Journal articles: 'Forced cooling'

1

M. D. Boyette. "Forced-air Cooling Packaged Blueberries." Applied Engineering in Agriculture 12, no. 2 (1996): 213–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.25641.

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Wang, Li Ping, Dong Rong Liu, and Er Jun Guo. "Modeling of Heat Transfer in Spent-Nuclear-Fuel Container during Forced-Chilling Process." Advanced Materials Research 291-294 (July 2011): 2342–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.291-294.2342.

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Application of spheroidal graphite cast iron in the production of spent-nuclear-fuel container contributes to improve the strength and toughness of the casting, because of the nodular shape of graphite. For a large-scale container, a forced-chilling technique is used to accelerate solidification process and raise spheroidization rate. In this paper, modeling of heat transfer in the container is performed. Influences of cooling media, inflow flux of coolant and thickness of sand layer upon the variations of cooling rate are systematically analyzed. Calculated results indicate that water as a coolant is more capable of enhancing the cooling course than air. Increasing inflow flux conducts an effective cooling job, whose influence is more apparent for air-cooling than for water-cooling. The role of decreasing the thickness of sand layer is most pronounced for raising solidification rate. The predicted cooling curves are compared with experimental measurements to validate the model.

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Davalath, J., and Y. Bayazitoglu. "Forced Convection Cooling Across Rectangular Blocks." Journal of Heat Transfer 109, no. 2 (May 1, 1987): 321–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3248083.

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Conjugate heat transfer for two-dimensional, developing flow over an array of rectangular blocks, representing finite heat sources on parallel plates, is considered. Incompressible flow over multiple blocks is modeled using the fully elliptic form of the Navier–Stokes equations. A control-volume-based finite difference procedure with appropriate averaging for the diffusion coefficients is used to solve the coupling between the solid and fluid regions. The heat transfer characteristics resulting from recirculating zones around the blocks are presented. The analysis is extended to study the optimum spacing between heat sources for a fixed heat input and a desired maximum temperature at the heat source.

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Chang, Baohua, Shuo Yang, Guan Liu, Wangnan Li, Dong Du, and Ninshu Ma. "Influences of Cooling Conditions on the Liquation Cracking in Laser Metal Deposition of a Directionally Solidified Superalloy." Metals 10, no. 4 (April 2, 2020): 466. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10040466.

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Directionally solidified (DS) nickel-based superalloys are widely used in manufacturing turbine blades, which may fail due to wear and/or material loss during service. Laser metal deposition (LMD) has been considered to be a promising technology in repairing the damaged components thanks to the high temperature gradient formed, which is conducive to the growth of directional microstructure. Intergranular liquation cracking in the heat-affected zone (HAZ) has been one of the major problems in LMD of the DS superalloys. In this paper, the influences of two cooling conditions (conventional cooling and forced cooling) on the microstructure development and liquation cracks were studied for the laser deposition of a DS superalloy IC10. The experimental results showed that, as compared to the conventional cooling, both number and length of the liquation cracks in HAZ were notably reduced under the forced cooling condition. The effects of cooling conditions on temperature and stress fields were analyzed through a thermo-elastoplastic finite element analysis. It was revealed that the maximum tensile stress and high tensile stress region in the substrate were effectively minimized while using the forced cooling measure. The forced cooling on the substrates is a promising method for mitigating the liquation cracking in LMD of DS superalloys.

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Aghajani Derazkola, Hamed, Eduardo García, Arameh Eyvazian, and Mohammad Aberoumand. "Effects of Rapid Cooling on Properties of Aluminum-Steel Friction Stir Welded Joint." Materials 14, no. 4 (February 14, 2021): 908. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14040908.

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In this study, dissimilar sheets including AA3003 aluminum and A441 AISI steel were welded via cooling-assisted friction stir welding (FSW). Three different cooling mediums including forced CO2, forced water, and forced air were employed, and a non-cooled sample was processed to compare the cooling-assisted condition with the traditional FSW condition. The highest cooling rate belongs to CO2 and the lowest cooling rate belongs to the non-cooled sample as FSW. The best macrograph without any segregation at interface belongs to the water-cooled sample and the poorest joint with notable segregation belongs to the CO2 cooling FSW sample. The CO2 cooling FSW sample exhibits the smallest grain size due to the suppression of grain growth during dynamic recrystallization (DRX). The intermetallic compound (IMC) thickening was suppressed by a higher cooling rate in CO2 cooling sample and just Al-rich phase was formed in this joint. The lowest cooling rate in the FSW sample exhibits formation of the Fe rich phase. The IMC layers were thicker at the top of the weld due to closeness with the heat generation source. The water cooling sample exhibits the highest tensile strength due to proper mechanical bonding simultaneously with optimum IMC thickness to provide appropriate metallurgical bonding. Fractography observation indicates that there is a semi-ductile fracture in the water cooling sample and CO2 cooling sample exhibits more brittle fracture. Hardness evaluation reveals that the higher the cooling rate formed, the higher the hardness in stir zone, and hardness changes in the aluminum side were higher than the steel side.

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Che Sidik, Nor Azwadi, and Shahin Salimi. "The Use of Compound Cooling Holes for Film Cooling at the End Wall of Combustor Simulator." Applied Mechanics and Materials 695 (November 2014): 371–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.695.371.

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Gas turbine cooling can be classified into two different schemes; internal and external cooling. In internal cooling method, the coolant provided by compressor is forced into the cooling flow circuits inside turbine components. Meanwhile, for the external cooling method, the injected coolant is directly perfused from coolant manifold to save downstream components against hot gases. Furthermore, in the latter coolant scheme, coolant is used to quell the heat transfer from hot gas stream to a component. There are several ways in external cooling. Film cooling is one of the best cooling systems for the application on gas turbine blades. This study concentrates on the comparison of experimental, computational and numerical investigations of advanced film cooling performance for cylindrical holes at different angles and different blowing ratios in modern turbine gas.

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OH, DEOGHWAN, DOUGLAS L. MARSHALL, MICHAEL W. MOODY, and J. DAVID BANKSTON. "Comparison of Forced-air Cooling with Static-air Cooling on the Microbiological Quality of Cooked Blue Crabs1." Journal of Food Protection 55, no. 2 (February 1, 1992): 104–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-55.2.104.

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Microbiological analyses were made on samples of cooked blue crab taken immediately after debacking and either forced-air cooling or static-air cooling. Forced-air cooling had significantly lower (P<0.05) total coliform and fecal coliform counts, 2.51 and 2.30 log10 MPN/100 g, compared with those of static-air cooling, 2.83 and 2.60 log10 MPN/100 g. All treatments had less than 2.30 log10 MPN/100 g Escherichia coli. Staphylococcus aureus counts in the forced-air cooled crabs were approximately 4-fold lower than counts in static-air cooled crabs. The aerobic plate counts and psychrotrophic plate counts were significantly lower (P<0.01) by 1.04 and 0.81 log10 CFU/g, respectively, by forced-air cooling compared to static-air cooling. Thermocouple temperature readings were used to determine differences in cooling rates between forced-air and static-air cooling. After 1.5 h of cooling, the initial precooled crabmeat temperature of 34°C (93°F) was reduced by forced-air cooling and static-air cooling to 4°C (40°F) and 20°C (67°F), respectively. The rates of cooling using forced-air and static-air were significantly different (P<0.01).

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Lv, Nan, Sheng Li Li, Yong Long Jin, Xin Gang Ai, and Dong Wei Zhang. "Solidification Simulation of Large Flat Ingot in Different Intensive Cooling Conditions." Advanced Materials Research 430-432 (January 2012): 517–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.430-432.517.

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The production of huge rectangular ingots becomes crying needs in the condition of lots of heavy plate mills more than 5m have been in operation. In this paper, we simulate the solidification of 60t Q235 huge rectangular ingot with ProCAST in different cooling conditions such as air cooling, forced air cooling and water cooling. The results show that solidification time in forced air cooling and water cooling shortened than that in air cooling respectively by 0.9 hours and 2.2 hours; The primary fine-grain area is large in the forced air cooling and water cooling. In forced air cooling , we can obtain the largest equiaxial crystal ratio and the minimum columnar crystal ratio; The shrinkage cavity position of the ingot in forced air cooling and water cooling is closer to riser than it is in air cooling, but the volumes of shrinkage cavities respectively increased to a greater extent than in air cooling.

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9

Incropera, F. P. "Convection Heat Transfer in Electronic Equipment Cooling." Journal of Heat Transfer 110, no. 4b (November 1, 1988): 1097–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3250613.

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To maintain the best possible thermal environment in electronic packages, the engineer must establish the most efficient path for heat transfer from the electronic devices to an external cooling agent. The path is typically subdivided into internal and external components, representing, respectively, heat transfer by conduction through different materials and interfaces separating the devices from the package surface and heat transfer by convection from the surface to the coolant. Depending on the scale and speed of the electronic circuits, as well as on constraints imposed by nonthermal considerations, the coolant may be a gas or a liquid and heat transfer may be by natural, forced, or mixed convection or, in the case of a liquid, by pool or forced convection boiling. In this paper a comprehensive review of convection cooling options is provided.

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Wietrzak, A., and D. Poulikakos. "Turbulent forced convective cooling of microelectronic devices." International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow 11, no. 2 (June 1990): 105–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0142-727x(90)90003-t.

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11

Symonds, Graham, and Robert Gardiner-Garden. "Coastal density currents forced by cooling events." Continental Shelf Research 14, no. 2-3 (February 1994): 143–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0278-4343(94)90010-8.

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12

Dong, Hai Hong, and Lin Ruan. "Research on the Flow Characteristics of Forced Circulation Evaporative Cooling System of Stator in Turbo-Generator." Advanced Materials Research 516-517 (May 2012): 1618–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.516-517.1618.

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The forced circulation evaporative cooling system of stator in turbo-generator is a new cooling system under study, with the advantages of high-security, high efficiency and energy-saving. In this paper, an experiment table of this new cooling system with single hollow conductor was established. The flow characteristics of coolant in hollow conductor were analyzed and discussed by theoretical simulating and experimental researching. The results show that with the volume flow of coolant increasing, the variation tendencies of total flow resistance in hollow conductor and Xe are not monotonic and the prediction precision of total flow resistance in hollow conductor is satisfying with maximum relative error less than 10%. The length of subcooled flow boiling region in hollow conductor is relative long and can not be ignored. The conclusions in this paper can provide the theoretical and experimental basis for the further study of this new cooling system.

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Liu, Ge Ping, Yu Hua Chen, Hong Yan Wu, and Li Ming Ke. "Study on the Microstructure and Properties of Zl114a Friction Stir Welded Joint with Forced Cooling." Advanced Materials Research 189-193 (February 2011): 3335–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.189-193.3335.

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ZL114A was joined by friction stir welding and liquid nitrogen was used to cool the welded joint during the welding process. The Influence of forced cooling on the microstructure and properties of welded jointed was studied. The results show that, when forced cooling is used, the amount of silicon particles in weld nugget zone is larger and the size is more homogeneous, the size of silicon particle in heat-mechanical affected zone is more fine , the grain size of heat affected zone is half of air cooling welded joint and the amount of Al-Si eutectic is smaller than air cooling welded joint. The micro hardness increases after forced cooling is used, the hardness of weld nugget zone is 20Hv higher than air cooling welded joint. The strength of forced cooling welded joint increases 13.6% than air cooling welded joint.

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Leon, Octavio, Gilbert De Mey, and Erik Dick. "Study of the optimal layout of cooling fins in forced convection cooling." Microelectronics Reliability 42, no. 7 (July 2002): 1101–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0026-2714(02)00078-1.

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Leon, Octavio, Gilbert De Mey, Erik Dick, and Jan Vierendeels. "Comparison Between the Standard and Staggered Layout for Cooling Fins in Forced Convection Cooling." Journal of Electronic Packaging 125, no. 3 (September 1, 2003): 442–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1602709.

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The performance of an array of staggered and nonstaggered cooling fins is compared, looking not only into the traditional objective of maximum heat transfer flux, but also to obtain it with the minimum flow resistance. Three different models were studied to obtain the ratio between the heat removed and the energy spent for the coolant flow going through the cooling fins. The study is done numerically using the computational fluid dynamic software FLUENT. The results show the advantages of the staggered model compared to the standard model since for a given incoming velocity, the use of a staggered heat sink always leads to a maximization of the heat transfer flux. The significant positive difference in the thermal performance of the staggered model permits the reduction of the incoming velocity with the consequent reduction in the pressure drop, and power consumption. The authors consider this research as a quite interesting approach as compared to other research where the flow resistance has not been taken into account.

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Shi, Yong Feng, Jian Qun Xu, and Lin Ma. "Investigation and Application of Forced Cooling of WH 600MW Steam Turbine." Advanced Materials Research 732-733 (August 2013): 242–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.732-733.242.

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With a long natural cooling time after a shutdown of steam turbine restricting its available coefficient, this paper presented the analysis and application of a forced cooling process to sub-critical steam turbine. The radiating mechanism of natural cooling was analyzed theoretically, and the required amount of cooling air was calculated for a WH 600MW steam turbine. Moreover, the cooling rate with no life loss principle was determined by the method of quantitative calculation and numerical analysis, together with safety analysis. The research discussed the control strategy of practical application according with steam turbine characteristic and applied to operation, which provided theoretical guidance for the optimization of cooling condition.

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Bejan, Adrian. "Optimal Internal Structure of Volumes Cooled by Single-Phase Forced and Natural Convection." Journal of Electronic Packaging 125, no. 2 (June 1, 2003): 200–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1566970.

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This article is a principle-based review of a growing body of fundamental research that documents the opportunity for optimizing geometrically the cooling of spaces (e.g., electronics packages) that generate heat volumetrically. The chief result of geometric optimization is the identification of an optimal internal structure—optimal spacings between components (e.g., plates and fins), optimal sizes and aspect ratios for cooling channels, and optimal frequencies for pulsating flows. The origin of these optimal geometric features—the construction of the system—lies in the global effort to use every infinitesimal volume to the maximum, i.e., to pack the volume not only with the most heat generating components, but also with the ‘most’ coolant, in such a way that every fluid packet is engaged effectively in cooling. The optimal aspect ratio for ducts with forced and natural convection corresponds to the special geometry and flow conditions where boundary layers meet just as the coolant exits the channel. This “constructal” design principle is illustrated by several classes of examples: laminar forced and natural convection, and various internal arrangements (parallel plates, staggered plates, cylinders in cross flow, square pins with impinging flow). General trends (scaling laws) of optimal geometric form are revealed by the optimal-structure results, this, in spite of the diversity of the optimized configurations.

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B. A. Anderson, A. Sarkar, J. F. Thompson, and R. P. Singh. "COMMERCIAL-SCALE FORCED-AIR COOLING OF PACKAGED STRAWBERRIES." Transactions of the ASAE 47, no. 1 (2004): 183–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.15846.

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Ozturk, Emre, and Ilker Tari. "CFD Modeling of Forced Cooling of Computer Chassis." Engineering Applications of Computational Fluid Mechanics 1, no. 4 (January 2007): 304–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19942060.2007.11015201.

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Kim, S. J., and D. Kim. "Forced Convection in Microstructures for Electronic Equipment Cooling." Journal of Heat Transfer 121, no. 3 (August 1, 1999): 639–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2826027.

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This paper reports analytical solutions for both velocity and temperature profiles in Microchannel heat sinks by modeling the Microchannel heat sink as a fluid-saturated porous medium. The analytical solutions are obtained based on the modified Darcy model for fluid flow and the two-equation model for heat transfer. To validate the porous medium model and the analytical solutions based on that model, the closed-form solution for the velocity distribution in the fully-developed channel flow and the numerical solutions for the conjugate heat transfer problem, comprising the solid fin and the fluid, are also obtained. The analytical solutions based on the porous medium model are shown to predict the volume-averaged velocity and temperature distributions quite well. Using the analytical solutions, the aspect ratio and the effective thermal conductivity ratio are identified as variables of engineering importance and their effects on fluid flow and heat transfer are studied. As either one of these variables increases, the fluid temperature is shown to approach the solid temperature. Finally, the expression for the total thermal resistance, derived from the analytical solutions and the geometry of the microchannel heat sink for which the thermal resistance of the heat sink is minimal, is obtained.

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Defraeye, Thijs, Rutger Lambrecht, Alemayehu Ambaw Tsige, Mulugeta Admasu Delele, Umezuruike Linus Opara, Paul Cronjé, Pieter Verboven, and Bart Nicolai. "Forced-convective cooling of citrus fruit: Package design." Journal of Food Engineering 118, no. 1 (September 2013): 8–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2013.03.026.

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O’Sullivan, Justin L., Maria J. Ferrua, Richard Love, Pieter Verboven, Bart Nicolaï, and Andrew East. "Forced-air cooling of polylined horticultural produce: Optimal cooling conditions and package design." Postharvest Biology and Technology 126 (April 2017): 67–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.postharvbio.2016.11.019.

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TANABE, Ikuo, Koji MATSUSHITA, and Minh TRUONG HONG. "Study on Self Forced Cooling for Reducing Thermal Deformation of Machine Tool. Modeling of Self Forced Cooling and Its Applicability." Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers Series C 67, no. 660 (2001): 2713–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/kikaic.67.2713.

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Jia, Binguang, Fang Liu, Shaodi Yuan, Zichun Li, and Xiao Zhang. "The effect of alternating ventilation on forced air pre-cooling of cherries." International Journal of Food Engineering 17, no. 6 (June 1, 2020): 423–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijfe-2020-0253.

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Abstract Large temperature gradients caused by the traditional forced air pre-cooling method leads to the decrease of the shelf life of horticultural products. An alternating ventilation of air pre-cooling is one of the key methods to reduce the temperature inhomogeneity of cherries. The research results on the alternating ventilation change showed that the operating time of fan was not neglected in the forced air pre-cooling. It reached up to 7.70% of total pre-cooling time when the number of ventilation changes no more than five. In general, the total pre-cooling time was proportional to the number of ventilation increase. The final inhomogeneity of cherries first quickly decreased from 0.237 to 0.097 with air direction changing once and then fluctuated from 0.09 to 0.120 with the number of ventilation changing from 1 to 5. Through the comprehensive analysis of temperature inhomogeneity and pre-cooling time, the optimal alternating ventilation on forced air pre-cooling of cherries was ventilation changing once.

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Knight, R. W., J. S. Goodling, and D. J. Hall. "Optimal Thermal Design of Forced Convection Heat Sinks-Analytical." Journal of Electronic Packaging 113, no. 3 (September 1, 1991): 313–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2905412.

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For fully developed flow in closed finned channels used to augment heat transfer, there exists an optimal geometrical design of the size and number of cooling channels. In this paper, the problem is generalized with a statement of dimensionless thermal resistance in terms of • the number of channels • a fin to channel thickness ratio • the length to width (planar dimensions) ratio of the heat source, and • a specified fin efficiency or fin length • a fluid to fin thermal conductivity ratio • the Prandtl Number of the coolant • a dimensionless pressure term, which incorporates the maximum allowable pressure drop through the cooling channels or alternatively, • a dimensionless work rate term, which incorporates the maximum allowable coolant pumping power required, An optimization scheme is described and used for comparison with two previously published cases wherein both designs were restricted to a fixed fin to channel thickness ratio and laminar flow; one by Goldberg (1984) using air and copper and a second one only by Tuckerman and Pease (1981) for water-cooled Silicon wafers. Results from the present optimization scheme show that upon reexamination of the first study by Goldberg, significant reduction of thermal resistance can be obtained by using fin/channel dimensions other than unity. A similar reduction is found in the second instance (Tuckerman and Pease) with the relaxation of the laminar limitation.

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Chang, S. W., and L. M. Su. "Influence of Reciprocating Motion on Heat Transfer Inside a Ribbed Duct with Application to Piston Cooling in Marine Diesel Engines." Journal of Ship Research 41, no. 04 (December 1, 1997): 332–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/jsr.1997.41.4.332.

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This paper presents the results of an experimental study aimed at investigating the effect of reciprocating motion on the heat transfer for the flow inside a square ribbed enclosure. This flow configuration was a modification of the modern cooling system within a reciprocating piston of a marine heavy diesel engine. Initially, the heat transfer characteristics for the ribbed duct flow were examined and validated by comparing the present data with the relevant publications. Significant heat transfer enhancements detected from the nonreciprocating forced convection tests suggested the potential for heat transfer improvement using ribbed coolant channel. For the shaking effect on the cooling performance of the ribbed enclosure, a heat transfer impediment near which the thermal boundary layers were initiated was found when the reciprocating force was relatively low. Further increase of the reciprocating force or the level of heating power enhanced heat transfer. At the highest reciprocating speed tested, the heat transfer could be increased to a level about 145% of the equivalent stationary case. This study clarified that the circular ribs could be added inside the cooling passages in order to improve the cooling performance of the piston.

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Medic, G., and P. A. Durbin. "Unsteady Effects on Trailing Edge Cooling." Journal of Heat Transfer 127, no. 4 (March 30, 2005): 388–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1860565.

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It is shown how natural and forced unsteadiness play a major role in turbine blade trailing edge cooling flows. Reynolds averaged simulations are presented for a surface jet in coflow, resembling the geometry of the pressure side breakout on a turbine blade. Steady computations show very effective cooling; however, when natural—or even moreso, forced—unsteadiness is allowed, the adiabatic effectiveness decreases substantially. Streamwise vortices in the mean flow are found to be the cause of the increased heat transfer.

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Guo, Chao, Fang Wang, Yan Qu, and Na Jin. "Simulation Study on a New Type of Cooling Device Used in Heat Dissipation of Server." Applied Mechanics and Materials 241-244 (December 2012): 1306–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.241-244.1306.

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A new type of cooling device used for server is designed in this paper. A server is used as a research object. A mathematical model of thermal analysis is established and a temperature distribution is simulated for this case. Then simulated heat dissipation effects of air cooling and evaporative cooling are compared to analyze the feasibility of the plan of forced convection evaporative cooling. The results show that the temperature distribution obtained in the case is more uniform and the temperature of the CPU is more stable when cooled by forced convection evaporative cooling.

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Abdulrazzaq Kareem, Fadhil, Mustafa Al-Dulaimi, and Noor Samir Lafta. "Investigation The Exergy Performance of a Forced Draft Wet Cooling Tower." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4 (September 24, 2018): 2575. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.16698.

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The performance of a forced draft wet cooling tower was investigated experimentally and the calculation was performed by applying second law of thermodynamics (exergy analysis). The mathematical model was developed by using engineering equation solver (EES) software. The results show that the chemical exergy of air increases from the bottom to the top of the cooling tower, the thermal exergy of air decreases from bottom to the top of the cooling, the exergy of water decreases from top to the bottom of the cooling tower. The exergy destruction decreases from bottom to the top of the cooling tower, and the exergy efficiency decreases from top to the bottom of the cooling. The exergy destruction tends to increase as the inlet wet bulb temperature increases while the exergy efficiency decreases. As water-air flow rate ratio increases the exergy destruction increases while the exergy efficiency decreases. The results show that there is an inverse proportional be-tween exergy destruction and exergy efficiency.

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Hussain, Taliv, and Shahzeb Ansari. "Free and Forced Air Precooling of Perishable Food Products: Experimental Investigation." Advanced Science, Engineering and Medicine 12, no. 4 (April 1, 2020): 517–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/asem.2020.2553.

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An experimental investigation has been performed in order to compare the thermo-physical properties of spherical and cylindrical shaped food products during forced and free convection cooling. The specific heat capacity increases with the increment in the percentage of moisture quantity as in cucumber, it was 96% and in banana, it was 74%. The thermal conductivity of cucumber was found to be 18.7%, 7.6%, 5.1% more than that of banana, orange, capsicum respectively in case of free convection cooling but it was 18.7%, 7.8%, 5.3% more than that of banana, orange, capsicum respectively in case of forced convection cooling. In free convection cooling, the value of thermal diffusivity of cucumber was noted to be 9.02%, 2.96%, 3.85% more than that of banana, orange, capsicum respectively while in case of forced convection cooling, it was 76.06%, 62.62%, 20.19% more than that of banana, orange, capsicum respectively.

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Yang, Ho Dong, Hee Sung Yoon, and Yool Kwon Oh. "A Study on Cooling Characteristics of Thermoelectric Cooling System Using Thermoelectric Materials." Advanced Materials Research 264-265 (June 2011): 1770–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.264-265.1770.

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This study investigated on cooling characteristics of thermoelectric cooling system using thermoelectric materials as Bi-Te alloy. The thermoelectric module used as thermoelectric materials of thermoelectric cooling system can achieve heating and cooling by change of electricity direction. When thermoelectric module and cooling fan received 12V from DC power source, the cooling region was occurred in thermoelectric cooling system. Also, the piezoelectric actuator was applied to improve the cooling effect and investigate the heat transfer phenomenon. The temperature distribution of cooling region was measured to investigate cooling characteristics of thermoelectric cooling system. The flow phenomenon of cooling region was visualized using visualization device such as He-Ne laser, optical lens, image grabber and CCD camera. When the piezoelectric actuator was applied to the heat transfer process of thermoelectric cooling system, acoustic streaming was occurred in the cooling region. The acoustic streaming was occurred forced convection flow, and was regularly formed the temperature distribution in the cooling region. In the end, the results clearly show that the acoustic streaming is one of the prime effects to enhance the convection heat transfer and cooling effect.

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YANG, Jing. "Research of Influence of Forced Cooling on Secondary Motion and Force of Piston." Journal of Mechanical Engineering 51, no. 6 (2015): 148. http://dx.doi.org/10.3901/jme.2015.06.148.

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Garner, James M., and Allan M. Armitage. "Cooling and Long-day Lighting Influences Growth and Flowering of Phlox paniculata L. ‘Ice Cap’ Used for Cut Flowers." HortScience 43, no. 3 (June 2008): 707–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.43.3.707.

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In two studies, rooted cuttings of Phlox paniculata L. ‘Ice Cap’ (summer phlox) were cooled for 0, 4, 8, 12, or 16 weeks. Plants were forced in a glasshouse averaging 18 °C nights under extended-day and night-interruption lighting from incandescent lamps providing a minimum of 14 μmol·s−1·m−2 at plant level or continuous lighting from metal halide (HID) lamps providing a minimum of 400 μmol·s−1·m−2 at plant level. The influence of cooling duration on forcing days to flower, flowering stem counts, and flowering stem length was evaluated. Cooling plants promoted longer stems, higher flowering stem yields, and decreased days to flower when forced under long days provided by incandescent lamps, but when forced under HID lamps, days to flower for cooled plants were similar to those of noncooled plants regardless of cooling duration. Phlox forced in extended daylighting flowered in fewer days, had longer stems, and produced more flowering stems than those forced in night-interruption lighting. With continuous HID lighting, stem lengths and stems harvested per plant increased in a linear manner as cooling increased from zero to 16 weeks. Stem lengths ranged from 63.6 cm for noncooled plants to 96.3 cm for those receiving 16 weeks cooling, and flowering stem yields ranged from seven stems per plant for noncooled plants to 13 for those cooled 16 weeks. Phlox forced under HID lights flowered in substantially fewer days and had longer stems than those forced under incandescent lamps.

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Chung, B. T. F., and H. H. Li. "Forced Convective Cooling Enhancement Through a Double Layer Design." Journal of Electronic Packaging 117, no. 1 (March 1, 1995): 69–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2792069.

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Numerical simulation of fluid flow and heat transfer during the cooling of electronic modules mounted on printed circuit boards are performed to examine the feasibility of a proposed double layer design. Conjugate solution of the two-dimensional energy equation is obtained for the incompressible flow over a number of uniformly heated blocks and the double layer board. Enhancement in heat convected from the modules along with the drop in maximum temperature of each module, obtained without increase in pressure head loss, characterizes the cooling improvement by the proposed design. Systematic calculations also provide sufficient data of the flow and temperature distributions for analyzing the cooling mechanism.

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Plattner, Olga, Andrea Kurz, Daniel I. Sessler, Takehiko Ikeda, Richard Christensen, Danielle Marder, and David Clough. "Efficacy of Intraoperative Cooling Methods." Anesthesiology 87, no. 5 (November 1, 1997): 1089–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-199711000-00013.

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Background Patients may require perioperative cooling for a variety of reasons including treatment of a malignant hyperthermia crisis and induction of therapeutic hypothermia for neurosurgery. The authors compared heat transfer and core cooling rates with five cooling methods. Methods Six healthy volunteers were anesthetized with desflurane and nitrous oxide. The cooling methods were 1) circulating water (5 degrees C, full-length mattress and cover), 2) forced air (10 degrees C, full-length cover), 3) gastric lavage (500 ml iced water every 10 min), 4) bladder lavage (300 ml iced Ringer's solution every 10 min), and 5) ice-water immersion. Each method was applied for 40 min or until the volunteers' core temperatures approached 34 degrees C. The volunteers were rewarmed to normothermia between treatments. Core cooling rates were evaluated using linear regression. Results The first volunteer developed abdominal cramping and diarrhea after gastric lavage. Consequently, the technique was not again attempted. Bladder lavage increased heat loss approximately 10 W and decreased core temperature 0.8 +/- 0.3 degrees C/h (r2 = 0.99 +/- 0.002; means +/- SD). Forced-air and circulating-water cooling comparably increased heat flux, approximately 170 W. Consequently, core cooling rates were similar during the two treatments at 1.7 +/- 0.5 degrees C/h (r2 = 0.99 +/- 0.001) and 1.6 +/- 1.1 degrees C/h (r2 = 0.98 +/- 0.02), respectively. Immersion in an ice water slurry increased heat loss approximately 600-800 W and decreased core temperature 9.7 +/- 4.4 degrees C/h (r2 = 0.98 +/- 0.01). Immersion cooling was associated with an afterdrop of approximately 2 degrees C. Conclusions Bladder lavage provided only trivial cooling and gastric lavage provoked complications. Forced-air and circulating-water cooling transferred relatively little heat but are noninvasive and easy to implement. Forced-air or circulating-water cooling, perhaps combined with intravenous administration of refrigerated fluids, may be sufficient in some patients. When noninvasive methods prove insufficient for rapid cooling, ice-water immersion or peritoneal lavage probably should be the next lines of defense.

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Kosman, Wojciech. "Feasibility study of forced cooling of a supercritical steam turbine after a shut down of a power generating unit." Archives of Thermodynamics 32, no. 3 (December 1, 2011): 201–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10173-011-0023-3.

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Feasibility study of forced cooling of a supercritical steam turbine after a shut down of a power generating unitTemperature related decrease of steam turbine components is one of the main transient processes that occur during a typical long-term operation. With a natural cooling (no user interference) it takes more than 14 days before the temperature of components reaches the level that allows to open and repair a turbine. It is then reasonable to apply a forced cooling in order to decrease the time between a shut-down of a power generating unit and a beginning of a repair. This paper presents the analysis of application of a forced cooling process to supercritical steam turbines. The main problems under the investigation are the safety issues of the process and the optimization of cooling conditions. The paper describes the safety restrictions and the optimization criteria. The process is analyzed in numerical simulations conducted for various cooling conditions.

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Shen, Hong, Jun Hu, and Zheng Qiang Yao. "Cooling Effects in Laser Forming." Materials Science Forum 663-665 (November 2010): 58–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.663-665.58.

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In the laser forming of metal plates, there is a substantial waiting time required for cooling down the workpiece so that a steep temperature gradient can be reestablished during the next scan. Currently, there are no standard techniques that can be used to reduce this waiting time. This paper discusses the possibility of using non-natural cooling systems to cool down the workpiece. A numerical model of thermo-mechanical analyses with moving boundary conditions to simulate the traveling of laser beam and moving forced water cooling system is presented. Based on the proposed model, cooling effects under different laser powers and scanning velocities with various cooling conditions are investigated. The results show that the forced water cooling can significantly reduce the temperature with no adverse effect on the forming of plates.

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Fukue, Takashi, Masaru Ishizuka, Shinji Nakagawa, Tomoyuki Hatakeyama, and Watara Nakayama. "F132 Cooling Performance at Local Forced Convection Electronic Devices with the Axial Cooling Fan." Proceedings of the Thermal Engineering Conference 2009 (2009): 163–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeted.2009.163.

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Kunitomi, K., S. Nakagawa, and M. Shinozaki. "Passive heat removal by vessel cooling system of HTTR during no forced cooling accidents." Nuclear Engineering and Design 166, no. 2 (October 1996): 179–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0029-5493(96)01268-x.

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Han, Jia-Wei, Chun-Jiang Zhao, Jian-Ping Qian, Luis Ruiz-Garcia, and Xiang Zhang. "Numerical modeling of forced-air cooling of palletized apple: Integral evaluation of cooling efficiency." International Journal of Refrigeration 89 (May 2018): 131–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2018.02.012.

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Park, Zu Seong, Jeong Kim, Young Yun Woo, Habeom Lee, Ji Hoon Kim, and Young Hoon Moon. "Forced Circulation of Nitrogen Gas for Accelerated and Eco-Friendly Cooling of Metallic Parts." Applied Sciences 9, no. 18 (September 5, 2019): 3679. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9183679.

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As nitrogen is nonreactive and non-flammable, it can provide a quick and simple medium of cooling and environment protection. One disadvantage of nitrogen cooling is its lower heat transfer coefficient than water. Despite its lower cooling capacity, nitrogen cooling can produce cleaner products, thereby eliminating the need to wash the parts and dispose of the contaminated water. In this study, an innovative nitrogen cooling system was developed for an accelerated and eco-friendly cooling of metallic parts. The dry nitrogen gas, transported via the nozzle of a cryogenic liquid nitrogen tank, is passed into the cooling chamber and exchanges heat with the workpiece. The heated nitrogen gas is forcibly transported to the chiller, where the heat is reduced, and the cooled gas is circulated again. The performance of this nitrogen cooling system has been evaluated with cooling experiments of sintered tungsten heavy alloys. The nitrogen-cooled product shows a clean surface with improved mechanical properties. Furthermore, nitrogen induces less distortion compared to water cooling, thus reducing the post-machining costs.

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Camci, Cengiz, and Frank Herr. "Forced Convection Heat Transfer Enhancement Using a Self-Oscillating Impinging Planar Jet." Journal of Heat Transfer 124, no. 4 (July 16, 2002): 770–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1471521.

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Impinging jets are widely used in the local enhancement of heat removed from internal passages of gas turbine blades. Arrays of stationary jets are usually impinged on surfaces of internal cooling passages. The current practice is to benefit from the high heat transfer coefficients existing in the vicinity of the jet impingement region on a target wall. The present study shows that a self-oscillating impinging-jet configuration is extremely beneficial in enhancing the heat removal performance of a conventional (stationary) impinging jet. In addition to a highly elevated stagnation line Nusselt number, the area coverage of the impingement zone is significantly enhanced because of the inherent sweeping motion of the oscillating coolant jet. When an oscillating jet (Re=14,000) is impinged on a plate normal to the jet axis (x/d=24 hole to plate distance), a typical enhancement of Nu number on the stagnation line is about 70 percent. The present paper explains detailed fluid dynamics structure of the self-oscillating jet by using a triple decomposition technique on a crossed hot wire signal. The current heat transfer enhancement levels achieved suggest that it may be possible to implement the present self-oscillating-impinging-jet concept in future gas turbine cooling systems, on rotating disks, glass tempering/quenching, electronic equipment cooling, aircraft de-icing, combustors and heat exchangers.

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Altaf, Khurram, Masri Baharom, A. Rashid A. Aziz, Junaid A. Qayyum, and Mirza Jahanzaib. "Rapid Prototyping of a Customized Cooling System for a Novel Crank Rocker Engine." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 3.17 (August 1, 2018): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.17.16628.

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A novel internal combustion engine termed as Crank Rocker Engine has been developed at Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS (UTP) Malaysia. In the existing design, the engine cylinder is cooled through forced convection which is not efficient and malfunctioning of cooling system could lead to engine overheating. The objective of the current study is to develop a concept of an integrated and customized cooling system for the Crank-Rocker engine and to develop through rapid prototyping (RP). The proposed cooling system comprises of an integrated cooling water jacket around the engine cylinder, which works on the principle of forced convection. The forced convection is energy intensive and not suitable for stationary engines. Therefore, an enhanced design of the cooling system is required to improve the overall performance of the engine. Since the engine cylinder is curved, the conventional manufacturing technologies could be difficult to apply for the development of cooling system. For swift, precise and economic development as well as performance analysis of the cooling system, RP technique could be promising. In the present study, a customized and modified cooling system has been designed and developed through fused deposition modelling (FDM), an efficient RP technology. Design for additive manufacturing (DFAM) is applied to mitigate development time and support structures of the cooling system. The design is proposed by keeping in view the cooling performance and manufacturability.

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Silva, João C. T. R. da, and Bárbara J. T. Mederos. "Control system for forced-air cooling of horticultural products." Engenharia Agrícola 31, no. 4 (2011): 621–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-69162011000400001.

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This work is a study of the implementation of a classical controller using a tuning method referred to as IMC (Internal Model Control) and aimed at the reduction of electrical energy consumption by the appropriate relation between energy consumption and the cooling time with forced air. The supervisory system installed was able to manipulate the variable of frequency of the signal power of the exhaust fan engine (forced air module), to accelerate or decelerate the loss of heat from the product to be cooled by airflow variation that passes through the mass of the produce. The results demonstrated a reduction in energy consumption from 64% and an increase of only 8% in the cooling time to the system using PI/IMC (Proportional - Integral with IMC) tuning method compared with the system in its operating nominal condition. This PI/IMC control may be implemented directly in a frequency converter, without the need to purchase a computer or PLC (programmable logic controller) to run the dedicated application, increasing its economical viability.

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Shibahara, Makoto, Qiusheng Liu, and Katsuya Fukuda. "Forced Convection and Heat Transfer Enhancement for Gas Cooling." Marine Engineering 48, no. 2 (2013): 175–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5988/jime.48.175.

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Roy Choudhury, S., Y. Jaluria, T. Vaskopoulos, and C. E. Polymeropoulos. "Forced Convective Cooling of Optical Fiber During Drawing Process." Journal of Heat Transfer 116, no. 3 (August 1, 1994): 790–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2910944.

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Ikeda, Yutaka, Kazuki Fukui, and Yoichi Murakami. "Integration of Thermo-Electrochemical Conversion into Forced Convection Cooling." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2020-01, no. 1 (May 1, 2020): 128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2020-011128mtgabs.

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Li, J. W., Y. Fu, and T. Momono. "Method of fast, effective ultrasonic degassing by forced cooling." Materials Research Innovations 14, no. 3 (July 2010): 210–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/143307510x12719005364468.

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Kauh, S. K., Song-Yop Hahn, and Yangsoo Lee. "Thermal analysis of induction motor with forced cooling channels." IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 36, no. 4 (July 2000): 1398–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/20.877700.

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Ould-Amer, Y., S. Chikh, K. Bouhadef, and G. Lauriat. "Forced convection cooling enhancement by use of porous materials." International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow 19, no. 3 (June 1998): 251–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0142-727x(98)00004-6.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Forced cooling'

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