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Journal articles on the topic 'Forced choice'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 31 January 2023

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1

Hanley, Lynne T., Lorry M. Fenner, and Marie E. deYoung. "Forced Choice." Women's Review of Books 19, no. 8 (May 2002): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4023982.

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2

Dhar, Ravi, and Itamar Simonson. "The Effect of Forced Choice on Choice." Journal of Marketing Research 40, no. 2 (May 2003): 146–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1509/jmkr.40.2.146.19229.

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Whereas most academic and industry studies of consumer preferences and decision making involve forced choice (i.e., participants are told to choose one of the presented product or service alternatives), buyers usually also have the option not to select any alternative. An implicit assumption in the experimental practice of forcing choice is that the no-choice option draws proportionately from the various available alternatives, such that the qualitative conclusions are unaffected. However, the authors propose that the no-choice option competes most directly with alternatives that buyers tend to select when they are uncertain about their preferences. Building on this general proposition, the authors show that the introduction of the no-choice option strengthens the attraction effect, weakens the compromise effect, and decreases the relative share of an option that is “average” on all dimensions. They also examine the mechanisms underlying the impact of having the option not to choose and the conditions under which the no-choice option is likely to affect relative option shares. The results are consistent with the notion that the no-choice option provides an alternative way of resolving difficult choices that is not available when subjects are forced to choose. The authors discuss the theoretical and practical implications of this research.
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3

Jung, Jae Yup, John McCormick, and Miraca U. M. Gross. "The Forced Choice Dilemma." Gifted Child Quarterly 56, no. 1 (January 2012): 15–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0016986211429169.

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4

Roehrs, T., Bonita Pedrosi, Leon Rosenthal, Frank Zorick, and Thomas Roth. "Hypnotic self administration: forced-choice versus single-choice." Psychopharmacology 133, no. 2 (September 17, 1997): 121–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002130050381.

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5

Pavsic, Rita, and Maria Concetta Pitrone. "La forza della forced choice." SOCIOLOGIA E RICERCA SOCIALE, no. 92 (March 2011): 79–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/srs2010-092005.

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6

Rose, Richard, and Evgeny Tikhomirov. "Russia's Forced-Choice Presidential Election." Post-Soviet Affairs 12, no. 4 (October 1996): 351–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1060586x.1996.10641429.

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7

Dunn, Patricia C., and Kathy Brown. "Abortion Forced-Choice Ladder Activity." Journal of Health Education 28, no. 3 (June 1997): 178–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10556699.1997.10603264.

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8

García-Pérez, Miguel A. "Denoising forced-choice detection data." British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology 63, no. 1 (February 2010): 75–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1348/000711009x424057.

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9

Schroeder, Mark. "The Epistemic Consequences of Forced Choice." Logos & Episteme 8, no. 3 (2017): 365–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/logos-episteme20178328.

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10

Tenopyr, Mary L. "Artifactual reliability of forced-choice scales." Journal of Applied Psychology 73, no. 4 (November 1988): 749–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.73.4.749.

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11

Ermakova, N. I., and O. I. Mironova. "Determinants of Forced Choice of Profession." Uchenye Zapiski RGSU 15, no. 6 (December 27, 2016): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.17922/2071-5323-2016-15-6-23-30.

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12

Cohen, Annabel J. "Forced‐choice discrimination of complex tones." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 85, S1 (May 1989): S143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.2026780.

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13

Chen, Guodong, Minjoon Lee, and Tong-yob Nam. "Forced retirement risk and portfolio choice." Journal of Empirical Finance 58 (September 2020): 293–315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jempfin.2020.06.007.

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14

Conrad, Shannon E., and Mauricio R. Papini. "Reward shifts in forced-choice and free-choice autoshaping with rats." Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Learning and Cognition 44, no. 4 (October 2018): 422–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/xan0000187.

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15

Oliveto, Alison H., John R. Hughes, Stephen T. Higgins, Warren K. Bickel, Sara L. Pepper, Pamela J. Shea, and James W. Fenwick. "Forced-choice versus free-choice procedures: Caffeine self-administration in humans." Psychopharmacology 109, no. 1-2 (October 1992): 85–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02245484.

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16

Margolis, Robert H., Richard H. Wilson, George L. Saly, Heather M. Gregoire, and Brandon M. Madsen. "Automated Forced-Choice Tests of Speech Recognition." Journal of the American Academy of Audiology 32, no. 09 (October 2021): 606–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0041-1733964.

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Abstract Purpose This project was undertaken to develop automated tests of speech recognition, including speech-recognition threshold (SRT) and word-recognition test, using forced-choice responses and computerized scoring of responses. Specific aims were (1) to develop an automated method for measuring SRT for spondaic words that produces scores that are in close agreement with average pure-tone thresholds and (2) to develop an automated test of word recognition that distinguishes listeners with normal hearing from those with sensorineural hearing loss and which informs the hearing aid evaluation process. Method An automated SRT protocol was designed to converge on the lowest level at which the listener responds correctly to two out of two spondees presented monaurally. A word-recognition test was conducted with monosyllabic words (female speaker) presented monaurally at a fixed level. For each word, there were three rhyming foils, displayed on a touchscreen with the test word. The listeners touched the word they thought they heard. Participants were young listeners with normal hearing and listeners with sensorineural hearing loss. Words were also presented with nonrhyming foils and in an open-set paradigm. The open-set responses were scored by a graduate student research assistant. Results The SRT results agreed closely with the pure-tone average (PTA) obtained by automated audiometry. The agreement was similar to results obtained with the conventional SRT scoring method. Word-recognition scores were highest for the closed-set, nonrhyming lists and lowest for open-set responses. For the hearing loss participants, the scores varied widely. There was a moderate correlation between word-recognition scores and pure-tone thresholds which increased as more high frequencies were brought into the PTA. Based on the findings of this study, a clinical protocol was designed that determines if a listener's performance was in the normal range and if the listener benefited from increasing the level of the stimuli. Conclusion SRTs obtained using the automated procedure are comparable to the results obtained by the conventional clinical method that is in common use. The automated closed-set word-recognition test results show clear differentiation between scores for the normal and hearing loss groups. These procedures provide clinical test results that are not dependent on the availability of an audiologist to perform the tests.
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17

Mamassian, Pascal. "Confidence Forced-Choice and Other Metaperceptual Tasks*." Perception 49, no. 6 (June 2020): 616–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0301006620928010.

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Metaperception is the self-monitoring and self-control of one’s own perception. Perceptual confidence is the prototypical example of metaperception. Perceptual confidence refers to the ability to judge whether a perceptual decision is correct. We argue that metaperception is not limited to confidence but includes other judgments such as the estimation of familiarity and the aesthetic experience of sensory events. Perceptual confidence has recently received a surge of interests due in particular to the design of careful psychophysical experiments and powerful computational models. In psychophysics, the use of confidence ratings is the dominant methodology, but other paradigms are available, including the confidence forced choice. In this latter paradigm, participants are presented with two stimuli, make perceptual decisions about these stimuli, and then choose which decision is more likely to be correct. One benefit of confidence forced choice is that it disregards confidence biases to focus on confidence sensitivity. Confidence forced choice might also be a paradigm that will allow us to establish whether confidence is estimated serially or in parallel to the perceptual decision.
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18

Brown, Anna, and Alberto Maydeu-Olivares. "Item Response Modeling of Forced-Choice Questionnaires." Educational and Psychological Measurement 71, no. 3 (May 2, 2011): 460–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0013164410375112.

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19

Bownas, David A., and H. John Bernardin. "Suppressing illusory halo with forced-choice items." Journal of Applied Psychology 76, no. 4 (August 1991): 592–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.76.4.592.

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20

Singh, Surendra N., and Catherine A. Cole. "Forced-Choice Recognition Tests: A Critical Review." Journal of Advertising 14, no. 3 (October 1985): 52–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00913367.1985.10672958.

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21

Ray, John J. "Acquiescence and Problems with Forced-Choice Scales." Journal of Social Psychology 130, no. 3 (June 1990): 397–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00224545.1990.9924595.

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22

Ermakova, N. I. "Psychological Content of Forced Choice of Profession." Uchenye Zapiski RGSU 15, no. 6 (December 27, 2016): 38–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.17922/2071-5323-2016-15-6-38-44.

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23

Mehrani, Mehdi B., and Carole Peterson. "Recency Tendency: Responses to Forced-Choice Questions." Applied Cognitive Psychology 29, no. 3 (March 10, 2015): 418–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/acp.3119.

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24

Orthey, Robin, Aldert Vrij, Ewout Meijer, Sharon Leal, and Hartmut Blank. "Resistance to coaching in forced-choice testing." Applied Cognitive Psychology 32, no. 6 (August 13, 2018): 693–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/acp.3443.

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25

Binder, Laurence M. "Forced-choice testing provides evidence of malingering." Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 73, no. 4 (April 1992): 377–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0003-9993(92)90013-m.

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26

Seifried, Chad. "The Forced-Choice Certainty Method: A Review of an Underutilized Survey Approach." Kinesiology Review 2, no. 2 (May 2013): 130–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/krj.2.2.130.

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The measurement of decisions requiring a comparison between alternatives could be improved for researchers because limitations exist with the more traditional survey techniques. To address this concern, the purpose of this review centered on discussing the merits of the forced-choice certainty method against those offered by single-stimulus Likert scale and forced-choice survey instruments. Few reviews have used the forced-choice certainty method to test topics which involve comparison and to gather accurate information on consumers, commercial products and services, and other important issues of public debate. This has occurred due to some negative literature on forced-choice surveys and preferences shown for the various reliability and validity statistics that can be easily produced with single-stimulus Likert-scale instruments. Ultimately, this work attempts to help researchers better understand the contribution that the forced-choice certainty method can make and showcase it as a product resulting from the merger of both forced-choice and Likert-scale instruments.
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27

Algarabel, Salvador, and Alfonso Pitarque. "Familiarity Changes as a Function of Perceptual Shifts." Spanish journal of psychology 13, no. 2 (November 2010): 518–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1138741600002213.

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This experiment compares the yes-no and forced recognition tests as methods of measuring familiarity. Participants faced a phase of 3 study-test recognition trials in which they studied words using all the letters of the alphabet (overlapping condition, O), and an additional phase in which targets and lures did not share any letters (non-overlapping condition, NO). Finally, subjects performed a forced-choice task in which they had to choose one of two new words, each from one of the subsets (Parkin et al., 2001). Results in the NO condition were better than in the O condition in the yes-no recognition test, while the forced-choice rate was significantly higher than .50, showing their sensitivity to familiarity. When the letter set of the words for study in the third list of the NO condition was switched, the difference between NO and O conditions disappeared in yes-no test, while the force-choice rate was not higher than .50. We conclude that both the yes-no test and the forced-choice test are valid and equivalent measures of familiarity under the right conditions.
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28

Zhang, Bo, Tianjun Sun, Fritz Drasgow, Oleksandr S. Chernyshenko, Christopher D. Nye, Stephen Stark, and Leonard A. White. "Though Forced, Still Valid: Psychometric Equivalence of Forced-Choice and Single-Statement Measures." Organizational Research Methods 23, no. 3 (April 4, 2019): 569–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1094428119836486.

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Forced-choice (FC) measures are gaining popularity as an alternative assessment format to single-statement (SS) measures. However, a fundamental question remains to be answered: Do FC and SS instruments measure the same underlying constructs? In addition, FC measures are theorized to be more cognitively challenging, so how would this feature influence respondents’ reactions to FC measures compared to SS? We used both between- and within-subjects designs to examine the equivalence of the FC format and the SS format. As the results illustrate, FC measures scored by the multi-unidimensional pairwise preference (MUPP) model and SS measures scored with the generalized graded unfolding model (GGUM) showed strong equivalence. Specifically, both formats demonstrated similar marginal reliabilities and test-retest reliabilities, high convergent validities, good discriminant validities, and similar criterion-related validities with theoretically relevant criteria. In addition, the formats had little differential impact on respondents’ general emotional and cognitive reactions except that the FC format was perceived to be slightly more difficult and more time-saving.
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29

Derby, K. Mark, David P. Wacker, Marc Andelman, Wendy Berg, Janet Drew, Jennifer Asmus, Anne-Marie Prouty, and Peggy Laffey. "TWO MEASURES OF PREFERENCE DURING FORCED-CHOICE ASSESSMENTS." Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis 28, no. 3 (September 1995): 345–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1901/jaba.1995.28-345.

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30

Pavlov, Goran, Dexin Shi, Alberto Maydeu-Olivares, and Amanda Fairchild. "Item desirability matching in forced-choice test construction." Personality and Individual Differences 183 (December 2021): 111114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2021.111114.

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31

Gutierrez, Renae D. "Using the Forced Choice Ladder in Sexuality Education." Health Education 17, no. 4 (September 1986): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00970050.1986.10615962.

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32

Cheal, MaryLou, and Don R. Lyon. "Central and Peripheral Precuing of Forced-Choice Discrimination." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A 43, no. 4 (November 1991): 859–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14640749108400960.

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There are suggestions in the literature that spatial precuing of attention with peripheral and central cues may be mediated by different mechanisms. To investigate this issue, data from two previous papers were reanalysed to investigate the complete time course of precuing target location with either: (1) a peripheral cue that may draw attention reflexively, or (2) a central, symbolic cue that may require attention to be directed voluntarily. This analysis led to predictions that were tested in another experiment. The main result of this experiment was that a peripheral cue produced its largest effects on discrimination performance within 100 msec, whereas a central cue required approximately 300 msec to achieve maximum effects. In conjunction with previous findings, the present evidence for time differences between the two cuing conditions suggests that more than one process is involved in the spatial precuing of attention.
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33

Bartram, Dave. "Increasing Validity with Forced-Choice Criterion Measurement Formats." International Journal of Selection and Assessment 15, no. 3 (September 2007): 263–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2389.2007.00386.x.

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34

Ghosh, Anjali. "Measuring Managerial Skills using a Forced-Choice Questionnaire." Management and Labour Studies 24, no. 2 (April 1999): 89–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0258042x9902400202.

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35

Nehring, Klaus. "COPING RATIONALLY WITH AMBIGUITY: ROBUSTNESS VERSUS AMBIGUITY-AVERSION." Economics and Philosophy 25, no. 3 (November 2009): 303–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266267109990265.

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Al-Najjar and Weinstein (2009) argue that the extant literature on ambiguity aversion is not successful in accounting for Ellsberg choices as rational responses to ambiguity. We concur, and propose that rational choice under ambiguity aims at robustness rather than avoidance of ambiguity. A central argument explains why robust choice is intrinsically context-dependent and legitimately violates standard choice consistency conditions. If choice consistency is forced, however, ambiguity-aversion emerges as a semi-rational response to ambiguity.
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36

Richardson, Benjamin, Roland Pfister, and Lisa R. Fournier. "Free-choice and forced-choice actions: Shared representations and conservation of cognitive effort." Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics 82, no. 5 (February 20, 2020): 2516–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13414-020-01986-4.

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37

Lim, Koeun, Wei Wang, and Daniel M. Merfeld. "Unbounded evidence accumulation characterizes subjective visual vertical forced-choice perceptual choice and confidence." Journal of Neurophysiology 118, no. 5 (November 1, 2017): 2636–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00318.2017.

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Humans can subjectively yet quantitatively assess choice confidence based on perceptual precision even when a perceptual decision is made without an immediate reward or feedback. However, surprisingly little is known about choice confidence. Here we investigate the dynamics of choice confidence by merging two parallel conceptual frameworks of decision making, signal detection theory and sequential analyses (i.e., drift-diffusion modeling). Specifically, to capture end-point statistics of binary choice and confidence, we built on a previous study that defined choice confidence in terms of psychophysics derived from signal detection theory. At the same time, we augmented this mathematical model to include accumulator dynamics of a drift-diffusion model to characterize the time dependence of the choice behaviors in a standard forced-choice paradigm in which stimulus duration is controlled by the operator. Human subjects performed a subjective visual vertical task, simultaneously reporting binary orientation choice and probabilistic confidence. Both binary choice and confidence experimental data displayed statistics and dynamics consistent with both signal detection theory and evidence accumulation, respectively. Specifically, the computational simulations showed that the unbounded evidence accumulator model fits the confidence data better than the classical bounded model, while bounded and unbounded models were indistinguishable for binary choice data. These results suggest that the brain can utilize mechanisms consistent with signal detection theory—especially when judging confidence without time pressure. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We found that choice confidence data show dynamics consistent with evidence accumulation for a forced-choice subjective visual vertical task. We also found that the evidence accumulation appeared unbounded when judging confidence, which suggests that the brain utilizes mechanisms consistent with signal detection theory to determine choice confidence.
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38

Parks, Helen, and Melvin Leok. "Constructing equivalence-preserving Dirac variational integrators with forces." IMA Journal of Numerical Analysis 39, no. 4 (August 15, 2018): 1706–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/imanum/dry053.

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Abstract The dynamical motion of mechanical systems possesses underlying geometric structures and preserving these structures in numerical integration improves the qualitative accuracy and reduces the long-time error of the simulation. For a single mechanical system, structure preservation can be achieved by adopting the variational integrator construction (Marsden, J. & West, M. (2001) Discrete mechanics and variational integrators. Acta Numer., 10, 357–514). This construction has been generalized to more complex systems involving forces or constraints as well as to the setting of Dirac mechanics (Leok, M. & Ohsawa, T. (2011) Variational and geometric structures of discrete Dirac measures. Found. Comput. Math., 11, 529–562). Forced Lagrange–Dirac systems are described by a Lagrangian and an external force pair, and two pairs of Lagrangians and external forces are said to be equivalent if they yield the same equations of motion. However, the variational discretization of a forced Lagrange–Dirac system discretizes the Lagrangian and forces separately, and will generally depend on the choice of representation. In this paper we derive a class of Dirac variational integrators with forces that yield well-defined numerical methods that are independent of the choice of representation. We present a numerical simulation to demonstrate how such equivalence-preserving discretizations avoid spurious solutions that otherwise arise from poorly chosen representations.
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39

Flannelly, Laura T., Kevin J. Flannelly, and Malcolm S. McLeod. "Comparison of Forced-Choice and Subjective Probability Scales Measuring Behavioral Intentions." Psychological Reports 86, no. 1 (February 2000): 321–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.2000.86.1.321.

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Three surveys compared the accuracy of predictions based on forced-choice and subjective probability scales. The latter produced significantly more accurate election predictions and significantly reduced the percentage of undecided, or “Don't Know” responses, compared to forced-choice scales in all three surveys. Analysis indicates subjective probability scales decrease sampling error and confirms there is an inherent source of error in traditional forced-choice questions about voting intentions not attributable to sampling error. The results are discussed with respect to (1) sampling and measurement errors in forced-choice and subjective probability scales measuring behavioral intentions, (2) their practical application, and (3) cognitive theory, especially support theory.
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40

Riddle, Liesl A., and Cynthia Buckley. "Forced Migration and Destination Choice: Armenian Forced Settlers and Refugees in the Russian Federation." International Migration 36, no. 2 (June 1998): 235–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-2435.00044.

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41

Bayley, P. J., J. T. Wixted, R. O. Hopkins, and L. R. Squire. "Yes/No Recognition, Forced-choice Recognition, and the Human Hippocampus." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 20, no. 3 (March 2008): 505–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2008.20038.

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Two recent studies reported that yes/no recognition can be more impaired by hippocampal lesions than forced-choice recognition when the targets and foils are highly similar. This finding has been taken in support of two fundamental proposals: (1) yes/no recognition tests depend more on recollection than do forced-choice tests; and (2) the hippocampus selectively supports the recollection process. Using the same stimulus materials as in the earlier studies, we tested five memory-impaired patients with circumscribed hippocampal lesions and 15 controls. As in the earlier studies, participants studied 12 pictures of objects and then took either a 12-item forced-choice test with four alternatives or a 60-item yes/no test. Patients were impaired on both tests but did more poorly on the yes/no test. However, a yes/no test based on 12 study items would conventionally involve only 24 test items (i.e., 12 study items and 12 foil items). When we scored only the first 24 test items, the patients performed identically on the yes/no and forced-choice tests. Examination of the data in blocks of 12 trials indicated that the scores of the patients declined as testing continued. We suggest that a yes/no test of 60 items is difficult relative to a 12-item forced-choice test due to the increased study-test delay and due to increased interference, not because of any fundamental difference between the yes/no and forced-choice formats. We conclude that hippocampal lesions impair yes/no and forced-choice recognition to the same extent.
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42

Costa-Gomes, Miguel A., Carlos Cueva, Georgios Gerasimou, and Matúš Tejišcák. "Choice, deferral, and consistency." Quantitative Economics 13, no. 3 (2022): 1297–318. http://dx.doi.org/10.3982/qe1806.

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We report on two novel choice experiments with real goods where subjects in one treatment are forced to choose, as is the norm in economic experiments, while in the other they are not but can instead incur a small cost to defer choice. Using a variety of measures, we find that the active choices (i.e., those that exclude the deferral outside option) of subjects in the nonforced‐choice treatment are generally more consistent. We also find that the combined deferral and active‐choice behavior of subjects in that treatment is explained better by a model of dominant choice with incomplete preferences than it is by rational choice. Our results suggest that nonforced‐choice experiments and models can be helpful in separating people's rational, hesitant/not‐yet‐rational and genuinely irrational behavior, and can potentially offer important new insights in revealed preference analysis.
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43

LIU, Juan, Chanjin ZHENG, Yunchuan LI, and Xu LIAN. "IRT-based scoring methods for multidimensional forced choice tests." Advances in Psychological Science 30, no. 6 (2022): 1410. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1042.2022.01410.

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44

LIU, Juan, Chanjin ZHENG, Yunchuan LI, and Xu LIAN. "IRT-based scoring methods for multidimensional forced choice tests." Advances in Psychological Science 30, no. 6 (2022): 1410. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1042.2022.01410.

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45

Christiansen, Neil D., Gary N. Burns, and George E. Montgomery. "Reconsidering Forced-Choice Item Formats for Applicant Personality Assessment." Human Performance 18, no. 3 (May 2005): 267–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327043hup1803_4.

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46

Zawadzka, Katarzyna, Philip A. Higham, and Maciej Hanczakowski. "Confidence in forced-choice recognition: What underlies the ratings?" Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 43, no. 4 (April 2017): 552–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/xlm0000321.

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47

Malanchuk, Oksana, Nataliya Chernysh, and Viktor Susak. "Forced choice: identities and attitudes before and after Euromaidan." Ukrainian society 2016, no. 4 (December 30, 2016): 8–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/socium2016.04.008.

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48

Clark, Steven E., Alden Hori, and Daniel E. Callan. "Forced-choice associative recognition: Implications for global-memory models." Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 19, no. 4 (July 1993): 871–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.19.4.871.

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49

Voss, J. L., C. L. Baym, and K. A. Paller. "Accurate forced-choice recognition without awareness of memory retrieval." Learning & Memory 15, no. 6 (May 30, 2008): 454–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/lm.971208.

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50

Ruchinskas, R., J. Barth, and R. Diamond. "Forced-choice paradigms and the detection of somatosensory exaggeration." Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 11, no. 5 (January 1, 1996): 443. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arclin/11.5.443.

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