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Journal articles on the topic 'Force models'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 29 January 2023

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1

Howick, R. S., and M. Pidd. "Sales force deployment models." European Journal of Operational Research 48, no. 3 (October 1990): 295–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0377-2217(90)90413-6.

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2

Zhu, R., S. G. Kapoor, R. E. DeVor, and S. M. Athavale. "Mechanistic Force Models for Chip Control Tools." Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering 121, no. 3 (August 1, 1999): 408–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2832696.

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A mechanistic modeling approach to predicting machining forces for grooved tools is developed. The models are based solely on the grooved tool geometry and the specific normal cutting energy and friction energy for flat tools. Special grooved tools (M2 grade HSS) were designed and fabricated and orthogonal cutting tests were performed to validate the model. The workpiece material used was Al 6061-T6. The force predictions from the model are found in good agreement with the measured forces. The effects of groove design parameters on the cutting forces are also determined.
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3

Quaney, Barbara M., Randolph J. Nudo, and Kelly J. Cole. "Can Internal Models of Objects be Utilized for Different Prehension Tasks?" Journal of Neurophysiology 93, no. 4 (April 2005): 2021–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00599.2004.

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We examined if object information obtained during one prehension task is used to produce fingertip forces for handling the same object in a different prehension task. Our observations address the task specificity of the internal models presumed to issue commands for grasping and transporting objects. Two groups participated in a 2-day experiment in which they lifted a novel object (230 g; 1.2 g/cm3). On Day One, the high force group (HFG) lifted the object by applying 10 N of grip force prior to applying vertical lift force. This disrupted the usual coordination of grip and lift forces and represented a higher grip force than necessary. The self-selected force group (SSFG) lifted the object on Day One with no instructions regarding their grip or lift forces. They first generated grip forces of 5.8 N, which decreased to 2.6 N by the 10th lift. Four hours later, they lifted the same object in the manner of the HFG. On Day Two, both groups lifted the same object “naturally and comfortably” with the opposite hand. The SSFG began Day Two using a grip force of 2.5 N, consistent with the acquisition of an accurate object representation during Day One. The HFG began Day Two using accurately scaled lift forces, but produced grip forces that virtually replicated those of the SSFG on Day One. We concur with recent suggestions that separate, independently adapted internal models produce grip and lift commands. The object representation that scaled lift force was not available to scale grip force. Furthermore, the concept of a general-purpose object representation that is available across prehension tasks was not supported.
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4

Zhang, Zixin, and Michael Braun. "Smoothness-based forces for deformable models: a long-range force and a corner fitting force." Computers in Biology and Medicine 33, no. 1 (January 2003): 91–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0010-4825(02)00028-8.

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5

Schmucker, B., M. Busch, T. Semm, and M. F. Zaeh. "INSTANTANEOUS PARAMETER IDENTIFICATION FOR MILLING FORCE MODELS USING BAYESIAN OPTIMIZATION." MM Science Journal 2021, no. 5 (November 3, 2021): 4992–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.17973/mmsj.2021_11_2021140.

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The comparison between measured and simulated machining forces enables the evaluation of workpiece quality, process stability, and tool wear condition. To compute the machining forces that occur, mechanistic cutting force models are typically used. The cutting force coefficients (CFCs) of mechanistic force models are directly linked to the mechanics of chip formation and, thus, depend on the tool-workpiece combination and on the prevailing cutting conditions. CFCs are usually identified via the average cutting force identification method, which requires the execution of cutting tests under defined test conditions. Hence, determining CFCs for different cutting conditions is time-consuming and expensive. In this paper, the performance of an instantaneous CFC identification approach based on Bayesian Optimization during the machining of arbitrary workpiece geometries is studied. Bayesian Optimization is well suited for global optimization problems with computationally expensive cost functions. The simulated cutting forces are calculated using a dexel-based cutter workpiece engagement simulation and the actual cutting forces are measured during the machining process using a dynamometer. Thus, an efficient identification of CFCs could be achieved.
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6

Ahmed, Rizwan, Christian Maria Firrone, and Stefano Zucca. "Design and Calibration of a Tri-Directional Contact Force Measurement System." Applied Sciences 11, no. 2 (January 19, 2021): 877. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11020877.

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In low pressure turbine stages, adjacent blades are coupled to each other at their tip by covers, called shrouds. Three-dimensional periodic contact forces at shrouds strongly affect the blade vibration level as energy is dissipated by friction. To validate contact models developed for the prediction of nonlinear forced response of shrouded blades, direct contact force measurement during dynamic tests is mandatory. In case of shrouded blades, the existing unidirectional and bi-directional contact force measurement methods need to be improved and extended to a tri-directional measurement of shroud contact forces for a comprehensive and more reliable validation of the shroud contact models. This demands an accurate and robust measurement solution that is compatible with the nature and orientation of the contact forces at blade shrouds. This study presents a cost effective and adaptable tri-directional force measurement system to measure static and dynamic contact forces simultaneously in three directions at blade shrouds during forced response tests. The system is based on three orthogonal force transducers connected to a reference block that will eventually be put in contact with the blade shroud in the test rig. A calibration process is outlined to define a decoupling matrix and its subsequent validation is demonstrated in order to evaluate the effectiveness of the measurement system to measure the actual contact forces acting on the contact.
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7

Pandy, Marcus G. "Simple and complex models for studying muscle function in walking." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 358, no. 1437 (August 11, 2003): 1501–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2003.1338.

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While simple models can be helpful in identifying basic features of muscle function, more complex models are needed to discern the functional roles of specific muscles in movement. In this paper, two very different models of walking, one simple and one complex, are used to study how muscle forces, gravitational forces and centrifugal forces (i.e. forces arising from motion of the joints) combine to produce the pattern of force exerted on the ground. Both the simple model and the complex one predict that muscles contribute significantly to the ground force pattern generated in walking; indeed, both models show that muscle action is responsible for the appearance of the two peaks in the vertical force. The simple model, an inverted double pendulum, suggests further that the first and second peaks are due to net extensor muscle moments exerted about the knee and ankle, respectively. Analyses based on a much more complex, muscle–actuated simulation of walking are in general agreement with these results; however, the more detailed model also reveals that both the hip extensor and hip abductor muscles contribute significantly to vertical motion of the centre of mass, and therefore to the appearance of the first peak in the vertical ground force, in early single–leg stance. This discrepancy in the model predictions is most probably explained by the difference in model complexity. First, movements of the upper body in the sagittal plane are not represented properly in the double–pendulum model, which may explain the anomalous result obtained for the contribution of a hip–extensor torque to the vertical ground force. Second, the double–pendulum model incorporates only three of the six major elements of walking, whereas the complex model is fully 3D and incorporates all six gait determinants. In particular, pelvic list occurs primarily in the frontal plane, so there is the potential for this mechanism to contribute significantly to the vertical ground force, especially during early single–leg stance when the hip abductors are activated with considerable force.
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8

Torres, Vitor J. B., Gordon Davies, and A. M. Stoneham. "Valence Force Models as a Test of Atomic Models." Materials Science Forum 65-66 (January 1991): 163–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.65-66.163.

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9

E.S. Socolar, Joshua. "Discrete models of force chain networks." Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - B 3, no. 4 (2003): 601–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/dcdsb.2003.3.601.

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10

Zayats, O. "MODELS OF INTEGRATION GROUPINGS' COMPETITIVE FORCE." Investytsiyi: praktyka ta dosvid, no. 15-16 (September 4, 2020): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.32702/2306-6814.2020.15-16.40.

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11

Chraibi, Mohcine, Ulrich Kemloh, Andreas Schadschneider, and Armin Seyfried. "Force-based models of pedestrian dynamics." Networks & Heterogeneous Media 6, no. 3 (2011): 425–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/nhm.2011.6.425.

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12

Godwin, R. J., and M. J. O’Dogherty. "Integrated soil tillage force prediction models." Journal of Terramechanics 44, no. 1 (January 2007): 3–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jterra.2006.01.001.

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13

Longbottom, A. W. "Force-Free Models of Filament Channels." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 167 (1998): 274–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100047734.

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AbstractA fast multigrid method to calculate the linear force-free field for a prescribed photospheric flux distribution is outlined. This is used to examine an idealized model of a filament channel. The magnetic fields, for a number of different field strengths and positions, are calculated and the height up to which field lines connect along the channel is examined. This is shown to strongly depend on the value of the helicity of the system. A possible explanation, in terms of the global helicity of the system, is suggested for the dextral/sinistral hemispheric pattern observed in filament channels.
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14

Wambaugh, John F. "Simple models for granular force networks." Physica D: Nonlinear Phenomena 239, no. 18 (September 2010): 1818–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physd.2010.06.005.

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15

Radhika, B. "Force identification using correlated noise models." Procedia Engineering 199 (2017): 888–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.09.223.

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16

Bini, Rodrigo Rico. "Patellofemoral and tibiofemoral forces during knee extension: simulations to strength training and rehabilitation exercises." Fisioterapia em Movimento 30, suppl 1 (2017): 267–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1980-5918.030.s01.ao26.

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Abstract Introduction: Limited evidence has been shown on ways to optimize the mechanical design of machines in order to minimize knee loads. Objective: This study compared six computer simulated models of open kinetic knee extension exercises for patellofemoral pressure and tibiofemoral forces. Methods: A musculoskeletal model of the lower limb was developed using six different cam radius to change resistive forces. A default machine, a constant cam radius, a torque-angle model, a free-weight model and two optimized models were simulated. Optimized models reduced cam radius at target knee flexion angles to minimize knee forces. Cam radius, human force, tibiofemoral compressive and shear force, and patellofemoral pressure were compared for the six models using data from five knee flexion angles. Results: Large reductions in cam radius comparing the free-weight model to other models (73-180%) were limited to the large human force for the constant cam model to other models (9-36%). Larger human force (13 -36%) was estimated to perform knee extension using a constant cam radius compared other models without large effects in knee joint forces. Conclusion: Changes in cam design effected human without a potential impact in knee loads.
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17

Osnes, Andreas Nygård, and Magnus Vartdal. "Mach and Reynolds number dependency of the unsteady shock-induced drag force on a sphere." Physics of Fluids 34, no. 4 (April 2022): 043303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0086399.

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Shock–particle interaction is an important phenomenon in a wide range of technological applications and natural phenomena, and the development of accurate models for this interaction is therefore of interest. This study investigates the transient forces during shock–particle interaction at particle Reynolds numbers between 100 and 1000, and incident shock wave Mach numbers between 1.22 and 2.51. This is achieved with the aid of particle-resolved large-eddy simulations. The simulation results show that shock–particle interaction differs qualitatively for subcritical and supercritical incident flow conditions. By decomposing the total force, the inviscid and viscous unsteady forces are estimated. The inviscid unsteady component is significantly larger than the viscous contribution, but the magnitude of the viscous component is comparable to steady-state drag. The predictions of current state of the art force models are compared to the computed particle forces. For subcritical flows, the models are quite successful in predicting the drag. For these conditions, the magnitudes of both the inviscid and viscous unsteady force models agree well with the simulation results, but the transient nature of the viscous unsteady force history is not well captured. For supercritical flows, the inviscid unsteady force model is not able to capture the force dynamics. This highlights the need for the development of unsteady force models for supercritical flow conditions.
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18

Frey Law, Laura A., and Richard K. Shields. "Predicting human chronically paralyzed muscle force: a comparison of three mathematical models." Journal of Applied Physiology 100, no. 3 (March 2006): 1027–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00935.2005.

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Chronic spinal cord injury (SCI) induces detrimental musculoskeletal adaptations that adversely affect health status, ranging from muscle paralysis and skin ulcerations to osteoporosis. SCI rehabilitative efforts may increasingly focus on preserving the integrity of paralyzed extremities to maximize health quality using electrical stimulation for isometric training and/or functional activities. Subject-specific mathematical muscle models could prove valuable for predicting the forces necessary to achieve therapeutic loading conditions in individuals with paralyzed limbs. Although numerous muscle models are available, three modeling approaches were chosen that can accommodate a variety of stimulation input patterns. To our knowledge, no direct comparisons between models using paralyzed muscle have been reported. The three models include 1) a simple second-order linear model with three parameters and 2) two six-parameter nonlinear models (a second-order nonlinear model and a Hill-derived nonlinear model). Soleus muscle forces from four individuals with complete, chronic SCI were used to optimize each model's parameters (using an increasing and decreasing frequency ramp) and to assess the models' predictive accuracies for constant and variable (doublet) stimulation trains at 5, 10, and 20 Hz in each individual. Despite the large differences in modeling approaches, the mean predicted force errors differed only moderately (8–15 % error; P = 0.0042), suggesting physiological force can be adequately represented by multiple mathematical constructs. The two nonlinear models predicted specific force characteristics better than the linear model in nearly all stimulation conditions, with minimal differences between the two nonlinear models. Either nonlinear mathematical model can provide reasonable force estimates; individual application needs may dictate the preferred modeling strategy.
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19

Peña Ccoa, Willmor J., and Glen M. Hocky. "Assessing models of force-dependent unbinding rates via infrequent metadynamics." Journal of Chemical Physics 156, no. 12 (March 28, 2022): 125102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0081078.

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Protein–ligand interactions are crucial for a wide range of physiological processes. Many cellular functions result in these non-covalent “bonds” being mechanically strained, and this can be integral to proper cellular function. Broadly, two classes of force dependence have been observed—slip bonds, where the unbinding rate increases, and catch bonds, where the unbinding rate decreases. Despite much theoretical work, we cannot predict for which protein–ligand pairs, pulling coordinates, and forces a particular rate dependence will appear. Here, we assess the ability of MD simulations combined with enhanced sampling techniques to probe the force dependence of unbinding rates. We show that the infrequent metadynamics technique correctly produces both catch and slip bonding kinetics for model potentials. We then apply it to the well-studied case of a buckyball in a hydrophobic cavity, which appears to exhibit an ideal slip bond. Finally, we compute the force-dependent unbinding rate of biotin–streptavidin. Here, the complex nature of the unbinding process causes the infrequent metadynamics method to begin to break down due to the presence of unbinding intermediates, despite the use of a previously optimized sampling coordinate. Allowing for this limitation, a combination of kinetic and free energy computations predicts an overall slip bond for larger forces consistent with prior experimental results although there are substantial deviations at small forces that require further investigation. This work demonstrates the promise of predicting force-dependent unbinding rates using enhanced sampling MD techniques while also revealing the methodological barriers that must be overcome to tackle more complex targets in the future.
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20

Nguyen, Nhu-Tung. "A development method of cutting force coefficients in face milling process using parallelogram insert." EUREKA: Physics and Engineering, no. 5 (September 13, 2021): 36–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.21303/2461-4262.2021.001890.

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This paper presents a modeling method of cutting force and a combination approach of theory and experimental methods in the determination of cutting force coefficients in the face milling process using a parallelogram insert. By the theoretical method, the cutting forces were modeled by a mathematical function of cutting cutter geometry (Cutter diameter, the number of inserts, the insert nose radius, insert cutting edge helix angle, etc.), cutting conditions (depth of cut, feed per flute, spindle speed, etc.), and cutting force coefficients (shear force coefficients, edge force coefficients). By the theoretical method, the average cutting forces in three directions (feed – x, normal – y, and axial – z) were modeled as the linear functions of feed per flute. By the experimental method, the average cutting forces in these three directions were also regressed as the linear functions of feed per flute with quite large determination coefficients (R2 were larger than 92 %). Then, the relationship of average cutting forces and feed per flute was used to determine all six cutting force coefficient components. The validation experiments were performed to verify the linear function of average cutting forces, to determine the cutting force coefficients, and to verify the cutting force models in the face milling process using a cutter with one parallelogram insert. The cutting force models were successfully verified by comparison of the shape and the values of predicted cutting forces and measured cutting forces. These proposed methods and models can be applied to determine the cutting force coefficients and predict the cutting force in the face milling process using a parallelogram insert and can be extended with other cutting types or other insert types
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21

Benedito, Manon, Fabio Manca, Pier Luca Palla, and Stefano Giordano. "Rate-dependent force–extension models for single-molecule force spectroscopy experiments." Physical Biology 17, no. 5 (August 27, 2020): 056002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1478-3975/ab97a8.

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22

Knight, Bradford, and Kevin Maki. "Multi-Degree of Freedom Propeller Force Models Based on a Neural Network and Regression." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 8, no. 2 (February 2, 2020): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse8020089.

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Accurate and efficient prediction of the forces on a propeller is critical for analyzing a maneuvering vessel with numerical methods. CFD methods like RANS, LES, or DES can accurately predict the propeller forces, but are computationally expensive due to the need for added mesh discretization around the propeller as well as the requisite small time-step size. One way of mitigating the expense of modeling a maneuvering vessel with CFD is to apply the propeller force as a body force term in the Navier–Stokes equations and to apply the force to the equations of motion. The applied propeller force should be determined with minimal expense and good accuracy. This paper examines and compares nonlinear regression and neural network predictions of the thrust, torque, and side force of a propeller both in open water and in the behind condition. The methods are trained and tested with RANS CFD simulations. The neural network approach is shown to be more accurate and requires less training data than the regression technique.
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23

Brevik, Iver, and Boris Shapiro. "A critical discussion of different methods and models in Casimir effect." Journal of Physics Communications 6, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 015005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2399-6528/ac499f.

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Abstract The Casimir-Lifhitz force acts between neutral material bodies and is due to the fluctuations (around zero) of the electrical polarizations of the bodies. This force is a macroscopic manifestation of the van der Waals forces between atoms and molecules. In addition to being of fundamental interest, the Casimir-Lifshitz force plays an important role in surface physics, nanotechnology and biophysics. There are two different approaches in the theory of this force. One is centered on the fluctuations inside the bodies, as the source of the fluctuational electromagnetic fields and forces. The second approach is based on finding the eigenmodes of the field, while the material bodies are assumed to be passive and non-fluctuating. In spite of the fact that both approaches have a long history, there are still some misconceptions in the literature. In particular, there are claims that (hypothetical) materials with a strictly real dielectric function ε(ω) can give rise to fluctuational Casimir-Lifshitz forces. We review and compare the two approaches, using the simple example of the force in the absence of retardation. We point out that also in the second (the ‘field-oriented’) approach one cannot avoid introducing an infinitesimal imaginary part into the dielectric function, i.e. introducing some dissipation. Furthermore, we emphasize that the requirement of analyticity of ε(ω) in the upper half of the complex ω plane is not the only one for a viable dielectric function. There are other requirements as well. In particular, models that use a strictly real ε(ω) (for all real positive ω) are inadmissible and lead to various contradictions and inconsistencies. Specifically, we present a critical discussion of the ‘dissipation-less plasma model’. Our emphasis is not on the most recent developments in the field but on some conceptual, not fully resolved issues.
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24

Perez, H., Antonio Vizan Idoipe, J. Perez, and J. Labarga. "Analysis and Validation of Cutting Forces Prediction Models in Micromachining." Materials Science Forum 526 (October 2006): 13–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.526.13.

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Many investigations have been developed related to precision machining with features in the millimetre scale. In this paper different cutting force models for micromilling are analyzed and compared. A new model based on specific cutting force that also considers run-out errors has been developed. The estimated cutting forces obtained with this model had good agreement with the experimental data. Also, the proposed model allows to be implemented within the machine control for the on-line optimization of the micromilling process.
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25

Dal Maso, Fabien, Mickaël Begon, and Maxime Raison. "Methodology to Customize Maximal Isometric Forces for Hill-Type Muscle Models." Journal of Applied Biomechanics 33, no. 1 (February 2017): 80–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jab.2016-0062.

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One approach to increasing the confidence of muscle force estimation via musculoskeletal models is to minimize the root mean square error (RMSE) between joint torques estimated from electromyographic-driven musculoskeletal models and those computed using inverse dynamics. We propose a method that reduces RMSE by selecting subsets of combinations of maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) trials that minimize RMSE. Twelve participants performed 3 elbow MVIC in flexion and in extension. An upper-limb electromyographic-driven musculoskeletal model was created to optimize maximum muscle stress and estimate the maximal isometric force of the biceps brachii, brachialis, brachioradialis, and triceps brachii. Maximal isometric forces were computed from all possible combinations of flexion-extension trials. The combinations producing the smallest RMSE significantly reduced the normalized RMSE to 7.4% compared with the combination containing all trials (9.0%). Maximal isometric forces ranged between 114–806 N, 64–409 N, 236–1511 N, and 556–3434 N for the brachii, brachialis, brachioradialis, and triceps brachii, respectively. These large variations suggest that customization is required to reduce the difference between models and actual participants’ maximal isometric force. While the smallest previously reported RMSE was 10.3%, the proposed method reduced the RMSE to 7.4%, which may increase the confidence of muscle force estimation.
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26

Pavlov, V. D. "Mathematical models of resonance and antiresonance processes." Herald of the Ural State University of Railway Transport, no. 1 (2021): 17–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.20291/2079-0392-2021-1-17-27.

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The use of the symbolic (complex) method has significantly simplified the study of resonance and near-resonance phenomena, in particular, it has made it possible to deeply unify and formalize the consideration of various mechanical systems. The cumbersome and time-consuming operations associated with composing and solving differential equations have been replaced by simple algebraic transformations. The method is based on the mechanical analogue of Ohm’s law in a complex representation and the concept of mechanical reactance, resistance, impedance, susseptance, conductance and admittance. Resonances and antiresonances of forces and velocities are determined. Resonances occur when the elements are connected in parallel with a force source, or when the elements are connected in series with a velocity source. Antiresonances occur when a parallel connection and a speed source are combined, or a serial connection and a force source are combined. These concepts are a generalization to mechanics of the concepts of «voltage source» and «current source» from theoretical electrical engineering. The closest to the source of speed in its properties is a crank-rocker (connecting rod) mechanism with a massive flywheel. The source of force corresponds more to the rod of the significantly smaller of the two connected pneumatic cylinders.
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27

Ma, Yong Jie, Yi Du Zhang, and Xiao Ci Zhao. "Cutting Force Model of Aluminum Alloy 2014 in Turning with ANOVA Analysis." Applied Mechanics and Materials 42 (November 2010): 242–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.42.242.

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In the present study, aluminum alloy 2014 was selected as workpiece material, cutting forces were measured under turning conditions. Cutting parameters, the depth of cut, feed rate, the cutting speed, were considered to arrange the test research. Mathematical model of turning force was solved through response surface methodology (RSM). The fitting of response surface model for the data was studied by analysis of variance (ANOVA). The quadratic model of RSM associated with response optimization technique and composite desirability was used to find optimum values of machining parameters with respect to cutting force values. The turning force coefficients in the model were calibrated with the test results, and the suggested models of cutting forces adequately map within the limits of the cutting parameters considered. Experimental results suggested that the most cutting force among three cutting forces was main cutting force. Main influencing factor on cutting forces was obtained through cutting force models and correlation analysis. Cutting force has a significant influence on the part quality. Based on the cutting force model, a few case studies could be presented to investigate the precision machining of aluminum alloy 2014 thin walled parts.
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28

Hricko, Jaroslav, and Štefan Havlík. "Stiffness Models of Novel Force/Displacement Sensors." Transactions of the VŠB - Technical University of Ostrava, Mechanical Series 62, no. 2 (December 20, 2016): 29–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.22223/tr.2016-2/2016.

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29

van Schilfgaarde, Mark, and Arden Sher. "Tight‐binding theory of force constant models." Applied Physics Letters 51, no. 3 (July 20, 1987): 175–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.98913.

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30

Howe, Robert D., and Mark R. Cutkosky. "Practical Force-Motion Models for Sliding Manipulation." International Journal of Robotics Research 15, no. 6 (December 1996): 557–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/027836499601500603.

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31

Alvarez, M. A., D. Luengo, and N. D. Lawrence. "Linear Latent Force Models Using Gaussian Processes." IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 35, no. 11 (November 2013): 2693–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2013.86.

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32

Shiffman, Saul, Sally A. Shumaker, David B. Abrams, Sheldon Cohen, and et al. "Task Force 2: Models of smoking relapse." Health Psychology 5, Suppl (1986): 13–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.5.suppl.13.

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33

Johike, M. C., and D. F. Duhari. "Testing competing models of sales force communication." IEEE Engineering Management Review 30, no. 4 (2002): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/emr.2002.1167287.

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34

Farhadmanesh, M., and K. Ahmadi. "Online identification of mechanistic milling force models." Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing 149 (February 2021): 107318. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ymssp.2020.107318.

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35

Vandas, M., E. P. Romashets, and S. Watari. "New Force-Free Models of Magnetic Clouds." Highlights of Astronomy 13 (2005): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1539299600015331.

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AbstractMagnetic clouds are thought to be large flux ropes propagating through the heliosphere. Their twisted magnetic fields are mostly modeled by a constant-alpha force-free field in a circular cylindrical flux rope (the Lundquist solution). However, the interplanetary flux ropes are three dimensional objects. In reality they possibly have a curved shape and an oblate cross section. Recently we have found two force-free models of flux ropes which takes into account the mentioned features. These are (i) a constant-alpha force-free configuration in an elliptic flux rope (Vandas & Romashets 2003, A&A, 398, 801), and (ii) a non-constant-alpha force-free field in a toroid with arbitrary aspect ratio (Romashets & Vandas 2003, AIP Conf Ser. 679, 180). Two magnetic cloud observations were analyzed. The magnetic cloud of October 18-19, 1995 has been fitted by Lepping et al. (1997, JGR, 102, 14049) with use of the Lundquist solution. The cloud has a very flat magnetic field magnitude profile. We fitted it by the elliptic solution (i). The magnetic cloud of November 17-18, 1975 has been fitted by Marubashi (1997) with use of a toroidally adjusted Lundquist solution. The cloud has a large magnetic field vector rotation and a large magnetic field magnitude increase over the background level. We fitted it by the toroidal solution (ii). The both fits match the rotation of the magnetic field vector in a comparable quality to the former fits, but the description of the magnetic field magnitude profiles is remarkable better. It is possible to incorporate temporal effects (expansion) of magnetic clouds into the new solutions through a time-dependent alpha parameter as in Shimazu & Vandas (2002, EP&S, 54, 783).
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36

Siskind, Jeffrey Mark. "Reconstructing force-dynamic models from video sequences." Artificial Intelligence 151, no. 1-2 (December 2003): 91–154. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0004-3702(03)00112-7.

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37

Hartley, Craig S. "Point force models of primitive dislocation loops." Scripta Materialia 39, no. 4-5 (August 1998): 409–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1359-6462(98)00215-2.

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38

Feldt, James A. "Markov models and reductions in work force." New Directions for Institutional Research 1986, no. 49 (1986): 29–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ir.37019864905.

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39

Ferguson, Sue A., Fadi A. Fathallah, Kevin P. Granata, Jung Y. Kim, and William S. Marras. "Coactivity Effects upon Carpal Tunnel Contact Forces." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 37, no. 10 (October 1993): 705–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193129303701013.

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Contact force on the carpal tunnel structures due to flexor tendon forces have been identified as an important contributor to the compression of the median nerve. Therefore, a pilot study was conducted to assess the increase in carpal contact force due to the antagonistic coactivity of the finger extensor muscles. Surface EMG activities of the superficial finger flexor and extensor muscles of four subjects were measured during several isometric power grip exertions at seven different wrist angles. The results showed that a linear relation between EMG and muscle force holds under the prescribed isometric conditions. An EMG-assisted model was developed to predict tensile forces in an equivalent flexor tendon. For a given angle, the model predicts increased tensile force in the flexor tendon with increased extensor (antagonist) coactivity in response to isometric grip exertions. It was found that if one accounts for muscle coactivity, predicted force in the flexor tendons would be as much as 33% greater than force predicted by models which neglect coactivity. This increase would also be observed in carpal contact force since this force is linearly related to the flexor tendon force. Models that neglect coactivity severely underestimate flexor tendon forces and consequently contact forces in the carpal tunnel.
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40

Hou, Wensheng, Xiaolin Zheng, Yingtao Jiang, Jun Zheng, Chenglin Peng, and Rong Xu. "A STUDY OF MODELS FOR HANDGRIP FORCE PREDICTION FROM SURFACE ELECTROMYOGRAPHY OF EXTENSOR MUSCLE." Biomedical Engineering: Applications, Basis and Communications 21, no. 02 (April 2009): 81–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4015/s1016237209001131.

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Force production involves the coordination of multiple muscles, and the produced force levels can be attributed to the electrophysiology activities of those related muscles. This study is designed to explore the activity modes of extensor carpi radialis longus (ECRL) using surface electromyography (sEMG) at the presence of different handgrip force levels. We attempt to compare the performance of both the linear and nonlinear models for estimating handgrip forces. To achieve this goal, a pseudo-random sequence of handgrip tasks with well controlled force ranges is defined for calibration. Eight subjects (all university students, five males, and three females) have been recruited to conduct both calibration and voluntary trials. In each trial, sEMG signals have been acquired and preprocessed with Root–Mean–Square (RMS) method. The preprocessed signals are then normalized with amplitude value of Maximum Voluntary Contraction (MVC)-related sEMG. With the sEMG data from calibration trials, three models, Linear, Power, and Logarithmic, are developed to correlate the handgrip force output with the sEMG activities of ECRL. These three models are subsequently employed to estimate the handgrip force production of voluntary trials. For different models, the Root–Mean–Square–Errors (RMSEs) of the estimated force output for all the voluntary trials are statistically compared in different force ranges. The results show that the three models have different performance in different force ranges. Linear model is suitable for moderate force level (30%–50% MVC), whereas a nonlinear model is more accurate in the weak force level (Power model, 10%–30% MVC) or the strong force level (Logarithmic model, 50%–80% MVC).
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Lukerchenko, Nikolay, Jindrich Dolansky, and Pavel Vlasak. "Basset force in numerical models of saltation / Bassetova síla v numerických modelech saltace částic." Journal of Hydrology and Hydromechanics 60, no. 4 (December 1, 2012): 277–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10098-012-0024-1.

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In numerical models of fluid flow with particles moving close to solid boundaries, the Basset force is usually calculated for the particle motion between particle-boundary collisions. The present study shows that the history force must also be taken into account regarding particle collisions with boundaries or with other particles. For saltation - the main mode of bed load transport - it is shown using calculations that two parts of the history force due to both particle motion in the fluid and to particle-bed collisions are comparable and substantially compensate one another. The calculations and comparison of the Basset force with other forces acting on a sand particle saltating in water flow are carried out for the different values of the transport stage. The conditions under which the Basset force can be neglected in numerical models of saltation are studied.
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42

Plüss, Michael, Florian Schellenberg, William R. Taylor, and Silvio Lorenzetti. "Towards Subject-Specific Strength Training Design through Predictive Use of Musculoskeletal Models." Applied Bionics and Biomechanics 2018 (March 19, 2018): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/9721079.

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Lower extremity dysfunction is often associated with hip muscle strength deficiencies. Detailed knowledge of the muscle forces generated in the hip under specific external loading conditions enables specific structures to be trained. The aim of this study was to find the most effective movement type and loading direction to enable the training of specific parts of the hip muscles using a standing posture and a pulley system. In a novel approach to release the predictive power of musculoskeletal modelling techniques based on inverse dynamics, flexion/extension and ab-/adduction movements were virtually created. To demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach, three hip orientations and an external loading force that was systematically rotated around the body were simulated using a state-of-the art OpenSim model in order to establish ideal designs for training of the anterior and posterior parts of the M. gluteus medius (GM). The external force direction as well as the hip orientation greatly influenced the muscle forces in the different parts of the GM. No setting was found for simultaneous training of the anterior and posterior parts with a muscle force higher than 50% of the maximum. Importantly, this study has demonstrated the use of musculoskeletal models as an approach to predict muscle force variations for different strength and rehabilitation exercise variations.
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43

Seman, S. A. H. A., M. F. Razali, A. S. Mahmud, and M. H. Hassan. "Computational Evaluation of Frictional Force Changes in Three-Point and Three-Bracket Bending Models." Journal of Mechanical Engineering 18, no. 3 (September 15, 2021): 21–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/jmeche.v18i3.15412.

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NiTi arch wires are commonly used at the initial stage of orthodontic treatment, due to their superelastic and biocompatibility properties. Numerous bending models have been considered to anticipate the mechanical responses of the superelastic NiTi wire in the oral environment. It is known that the magnitude of bending force exerted by the NiTi wire is relatively influenced by the magnitude of friction generated at the wire-support interfaces. These data on the variability of friction magnitude for various bending models, however, are very limited in the literature. This study investigated the magnitude of frictional force generated in different bending models through the numerical method. The frictional force in a three-point and a three-bracket model was quantified from the force difference, measured when the wire was deflected in friction and frictionless conditions. Overall, the frictional force magnitude gradually increased as the wire further pressing the support surface at higher deflection. The highest frictional force was recorded when the bracket support was considered, with values of 2.01 N during loading and 1.61 N during unloading. These loading and unloading frictional forces were significantly reduced to 0.25 N as soon as the point support was considered. The high frictional force generated in the bracket model transformed the constant force-deflection trend of superelastic NiTi wire into a gradient force.
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Ding, Yue, Xi Bin Wang, Li Jing Xie, and Hao Yang. "Modeling and Analysis of Cutting Forces in Hard Turning T250 Steel Using CBN Tools." Advanced Materials Research 154-155 (October 2010): 694–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.154-155.694.

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The objective of this paper is to study the cutting forces in hard turning T250 steel with CBN tools. Experiments based on the Box-Behnken design were conducted to develop the cutting forces models by response surface methodology (RSM). Significance tests of the model are performed by the analysis of variance (ANOVA). It is also discussed the effects of cutting parameters (cutting speed, feed rate and depth of cut) on the cutting force components. The results show that the models can fit experimental data via analysis of variance. The most important cutting parameter is depth of cut, followed by feed rate, while the effect of cutting speed can be neglected. Compared to cutting force and feed force, thrust force is the largest. In addition, the cutting forces generated by the uncoated tool are smaller than by the coated one due to tool wear.
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Wang, Pengfei, Yapeng Shi, Fusheng Zha, Zhenyu Jiang, Xin Wang, and Zhibin Li. "An analytic solution for the force distribution based on Cartesian compliance models." International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems 16, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 172988141982747. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1729881419827473.

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With the advent of force control in legged robots, there is an increasing demand in research on controlling contact forces that can ensure stable interaction and balance of the system. This article aims to solve the force distribution problem by an analytic solution to regulate the contact forces particularly in a computationally efficient manner. To this end, compliance models, consisting of a virtual model of the torso and impedance models of supporting feet, are developed for a quadruped robot. The linear constraints are formulated for the analytic method based on the compliance models, and the minimization of foot slippage and the internal forces within the closed chain are also taken into account. Moreover, given the compliance models, the postural compensation of the torso can be achieved by modifying the trajectories of supporting feet in order to generate desired forces. The comparisons between the proposed analytic and numerical methods show that the analytic one is advantageous for embedded controllers due to its high computational efficiency. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed method is first validated in simulations and then in experiments on a physical quadruped robot, and the data are presented and analyzed.
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46

Lukács, Judit, and Richárd Horváth. "Comprehensive Investigations of Cutting with Round Insert: Introduction of a Predictive Force Model with Verification." Metals 12, no. 2 (January 29, 2022): 257. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met12020257.

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The observation and prediction of cutting forces are key questions when planning manufacturing technologies. In this paper, all three force components are investigated in the case of turning with round insert. The specific cutting forces were used and adapted for the round insert. Two easily calculable parameters of the undeformed chip cross-section were introduced (heq—equivalent chip thickness and leff—total length of the engaged cutting edge). The dependency of the specific force components was examined with regards to heq and leff. The main goal was to generate new empirical force models for each component, which helps to estimate their values in a wide range of technological parameters from fine to rough machining. The application of the models was confirmed by a case study where 11SMn30 + C (1.0715) was investigated. The examined interval of cutting parameters was: for feed, f = 0.12… 0.6 mm, and for depth of cut, ap = 1.2… 4.8 mm. The novelty of the article is that the introduced new force models based on the geometric parameters characterizing the undeformed chip cross-section of round insert are proper for predicting the cutting force components in the technological process planning with an accuracy high enough—for main cutting force (Fc) −3.79%… +4.43%, for feed force component (Ff) −5.4%… +5.99%, and for radial force component (Fr) −4.49%… +4.77%.
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47

Gong, Yongping, Cheng Lin, and Kornel F. Ehmann. "Dynamics of Initial Penetration in Drilling: Part 1—Mechanistic Model for Dynamic Forces." Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering 127, no. 2 (April 25, 2005): 280–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1852569.

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This two-part paper is aimed at developing a theoretical and numerical simulation basis for initial penetration phenomena that profoundly influence hole tolerances and shape. In Part 1, dynamic force models are developed followed by models of the drill’s dynamic behavior in Part 2. Next, these models are combined and used to predict initial penetration behavior and hole shape. A comparison of simulated and experimental results concludes Part 2. In this part, by considering the effects of drill grinding errors and drill deflections, dynamic cutting chip thickness models are developed which, in combination with workpiece surface inclination effects, allow the formulation of expressions for the dynamic chip thickness and cutting chip cross-sectional area. By using these quantities to replace their static counterparts, static drilling force models are extended to facilitate the prediction of dynamic cutting forces. Separate thrust, torque, and radial force models for the major cutting edges, secondary cutting edge, and for the indentation zone are formulated. The effects of drill installation errors on the radial cutting forces acting on the chisel edge and the major cutting edges are also included.
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48

ELLERS, OLAF, and MALCOLM TELFORD. "Forces Generated by the Jaws of Clypeasteroids (Echinodermata: Echinoidea)." Journal of Experimental Biology 155, no. 1 (January 1, 1991): 585–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.155.1.585.

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Aristotle' lantern acts like a five-toothed ‘vice grip.’ Contraction of the interpyramidal muscles creates tangential stresses that are converted to radial forces along the teeth. Two mechanical models are proposed to explain this conversion. In the first, the lantern is regarded as a thick-walled cylinder resisting internal pressure; in the second, it is treated as a cluster of wedges. The two models differ primarily in the allowance of radial forces within the muscle in the cylinder and their exclusion in the wedge model. Maximum muscle stress required for a given force along the teeth depends on the ratio of external to internal lantern radii (ro/ri). Maximal force requires that (ro/ri) should be greater than 2, which is the case in Clypeaster rosaceus (L.). The models allow calculation of a dimensionless number, F, which scales the force exerted by the teeth for changes in lantern size and the number of pyramids. Biting force was measured in C. rosaceus and used to calculate the muscle stress required by the mechanical models. For the thick-walled cylinder, maximum interpyramidal muscle stress was calculated to be 2.8×106N m−2. For the wedge model it was 1.9×105N m−2. The models were supported by comparison of predicted with observed biting forces in another clypeasteroid, Encope michelini L. Agassiz.
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49

Bartarya, Gaurav, and S. K. Choudhury. "A Regression Model for Force and Surface Roughness Estimation during Hard Turning." Advanced Materials Research 299-300 (July 2011): 1167–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.299-300.1167.

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Forces in Hard turning can be used to evaluate the performance of the process. Cutting parameters have their own influence on the cutting forces on the tool. The present work is an attempt to develop a force prediction model based on full factorial design of experiments for machining EN31 steel (equivalent to AISI 52100 steel) using uncoated CBN tool. The force and surface roughness regression models were developed using the data from various set of experiments with in the range of parameters selected. The predictions from the models were compared with the measured force and surface roughness values. The ANOVA analysis was undertaken to test the goodness of fit of data.
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50

Lee, K. S., D. B. Chaffin, and F. Aghazadeh. "Two and Three-Dimensional Biomechanical Torso Models for Pushing and Pulling." Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting 30, no. 1 (September 1986): 81–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193128603000121.

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This paper presents a two and three-dimensional biomechanical torso models for pushing and pulling. The three-dimensional model was developed by dividing the erector spinae and rectus abdominis muscle force components into right and left side and by adding the right and left oblique muscle force components to the two-dimensional model. This paper also presents the results of the muscle forces predicted by the two-dimensional model. The predicted muscle forces were compared with the measured EMG(rms) values (root-mean-square electromyogram values) from the corresponding muscles while pushing and pulling. Three different types of isometric pushing and pulling, namely trunk pushing and pulling, hand pushing and pulling in an erect posture with hips braced and hand pushing and pulling in a free posture at three differrent handle heights were studied. The results show that a simple two-dimensional biomechanical model with only one muscle active at a time may not be appropriate for the estimation of the muscle forces on the lower back.
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