Relevant bibliographies by topics / Force of fixing

Academic literature on the topic 'Force of fixing'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 30 May 2022
Last updated: 31 May 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Force of fixing"

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Lu, Longsheng, Zhaorui Hou, Feixiang Zhang, Yingxi Xie, and Yong Tang. "Fracture analysis of a single polyacrylonitrile-based carbon fiber in rigid-fixing and flexible-fixing chopping processes." Textile Research Journal 87, no. 12 (June 24, 2016): 1435–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517516654107.

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Chopping is an efficient way to produce short carbon fiber (CF). Generally, there are two types of fixing constraints available in the chopping process: rigid-fixing and flexible-fixing. Simplified experiments were performed using glass and rubber as the fixing constraints in cutting a single polyacrylonitrile-based CF to reveal the influence of the fixing constraints in CF chopping. The cutting forces and the bending angles with different fixing constraints were analyzed. Furthermore, the failure surface of the CF was observed. Due to an additional bending effect in the flexible-fixing cutting, the failure surface of the CF was rough, and the cutting-off force was approximately 5% of the force in rigid-fixing cutting. Therefore, flexible-fixing cutting is a suitable way to decrease the cutting-off force in CF chopping. Moreover, it was concluded that the fiber fracture in rigid-fixing cutting is caused by compression, whereas in flexible-fixing cutting, it results from bending. We hope our work is beneficial to the design of the chopping procedure for short CF.
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Mikkola, Mari. "Fixing pornography’s illocutionary force: Which context matters?" Philosophical Studies 177, no. 10 (December 24, 2019): 3013–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11098-019-01357-2.

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AbstractRae Langton famously argues that pornographic speech illocutionarily subordinates and silences women. Making good this view hinges on identifying the context relevant for fixing such force. To do so, a parallel is typically drawn between pornographic recordings and multipurpose signs involved in delayed communication, but the parallel generates a dispute about the right illocutionary force-fixing context. Jennifer Saul and myself argue that if pornographic speech is akin to multipurpose signs, its illocutionary force is fixed by the actual decoding context: of using/viewing pornographic recordings. By contrast, Claudia Bianchi argues that the relevant context is intended/expected decoding. Here I take issue with Bianchi’s view. Her intentionalist account faces two serious objections. First, the collapse objection: Bianchi’s intentionalist view is so formulated that it collapses into that endorsed by Saul and me. This undermines Bianchi’s case against us. Second, the dissonance objection: looking at a different aspect of Bianchi’s view, and one that does depart from the positions of Saul and myself, shows that her analysis is too intentionalist and cannot be used to elucidate pornography’s illocutionary force. Bianchi’s view should hence be rejected. This nevertheless leaves open further theoretical avenues of research, which I briefly discuss at the end of the paper.
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Mori, Kunio, Akira Watanabe, and Minoru Saito. "Fixing between Metals and NBR Vulcanizates and Its Prevention." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 62, no. 2 (May 1, 1989): 195–218. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3536240.

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Abstract When metals and NBR vulcanizates are put into contact an adhesive force is generated between them. The phenomenon is called fixing, and the adhesive force generated is defined as the fixing strength. The fixing strength is divided into an initial fixing at 30 min after loading and an after-fixing which thereafter occurs successively. The former fixing strength is exhibited by the physical adsorption forces of the NBR segments to the metal surfaces. The latter are based on the formation of first-order bonds which are brought about by the chemical reactions between the metals and NBR vulcanizates. These fixing strengths were influenced by the environmental factors such as testing time, temperature, and humidity; by the surface factors such as the surface roughness of the metals and NBR vulcanizates, the hardness of the NBR vulcanizates, and the surface conditions; and by material factors such as the kinds of metals and rubbers, the fillers, and other ingredients in vulcanizates. From the above results, the fixing phenomenon is explained as follows. At first, the segment molecules of the NBR vulcanizates diffuse to the metal surfaces and then the nitrile groups in the NBR vulcanizates are adsorbed on the surfaces of the metals. At this time, secondary-order bond forces are generated between the two materials. Succeedingly, the chemical reactions occur at the contact parts between the two materials and then are combined by first-order bonds. As a result, a high fixing strength, as cohesive failure, is generated. The fixing mechanism leads to the four indicators of fixing prevention: (1) the control of the contact areas, (2) the suppression of molecular motion of the NBR segments, (3) the inhibition of interfacial reactions, and (4) the introduction of inactive crosslinks and side chains. In this paper, the surface curing of the NBR vulcanizates, which leads to the suppression of molecular motion of NBR segments, and the blooming method which leads to the inhibition of interfacial reactions, were investigated. The former method is not always effective for preventing the fixing because it is difficult to produce the NBR vulcanizates with less fixing properties under ordinary industrial conditions. However, stearamide and methylene bis-erucamide are very effective blooming agents to prevent fixing, because they provide barrier films onto the surfaces of NBR vulcanizates.
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Puglisi, Jose L., Leighton Izu, Ye Chen-Izu, and Donald M. Bers. "Feed Forward Modeling. Fixing the Force Frequency Relationship." Biophysical Journal 102, no. 3 (January 2012): 552a—553a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bpj.2011.11.3013.

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Hartrumpf, Martin, Josephine Sterner, Filip Schroeter, Ralf-Uwe Kuehnel, Magdalena L. Laux, Christian Braun, and Johannes M. Albes. "Tourniquet fixing prior to knot tying reduces forces during aortic valve replacement: experimental results from 18 surgeons." Interactive CardioVascular and Thoracic Surgery 31, no. 4 (August 18, 2020): 446–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icvts/ivaa135.

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Abstract OBJECTIVES To increase the safety of aortic valve replacement, we developed the ‘Caput medusae’ method, where the prosthesis is prefixed with circumferential tourniquets prior to knot tying. We assumed that an even distribution of forces may help reduce tissue damage. To confirm this theoretically, we compared forces between knots and tourniquets. METHODS The experimental set-up included a device with movable acrylic plates, a mounted valve and a set of sutures. Traction forces were measured with a luggage scale. Two different tourniquets were compared individually and as bundles of 15. Force–path curves were generated. Knotting and tourniquet forces of 18 staff surgeons were then compared. Both modalities were measured 10 times on 2 days, resulting in 40 observations per surgeon, or 360 observations per modality. RESULTS Polyvinyl chloride tourniquets were stiffer than silicone, expressed by a 1.5- to 1.7-fold higher regression-line slope. Fifteen simultaneous tubes produced force increments 7.9–8.9 times higher than their single counterparts. Overall knotting force was 13.64 ± 5.76 vs tourniquet 1.08 ± 0.48 N. Male surgeons’ knotting forces were higher compared to female staff (14.76 ± 6.01 vs 10.73 ± 3.74 N; P < 0.001) while tourniquet forces did not differ (1.09 ± 0.47 vs 1.05 ± 0.49 N; P = 0.459). Dedicated valve surgeons (n = 10) tightened the tourniquets more strongly than inexperienced surgeons (1.20 ± 0.52 vs 0.94 ± 0.37 N; P < 0.001); knotting was similar. Multivariable analysis confirmed only valve experience as a predictor of tourniquet strength (experienced surgeons exerted higher force). CONCLUSIONS Tourniquets exert less force on the tissue than knots. When distributed over the circumference, they can reduce local tension and avoid potential paravalvular leakage. Complete or partial use of tourniquets may thus be an additional option to enhance surgical safety.
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Liu, Yu Mei, Zhao Liang Jiang, Wen Ping Liu, and Zhi Li. "Rebound Deformation of Thin Part Caused by Clamping Force in End Milling." Applied Mechanics and Materials 217-219 (November 2012): 1655–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.217-219.1655.

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Deformation mechanism of low-rigidity thin part caused by clamping force is studied in this paper. A coupled thermo-mechanical simulation process of aluminum alloy 6061 is developed using the finite element method with Abaqus. The results of simulation are verified by experimental measurements of cutting force and surface residual stress. Then using the model investigates the effect on residual stresses along the thickness of aluminum alloy 6061 load and unloadthe clamping forces. The deformation condition is also studied after removing fixing.
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Tanaka, H., Y. Kakinuma, T. Aoyama, and H. Anzai. "A study on fixing force generation mechanism of ER gel." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 149 (February 1, 2009): 012029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/149/1/012029.

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Nowalid, Wan Mohd Azlan, Muhammad Adib Shaharun, and Ahmad Razlan Yusoff. "Effect of Lubrication Conditions to the Cutting Force Coefficients in Machining Process." Advanced Materials Research 1115 (July 2015): 55–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1115.55.

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The cutting force is the main important factor contributing the machined work piece surface and in determining the acceptable cutting parameters for high productivity in metal cutting industries. The prediction of cutting force coefficients of materials were calculated from the average cutting force model contributing to the constants of cutting force coefficients. In this study, experimental investigation is conducted to determine the cutting force coefficients in the average cutting force model, by identifying cutting force coefficients with different lubrication conditions such as dry, flood and minimal lubrication conditions and cutting speeds. A series of slot milling experiments are measured the milling forces by fixing the spindle speeds and radial/axial depths of cutting and linearly varying the feed per tooth. Using linearly fitting the experimental data, the tangential and radial milling force coefficients are then computed. The achieved results showed that the changing of spindle speed and different lubrication conditions affecting the milling force coefficient.
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Kovalov, Viktor, Vitaliy Guzenko, Predrag Dašić, and Ivan Polupan. "Effectiveness Rising of Wheel-Pairs Renewal by Cup-Tip Cassette Tool." Applied Mechanics and Materials 806 (November 2015): 94–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.806.94.

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The results of studies of the load effect on the cylindrical surface of the fixing holes of the insert on the durability and dynamic characteristics of the improved design of split cup-tip tool for wheelset processing are presented. It is approved that the radial force on the cylindrical surface of the fixing holes of the insert is of a significant effect on the stiffness characteristics of split cup-tip tool.
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Kiselev, V. L., and A. S. Pronin. "Topic of the issue: Determination of the processing error during face milling of flat surfaces." Glavnyj mekhanik (Chief Mechanic), no. 12 (December 1, 2020): 9–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/pro-2-2012-01.

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Using the finite element method and CAD SolidWorks Simulation, the relationship between the geometric parameters of workpieces and the error in processing flat surfaces of levers caused by elastic deformations of the workpiece due to the application of holding force is established. In this paper, we developed a method for determining the error of processing flat surfaces that occurs from fixing, compiled a model for determining the error by the finite element method, and calculated the error of processing flat surfaces that occurs from fixing for workpieces with different geometric parameters. As a result of the study, the relationship between the value of the center distance of workpieces and the error in processing flat surfaces of levers caused by elastic deformations of the workpiece due to the application of holding forces was determined.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Force of fixing"

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Keller, James Cliff. "Fixing the whole-of-government approach in failed states-a model for security force assistance." Thesis, Monterey, California : Naval Postgraduate School, 2010. http://edocs.nps.edu/npspubs/scholarly/theses/2010/Jun/10Jun%5FKeller.pdf.

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Thesis (M.S. in Defense Analysis)--Naval Postgraduate School, June 2010.
Thesis Advisor(s): Simons, Anna ; Second Reader: Sepp, Kalev. "June 2010." Description based on title screen as viewed on July 14, 2010. Author(s) subject terms: failed states, under-governed spaces, Security Force Assistance, sovereignty, Africa, Special Operations Command--Africa, oil-spot, counterinsurgency, Special Operations Forces, whole-of-government, Building Partner Capacity. Includes bibliographical references (p. 69-72). Also available in print.
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Basit, Abdul. "Development and characterization of a shape memory polymer composite actuator for morphing structures." Thesis, Mulhouse, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MULH8494/document.

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Les polymères à mémoire de forme (SMP) sont des matériaux qui peuvent revenir à leur forme d'origine lorsqu'un stimulus approprié (par exemple de la chaleur) est prévu. Ces polymères sont programmés par cycle de mémoire de forme qui se compose de deux parties: une partie de la programmation qui donne un effet mémoire de forme (SME) à savoir la forme temporaire pour le polymère et la partie de récupération où il revient à sa forme initiale. Les SMP ont une faible rigidité, donc, produisent de grandes déformations récupérables, mais produisent des forces de récupération faibles. Cependant, les composites SMP produisent des forces de récupération plus grandes car ils sont relativement rigide mais ont des souches moins récupérables. En outre, de forts actionneurs à mémoire de forme peuvent être produits si deux effets différents peuvent être combinés dans une structure unique. Une structure déjà active (par exemple des alliages à mémoire de forme) peut être intégré dans SMP. Par conséquent, un fort actionneur couplé peut être obtenu. [...]
Shape memory polymers (SMPs) are the materials which can return to their original shape when a suitable stimulus (e.g. heat) is provided. These polymers are programmed through shape memory cycle that consists of two parts: programming part which gives shape memory effect (SME) i.e. temporary shape to the polymer and the recovery part which return it to its original shape. SMPs have low stiffness, therefore, produce large recoverable strains, but produce low recovery forces. However, SMP composites produce larger recovery forces as they are relatively rigid but have less recoverable strains. Moreover, strong shape memory actuators can be produced if two different effects can be combined in a single structure. An already active structure (e.g shape memory alloys) can be embedded in SMP. Consequently, a strong coupled actuator can be obtained. In this work, the shape memory property of CBCM composite (an active composite that works on bimetallic affect) has been studied. CBCM stands for controlled behavior of composite material. CBCM activeness and its SM property has been coupled together to obtain a strong actuator. SM property has been obtained through thermo-mechanical programming at a temperature higher than glass transition temperature (Tg) of Epoxy resin used for its fabrication. The CBCM actuating properties have been studied through different one-step recoveries (unconstrained, constrained and recovery under load). Moreover, different asymmetrical CBCM composites have been developed by changing the position and orientation of the different layers used. These have been studied for their different actuation properties. Similarly, multi-step recoveries (unconstrained and constrained) have also been performed to show multi step actuation capabilities in CBCM. The actuating properties of CBCM have also been compared with symmetrical composite (SYM) to show the advantage of coupled properties in CBCM. It has been found that CBCM has the ability to give high strain, high recovery forces. Also, it can recover under load and recover to its original position at the temperatures lower than the deforming temperature used in the programming cycle
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Books on the topic "Force of fixing"

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Fixing Haiti: MINUSTAH and beyond. Tokyo: United Nations University Press, 2011.

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Office, General Accounting. Contract management: Fixing DOD's payment problems is imperative : report to Congressional requesters. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1997.

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Mann, Peter. Hamiltonian Field Theory. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198822370.003.0026.

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This chapter discusses classical electromagnetism. As an example of a classical field theory, electrodynamics is framed using a Lagrangian density. Until pioneers such as Faraday and Maxwell, electric vector fields and magnetic vector fields were regarded as separate phenomena entirely and it was only in the late nineteenth century that scientists saw them as components of a larger concept, the electromagnetic field. Maxwell’s equations are derived and the wave equations are revisited. The chapter discusses gauge fixing, the Hodge star, the Lorentz force law and molecular multipole moments and closes by defining the electromagnetic tensor and the Minkowski metric tensor.
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Charlie Foxtrot: Fixing Defence Procurement in Canada. Dundurn, 2016.

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Bedke, Matthew S. Non-Descriptive Relativism. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198823841.003.0003.

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This chapter identifies a novel family of metaethical theories that are non-descriptive and that aim to explain the action-guiding qualities of normative thought and language. The general strategy is to consider different relations language might bear to a given content, where we locate descriptivity (or lack of it) in these relations, rather than locating it in a theory that begins with the expression of states of mind, or locating it in a special kind of content that is not way-things-might-be content. One such view is sketched, which posits two different content-fixing cognitive roles for bits of language. One role fixes a descriptive relation to content and another role fixes a non-descriptive relation to content. In addition to non-descriptivity and action guidance, the chapter briefly considers the appearance of mind-independent authoritative force, disagreement, and Frege–Geach concerns.
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Rondinone, Troy. The Shot. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252037375.003.0011.

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This chapter focuses on George Parnassus who, by the late 1950s, had become one of the most powerful figures in boxing. He came to be known as a specialist in developing Latino talent. In 1957 the Olympic Auditorium's matchmaker, Babe McCoy, lost his license (for fixing fights), and Parnassus, whose reputation by then had garnered him great local respect, was recruited as his replacement. Parnassus was looking for the next Latino sensation. He had managed Los Angeles native Art “The Golden Boy” Aragon in the 1950s, had set him up for a losing title fight against Carmen Basilio in 1958, and then watched him get handed down in the ranks. In Gaspar, Parnassus saw a big, popular score. He saw the first Mexican welterweight champion of the world. Working deals was Parnassus' forte, and he would need to work one with Kid Paret to make this happen.
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Corrales, Javier. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190868895.003.0001.

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This chapter introduces the book’s two central puzzles: what explains Latin America’s obsession with fixing democracy via constituent assemblies, and what explains variations in outcomes of constituent assemblies? It introduces the key argument: power asymmetries between Incumbents and Opposition forces—in the form of variations in the relative strength of the Incumbent vis-à-vis the Opposition, more so than other factors such as economics, ideology, or partisanship—lead to constitutions that offer weaker checks and balances. Power asymmetries, the book argues, influence to some extent the incidence of constitutional change and to a large extent the content of resulting constitutions. The book illustrates these points by examining twenty-four constitutional moments in Latin America since the 1980s, including eleven drafted new constitutions and thirteen aborted constituent assemblies. Finally, this chapter offers a justification for the book’s case selection and explains the research design pursued therein.
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Boydstun, Amber E., and Annelise Russell. From Crisis to Stasis: Media Dynamics and Issue Attention in the News. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.56.

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Media coverage does not ebb and flow. Rather, media coverage rapidly moves from crisis to stasis and back again. The result of these attention dynamics is news reporting that is disproportional to the breadth and pace of policy problems in the world, where some balloon in the news beyond expectations and others fade quickly (or never make the news at all). These patterns of news coverage result from the powerful role that momentum plays in the news-generation process. Forces of positive feedback drive news outlets to chase each new hot story quickly, while negative feedback forces drive news outlets to stay locked onto a hot story at hand. Together, these forces drive news coverage to lurch and fixate, lurch and fixate, again and again. Thus, although previous research has conceived of the news-generation process functioning either as a “patrol” system (where news outlets act as sentinels, tracking each policy problem as it unfolds in the world) or as an “alarm” system (where news outlets move in quick bursts from one policy problem to the next, with little to no in-depth coverage), both these previous models tell only half the story. Rather, the news-generation process is best understood through the alarm/patrol hybrid model, where news outlets often lurch from one hot item to the next but sometimes become entrenched in an unfolding storyline. The alarm/patrol hybrid model helps explain the particular phenomenon of “media storms” that can occur, where a sudden surge in media attention can vault a previously ignored issue into the center of public and political attention; think of the Catholic priest abuse scandal, or the scene in Ferguson, Missouri, after Michael Brown’s death. The lurching/fixating dynamics of media attention have far-ranging implications for citizen information and political response, contributing to a wider system of disproportionate information processing where some topics are attended to and others are largely ignored. In particular, because policymakers take so many of their cues from the news, it is likely the case that the lurching/fixating patterns of our media system exacerbate the punctuated patterns of government in turn.
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Leung, Angela K. Y., and Brandon Koh. The Role of Culture in Creative Cognition. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190455675.003.0001.

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In this chapter, we propose the complementary model of culture and creativity (CMCC) to account for three pairs of contrasting forces that characterize the manners in which individuals manage their cultural experiences and that produce impacts on creative pursuits. We theorize three bidimensional psychological processes that explain the effects of culture on creativity: (a) stereotyping versus destabilizing cultural norms, (b) fixating on one cultural mindset versus alternating between cultural frames, and (c) distancing from versus integrating cultures. We contend that a broader and diversifying cultural experience offers an impetus to break down cultural confines, to oscillate between a variety of cultural perspectives, and to synthesize a multitude of ideas from different cultures, which can bring about discernible enduring benefits to creativity. We discuss the CMCC by putting it in the perspective of the state-of-the-art empirical findings on culture and creativity.
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Capuzzo, Paolo. Youth and Consumption. Edited by Frank Trentmann. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199561216.013.0031.

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The kaleidoscope of social identity is defined by multiple forces of signification. Gender, ethnicity, and class trace porous borders of the social and symbolic space within which consumption practices unfold, changing, forcing, and sometimes even subverting the apparent fixity of those spaces. The transition from childhood to adulthood is marked by clear biological changes that affect the conduct of life and the ways in which to confront a series of phases in the form of the transformation and maturation of the body. The analysis of consumption practices can be useful in showing how young people define themselves. As part of a discussion on youth and consumption, this article focuses on cultures of consumption among young workers. It also discusses the social deviance and consumer behaviour of young people, the impact of advertising on the social representation of the youth body, films and fantasies, and the emergence of a youth mass market.
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Book chapters on the topic "Force of fixing"

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Wang, Hao, Yang Zhe Wu, Zhi Jun Song, Gu Cheng Zeng, Xue Yi Le, and Ji Ye Cai. "The Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) Charecterization of Ni(phen) 2+3 Fixing Effects on DNA Molecules." In Solid State Phenomena, 1359–62. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/3-908451-30-2.1359.

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Wong, Yue Chim Richard. "The Value of Not Working and Long Working Hours." In Fixing Inequality in Hong Kong. Hong Kong University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5790/hongkong/9789888390625.003.0037.

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Research studies on the disincentive effects of generous welfare programs are few and should be undertaken. Today society is poised to expand these programs further amidst concerns of rising poverty and a widening income and wealth gap. This should be undertaken with caution to avoid creating even stronger incentives for individuals, especially young workers, to withdraw from the labor force.
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Laslie, Brian D. "Fixing the Far East Air Forces and Creating the Pacific Air Forces." In Architect of Air Power. University Press of Kentucky, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5810/kentucky/9780813169989.003.0010.

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Kuter left Maxwell to take command of the Far East Air Forces (FEAF). As Lieutenant General Kuter flew to his new assignment he was promoted to full general shortly after midnight on May 29, 1955. For an officer whose first flight was in a bi-plane, the importance of assuming his ultimate final rank on a trans-oceanic flight was surely not lost on him. During his career, the United States Army Air Corps had transitioned to a truly global and independent Air Force capable flying Kuter rather comfortably to his new assignment. The Air Force, like Kuter had fully matured and reached a pinnacle thought impossible as little as a decade ago. Kuter had grown with this Air Force, molding it, organizing it, shaping it and giving it the ability to do span the globe. General Kuter helped to reorganize the command and transitioned it to the newly created Pacific Air Forces (PACAF), becoming the new unit’s first commander.
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Wong, Yue Chim Richard. "Demystifying the Rising Poverty Rate." In Fixing Inequality in Hong Kong. Hong Kong University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5790/hongkong/9789888390625.003.0038.

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The widespread perception of a spectacular rise in poverty rates in the past decade or so is not substantiated. The evidence shows that the economically active household poverty rate has risen modestly, not phenomenally, since 1985. The government’s recurrent cash transfer has done a reasonable job in keeping the poverty rate within bounds. It might have inadvertently provided incentives for more people to drop out of the labor force and thereby created some of the poverty that society is trying to alleviate.
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"The Dynamics of Conversation: Fixing the Force in Irony. A Case Study." In Normativity and Variety of Speech Actions, 140–58. Brill | Rodopi, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004366527_008.

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Wong, Yue Chim Richard. "Human Capital, Poverty, Inequality, and Intergenerational Mobility." In Fixing Inequality in Hong Kong. Hong Kong University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5790/hongkong/9789888390625.003.0011.

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The idea that economic development can help alleviate poverty is at the heart of the belief that growth is the best cure for poverty. But it can only work if governments of developing economies support economic opening and reforms that unleash market forces and embrace globalization.
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Bowman, William D., and Melany C. Fisk. "Primary Production." In Structure and Function of an Alpine Ecosystem. Oxford University Press, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195117288.003.0016.

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The production of biomass by plants is of central importance to energy, carbon, and nutrient fluxes in ecosystems. Knowledge of the spatial and temporal variation of production and the underlying biotic and physical controls on this variation are central themes in ecosystem science. The goals of this chapter are to present the estimates of spatial patterns in above- and belowground production associated with the major community types found on Niwot Ridge and other alpine areas of the southern Rocky Mountains and to examine the likely environmental causes and underlying mechanisms responsible for spatial and temporal variation in production as elucidated by experimental and observational studies. Rates of primary production and standing crops of plant biomass are low in alpine tundra relative to other ecosystem types (Lieth and Whittaker 1975; Zak et al. 1994). However, within communities (i.e., at the plot level), there is large variation in rates of production, the degree of biotic control over response to environmental change, and the principal environmental constraints of primary production. As a result, the alpine is one of the most dynamic ecosystems for research. For example, there is a tenfold difference in annual aboveground production between the most and least productive sites with continuous plant cover on Niwot Ridge. In addition, the high plant diversity is a source of potential variation in physiological and developmental control of plant response to the environment. Dominant species include sedges, grasses, shrubs, and forbs, among which are N2-fixing Trifolium species. Nearly all of the dominant species may be mycorrhizal. Soil moisture, a driving force for many biotic processes, may vary by an order of magnitude between wet and dry sites following prolonged periods of drought. Thus the alpine tundra of Niwot Ridge, which might appear superficially homogeneous, in fact has complex physical and biotic gradients. This spatial variation prevents simple generalizations about single limiting resources or climatic driving forces determining spatial and temporal variation in productivity. Billings (1973) defined the mesotopographic gradient as a working unit for describing the alpine landscape, as it encompasses the full range of snow accumulation and associated microclimates and thus biological diversity.
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Wong, Yue Chim Richard. "Growing up in Hong Kong before and after 1980." In Fixing Inequality in Hong Kong. Hong Kong University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5790/hongkong/9789888390625.003.0020.

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Individual income inequality has worsened because of underinvestment in education. A child born today with a good “birth lottery” is worth more than one born into the same family circumstances in the past, because their education will have a higher rate of return. Intergenerational upward mobility measured in schooling opportunities was largely unchanged for those born in the period 1956–1991. However, a subset born in the period 1961–1976 saw improved opportunities due to the waves of emigration Hong Kong experienced due to political unrest and uncertainty. Many policy advocates have used rising income inequality measures to push for income redistribution. But this merely tries to fix the measures of income inequality. Redistribution will not halt the underlying forces that are driving a more unequal distribution of incomes over time. Rising inequality can only be prevented by expanding education opportunities and encouraging couples to stay together.
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Wong, Yue Chim Richard. "On Balancing Rising Long-Term Budgets for a Free Society." In Fixing Inequality in Hong Kong. Hong Kong University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5790/hongkong/9789888390625.003.0031.

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Social welfare as a share of government expenditures has risen the most over time, in part because of growing demand from those with such needs: people with disabilities, elderly people without means, troubled teenagers, divorced individuals, drug addicts, and so on. In addition, the politicization of society has increased the voice of organized advocacy groups to seek social welfare handouts from government as a means to gain political support. New policy initiatives currently in the works to help the working poor, coupled with the highly politicized demands for old age social pensions, all threaten to increase government expenditures even further. In conclusion, housing, education, health, and social welfare expenditures as a whole have increased. Every single component of these expenditures can be safely predicted to rise further into the long-term future due to demographic and political forces. Will the economy be able to finance these activities? And if radical changes were made, what will happen to the society? Will there be political consensus on the way forward?
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Adkison, Danny M., and Lisa McNair Palmer. "Miscellaneous." In The Oklahoma State Constitution, 321–28. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197514818.003.0031.

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This chapter explores Article XXIII of the Oklahoma constitution. Section 1 promotes industrial welfare of the people by fixing a high standard for employees on public work. It states that “eight hours shall constitute a day’s work in all cases of employment by and on behalf of the State or any county or municipality.” Section 1A reflects the state’s concerns that no person be forced to participate in, or pay for, a labor union and its activities. Section 2 prohibits the contracting of convict labor, while Section 3 prohibits “the employment of children, under the age of fifteen years, in any occupation, injurious to health or morals or especially hazardous to life or limb.” Section 5 deals with the health and safety of employees in factories, in mines, and on railroads. Section 10 focuses on the salary and emoluments of public officials.
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Conference papers on the topic "Force of fixing"

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He, Gaiyun, Longzhen Guo, Wenjie Tian, and Xiangsong Zhao. "The Prediction of Fixture Comprehensive Influence on the Machining Error of Features Pattern." In ASME 2015 International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2015-9284.

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The position and orientation deviation of workpiece caused by the fixing errors of the fixture influences the machining accuracy of workpiece. This paper presents a method of predicting the fixture induced error and its influence on the machining accuracy of features pattern. Firstly, the mathematical model for predicting fixing error caused by locators and locating surface geometrical errors and caused by clamping force and machining force is formulated. Then, based on the 3-2-1 positioning fixture, the influence of fixing errors on the machining accuracy of features pattern is analyzed after introducing the definition, inspection and evaluation method for the composite position error of features pattern. Finally, taking 4-holes pattern in rectangular distribution as an example, the process of predicting the composite positional error of features pattern is detailed and a simulation experiment is conducted. The results show the rightness and validity of this method.
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Yoo, Seungwon, Jongchan Park, and Junghwan Lim. "Fatigue Strength Evaluation for the Leaf Spring of Commercial Vehicle Considering U Bolt Fixing Force." In SAE World Congress & Exhibition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2007-01-0853.

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El Wahed, Ali K., John L. Sproston, and Graham K. Schleyer. "Electrorheological Fluids Applied to Impulsive Loads." In ASME 1998 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1998-0460.

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Abstract This paper is concerned with an experimental determination of the dynamic performance of a prototype device employing an Electrorheological fluid for the rapid modification of the structural characteristics of fixing elements for use in offshore members subject to sudden explosive forces. The squeeze device has been built to incorporate an ER fluid sandwiched between two electrodes and which, upon sudden impact, is capable of absorbing the impulsive forces. The transient characteristics of the device were assessed under various mechanical force levels for DC excitation of the fluid in conjunction with a digital controller to provide a constant applied electrical field. Input and output force levels were monitored using a dedicated data acquisition system in conjunction with a PC enabling the dynamic response of the device to be determined using a combination of displacement, force, velocity and acceleration measurements.
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Moglo, K. E., and A. Shirazi-Adl. "Effect of Coupled Rotations on Knee Joint Ligament Forces Under Drawer Loads in Flexion." In ASME 2003 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2003-43241.

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A validated non-linear 3-D finite element model of human tibiofemoral joint was utilized to investigate the effect of constraint on tibial coupled internal-external and varus-valgus rotations on the passive joint response and force in ligaments under 100N drawer loads at different flexion angles. The model consisted of two bony structures and their articular cartilage layers, menisci and four principal ligaments. For the cruciate ligaments, the results showed that, in the fully unconstrained joint, ACL force decreased with flexion but remained as the primary ligament to resist the posterior femoral load throughout the range of flexion considered. A further significant decrease in ACL force with flexion angle was computed as the joint coupled rotations were constrained. As for PCL ligament, a minor contribution was at full extension under 100N anterior femoral load which further decreased as the coupled rotations were constrained. With joint flexion up to 90°, PCL force, however in contrast to ACL force, substantially increased in both constrained and unconstrained joints. Collateral ligaments, in the unconstrained joint at full extension, were the primary structures to resist the anterior femoral load but had negligible role in posterior-directed load. With joint flexion up to 90°, however, forces in collateral ligaments diminished. Similar trends were computed after fixing coupled tibial rotations with the exception of much greater LCL force and smaller MCL force at full extension under femoral anterior load and larger MCL force in flexion.
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Towse, Adam. "Mode I Stress Intensity Factors for Small Defects in a Large Diameter Threaded Fixing." In ASME 2020 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2020-21014.

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Abstract Mode I Stress Intensity Factors (SIFs) are presented at the surface and depth positions for shallow defects at the root of the male threads of an M130x4 – 6g / 6H threaded connection. The defects range between 1mm and 5mm in depth, and with an aspect ratio (a/b) between 1 (circular) and 0.1 (elongated). For the lowest a/b ratios, the defects approach the shape of an elongated constant depth defect running circumferentially. Such defects may be produced by preferential fatigue crack growth in the circumferential direction, fatigue crack initiation at the root or as a result of thread forming processes. The Mode I opening SIFs have been calculated using linear elastic Finite Element Analysis using contour integration. The modelling methodology was verified by comparison with published SIF solutions for semi-elliptical surface-breaking defects in a plate and also an unthreaded bar. SIFs have been calculated for both membrane and bending loading. The defects were placed at the position of greatest bending stress with the defects symmetric about the bending plane. SIFs have been calculated for different boundary conditions on the female thread side which affect the flow of load out of the stud, and hence the distribution of force in the stud and the resulting SIFs. The results show that if the flow of load in the stud is reversed, simulating reaction through a nut, then the calculated SIFs are higher than the case where the load is not reversed.
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Omae, Manabu, and Takehiko Fujioka. "Longitudinal Control of Platoon Treated as One Dynamic System." In ASME 1998 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1998-0318.

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Abstract In this paper, longitudinal control for a platoon as one dynamic model is investigated by simulation. Difficulty of treating a platoon as one dynamic model is due to non-linearity and uncertainty included in the characteristic of tractive and brake force. A robust model-matching controller is developed for solving the above problem. The characteristic of the tractive and brake force is equivalent to those of a specific transfer function by the model-matching controller. A longitudinal controller for platooning is developed with assumption that the model-matching controller works on each constituent of the platoon. Velocity of the leading vehicle and each spaces between the constituents can be controlled independently and smoothly by the longitudinal controller. The proposed control system is suitable for changing space as well as fixing space, and enables the platoon to execute intelligent tasks according to the various kinds of situations.
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Iwasaki, Akihisa, Kazuo Hirota, Masatsugu Monde, Shinichiro Matsubara, and Iwao Ikarimoto. "Development of a Core Seismic Analysis Method for a Fast Reactor." In ASME 2016 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2016-63454.

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A fast reactor core consists of several hundreds of core assemblies, which are hexagonal flexible beams embedded at the lower support plate in a hexagonal arrangement, separated by small gaps, and immersed in a fluid. Core assemblies have no support for vertical fixing in order to avoid the influence of thermal expansion and swelling. These days, in Japan, it has become necessary to postulate huge earthquakes in seismic evaluations. If a great earthquake occurs, the large displacement and impact force in each core assembly may cause problems with control rod insertability and core assembly strength. So, it is necessary to grasp the vibration behavior of the core elements during an earthquake in order to appropriately design the core support structures and core elements of a fast reactor. Thus, considering horizontal and vertical forces (impact forces and fluid forces) acting on the core elements during an earthquake, a core seismic analysis method has been developed to evaluate 3D core vibration behavior considering fluid structure interaction and vertical displacements (rising). This paper summarizes the details of the core element vibration analysis code in 3D (REVIAN-3D) that has been developed.
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Inagaki, Fumihiko, Noboru Morita, Hirofumi Hidai, Souta Matsusaka, Tatsuo Ohmori, Akira Chiba, Yuichiro Matsumoto, and Shinji Shimizu. "Measurement and Evaluation of the Static Friction Coefficient Between Fixed Coupling Surfaces Under Face Contact and High Contact Pressure." In JSME 2020 Conference on Leading Edge Manufacturing/Materials and Processing. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/lemp2020-8530.

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Abstract At the joints of the mechanical systems, it is well known that the parameters such as contact stiffness, static friction coefficient, kinetic friction coefficient and attenuation coefficient affect static, kinetic, thermal and motion characteristic of them strongly. In these parameters, the static friction coefficient reigns the character of maximum fixing resistance. However, there’s difficulties for measure the precise static friction coefficient on the coupling surfaces due to tiny contact surface, unstable loading method and moment force acts on the contact surface of the former device. Therefore, we developed novel measurement device and evaluated influence of the surface parameters given to static friction coefficient. Through the validity evaluation, it was confirmed that the new measurement device enables face contact and uniform surface pressure. In addition, there’s no moment force by optimizing the loading position of the tangential force. Furthermore, validity of the static friction coefficient was checked and verified that frequency of the sampling rate is fine enough. Finally, we proceeded to applied test with this new measurement device for evaluate the influence of the surface roughness and grinding direction given to static friction coefficient. A pair of die steels and cemented carbides was selected for specimen and static friction coefficient was measured under 60 MPa of contact pressure. Regarding influence of surface roughness, the result showed tendency that rougher surface generates lower value of the static friction coefficient. Now for grinding direction, combination of the specimen ground in orthogonal direction against tangential force showed maximum value and the specimen ground in parallel direction against tangential force showed minimum.
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Maruyama, Shigeo, and Tatsuto Kimura. "Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Hydrogen Storage in Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes." In ASME 2000 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2000-1454.

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Abstract The hydrogen storage mechanism of SWNTs was studied through molecular dynamics simulations. Assuming the simple physical adsorption of hydrogen to the surface of SWNTs, potential forms between H2-H2 and C-H2 were both expressed by Lennard-Jones functions. Fixing the relative coordinates of carbon atoms to the center of mass of each SWNT, the center of mass motion was modeled with the van der Waals force between SWNTs. Hydrogen absorption in small bundles of (8,8), (10,10) and (12,12) SWNTs were tested. In order to realize the adsorption between SWNTs within reasonable simulation period, the van der Waals energy between tubes was once decreased and recovered. While the amount of hydrogen adsorption per unit carbon mass inside SWNTs increased with increasing diameter, adsorption between tubes was almost constant. Total amount of hydrogen adsorption for 77 K and 15 MPa system was predicted as 6.9, 7.7, and 8.1 wt % for (8,8), (10,10), and (12,12) bundles, respectively.
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Zhao, Jian-Hua, Henri Champliaud, and Thien-My Dao. "Simulation of Shear Spinning Process for Pressure Vessel Components." In ASME 2007 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2007-26363.

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Spinning process for the medium- and small-lot production of axisymmetric components has many advantages, such as smaller deformation force, simpler tool-and-die design, and lower investment in equipment, over conventional forming processes. It has been widely used in aerospace, energy and defense industry. This paper presents a 3-D elastoplastic finite element (FE) model for the simulation of the shear spinning process, in order to study deformation behaviour and design proper process parameters for the spinning process. The proposed model has the following characteristics: i) a shell element is used to mesh the contact pairs between the workpiece (a metal blank) and the tool sets (a pressing roller and a mandrel); ii) the offset thickness of the shell element is considered during contact treatment; iii) the movement of the roller and the fixing of the central blank and mandrel are treated as the boundary condition; iv) relative movement between the roller and the blank is treated as a spiral feeding process. FEM simulations for shear spinning with aluminum have been implemented, using a dynamic explicit scheme, on ANSYS/LS-DYNA software. Spinning force, thickness distribution and stress distribution have been studied under various roller feeds and inclined angles of mandrel. The simulation results have provided good confirmation with the experiments.
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Reports on the topic "Force of fixing"

1

Epperson, David C. Fixing the DOTMLPF Handicap: Effectively Integrating the Conventional Combat Air Force Into Special Operations Forces Missions. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, April 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ad1019093.

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Peel, Scott D. Fixing the Nation's Space Launch Woes: Operationally Responsive Space for Tomorrow's Joint Force Commander-Panacea or Pipedream. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, October 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada494381.

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Argyle, David S. Fixing the Mobility Air Forces New Way. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada589100.

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