat and Mass Transfer Inside a Wet Cooling Tower." Tehnički glasnik 12, no. 3 (September 25, 2018): 131–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.31803/tg-20171017145907.

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This paper presents a numerical investigation of heat and mass transfer inside a wet cooling tower with forced air draft, which find application in energy process industries and oil refineries. The mathematical model consists of mass, momentum and energy conservation equations, water droplet trajectories and their interaction with the gas phase, the computational domain and boundary conditions. Numerical distributions of air velocity, air temperatures, water vapor fractions and evaporation rates are shown and discussed. The wet cooling tower achieves an efficiency of around 80%, which can be improved by optimizing the value of the water droplet size, nozzle spray angle and water-to-air flow rate ratio. The water droplet size has a dominant effect on the cooling tower efficiency, whereas small droplets improve the efficiency up to 10%. On the other hand, the spray angle and the water-to-air ratio lead to slight improvements, about 2-3% in the best case.

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13

Li, Yun Long, Chun Ling Meng, Nian Peng Wu, and Wen Hua Zhang. "Finite Element Analysis of Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastic Hyperbolic Natural Draft Cooling Tower." Applied Mechanics and Materials 365-366 (August 2013): 237–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.365-366.237.

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Applicating the finite element analysis software Ansys to do finite element analysis of a glass fiber reinforced plastic hyperbolic natural draft cooling tower .Under the working condition of gravity and wind load, to contrast the two models of the presence or absence of abdominal rod displacement, stress and unit axial force, and check the stability of compressive bar, and structural optimization. Analysis results can provide reference for the structural design of hyperbolic cooling tower.

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14

Heriyani, Oktarina, Dan Mugisidi, P. H. Gunawan, and Dwi Apriliana Putri. "The effect of vortex generator on the approach value on forced draft type cooling tower." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 909 (December 22, 2020): 012016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/909/1/012016.

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15

Eldredge, T. V., D. J. Benton, and J. W. Hodgson. "An Investigation of the Effects of Flue Gas Injection on Natural Draft Cooling Tower Performance." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 119, no. 2 (April 1, 1997): 478–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2815599.

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This paper addresses an investigation of flue gas injection on natural draft cooling tower performance through numerical simulation. The control volume finite difference method was used for discretizing the governing equations in axisymmetric form on a boundary-fitted grid. The five independent variables addressed in this study are flue gas flow rate, flue gas temperature, radial injection location, injection orientation, and liquid entrainment in the flue gas. The flue gas temperature was found to have the most significant effect on tower performance (cold water temperature), because it strongly affects the buoyancy within the tower. The total air flow through a tower is driven by buoyancy forces, and the cooling performance is a strong function of the airflow rate.

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16

Kuritsyn, V. A., D. V. Arapov, and R. L. Goril’chenko. "Optimization of circulation water cooling process in forced-draft towers." Chemistry and Technology of Fuels and Oils 48, no. 2 (May 2012): 97–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10553-012-0344-1.

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17

Singh, Kuljeet, and Ranjan Das. "An experimental and multi-objective optimization study of a forced draft cooling tower with different fills." Energy Conversion and Management 111 (March 2016): 417–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2015.12.080.

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18

Söylemez, M. S. "On the optimum performance of forced draft counter flow cooling towers." Energy Conversion and Management 45, no. 15-16 (September 2004): 2335–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2003.11.023.

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19

Patwary, Md Fahim Faisal, Isheka Agarwala, Rashik Ahmed, and Dipak Kanti Das. "Experimental Study of Water Collection from Plume of an Induced-Draft Counter-Flow Cooling Tower Using Space Charge Injection." MIST INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 9 (June 27, 2021): 01–09. http://dx.doi.org/10.47981/j.mijst.09(01)2021.194(01-09).

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Plume collection from cooling towers can be a reliable solution to the water scarcity problem faced in many regions around the world. Meshes are one of the most proposed collectors in this regard that rely upon inertial collision for droplet capture and are inherently limited by aerodynamics. This study quantifies the effect of electrical forces on water collection from the plume of an Induced Draft Counter Flow (IDCF) Cooling Tower by introducing sets of copper tubes at the exit of the tower. The imparting of net charge to the exhaust plume by instigating space charge directs the vapor towards the inside wall of copper tube forming water droplets. This arrangement instead of a mesh or net system, creates a lesser obstruction to flow. Fabrication of fill/packing with a corrugated wave pattern using PVC plastic demonstrates satisfactory cooling performance of the tower. An optimized L/G ratio is found to exist for maximum collection efficiency of water from plume at definite entering fluid temperatures by investigating with the entering warm water temperatures at 40°C, 45°C and 50°C while the dry bulb temperature of air ranges from 23.5°C to 30.1°C. The electricity consumption for this arrangement fluctuates from 2.78 kWh/m3 to 5.13 kWh/m3 for two L/G ratios (23.5 and 28.3). Where maximum collection percentage occurs at two different entering fluid temperatures, the power expended is below the minimum used for typical desalination plants.

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20

Hitchman, G. J., and P. R. Slawson. "An Experimental Investigation of Recirculation and Interference on Modeled Forced-Draft Round Cooling Towers." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 109, no. 1 (January 1, 1987): 124–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3239999.

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21

Ramakrishnan, Ramkumar, and Ragupathy Arumugam. "Optimization of operating parameters and performance evaluation of forced draft cooling tower using response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural network (ANN)." Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology 26, no. 5 (May 2012): 1643–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12206-012-0323-9.

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22

Javadpour, Reza, Saeed Zeinali Heris, and Yaghoub Mohammadfam. "Optimizing the effect of concentration and flow rate of water/ MWCNTs nanofluid on the performance of a forced draft cross-flow cooling tower." Energy 217 (February 2021): 119420. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2020.119420.

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23

Tian, Hua, and Zi Xian Zhang. "Study on Calculation of Interface between Fresh-Old Concrete in Assembled Monolithic Water-Distributing Beam." Applied Mechanics and Materials 638-640 (September 2014): 250–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.638-640.250.

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The fresh-old concrete bonding interface is the key to designing assembled monolithic water-distributing beam of mechanical draft cooling tower. Force mechanism analysis indicated the loading-failure process was closely related to the development of cracks, which, combined with moist circumstance, aggravated corrosion. So the interface must be controlled in uncracked. In the critical condition, aggregate interlock of concrete and dowel action of reinforcement composed the shear strength of interface. Affected by the combined impact of shear force and moment, main rebar is under a state of complex stress, the principal stress of which can be calculated by the forth strength theory. Toutilize the rebar completely, the length of rebar in cast-in-site part should abide by the anchorage length.

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24

Bornman, Waldo, Jaco Dirker, Deon C. Arndt, and Josua P. Meyer. "Operational energy minimisation for forced draft, direct-contact bulk air cooling tower through a combination of forward and first-principle modelling, coupled with an optimisation platform." Energy 114 (November 2016): 995–1006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2016.08.069.

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25

Rahmati, Mehdi, Seyed Rashid Alavi, and Mohammad Reza Tavakoli. "Experimental investigation on performance enhancement of forced draft wet cooling towers with special emphasis on the role of stage numbers." Energy Conversion and Management 126 (October 2016): 971–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2016.08.059.

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26

Zhou, Yang, Ming Gao, Guoqing Long, Zhengqing Zhang, Zhigang Dang, Suoying He, and Fengzhong Sun. "Experimental study regarding the effects of forced ventilation on the thermal performance for super-large natural draft wet cooling towers." Applied Thermal Engineering 155 (June 2019): 40–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2019.03.149.

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27

Tanimizu, K., and K. Hooman. "Natural draft dry cooling tower modelling." Heat and Mass Transfer 49, no. 2 (September 18, 2012): 155–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00231-012-1071-1.

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28

Ghosh, Ritwick, and Ranjan Ganguly. "Fog harvesting from cooling towers using metal mesh: Effects of aerodynamic, deposition, and drainage efficiencies." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power and Energy 234, no. 7 (November 28, 2019): 994–1014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0957650919890711.

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Fog harvesting is recognized as an important alternate source of fresh water. Industrial fog can supplement water for industrial requirement. Collection of fog (drift droplets) from cooling tower plumes is a viable mode of industrial fog harvesting. The present study delves deeper into the findings of our earlier pilot investigation, on cooling tower fog harvesting and unravels how the collection efficiency depends on interaction of the mesh with the oncoming flow and the deposited fog droplets. Herein, we quantify the fog collection and explain the rationale of the individual contributions of aerodynamic, deposition, and drainage efficiencies on the overall collection efficiency. The effect of the mesh orientations and the tangential velocity component of the cooling tower plume (arising out of the cooling tower-fan rotation) are considered. Aerodynamic efficiency of the mesh and pressure drop across is estimated through computational fluid dynamic analysis. Also, an analysis of the force interaction between the mesh wires, deposited droplet, and the fog stream is carried out to identify the salient deterring factors like re-entrainment, clogging, and premature dripping of collected water droplets, based on which the regime of collection is mapped. The best collection configuration is found at an inclination of 15° with the vertical, with an overall collection efficiency of about 16%. The best configuration would allow recovery of re-usable fresh water at a nominal energy penalty of ∼3.9 kWh/m3. Our results offer the design bases for developing full-scale fog harvesting setups for industrial cooling towers.

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29

Zheng, Shui Hua, Tai Jin, and Jian Ren Fan. "Numerical Study of Natural Draft Wet Cooling Tower." Advanced Materials Research 403-408 (November 2011): 3191–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.403-408.3191.

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Natural draft wet cooling tower is one of key equipments in thermal power stations, and its thermal performance influences the efficiency of total thermal system. Based on the heat and mass transfer theory and characteristics of the FLUENT software, a three-dimensional numerical simulation platform had been developed to simulate the thermal performance in a natural draft wet cooling tower. This platform was used to study the heat exchange and flow situation of a typical hyperbolic natural draft wet cooling tower. Comparing and analyzing the results of simulation and design calculation, it indicate that there is good computational accuracy of the three-dimensional numerical simulation platform, and the platform can provide a good support for the design and research of natural draft wet cooling tower.

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30

Jameson, Randall W. "Issues in mechanical draft cooling tower noise." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 101, no. 5 (May 1997): 3039. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.418602.

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31

Wang, Wei, Deliang Zeng, Yong Hu, Jizhen Liu, and Yuguang Niu. "Coupling model and solving approach for performance evaluation of natural draft counter-flow wet cooling towers." Thermal Science 20, no. 1 (2016): 291–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci140924006w.

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When searching for the optimum condenser cooling water flow in a thermal power plant with natural draft cooling towers, it is essential to evaluate the outlet water temperature of cooling towers when the cooling water flow and inlet water temperature change. However, the air outlet temperature and tower draft or inlet air velocity are strongly coupled for natural draft cooling towers. Traditional methods, such as trial and error method, graphic method and iterative methods are not simple and efficient enough to be used for plant practice. In this paper, we combine Merkel equation with draft equation, and develop the coupled description for performance evaluation of natural draft cooling towers. This model contains two inputs: the cooling water flow, the inlet cooling water temperature and two outputs: the outlet water temperature, the inlet air velocity, equivalent to tower draft. In this model, we furthermore put forward a soft-sensing algorithm to calculate the total drag coefficient instead of empirical correlations. Finally, we design an iterative approach to solve this coupling model, and illustrate three cases to prove that the coupling model and solving approach proposed in our paper are effective for cooling tower performance evaluation.

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32

Song, Guoqing, Xudong Zhi, Feng Fan, Wei Wang, and Peng Wang. "Cooling performance of cylinder-frustum natural draft dry cooling tower." Applied Thermal Engineering 180 (November 2020): 115797. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2020.115797.

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33

Fisenko, S. P., A. I. Petruchik, and A. D. Solodukhin. "Evaporative cooling of water in a natural draft cooling tower." International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 45, no. 23 (November 2002): 4683–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0017-9310(02)00158-8.

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34

Fisenko, S. P., A. A. Brin, and A. I. Petruchik. "Evaporative cooling of water in a mechanical draft cooling tower." International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 47, no. 1 (January 2004): 165–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0017-9310(03)00409-5.

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35

Li, Wuquan, Jingyu Chai, and Jingwei Zheng. "Investigation of Natural Draft Cooling Tower in China." Heat Transfer Engineering 38, no. 11-12 (September 13, 2016): 1101–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01457632.2016.1217054.

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36

Zheng, Shui Hua, Tai Jin, and Jian Ren Fan. "Numerical Study of the Thermal Performance in Natural Draft Wet Cooling Tower with Different Fill Types." Advanced Materials Research 562-564 (August 2012): 1032–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.562-564.1032.

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Based on the heat and mass transfer theory and characteristics of the FLUENT software, a three-dimensional numerical simulation platform composed by user defined functions had been developed to simulate the thermal performance in a natural draft wet cooling tower. This platform was used to study a typical hyperbolic natural draft wet cooling tower with different fill types. The variations of the flow and temperature field in the cooling tower caused by the two different methods of fill were investigated. It is found that the outlet water temperature will decrease due to the non-uniform fill depth. The non-uniform fill depth is beneficial to increasing the efficiency of the cooling tower.

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37

Zhang, Ming, and Heng Le Wang. "Construction Simulation and Construction Speed Analysis of Natural Draft Cooling Towers." Applied Mechanics and Materials 353-356 (August 2013): 3559–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.353-356.3559.

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Using the finite element code ABAQUS and taking account of the wind load reduction, this paper presents a set of construction simulation methods of concrete cooling towers. A natural draft cooling tower at Taishan nuclear power station in Guangdong province, China, under three speeds of construction is simulated. Displacement and stress distributions of the cooling tower in the different construction stages are obtained. Some interested parts of the cooling tower are analyzed in detail and the variations of displacements and stresses of these parts with the construction are concluded. A comparative study of the influence of construction speed on displacements and stresses is performed as well. The analyses and proposals of this paper may be used as reference to the cooling tower design and construction.

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38

Ma, L. B., J. X. Ren, F. Q. Li, L. J. Zhang, and M. Q. Li. "The discussion on cooling optimization of natural draft wet cooling tower." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 199 (December 19, 2018): 032074. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/199/3/032074.

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39

Badriev, A. I., V. N. Sharifullin, S. M. Vlasov, and N. D. Chichirova. "Study of operation of natural draft cooling tower, with its hydraulic load reduced." Safety and Reliability of Power Industry 12, no. 4 (January 25, 2020): 268–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.24223/1999-5555-2019-12-4-268-273.

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A survey has been held of a BG-2600 natural draft cooling tower of thermal power plants, in the reduced hydraulic load mode. The technical condition of the reinforced concrete tower, the skeleton frame, the irrigation device, the water distribution system and the air duct windows has been inspected. Defects of the cooling tower structural elements have been identified. These include: horizontal sagging of the irrigation device, considerable gaps between its blocks and their partial destruction, problems with nozzles and structures of air duct windows. The identified defects are attributed to the causes of irregular water and air flows. The degree of irregularity of irrigation density and air flow in the tower has been estimated. Over the cross-section of the tower, a significant standard deviation from the average value or irregularity of irrigation density (30%) and irregularity of air flow (23.5%) has been established. The temperature and cooling curves of the cooling tower have been plotted taking into account irregularities of irrigation density and air flow rate. Normal and defective sections of the cooling tower have been identified based on working characteristics. Standard characteristics of the BG-2600 cooling tower have been plotted based on a nomogram. A comparative analysis of the working and standard characteristics has been held. The degree of influence produced by irregularities in water and air flows on the cooling process has been established. It has been found that the established irregularities in water and air flows result in a decrease in the temperature difference on average by 2°C and a decrease of cooling capacity by 7.3 Mcal/m2∙hr with a hydraulic load of 8840 m3/h. The results indicate a significant impact produced by irregularities of flows on cooling effect. The tasks to eliminate irregularities in distribution of flows as well as to increase the tower cooling efficiency have been formulated.

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40

Zhu, Xiaojing, Weihui Xu, Weishu Wang, Xu Shi, Gang Chen, and Shifei Zhao. "The Design of a Vapor-Condensing Plume Abatement System and Devices for Mechanical Draft Cooling Towers." Water 12, no. 4 (April 2, 2020): 1013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12041013.

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Cooling towers are widely used in many fields, but the generation of visible plumes has a serious impact on the environment. Moreover, the evaporation losses also cause a great waste of water. In this paper, a vapor-condensing plume abatement system was designed for a mechanical-draft cooling tower based on the mechanism of vapor plume generation. An effective method to achieve water-saving and eliminate the water fog generated in the cooling tower was proposed, and its feasibility was verified by using thermodynamic analysis. Next, the vapor-condensing plume abatement device was designed and used for both the confined space cooling tower (CSCT) and the free space cooling tower (FSCT). The surface type heat exchanger was adopted to design the vapor-condensing plume abatement device. Then a basic calculation flow and method were proposed to obtain thermodynamic operating parameters. According to the comparison between the results of theoretical calculation and practical engineering application, it was found that the designed vapor-condensing plume abatement system obviously benefits the water-saving of a mechanical-draft cooling tower and considerable economic benefits can be obtained. The contents presented provide the theoretical basis and technical support for the upgrade of the cooling tower and the design of the new cooling tower.

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41

Busch, Dieter, Reinhard Harte, Wilfried B. Krätzig, and Ulrich Montag. "World’s Tallest Natural Draft Cooling Tower, near Cologne, Germany." Structural Engineering International 11, no. 2 (May 2001): 107–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/101686601780347084.

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42

Williamson, N., M. Behnia, and S. W. Armfield. "Thermal optimization of a natural draft wet cooling tower." International Journal of Energy Research 32, no. 14 (November 2008): 1349–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/er.1456.

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43

Midiani, Luh Putu Ike, I. Wayan Temaja, I. Putu Merta Adnyana, I. Kadek Dwiana, and I. Made Prasana Yoga. "Analisa kinerja cooling tower tipe counter flow induced draft." Journal of Applied Mechanical Engineering and Green Technology 2, no. 2 (July 31, 2021): 72–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.31940/jametech.v2i2.2712.

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Paper ini bertujuan untuk memberikan wawasan tentang kinerja menara pendingin. Menara pendingin yang diamati adalah menara pendingin tipe counterflow induced draft. Analisa dilakukan untuk mengetahui pengaruh temperatur lingkungan terhadap kinerja menara pendingin, kerugian energi dan alternatif perbaikan. Metode yang digunakan adalah pengumpulan data operasional, pengolahan data dan selanjutnya menganalisa hasil pengolahan data. Parameter kinerja menara pendingin yang dicari meliputi range, approach, efektifitas, kapasitas pendinginan. Kerugian yang terjadi selama operasional menara pendingin seperti kerugian penguapan, blow down dan drift juga dihitung. Hasil analisa kinerja menara pendingin menyatakan bahwa efektivitas menara pendingin tinggi karena laju penguapan yang tinggi dan lebih sedikit kehilangan karena penguapan, blowdown, dan drift. Laju penguapan yang tinggi dapat terjadi karena jumlah uap air yang rendah di udara dan menunjukkan kelembaban relatif yang rendah, sehingga penurunan temperatur wet bulb akan besar.

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44

Dong, Peixin, Xiaoxiao Li, Yuanyuan Yu, Zekun Zhang, and Junjie Feng. "Direct Air Capture via Natural Draft Dry Cooling Tower." International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control 109 (July 2021): 103375. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijggc.2021.103375.

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45

Zhang, Yan, Guo Liang Bai, and Yan Zhou Xu. "Dynamic Reliability of Super Large Cooling Tower Structure under a Stationary Seismic Load." Advanced Materials Research 243-249 (May 2011): 3839–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.243-249.3839.

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This paper analyzed the dynamic characteristics and the random seismic response of a super large hyperbolic cooling tower using 3-D FEM method. The results showed that the tower was very flexible. And it’s meridian direction axial force RMS was relatively bigger in the range of 40m-120m high, the maximum value of annular axial force RMS was at the top of the shell. Furthermore, using the principle of first passage failure mechanism, the dynamic reliability under 7 seismic intensity and different site conditions were analyzed and calculated, in which the structural drift at the height of 40m was considered as the failure criterion, and the dynamic reliability of the tower during the design reference period was obtained. Otherwise, the results of dynamic reliability under a seismic load based on Poisson hypothesis and Morkov hypothesis were also discussed.

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46

Klimanek, Adam, Tomasz Musioł, and Adam Stechman. "Optimization of guide vane positions in bended inflow of mechanical draft wet-cooling tower." Archives of Thermodynamics 32, no. 3 (December 1, 2011): 263–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10173-011-0027-z.

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Optimization of guide vane positions in bended inflow of mechanical draft wet-cooling tower Optimization of vane positions in a mechanical draft wet-cooling tower is presented in this paper. The originally installed, equally spaced, vanes produced non-uniform air velocity distribution reducing the performance of the fill of the cooling tower. A 2D CFD model of the tower has been created. The model has then been used to determine the objective function in the optimization procedure. The selected objective function was the standard deviation of the velocity of air entering the fill. The Goal Driven Optimization tools of the ANSYSWorkbench 2.0 have been used for the optimization and the ANSYS Fluent 13.0 as a flow solver. The optimization allowed reduction of the objective function and producing a more uniform air flow.

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47

Du, Jianmin, Wenjuan Zhuang, Guo Li, and Pei Zhang. "Influence of Flue Gas Injection on the Long-Term Durability of a Natural Draft Concrete Cooling Tower." Materials 12, no. 13 (June 26, 2019): 2038. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12132038.

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The article undertakes the very important topic of the long-term durability of concrete in a natural draft concrete cooling tower with flue gas injection. The corrosive conditions, including temperature, relative humidity, and CO2 and SO2 gas concentrations, near the inner wall of a cooling tower with flue gas injection were monitored in real time to obtain the long-term durability performance of concrete. The pH and chemical compositions of the condensed liquid that adhered to the tower’s inner face and the macromorphology, compressive strength, and neutralization depth of in situ specimens were tested periodically. In addition, a finite element numerical simulation was conducted to simulate and verify the concentration distributions of CO2 and SO2 in the flue gas in the cooling tower. The results showed that the cleaned flue gas was enveloped, diluted, and uplifted by hot vapor in the cooling tower, and its concentration decreased. Meanwhile, the effective diffusion radius increased gradually as the flue gas rose. With the same elevation in the cooling tower, the concentration of flue gas decreased rapidly from the central point to the surrounding area. The air near the inner surface of the cooling tower was merely dampened air with a low concentration of acidic gas due to the gigantic diameter of the cooling tower. As a result, the injection of cleaned flue gas will not evidently increase the corrosion risk in a natural draft concrete cooling tower.

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Badriev, A. I., and V. N. Sharifullin. "Experimental study of water cooling irregularity in the natural draft cooling tower." Vestnik IGEU, no. 6 (2016): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.17588/2072-2672.2016.6.015-020.

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Zheng, Shui Hua, Tai Jin, and Jian Ren Fan. "Three-Dimensional Numerical Study on Thermal Performance in a Natural Draft Wet Cooling Tower." Advanced Materials Research 614-615 (December 2012): 169–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.614-615.169.

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Based on the heat and mass transfer theory and characteristics of the CFD software, a three-dimensional numerical simulation platform had been developed to study the thermal performance in a natural draft wet cooling tower. This platform was validated using the measured results of a running cooling tower. The flow and temperature field in the cooling tower were investigated. It is found that the water temperature and flow field can be correctly calculated using this platform. The cooling efficiency could be improved due to non-uniform fill and water distribution methods.

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Busono, Pranto, and Santosa Pujiarta. "Analisa Kebutuhan Make Up Water Cooling Tower RSG-GAS pada Daya 30 MW Setelah Revitalisasi." REAKTOR - Buletin Pengelolaan Reaktor Nuklir 17, no. 1 (April 29, 2020): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.17146/bprn.2020.17.1.5770.

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Akibat kondisi dan usia dari cooling tower RSG-GAS maka telah dilakukan revitalisasi pada cooling tower tersebut. Cooling tower yang baru mempunyai tipe sama dengan tipe sebelumnya, yaitu tipe Mechanical induced draft, counter flow, Inline, Closed end. Akibat penggantian/revitalisasi cooling tower RSG-GAS maka perlu dilakukan kajian yang berkaitan dengan besarnya kehilangan air. Kehilangan air pada cooling tower terdiri atas: evaporation loss (We), Drift loss (Wd) dan blowdown (Wb). Besarnya kehilangan air berdasarkan desain 93,8074 m3/h, hasil perhitungan 53,1286 m3/h dan hasil pengamatan adalah sebesarnya 39,4548 m3/h. Kehilangan air pada cooling tower perlu dilakukan perhitungan karena berkaitan dengan kemampuan pompa PA-04 dalam mengkompensasi kehilangan air tersebut. Dengan kemampuan pompa PA-04 yang mempunyai kapasitas 100 m3/h, maka dapat dipastikan bahwa pompa PA-04 masih mampu untuk mengkompensasi kehilangan air di cooling tower. Kata kunci : make up water, revitalisasi cooling tower, kehilangan air

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