Relevant bibliographies by topics / Forced draft cooling tower

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Book chapters
  4. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Forced draft cooling tower'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 28 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Forced draft cooling tower"

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Kaunde, O. K. "Modeling of a Spray Assisted Natural Draft Cooling Tower." Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology 31, no. 1 (June 30, 2008): 118–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.52339/tjet.v31i1.423.

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Cooling towers are one of the largest heat and mass transfer devices that are in common use. A novel type of cooling tower has been proposed in which air flow rate into the tower is drawn by ejector action of sprays instead of fans as is done in conventional mechanical forced or induced draft cooling towers. This novel design offers the potential of savingthe energy cost for driving the fan. The paper presents mathematical models for momentum transfer which is the driving force causing the entrainment of air. Also the heat transfer model for co-current flow of liquid and gas in the tower has been presented. The liquid to gas ratio tend to decrease as liquid rate increases. The ratio attained in the experimentallaboratory tower was 3.3, correspondingly the Momentum transfer efficiency for the tower was 60% and was the highest. Experiments for cooling water initially at 45 o C to final water temperature 27 o C showed that the cooling tower efficiency was 54% and number of transfer unit 0.8.
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Abdulrazzaq Kareem, Fadhil, Mustafa Al-Dulaimi, and Noor Samir Lafta. "Investigation The Exergy Performance of a Forced Draft Wet Cooling Tower." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4 (September 24, 2018): 2575. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.16698.

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The performance of a forced draft wet cooling tower was investigated experimentally and the calculation was performed by applying second law of thermodynamics (exergy analysis). The mathematical model was developed by using engineering equation solver (EES) software. The results show that the chemical exergy of air increases from the bottom to the top of the cooling tower, the thermal exergy of air decreases from bottom to the top of the cooling, the exergy of water decreases from top to the bottom of the cooling tower. The exergy destruction decreases from bottom to the top of the cooling tower, and the exergy efficiency decreases from top to the bottom of the cooling. The exergy destruction tends to increase as the inlet wet bulb temperature increases while the exergy efficiency decreases. As water-air flow rate ratio increases the exergy destruction increases while the exergy efficiency decreases. The results show that there is an inverse proportional be-tween exergy destruction and exergy efficiency.
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NAJJAR, YOUSEF S. H. "Forced Draft Cooling Tower Performance with Diesel Power Stations." Heat Transfer Engineering 9, no. 4 (November 1988): 36–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01457638808939679.

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Guo, Huiqian, Yue Yang, Tongrui Cheng, Hanyu Zhou, Weijia Wang, and Xiaoze Du. "Tower Configuration Impacts on the Thermal and Flow Performance of Steel-Truss Natural Draft Dry Cooling System." Energies 14, no. 7 (April 5, 2021): 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14072002.

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In recent years, the steel-truss natural draft dry cooling technique has received attention owing to its advantages in better aseismic capability, shorter construction period, and preferable recycling. For cooling towers generating the draft force of air flow, its configuration may impact the thermal and flow performance of the steel-truss natural draft dry cooling system. With regard to the issue, this work explored the thermal and flow characteristics for the steel-truss natural draft dry cooling systems with four typical engineering tower configurations. By numerical simulation, the pressure, flow, and temperature contours were analyzed, then air mass flow rates and heat rejections were calculated and compared for the local air-cooled sectors and overall steel-truss natural draft dry cooling systems with those four tower configurations. The results present that tower 2 with the conical/cylindrical configuration had slightly lower heat rejection compared with tower 1 with the traditional hyperbolic configuration. Tower 3 with the hyperbolic/cylindrical configuration showed better thermo-flow performances than tower 1 at high crosswinds, while tower 4 with the completely cylindrical configuration appeared to have much reduced cooling capability under various crosswind conditions, along with strongly deteriorated thermal and flow behaviors. As for engineering application of the steel-truss natural draft dry cooling system, the traditional hyperbolic tower configuration is recommended for local regions with gentle wind, while for those areas with gale wind yearly, the hyperbolic/cylindrical integrated cooling tower is preferred.
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Ramkrishnan, Ramkumar, and Ragupathy Arumugam. "Experimental study of cooling tower performance using ceramic tile packing." Processing and Application of Ceramics 7, no. 1 (2013): 21–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pac1301021r.

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Deterioration of the packing material is a major problem in cooling towers. In this experimental study ceramic tiles were used as a packing material. The packing material is a long life burnt clay, which is normally used as a roofing material. It prevents a common problem of the cooling tower resulting from corrosion and water quality of the tower. In this study, we investigate the use of three different types of ceramic packings and evaluate their heat and mass transfer coefficients. A simple comparison of packing behaviour is performed with all three types of packing materials. The experimental study was conducted in a forced draft cooling tower. The variations in many variables, which affect the tower efficiency, are described.
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Al-Dulaimi, M. J., F. A. Kareem, and F. A. Hamad. "Evaluation of thermal performance for natural and forced draft wet cooling tower." Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Sciences 13, no. 4 (December 30, 2019): 6007–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.15282/jmes.13.4.2019.19.0475.

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This paper presents an experimental and numerical investigation of the thermal performance of natural draft wet cooling tower (NDWCT). The experimental investigation is carried out under natural draft condition and forced draft condition created by an axial fan. The operational parameters considered in this study are the thickness of the fill (10 and 20 cm), inlet water temperature (40, 45, and 50 °C) and inlet water volume flow rate (5.68, 7.75, and 9.46 L/min). The experimental results showed that the thermal performance is improved when the fans are used with the NDWCT. The temperature difference between inlet and outlet and effectiveness increase by 35% and 37.2%, respectively at fill thickness of 20 cm and water volume flow rate of 11.35 L/min. The temperature distribution of the air and the relative humidity were numerically simulated for both cases of natural and forced draft by employing the commercial CFD software ANSYS Fluent 15. The experimental and numerical results were validated with results from a previous work and showed a good agreement. The experimental results showed that the effectiveness increase by 22% and 30% for NDWCT and FDWCT respectively when in case of fill thickness 20 cm.
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., S. Parimala Murugaveni. "ANALYSIS OF FORCED DRAFT COOLING TOWER PERFORMANCE USING ANSYS FLUENT SOFTWARE." International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology 04, no. 04 (April 25, 2015): 217–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.15623/ijret.2015.0404039.

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Ozgur, Arif, and Hilmi Bayrakci. "Experimental investigation of air side pressure loss for wet-cooling tower fills." Thermal Science 24, no. 3 Part B (2020): 2047–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci180709317o.

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The pressure loss of air-flow in the cooling tower was measured experimentally with three different type cooling tower fill materials. Air mass flux (3.13 < Ga , < 5.21 kg/m2s), water mass flux (2.43 < Gw , < 5.21 kg/m2s) and height of the fill material (0.6, 0.8, and 1 m) were used as variable parameters for experimental works. Film, curler and splash type fillings were tested in the forced draft counter flow cooling tower unit which has 0.4 ? 0.4 m2 cross-section area. Experimental results were presented graphically. However, these results correlated for each type cooling tower fill material. The pressure loss was increased with increasing air mass flux. The pressure loss of film type filling is 29.1% higher than splash type.
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Ahmadikia, Hossein, Mohsen Soleimani, and Ehsan Gholami. "Simultaneous effects of water spray and crosswind on performance of natural draft dry cooling tower." Thermal Science 17, no. 2 (2013): 443–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci110510134a.

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To investigate the effect of water spray and crosswind on the effectiveness of the natural draft dry cooling tower (NDDCT), a three-dimensional model has been developed. Efficiency of NDDCT is improved by water spray system at the cooling tower entrance for high ambient temperature condition with and without crosswind. The natural and forced heat convection flow inside and around the NDDCT is simulated numerically by solving the full Navier-Stokes equations in both air and water droplet phases. Comparison of the numerical results with one-dimensional analytical model and the experimental data illustrates a well-predicted heat transfer rate in the cooling tower. Applying water spray system on the cooling tower radiators enhances the cooling tower efficiency at both no wind and windy conditions. For all values of water spraying rate, NDDCTs operate most effectively at the crosswind velocity of 3m/s and as the wind speed continues to rise to more than 3 m/s up to 12 m/s, the tower efficiency will decrease by approximately 18%, based on no-wind condition. The heat transfer rate of radiator at wind velocity 10 m/s is 11.5% lower than that of the no wind condition. This value is 7.5% for water spray rate of 50kg/s.
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Murav’ev, V. P. "Emergency Cooling of Nuclear Power Plant Reactors With Heat Removal By a Forced-Draft Cooling Tower." Power Technology and Engineering 50, no. 2 (July 2016): 176–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10749-016-0679-6.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Forced draft cooling tower"

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Susna, David. "Návrh chladícího okruhu pro odvod tepla z kondenzátoru parní turbíny." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-378737.

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This thesis deals with the problems of wounding of low potential transferred from steam turbine condenser. First, in the theoretical part variations of steam condenser design are described. Then there is a description of variations of cooling cycles and possibilities of their operation range. In second part of the thesis there are two common cooler options chosen. Those are wet cooling tower with natural draft and dry chiller with forced draft. Two types of cooling liquid are chosen to be used for dry cooling. These are water and the other one is 50 % mixture of water and propylene glycol. Based on the calculation results of both cooling cycle variations appropriate pumps are chosen, fan for forced convection respectively. Parts of the thesis are also projection drawings for both calculated variations.
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Joska, Jakub. "Charakteristiky ventilátorových chladicích věží." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2021. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-443198.

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This diploma thesis deals with the problematics of fan cooling towers. The very first part of the text is research, focusing mainly on the theory of cooling and the function of fan cooling towers in general. The following chapter deals with the water resource management of the Dukovany nuclear power plant and the specification of its objects of forced draft cooling towers. The second part describes a computational model created to determine the cooling performance of these towers under the given input conditions. In the following chapters, the results from the computational model are compared with the available data from warranty measurements and with the provided characteristics. The final pages deal with the study of the influence of changes in input parameters on the cooling performance and the research of the behavior of the cooling towers under extreme weather conditions.
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Storm, Heinrich Claude. "CFD investigation of flow in and around a natural draft cooling tower." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/4353.

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Thesis (MScEng (Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Cooling tower inlet losses and effective flow diameter under no crosswind conditions and the pressure distribution around a circular cylinder subjected to a crosswind are modelled using CFD. The CFD model used to evaluate the inlet losses is validated with data measured in an experimental cooling tower sector model and data obtained from literature. The effect of different inlet geometries on the inlet loss coefficient and the effective diameter are investigated in order to improve cooling tower inlet designs. CFD models are developed to investigate the pressure distribution around infinite and finite circular cylinders. The infinite cylinder is modelled with a smooth surface and a rough surface so that the results can be compared to experimental data from literature. Ultimately a finite cylinder model with a rough surface is developed and the results are compared to experimental data from literature.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Koeltoring inlaatverlies en effektiewe vloei deursnit onder geen teenwind toestande en die drukverdeling rondom ‘n sirkelvormige silinder, onderworpe aan ‘n teenwind, word gemodelleer deur gebruik te maak van “CFD”. Die “CFD” model wat gebruik word om die inlaatverlies te evalueer is gevalideer met data verkry vanaf ‘n eksperimentele koeltoring sektor model. Verder word die “CFD” model gebruik in ‘n ondersoek om te bebaal wat die effek is van verskillende inlaat geometrieë op die inlaat verlies koeffisiënt en die effektiewe diameter sodat die inlaat geometrie van koeltorings verbeter kan word. ‘n “CFD” model word dan ontwikkel om die druk verdeling rondom ‘n sirkelvormige silinder te ondersoek. Die silinder word as oneindig gesimuleer met ‘n glade en ruwe wand sodat die resultate vergelyk kan word met eksperimentele data verkry vanaf literatuur. Die afdeling word afgesluit deur die silinder as eindig met ‘n ruwe wand te simuleer en dan word die resultate vergelyk met eksperimentele data verkry vanaf literatuur.
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Williamson, N. J. "Numerical modelling of heat and mass transfer and optimisation of a natural draft wet cooling tower." Connect to full text, 2008. http://ses.library.usyd.edu.au/handle/2123/4035.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Sydney, 2007.
Title from title screen (viewed February 12, 2009). Includes graphs and tables. Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy to the School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering. Includes bibliographical references. Also available in print form.
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Williamson, Nicholas J. "Numerical modelling of heat and mass transfer and optimisation of a natural draft wet cooling tower." University of Sydney, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/4123.

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Doctor of Philosophy
The main contribution of this work is to answer several important questions relating to natural draft wet cooling tower (NDWCT) modelling, design and optimisation. Specifically, the work aims to conduct a detailed analysis of the heat and mass transfer processes in a NDWCT, to determine how significant the radial non-uniformity of heat and mass transfer across a NDWCT is, what the underlying causes of the non-uniformity are and how these influence tower performance. Secondly, the work aims to determine what are the consequences of this non-uniformity for the traditional one dimensional design methods, which neglect any two-dimensional air flow or heat transfer effects. Finally, in the context of radial non-uniformity of heat and mass transfer, this work aims to determine the optimal arrangement of fill depth and water distribution across a NDWCT and to quantify the improvement in tower performance using this non-uniform distribution. To this end, an axisymmetric numerical model of a NDWCT has been developed. A study was conducted testing the influence of key design and operating parameters. The results show that in most cases the air flow is quite uniform across the tower due to the significant flow restriction through the fill and spray zone regions. There can be considerable radial non-uniformity of heat transfer and water outlet temperature in spite of this. This is largely due to the cooling load in the rain zone and the radial air flow there. High radial non-uniformity of heat transfer can be expected when the cooling load in the rain zone is high. Such a situation can arise with small droplet sizes, low fill depths, high water flow rates. The results show that the effect of tower inlet height on radial non-uniformity is surprisingly very small. Of the parameters considered the water mass flow rate and droplet size and droplet distribution in the rain zone have the most influence on radial noniv uniformity of heat transfer. The predictions of the axisymmetric numerical model have been compared with a one dimensional NDWCT model. The difference between the predictions of tower cooling range is very low, generally around 1-2%. This extraordinarily close comparison supports the assumptions of one dimensional flow and bulk averaged heat transfer implicit in these models. Under the range of parameters tested here the difference between the CFD models predictions and those of the one dimensional models remained fairly constant suggesting that there is no particular area where the flow/heat transfer becomes so skewed or non-uniform that the one dimensional model predictions begin to fail. An extended one dimensional model, with semi-two dimensional capability, has been developed for use with an evolutionary optimisation algorithm. The two dimensional characteristics are represented through a radial profile of the air enthalpy at the fill inlet which has been derived from the CFD results. The resulting optimal shape redistributes the fill volume from the tower centre to the outer regions near the tower inlet. The water flow rate is also increased here as expected, to balance the cooling load across the tower, making use of the cooler air near the inlet. The improvement has been shown to be very small however. The work demonstrates that, contrary to common belief, the potential improvement from multi-dimensional optimisation is actually quite small.
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Viljoen, Johannes Henning. "Dynamic Modelling and Hybrid Non-Linear Model Predictive Control of Induced Draft Cooling Towers With Parallel Heat Exchangers, Pumps and Cooling Water Network." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/72415.

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In the process industries, cooling capacity is an important enabler for the facility to manufacture on specification product. The cooling water network is an important part of the over-all cooling system of the facility. In this research a cooling water circuit consisting of 3 cooling towers in parallel, 2 cooling water pumps in parallel, and 11 heat exchangers in parallel, is modelled. The model developed is based on first principles and captures the dynamic, non-linear, interactive nature of the plant. The modelled plant is further complicated by continuous, as well as discrete process variables, giving the model a hybrid nature. Energy consumption is included in the model as it is a very important parameter for plant operation. The model is fitted to real industry data by using a particle swarm optimisation approach. The model is suitable to be used for optimisation and control purposes. Cooling water networks are often not instrumented and actuated, nor controlled or optimised. Significant process benefits can be achieved by better process end-user temperature control, and direct monetary benefits can be obtained from electric power minimisation. A Hybrid Non-Linear Model Predictive Control strategy is developed for these control objectives, and simulated on the developed first principles dynamic model. Continuous and hybrid control cases are developed, and tested on process scenarios that reflect conditions seen in a real plant. Various alternative techniques are evaluated in order to solve the Hybrid Non-Linear Control problem. Gradient descent with momentum is chosen and configured to be used to solve the continuous control problem. For the discrete control problem a graph traversal algorithm is developed and joined to the continuous control algorithm to form a Hybrid Non-Linear Model Predictive controller. The potential monetary benefits that can be obtained by the plant owner through implementing the designed control strategy, are estimated. A powerful computation platform is designed for the plant model and controller simulations.
Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2019.
Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering
PhD
Unrestricted
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Kloppers, Johannes Christiaan. "A critical evaluation and refinement of the performance prediction of wet-cooling towers." Thesis, Link to the online version, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/1476.

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Book chapters on the topic "Forced draft cooling tower"

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Mahdi, Qasim S., Saad M. Saleh, and Basima S. Khalaf. "Investigation of Natural Draft Cooling Tower Performance Using Neural Network." In Springer Proceedings in Physics, 315–27. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-05521-3_41.

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Gao, Ming, F. Z. H. Sun, Y. T. Shi, Kai Wang, and Y. B. Zhao. "Research on the Effect of Cross-wind to Temperature Difference and Efficiency of Natural Draft Counter flow Wet Cooling Tower." In Challenges of Power Engineering and Environment, 513–17. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-76694-0_94.

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Conference papers on the topic "Forced draft cooling tower"

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González Pedraza, Oskar J., J. Jesús Pacheco Ibarra, Carlos Rubio Maya, and Sergio R. Galván González. "Conceptual Design and Numerical Modeling of Prototype Counterflow Cooling Tower With Forced Draft for Geothermal Applications." In ASME 2015 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2015-50634.

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Cooling towers are widely used in temperature control in industrial processes and electricity generation processes by conventional and renewable energy methods. In this paper, it is presented an integral design of a counterflow cooling tower with forced draft for geothermal applications. The conceptual design was done in SolidWorks® software and the numerical simulation of the fluid through the tower was performed in Fluent® software. In the conceptual design were made both structural and tower elements design of the counterflow tower with forced draft. Besides, it was designed a self-drive sprinkler which distributes the water flow to be cooled inside the tower. In the mathematical model the velocity and temperature profiles were analyzed under different turbulence models that allow to increase their accuracy, as a result of this, it was able to calculate the heat transfer in the boundary layer between the walls packing and circulating air inside the tower. As a consequence could be estimate the coefficient of convective heat transfer.
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Maulbetsch, John S. "Hybrid Cooling for Thermal-Electric Power Generation." In ASME 2013 Heat Transfer Summer Conference collocated with the ASME 2013 7th International Conference on Energy Sustainability and the ASME 2013 11th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2013-17812.

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Water use by power plant cooling systems has become a critical siting issue for new plants and the object of increasing pressure for modification or retrofit at existing plants. Wet cooling typically costs less and results in more efficient plant performance. Dry cooling, while costing more and imposing heat rate and capacity penalties on the plant, conserves significant amounts of water and eliminates any concerns regarding thermal discharge to or intake losses on local water bodies. Hybrid cooling systems have the potential of combining the advantages of both systems by reducing, although not eliminating, water requirements while incurring performance penalties that are less than those from all-dry systems. The costs, while greater than those for wet cooling, can be less than those for dry. This paper addresses parallel wet/dry systems combining direct dry cooling using a forced-draft air-cooled condenser (ACC) with closed-cycle wet cooling using a surface (shell-and-tube) steam condenser and a mechanical-draft, counterflow wet cooling tower as applied to coal-fired steam plants, gas-fired combined-cycle plants and nuclear plants. A brief summary of criteria used to identify situations where hybrid systems should be considered is given. A methodology for specifying and selecting a hybrid system is described along with the information and data requirements for sizing and estimating the capital costs and water requirements a specified plant at a specified site. The methodology incorporates critical plant and operating parameters into the analysis, such as plant monthly load profile, plant equipment design parameters for equipment related to the cooling system, e.g. steam turbine, condenser, wet or dry cooling system, wastewater treatment system. Site characteristics include a water budget or constraints, e.g. acre feet of water available for cooling on an annual basis as well as any monthly or seasonal “draw rate” constraints and meteorological data. The effect of economic parameters including cost of capital, power, water and chemicals for wastewater treating are reviewed. Finally some examples of selected systems at sites of varying meteorological characteristics are presented.
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Yang, Huiqiang, Yan Xu, Alberto Acosta-Iborra, and Domingo Santana. "Solar tower enhanced natural draft dry cooling tower." In SOLARPACES 2016: International Conference on Concentrating Solar Power and Chemical Energy Systems. Author(s), 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4984393.

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Lee, Si Y., James S. Bollinger, Alfred J. Garrett, and Larry D. Koffman. "Performance Analysis for Mechanical Draft Cooling Tower." In ASME 2009 Heat Transfer Summer Conference collocated with the InterPACK09 and 3rd Energy Sustainability Conferences. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2009-88032.

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Industrial processes use mechanical draft cooling towers (MDCT’s) to dissipate waste heat by transferring heat from water to air via evaporative cooling, which causes air humidification. The Savannah River Site (SRS) has cross-flow and counter-current MDCT’s consisting of four independent compartments called cells. Each cell has its own fan to help maximize heat transfer between ambient air and circulated water. The primary objective of the work is to simulate the cooling tower performance for the counter-current cooling tower and to conduct a parametric study under different fan speeds and ambient air conditions. The Savannah River National Laboratory (SRNL) developed a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model and performed the benchmarking analysis against the integral measurement results to accomplish the objective. The model uses three-dimensional steady-state momentum, continuity equations, air-vapor species balance equation, and two-equation turbulence as the basic governing equations. It was assumed that vapor phase is always transported by the continuous air phase with no slip velocity. In this case, water droplet component was considered as discrete phase for the interfacial heat and mass transfer via Lagrangian approach. Thus, the air-vapor mixture model with discrete water droplet phase is used for the analysis. A series of parametric calculations was performed to investigate the impact of wind speeds and ambient conditions on the thermal performance of the cooling tower when fans were operating and when they were turned off. The model was also benchmarked against the literature data and the SRS integral test results for key parameters such as air temperature and humidity at the tower exit and water temperature for given ambient conditions. Detailed results will be published here.
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Lee, Si Y., James S. Bollinger, Alfred J. Garrett, and Larry D. Koffman. "CFD Modeling Analysis of Mechanical Draft Cooling Tower." In ASME 2008 Heat Transfer Summer Conference collocated with the Fluids Engineering, Energy Sustainability, and 3rd Energy Nanotechnology Conferences. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2008-56080.

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Industrial processes use mechanical draft cooling towers (MDCT’s) to dissipate waste heat by transferring heat from water to air via evaporative cooling, which causes air humidification. The Savannah River Site (SRS) has a MDCT consisting of four independent compartments called cells. Each cell has its own fan to help maximize heat transfer between ambient air and circulated water. The primary objective of the work is to conduct a parametric study for cooling tower performance under different fan speeds and ambient air conditions. The Savannah River National Laboratory (SRNL) developed a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model to achieve the objective. The model uses three-dimensional momentum, energy, continuity equations, air-vapor species balance equation, and two-equation turbulence as the basic governing equations. It was assumed that vapor phase is always transported by the continuous air phase with no slip velocity. In this case, water droplet component was considered as discrete phase for the interfacial heat and mass transfer via Lagrangian approach. Thus, the air-vapor mixture model with discrete water droplet phase is used for the analysis. A series of the modeling calculations was performed to investigate the impact of ambient and operating conditions on the thermal performance of the cooling tower when fans were operating and when they were turned off. The model was benchmarked against the literature data and the SRS test results for key parameters such as air temperature and humidity at the tower exit and water temperature for given ambient conditions. Detailed modeling and test results will be presented here.
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Grindle, Eugene, John Cooper, and Roger Lawson. "Improving Natural Draft Cooling Tower Performance With Heat Injection." In 2002 International Joint Power Generation Conference. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ijpgc2002-26028.

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This paper presents an assessment of heat injection as a means of improving natural draft cooling tower performance. The concept involves injecting heat into the cooling tower exit air/vapor stream immediately above the drift eliminators in order to increase the difference between the density of the exit air/vapor stream and the ambient air. The density difference between the air/vapor in the cooling tower stack and the ambient air is the engine that drives airflow through the cooling tower. The enhancement of the airflow through the cooling tower (the natural draft) results in more evaporation and thus lowers the circulating water temperature. Because the heat is injected above the drift eliminators, it does not heat the circulating water. To evaluate the cooling tower performance improvement as a function of heat injection rate, a thermal/aerodynamic computer model of Entergy’s White Bluff 1 & 2 and Independence 1 & 2 (approximately 840 MW each) natural draft cooling towers was developed. The computer model demonstrated that very substantial reductions in cold water temperature (up to 7°F) are obtainable by the injection of heat. This paper also discusses a number of possible heat sources. Sources of heat covered include extraction steam, auxiliary steam, boiler blow-down, and waste heat from a combustion turbine. The latter source of heat would create a combined cycle unit with the combination taking place in the condensing part of the cycle (bottom of the cycle) instead of the steam portion of the cycle (top of the cycle).
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Hyhlík, Tomáš. "Determination of natural draft wet-cooling tower loss coefficient." In 37TH MEETING OF DEPARTMENTS OF FLUID MECHANICS AND THERMODYNAMICS. Author(s), 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5049915.

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Davie, John, Mehmet Piyal, Armagan Sanver, and Bahattin Tekinturhan. "Jet Grout Columns Partially Support Natural Draft Cooling Tower." In Third International Conference on Grouting and Ground Treatment. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40663(2003)113.

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9

Languri, Ehsan M., Pallavi P. Patil, Glenn Cunningham, Albert Welch, and Anthony Loftis. "Dynamic Modeling and Experimental Analysis of Induced Draft Cooling Tower." In ASME 2016 Power Conference collocated with the ASME 2016 10th International Conference on Energy Sustainability and the ASME 2016 14th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2016-59155.

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Abstract:
A dynamic modeling study and field validation of a cooling tower serving a chiller are performed in this study to evaluate the efficiency of the cooling tower under various conditions. The dynamic model examines the losses and thermal capability of the cooling tower. The cooling tower used in this study for field validation is located at Cookeville, Tennessee, USA. The whole setup is fully instrumented to record the water and air flow rates and temperature; make-up water and blow down water flow rates; power consumption of pump; fan and chiller; weather data; etc. with one-hour resolution. The outcomes of the model are validated with the recorded data of the cooling tower and the test condition data. Furthermore, the effects of using Variable Frequency Drive (VFD) on the cooling tower’s fan power consumption are investigated. Additional recommendations on improving the energy efficiency and reducing the water losses are suggested based on the modeling data.
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10

Singh, Kuljeet, and Ranjan Das. "Multi Parameter Estimation in an Induced Draft Cooling Tower Using Genetic Algorithm." In ASME 2016 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2016-66864.

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Abstract:
Considering the need of performance control in engineering systems, this work presents a methodology to predict the controlling variables to control the performance of an induced draft cooling tower. At first, the set of experiments have been conducted with the variation of mass flow rate of water and air under identical ambient conditions. The experimental data for temperatures at different locations has been collected using data acquisition system (by National Instruments) in conjunction with LABVIEW™. Thereafter, relevant 3rd order empirical correlations of range and approach have been developed using the experimental readings. Depending upon the pertinent requirement, it is required to operate the cooling tower at certain combination of mass flow rate of water and air to fulfill the required output. Based upon the user requirement, the correlations are further employed to construct relevant constraint functions using the least square technique. In order to meet a desired performance (say either a given range, approach or optimum operation) of the cooling tower, the retrieval of design variables (water and air flow rates) has been carried out using an inverse optimization methodology to ensure minimum power consumption. The Genetic Algorithm (GA) is used as an optimization algorithm that minimizes the objective function along with given constraint. The optimization algorithm simultaneously predicts the possible combination of mass flow rate of water and air (control or design variables) in order to meet the given requirement. Further, the methodology avoids multiple combinations of controlling variables that satisfies a particular requirement. Therefore, the user can select an optimum combination that results in minimum power consumption. Moreover, if the cost involved in the cooling tower is considered, it is directly proportional to the range (difference between water inlet and outlet temperatures), whereas, at the same time, the cost is inversely proportional to the approach (difference between outlet water temperature and inlet air wet bulb temperature). In many applications like HVAC (heating, ventilating and air conditioning), chillers, cold storage plants and many more, lower cooling water temperature (at system inlet) is preferable in order to enhance the system efficiency. On the other hand, lower water outlet temperature from the cooling tower for a given water inlet temperature (at tower inlet) means either high range of the tower or low approach, consequently increasing the tower operating cost. Therefore, in order to save the cost involved in cooling tower operation, a compromise between the range and the approach has to be maintained to achieve an optimum performance. So, this method can be also used to predict the optimum operating parameters ensuring the possible optimum performance from the cooling tower under a given set of operating conditions.
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