Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Forcage du climat'

Nous nous intéressons dans cette thèse à la création de nouvelles méthodes pour procéder à la question de la détection et de l'attribution du changement climatique. Le climat est en effet soumis à une double variabilité : celle issue des processus internes et interactions des différentes composantes du climat (terres, océans, atmosphère et cryosphère). Cette variabilité est appelé variabilité interne. Une seconde source de variabilité est la variabilité dite "forcé" qui est dû à l'effet de forçages qui sont des éléments extérieurs au système climatique pouvant l'affecter. Les différents forçages sont les gaz à effet de serre, aérosols anthropiques ou naturels, utilisation des terres etc. La détection et l'attribution du changement climatique vise à distinguer les effets de la variabilité interne du climat de la variabilité forcé ainsi qu'à également décomposer cette dernière en donnant l'influence relative de chaque forçage. Ce problème comporte de grandes difficultés comme la relative faible longueur temporelle des observations ou l'incertitude de la variablité forcé modélisé dans les modèles climatiques. Pour ce faire nous développons de nouvelles méthodes basés sur l'utilisation de réseaux de neurones. L'intelligence artificielle est en effet un outil qui n'a pas encore été appliqué pour ce problème et qui permet d'utiliser efficacement les données provenant de simulations d'un grand nombre de modèles climatiques ainsi que les observations. Nous avons développé et appliqué au champ de la température de surface de l'air deux méthodes permettant respectivement de séparer la variabilité interne et forcé et d'attribuer la température globale de surface observé pour différents groupes de forçages. La première de ces méthodes permettant de séparer la variabilité interne de la variabilité forcé est appelé "Noise to Noise" et elle se base sur la littérature de restauration des images issues de l'intelligence artificielle. Le champ tri-dimensionnelle (temps, latitude et longitude) des simulations ou de observations de température de surface est donc comparé à une image tri-dimensionnelle. La variabilité interne est comparé à une sorte de bruit semblable à celle pouvant se trouver sur des images s'ajoutant à la variabilité forcé qui est elle associé à la "vrai image". Nous avons donc eu recours à une méthodologie de débruitage pour réseaux de neurones créée pour les images que nous adaptons à notre problème climatique. La seconde de ces méthodes vise à procéder l'attribution de l'effet de trois groupe de forçages (les gaz à effet de serre, les aérosols anthropiques et les forçages naturels). Il s'agit d'une méthode tiré de l'intelligence artificiel explicable qui se nomment l'optimisation inverse. Elle consiste à retrouver l'entrée d'un réseau de neurones entraîné qui correspondrait à un résultat de sortie donné. Cela est fait par une méthode de descente de gradient en minimisant une fonction de coût mesurant la différence entre la sortie désiré et celle obtenue. Nous utilisons un réseau de neurones convolutionnelle entraîné en utilisant des sorties de température globale de surface de simulations historiques de modèles climatiques. Le CNN a pour but de reproduire les changements de température globale de surface dû à l'ensemble des forçages en utilisant comme entrée les changements de température dû à l'effet individuel des forçages. Une fois le réseau entraîné et ses poids et biais fixés, une méthode d'optimisation inverse, modifiée pour mieux correspondre au problème, est utilisé. Ces deux méthodes sont implémentés pour la variable de température de surface sur la période historique et leurs résultats sont comparés à ceux obtenues avec des méthodes de références
In this thesis, we focus on the development of new methods to address the issue of climate change detection and attribution. Climate is subject to two types of variability: variability arising from internal processes and variability arising from interactions between the different components of climate (land, oceans, atmosphere and cryosphere). This variability is called internal variability. A second source of variability is the so-called "forced" variability, due to the effect of forcings, which are elements outside the climate system that can affect it. The various forcings are greenhouse gases, natural or anthropogenic aerosols, land use, etc. Detecting and attributing climate change aims to distinguish the effects of internal climate variability from forced variability, and also to break down the latter by giving the relative influence of each forcing. This problem is fraught with difficulties, such as the relatively short temporal length of observations and the uncertainty of forced variability modelled in climate models. To this end, we are developing new methods based on the use of neural networks. Artificial intelligence is in fact a tool that has not yet been applied to this problem, making it possible to make effective use of data from simulations of a large number of climate models as well as observations. We have developed and applied two methods to the surface air temperature field, respectively separating internal and forced variability, and attributing the observed global surface temperature to different groups of forcings. The first of these methods for separating internal from forced variability is called "Noise to Noise" and is based on the literature of artificial intelligence image restoration. The three-dimensional field (time, latitude and longitude) of surface temperature simulations or observations is compared with a three-dimensional image. The internal variability is compared to a kind of noise similar to that found on images, in addition to the forced variability associated with the "real image". We have therefore used a neural network denoising methodology created for images, which we are adapting to our climate problem. The second of these methods aims to attribute the effect of three groups of forcings (greenhouse gases, anthropogenic aerosols and natural forcings). It's a method drawn from explainable artificial intelligence called inverse optimization. It consists in finding the input of a trained neural network that corresponds to a given output result. This is done using a gradient descent method, by minimizing a cost function measuring the difference between the desired output and the output obtained. We use a convolutional neural network trained using global surface temperature outputs from historical climate model simulations. The purpose of the CNN is to reproduce the global surface temperature changes due to the ensemble of forcings, using as input the temperature changes due to the individual effect of the forcings. Once the network has been trained and its weights and biases fixed, an inverse optimization method, modified to better match the problem, is used. These two methods are implemented for the surface temperature variable over the historical period and their results are compared with those obtained with reference methods

Le carbone-suie, ou “black carbon” (BC), contribue au réchauffement climatique avec un forçage positif de l’ordre de +1.1 W m-2 dont l’incertitude reste haute (de l’ordre de 90%). Ce forçage s’effectue à travers l’interaction aérosol-radiation et l’interaction aérosols-nuage. Ces deux mécanismes sont affectés par le degré de mélange des particules du BC avec divers matériaux non-réfractaires et non-absorbants. Cependant, les estimations du forçage radiatif considèrent rarement les effets du mélange interne. Par ailleurs le rôle du BC comme noyau glaçogène qui influence l’interaction aérosol-nuage est largement inconnu. L’objectif de cette thèse est de mieux comprendre les mécanismes par lesquels le degré de mélange interne du BC influence la variabilité des propriétés optiques du BC et les propriétés d’activation des noyaux glaçogènes contenant du BC.Dans le premier chapitre de cette thèse, nous avons exploré la variabilité spatiale et saisonnière du coefficient d’absorption massique -mass absorption cross-section (MAC)- dans l’atmosphère en Europe. Les valeurs de MAC sont déterminées à partir de concentrations de carbone élémentaire et de coefficients d’absorption observée à différentes stations d’observation européenne du réseau ACTRIS (Aerosol, Cloud and Trace gases Research InfraStructure). Les résultats montrent une faible variabilité spatiale du MAC avec une moyenne de 10 ± 2.5 m2 g-1 à 637 nm de longueur d’onde qui peut être considérée comme représentative du BC en Europe. Le cycle saisonnier du MAC est probablement lié à la composition chimique de l’aérosol et son état de mélange, qui provoque une augmentation du MAC.Dans le second chapitre on s’est intéressé au lien entre l’absorption du BC et son état de mélange après transport sur longue-distance. Ce travail se base sur des mesures effectuées dans le cadre du projet CLIMSLIP (CLimate IMpact of Short-Lived Pollutants and methane in the Arctic). Une campagne de mesure a été conduite sur la station de recherche Zeppelin au Svalbard, Norvège en Avril 2012. Les données acquises avec un Single Particle Soot Photometer (SP2) révélaient que le BC est généralement présent en mélange interne dont l’épaisseur moyenne de la couche superficielle de matériel non-absorbant est de 47 nm pour des particules de BC de diamètre compris entre 170 et 280 nm. Ce mélange interne conduit à une augmentation d’absorption de 46%. Elle entraîne cependant une diminution relativement faible de l’albédo de simple diffusion, de l’ordre de 1%.Enfin, la capacité du BC à agir comme noyaux glaçogène pour la formation de cristaux de glace a été étudiée sur le site de haute altitude du Jungfraujoch (Suisse) dans le cadre du “cloud and aerosol characterization experiment” (CLACE) en 2013. Les différents éléments du nuage étaient séparé à partir d’une prise d’entrée type ice-CVI connectée au SP2. Ce dispositif permet de sélectionner uniquement les cristaux de glace et quantifier la fraction de BC activée. Une réduction de la présence de BC dans les résidus de glace a été observée. Des mesures de l’épaisseur de la couche de mélange interne des particules contentant du BC ont montré que les résidus de cristaux de glace présentaient des enrobages bien plus épais comparée à l’aérosol total.Les résultats obtenus au cours de ce travail ont permis de mieux comprendre l’impact du degré de mélange interne sur les propriétés optiques du BC et sur son rôle dans la formation de cristaux de glace. Les propriétés optiques du BC évoluent en fonction de la saison, tandis que la formation d’une couche superficielle amplifie sa capacité d’absorption du rayonnement solaire. De plus, cette étude souligne l’importance du vieillissement atmosphérique du BC sur sa capacité à servir de noyau de nucléation de la glace. Enfin, il fournit une avancée au sujet des propriétés sensibles mesurées dans l’atmosphère avec des techniques innovantes qui permettront la simulation plus précise du forçage radiatif
Black carbon (BC) induces a warming effect (RFBC = +1.1 W m-2 ± 90%) through two main pathways: aerosol-radiation interaction (RFari) and aerosol-cloud interaction (RFaci). Both BC-radiation and BC-cloud interaction are affected by the mixing of black carbon with other non-refractory and non-absorbing matter present in the atmosphere. An estimation of the global radiative forcing of BC rarely accounts for internal mixing of BC while the net global cloud radiative forcing is sensitive to assumptions in the initiation of cloud glaciation, which is mostly unknown for black carbon particles. Within this thesis we investigated the variability of the light absorbing properties of black carbon, the mixing of black carbon, and the impact on light absorption and ice activation.In the first part of this thesis we investigated the spatial and seasonal variability of the mass absorption cross section (MAC) over Europe. MAC values were determined from ambient observations of elemental carbon mass concentrations (mEC) and absorption coefficients (σap). The data had been acquired during several years at different background ACTRIS supersites spread over Europe. Site specific MAC values were found to be spatially homogeneous, suggesting that the overall MAC average 9.5 ± 1.9 m2 g-1 at a wavelength of 637 nm might be representative of BC at European background locations. The MAC values showed a distinct seasonal cycle at every station. This seasonality might be related to chemical composition and aging. We observed that the MAC value has a linear and positive proportionality with the non-absorbing matter mass fraction.The second part of the work focuses on the coating acquisition of BC and the induced absorption enhancement after long-range transport. Within the CLIMSLIP (climate impact of short-lived pollutants and methane in the Arctic) project field experiments were conducted at the Zeppelin research site in Svalbard, Norway, during the Arctic spring. SP2 data were used to characterize the BC size distribution and mixing. BC containing particles having a core diameter between 170 and 280 nm were found to have a median coating thickness of 47 nm. The relationship between coating thickness and BC absorption was simulated. The observed coating thickness enhanced the mass absorption cross section by 46%, which led to a decrease of less than 1% in the single scattering albedo.In the final part of this work, the role of black carbon as ice nuclei in mixed phase clouds was investigated at the high elevation measuring site Jungfraujoch (Switzerland) during the cloud and aerosol characterization experiment (CLACE) held in 2013. The ice-CVI inlet and a single particle soot photometer were used to select and quantify the ice activated BC particles. According to the observations, BC containing particles were depleted in the ice residuals. The activation efficiency showed a size dependency, with larger BC containing particles being activated more efficiently compared to smaller ones. Activated BC cores having a diameter between 170 and 240 nm showed a larger coating thickness (median = 53 nm) compared to the total aerosol (median = 16 nm).The results obtained in this thesis shed new light on the effect of the mixing state on the optical properties and cloud activation of black carbon particles. Absorbing properties of BC showed a distinct seasonal pattern, while aging was found to consistently increase its absorption behavior. However, black carbon was found not to act as ice nuclei in low tropospheric mixed-phase clouds, where the coating thickness might play a role in the activation efficiency. This work provides freshly determined physical properties derived from ambient observations that will improve the accuracy of future aerosol and cloud radiative forcing estimations

Thesis (M.S. in Meteorology)--Naval Postgraduate School, March 2010.
Thesis Advisor(s): Murphree, Tom ; Jordan, Mary S. "March 2010." Description based on title screen as viewed on April 23, 2010. Author(s) subject terms: Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, Climate Analysis, Climate Variations, Climatology, Kennedy Space Center, Lightning Launch Commit Criteria, Lightning Probability, Long-range Forecasting, National Lightning Detection Network, Reanalysis, Space Vehicle Launch, Teleconnections, Triggered Lightning Includes bibliographical references (p. 103-109). Also available in print.

A series of severe and prolonged droughts occurred throughout the Northern Hemisphere between approximately 1150 BP to 600 BP. This phenomenon is referred to as the Medieval Climatic Anomaly and has been shown to have differentially impacted various regions of the world. Previous studies have suggested causal links between the Medieval Climatic Anomaly and observed culture change. The goal of this study was to examine the Antelope Valley region of the Mojave Desert for evidence of impacts on human populations related to the Medieval Climatic Anomaly. To achieve this goal, a sample selection of archaeological sites was chosen from lands within Edwards Air Force Base. These sites represented occupations which occurred immediately before, during, and after the Medieval Climatic Anomaly. Site assemblages were analyzed and compared by cultural period, with cross-comparisons made of artefactual and ecofactual constituents. Site densities and areal extents were also examined and compared. These analyses showed the emergence of trends concurrent with the introduction of the Medieval Climatic Anomaly. The data supports the hypothesis that humans who populated the Antelope Valley region of the Mojave Desert during this period may have engaged in population aggregation, with a tethered nomadism subsistence strategy. The data also shows evidence that upon the amelioration of the environment after the Medieval Climatic Anomaly, site characteristics within the region saw a significant shift. While the evidence generated by this study does suggest a link between climatic change experienced during the Medieval Climatic Anomaly and change observed within the archaeology of the Antelope Valley, it does not suggest climate as a sole, or even primary, causal factor. Rather, the intent of this study was to identify one possible variable responsible for observed change that occurred in the region. With this in mind, the Medieval Climatic Anomaly was found to have been significant enough to have either directly or indirectly impacted the prehistoric occupants of the study region.

The paper is an ecocritical analysis of the Empire of the ants, a book written in 1991 by Bernard Werber. Through this green reading, the author seeks to better understand how climate change is created from a social point of view and why, by inherence, it is so difficult to avert. As the book is largely a juxtaposition of the human society and that of ants, the author compares the two species in order to determine which one is better equipped to tackle climate change, as well as which factors, cultural, political or biological, allow for the necessary measures to be taken. The study finds that the complexity of climate change exceeds our understanding of time and space, making it impossible for us to imagine and consequently tackle in any satisfactory manner. Though ants display features superior to ours when it comes to carrying out this task, the study further concludes that there is an accompanying moral dilemma to such actions, as the environmentally profitable not always is in the best interest of individual lives.

This article addresses the question of whether extreme weather events should form the basis for individuals or even the States, may be exempted from complying with its legal obligations.The old, but still very viable institution of force majeure can empower both companies and nations to absolve themselves of their responsibilities and duties. However, in a world where human-induced climate change is proven, could we say that such disasters are truly«natural»? Does it make sense, from a legal and factual matter, that they continue to allow the parties to be exempt from liability when modern science has shown that in all probability people, not some enigmatic power, have caused most universally of the problems that hold us harmless looking?Force majeure is based on the idea that the «man» somehow is separate from «nature». This article challenges this idea and argues that, in many cases, no longer makes sense to apply the institution of force majeure. At least, judges should be very careful in doing so for reasons of public policy and allocation of risks. In addition, the contracting parties must have enough caution to claim that they may be able to exempt themselves from future liability clauses appealing «force majeure».
Este artículo aborda la pregunta sobre si los eventos de clima extremo deben servir de base para que los particulares o, incluso los Estados, puedan eximirse de cumplir con sus obligaciones legales.La antigua, pero aún muy viable, institución de la fuerza mayor, puede facultar tanto a las empresas como a los Estados-Nación a eximirse de sus responsabilidades y deberes. Sin embargo, en un mundo donde el cambio climático antropogénico está probado,¿podríamos decir que tales desastres son verdaderamente «naturales»? ¿Acaso tiene sentido, desde un punto de vista legal y fáctico, que se les siga permitiendo a las partes eximirse de responsabilidad legal cuando la ciencia moderna ha demostrado con toda probabilidad que, las personas -no algún misterioso poder universal- han ocasionado la mayoría de los problemas por los que buscamos eximirnos de responsabilidad?La fuerza mayor se basa en la idea de que el «hombre», de alguna manera, se encuentra separado de la «naturaleza». Este artículo cuestiona esta idea y argumenta que, en muchos casos, ya no tiene sentido aplicar la institución de la fuerza mayor. Al menos, los jueces deben ser muy cuidadosos al hacerlo por razones de política pública y asignación de riesgos, así como las partes contratantes deben tener la suficiente precaución al pensar o pretender que pueden ser capaces de eximirse de responsabilidad futura invocando cláusulas de «fuerza mayor».

De la confrontation du temps qu’il fait et du droit des obligations émerge une analyse féconde à une époque où le climat est de plus en plus au cœur des préoccupations. L’appréhension du temps qu’il fait par le droit des obligations se décline traditionnellement au passé et à l’avenir : au passé, lorsque le phénomène météorologique dommageable est survenu, il s’agit alors de lui apporter un remède lorsqu’il est qualifié d’anormal ; à l’avenir, lorsque le temps qu’il fait est principalement vu comme un risque qu’il s’agit de circonscrire pour ne pas mettre en danger l’opération contractuelle projetée. Le changement climatique est appelé à exercer une influence sur ces deux dimensions. En premier lieu, les principaux remèdes actuellement apportés aux conséquences dommageables de certains phénomènes météorologiques qualifiés d’anormaux sont appelés à évoluer, tandis que le changement climatique engendré par les émissions de gaz à effet de serre transforme la perception du temps qu’il fait. Ce constat conduit à s’interroger sur le rôle que pourrait jouer la responsabilité civile dans l’éventuelle réparation des dommages attribués aux dérèglements climatiques. En second lieu, si l’appréhension des risques météorologiques par le contrat connaît un nouvel essor sous l’influence du changement climatique, le droit des obligations est désormais confronté à l’apparition d’un nouveau risque, celui de l’aggravation du changement climatique. Tant le contrat que la responsabilité civile sont conduits à participer à la prévention de ce risque
From the confrontation of the weather and the law of obligations emerges a fruitful analysis at a time when the climate is increasingly at the heart of societal concerns. The understanding of the weather in the law of obligations has traditionally been applied to the past and the future: in the past, when a harmful weather phenomenon has occurred, it is a matter of providing a remedy when the phenomenon is considered abnormal; in the future, when the weather is mainly seen as a risk that must be contained in order not to endanger the contractual operation. Climate change is expected to influence the understanding of those two dimensions. First, the main remedies currently being applied to the harmful consequences of certain weather phenomena described as abnormal are likely to change, while climate change caused by greenhouse gas emissions is changing the perception of the weather. This observation raises questions about the role that civil liability could play in the possible repair of damage attributed to climate change. Secondly, while the contract’s understanding of meteorological risks is undergoing a new upswing under the influence of climate change, the law of obligations is now confronted with the emergence of a new risk, that of aggravating climate change. Both the contract and civil liability are required to participate in the prevention of this risk

This thesis contributes to the understanding of glacier response to climate change by ice dynamical studies on Storglaciären, Sweden, and Bonnevie-Svendsenbreen, Kibergbreen and Plogbreen in Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica. Ice surface velocities, ice geometry and temperature information is fed through a force budget model to calculate ice mass outflux of these glacial systems via three-dimensional stress distributions for a flux-gate.

Field data were collected through repeated DGPS and GPR observations on Storglaciären between July 2000 to September 2001 and on Kibergbreen and Plobreen during the SWEDARP 2002/03 expedition to Antarctica. The work was strongly supported by remotely-sensed information.

The results from Storglaciären show a strength in the force budget model to discern both spatial and temporal variability in ice dynamical patterns. It highlights the influence of seasonality and bedrock topography upon glacier flow. A modeling experiment on Bonnevie-Svendsenbreen suggested that ice temperature increases substantially under conditions of high stress (≥0.4 MPa) due to strain-heating. This provides a positive feedback loop, increasing ice deformation, as long as it overcomes the advection of cool ice from the surface. These results explain, to some extent, the mechanism behind fast flowing ice streams. Mass flux caclulations from Bonnevie-Svendsenbreen suggest that the outflux given from force budget calculations can be used as a gauge for influx assuming steady state conditions. Plogbreen receives an influx of 0.48±0.1 km³ a^-1 and expedites a discharge volume of 0.55±0.05 km³ a^-1. This indicative negative mass balance is explained by a falling trend in upstream accumulation and the recent rise in global sea level, as it is likely to induce glacier acceleration due to a reduction in resistive forces at the site of the gate. This result is comparable with other Antarctic studies reporting negative mass balances, e.g. from WAIS, as caused by changes in the global atmospheric circulation pattern.

Magister Legum - LLM
From failing to arrest and surrender Sudanese President Omar Al-Bashir1 in accordance with its obligations under the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court2 (Rome Statute), to its President acting inconsistently with its Supreme law3, it is evident that the rule of law is under threat in South Africa. Furthermore, South Africa has witnessed the cultivation of a culture of impunity for corruption in high office. South Africa has also experienced an increase in heinous crimes committed against women and children. The South African Rand recently plummeted given that its Minister of Finance Pravin Gordhan, recently faced charges of fraud4, as well as the ripple effect caused by the Fees Must Fall Movement.5 Against the backdrop of the above-mentioned issues that plague South Africa and hinder its development, the fight against money laundering hardly seems of pivotal importance in achieving the desired stability and development of the country. There is a public perception that money laundering is a crime of little consequence.8 This perception derives from the fact that money laundering does not have a direct impact on its victims and in some instances benefits the economy as it increases the profits for the financial sector and results in a greater availability of credit.9 Laundered money arguably is not harmful but rather beneficial to developing economies because money remains money, whether it is proceeds of crime or honestly earned.10 Although an increase in money is appealing to developing countries, the benefits that accompany laundered money are short-lived as the crime affects society adversely in the long run.11 However, where a country fails to prevent and prosecute money laundering offences, the prevalence of money laundering will impede the development of a state as it not only increases the profitability of crime and encourages the prevalence of corruption, but it also causes damage to critical financial sector institutions.12 Money laundering influences the commission of crimes that generate large amounts of profit, namely, organised crime, which is often described as the twin brother of money laundering.13 This is because criminals do not commit crimes to make money only but to enjoy this money as well.14 However, criminals need to launder their money in order to enjoy the proceeds of their criminal activities without drawing attention to these activities.15 Countries that combat money laundering effectively make it more difficult for criminals to launder the proceeds of their crimes. It becomes more risky for them to indulge in their ill-gotten gains, thus dissuading them from engaging in economic criminality.16 Money laundering is a process where the proceeds of crime are concealed and disguised in order to make them appear lawful.17 Criminals are thus able to enjoy the financial benefits of the crimes they commit.18 The pervasiveness of money laundering in a country does not only affect the confidence the public have in the country’s financial institutions but also undermines the confidence foreign investors and financial institutions have in a developing state’s financial institutions.19 A country can, therefore, run the risk of not benefitting from foreign direct investment.20 The financial institutions rely heavily on what the public think about their integrity.21

Дипломна робота на здобуття освітнього ступеня магістра 8.05010201 - Комп’ютерні системи та мережі. - Тернопільський національний технічний університет імені Івана Пулюя, Тернопіль 2017. Дипломна робота магістра присвячена дослідженню методів удосконалення процесу розробки і покращення архітектури високонавантажених CRM систем. В даній роботі розглянуто класифікацію сучасних CRM систем та їх основні компоненти. Удосконалення полягає у розробці рішення для побудови архітектури CRM системи з використанням технології черг платформи Microsoft Azure, яка дозволяє збільшити продуктивність і масштабованість системи на усіх рівнях. Також проаналізовано і проведено класифікацію методів та практик призначених для розробки високонавантажених та сервісорієнтованих CRM систем. Було досліджено шаблони проектування, які дозволяють пришвидшити розробку і покращити якість CRM системи.
The diploma paper for obtaining the Master’s degree 8.05010201 - Computer systems and networks - Ternopil Ivan Puluj National Technical University, Ternopil 2017. The diploma paper is devoted to the analysis of algorithms and software of high-loaded CRM systems operation. Classification of modern CRM systems and review of their main components were made during this research. Improvements related to this research are based on development of solution for the CRM system architecture using the queues technology of Microsoft Azure platform, which can increase the performance and scalability of the system at all levels. Analyzed and provided classification of methods and practices designed to develop high-loaded and service oriented CRM systems. Investigated design patterns that allow to speed up development and improve the quality of the CRM system.

The work includes a theoretical definition, ways and methods of money laundering, Czech and International anti money laundering (AML) law. The second part is devoted to the fight against money laundering. It describes the main AML organizations. And as an example is given the program of one banking institution.

Il lavoro è stato suddiviso in tre macro-aree. Una prima riguardante un'analisi teorica di come funzionano le intrusioni, di quali software vengono utilizzati per compierle, e di come proteggersi (usando i dispositivi che in termine generico si possono riconoscere come i firewall). Una seconda macro-area che analizza un'intrusione avvenuta dall'esterno verso dei server sensibili di una rete LAN. Questa analisi viene condotta sui file catturati dalle due interfacce di rete configurate in modalità promiscua su una sonda presente nella LAN. Le interfacce sono due per potersi interfacciare a due segmenti di LAN aventi due maschere di sotto-rete differenti. L'attacco viene analizzato mediante vari software. Si può infatti definire una terza parte del lavoro, la parte dove vengono analizzati i file catturati dalle due interfacce con i software che prima si occupano di analizzare i dati di contenuto completo, come Wireshark, poi dei software che si occupano di analizzare i dati di sessione che sono stati trattati con Argus, e infine i dati di tipo statistico che sono stati trattati con Ntop. Il penultimo capitolo, quello prima delle conclusioni, invece tratta l'installazione di Nagios, e la sua configurazione per il monitoraggio attraverso plugin dello spazio di disco rimanente su una macchina agent remota, e sui servizi MySql e DNS. Ovviamente Nagios può essere configurato per monitorare ogni tipo di servizio offerto sulla rete.

碩士
國立中央大學
營建管理研究所
91
The climatic dispute of force majeure is among the most commonly seen courting construction. This work observes that the deciding factor of judgment in court often resides in the power of evidence rendered by the parties. That is, the verdict is for the party who is capable of presenting logically connected or relevant evidence, demonstrating a due care in contract. The interesting question here is lawyers generally lack the background knowledge of construction specific issues and are also too late to be involved in solving the case, so that presenting a good case is ever more costly than necessary. Further, without convincing evidence, the court is incapable of giving a judgment. The suit must undergo rounds of time-consuming fact-finding procedures. The cost of resolving a dispute is uncontrollable, if a fair ruling can really be afforded by both parties. This work collects relevant lawsuit cases regarding disputes primarily of climatic causes of force majeure. By analyzing these cases, this work is able to identify three weather related parameters as stereotypes, namely, typhoon, storms and extended rainfalls. A total of 180 causation combination corresponding factors, including (1) the weather forecast, (2) possibility of taking preventive measures, (3) temporal relationships between cause and damage, and (4) locality relationship between cause and damage, are generated, and each of which individually examined. The outcome of this analysis is compared and effort is given to categorizing these combinations. The idea is, by categorization, construction practitioners are able to document and prepare evidence for potential disputes before bring them to court or seeking expensive legal aids. Not only documentation cost is controlled, but comprehensiveness of documentation is ensured. In sum, , this work classifies 10 categories of evidentiary procedures related to typhoon, 14 to storms, 7 to extended rainfalls. It is concluded that the outcome of this work will aid practitioners in gathering necessary information, aligned with legal procedures, so that costs of dispute resolution can be reduced.

碩士
樹德科技大學
經營管理研究所
94
Air force Maintenance & Supply Group (MSG) was selected for this study. The study is aimed at investigating the relationships among organizational climate, leadership behavior, and employee retention after organizational change. The intermediate effect of organizational climate to leadership behavior and employee retention was also investigated. Some suggestions will be made based on the study results. In order to reach the above objectives, questionnaires were distributed with a return of 226 valid questionnaires. The data was analyzed by a number of statistical techniques such as t-test analysis, One-way ANOVA, Pearson Correlation analysis, Regression analysis. The evidence found in the study indicated that: 1. Age, educational background, marital status, rank, and seniority are factors significantly affecting respondent’s attitudes toward organizational climate. 2. Age, rank and seniority significantly affect respondents’ attitudes toward leadership behavior. 3. The educational background has an effect on employee retention. 4. There is obviously a positive relationship between organizational climate and employee retention. In particular, the variable “reward” has significantly positive effects on employee retention. 5. There is obviously a positive relationship between leadership behaviors and employees retention. In particular, transactional leadership has significant effects on employee retention. 6. There is obviously a positive relationship between leadership behavior and organizational climate. In particular, transformational leadership has significant effects on organizational climate. 7. The organizational climate has an intermediate effect between leadership behavior and employee retention.

碩士
華梵大學
資訊管理學系碩士班
98
Considering that IT base architecture in troops more complicated and huger than past, if the maintaining and managing problems of the computer affected by virus, the software system upgraded, more than the information security risk occurring, they would make more loads of information system maintaining and managing manpower in troops easily. Furthermore, after the armed forces finished manpower simplifying policies such as ‘Streamlining Program’ and ‘Refining Program’, information maintaining and managing personnel in each unit are decreasing extensively. How to keep system maintenance, information security and management efficiency is a challenge to troops. This thesis wants to research Thin Client of cloud computing nowadays that it finishes information collection of introduced considerable factors with senior professional personnel in the unit by using Delphi repeatedly and accomplishes questionnaire creation and data gathering. Then it discriminates three factor hierarchies by ‘AHP Hierarchy Analysis’ that it acquires every weight of evaluation target. After applying Back-propagation Network (BPN) to analyzing each weight, it verifies weight acquired from AHP and BPN that there is no obvious difference by checking t to obtain p. In the result, information system managing personnel in each unit consider primarily that the requirement of system management and control, information security protection is a key point when thinking of introducing Thin Client system architecture. It wishes to provide important reference suggestion for Air Force performing information platform establishment in follow-up.

Contemporary peacekeeping missions are complex, demanding, and potentially hazardous. There is general agreement that psychological factors are crucial to effective individual and collective performance of the military personnel deployed in support of these missions. This research has examined the human dimensions associated with capability, functioning, and health across the deployment cycle. The aim of this research was to increase understanding of the psychological issues associated with peace support operations at the individual, group, and organisational levels. The study applied precepts of the transactional model of stress (Lazarus & Folkman, 1984) to the context of military deployment on peace support operations. The overarching Human Dimensions of Operations model for this research incorporated stressor, buffer, and outcome components within the multi-level structure of the military organisation and across the stages (pre, peri, post) of deployment. Participants were Canadian and Australian military personnel deployed on Peace Support Operations. The dissertation comprised seven chapters. Chapter One provided an introduction to the psychological challenges posed by peace support operations and the research opportunities these missions afford. The second chapter detailed the methodology and psychometric evaluation of several measurement scales that were developed as part of this research in order to address the unique characteristics of peace support operations. Each of the six scales examined proved to have a meaningful component structure and adequate subscale reliabilities. The third chapter was devoted to an examination of the psychometric properties of a measure of psychological climate factors, the Unit Climate Profile (UCP), which was the cornerstone instrument of this research. The UCP demonstrated a robust, multi-dimensional structure that was conceptually concordant with its theoretical development and design. In addition, the component structure of the UCP changed in meaningful ways according to its level of analysis - individual or group. The next three chapters examined human dimension constructs at different stages of deployment, notably psychological readiness for operations, psychological resilience during deployment, and readjustment following return from deployment. In Chapter Four, the most compelling structural model that examined collective psychological readiness demonstrated that perceptions of readiness at the group level, along with effective senior leadership, could significantly impact morale. The results in Chapter Five revealed that leadership both buffered the immediate impact of stressors, and also fostered meaning and morale, thereby reducing strain. Positive aspects of deployment and the personal meaning assumed to be derived from these experiences were also found to bolster morale significantly during deployment. In Chapter Six, the stressors specific to the postdeployment transition phase, rather than stressors encountered during deployment, had the strongest impact on postdeployment adjustment. Social support and a positive psychological climate in the unit (particularly evidenced by cohesiveness and caring behaviour by proximal leaders) moderated the impact of homecoming stressors. A concluding chapter summarised the dissertation and discussed its practical significance and avenues for the dissemination of its findings. Broadly, the outcomes demonstrated that an understanding of the human factors in military units within the context of the stressors-strain relationship can provide potentially useful information to commanders who want to enhance the well-being, performance, and commitment of Service members deployed on peace support operations.
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Thesis (Ph.D.) -- School of Psychology, 2008

JEL Classification: M10; M31;L11
A Worten, insígnia do grupo Sonae, atua no mercado do retalho eletrónico desde 1996, contando hoje com 140 lojas geograficamente dispersas pelo território nacional e ilhas. Com uma Quota de Mercado de cerca de 35% (Anexo 3), posiciona-se como líder de mercado em Portugal. Sob o mote “O nosso forte é o preço”, a empresa ambiciona garantir a melhor relação qualidade/preço para o seu cliente. Com a dispersão da Internet em todo o mundo, o cliente alterou radicalmente o seu comportamento e exigências, graças ao acesso facilitado a toda a informação em tempo real. A recente realidade do Research Online Purchase Offline (ROPO) obriga assim os players do mercado a alterarem as suas abordagens. Uma oferta customizada, um conhecimento de especialista sobre o produto e uma abordagem omnicanal são hoje requisitos obrigatórios para sobreviver no mercado do retalho eletrónico. A tradicional loja física terá sempre uma limitação quantitativa de espaço e a força de vendas presente em loja terá sempre um conhecimento limitado sobre os artigos a vender, principalmente devido à elevada rotatividade dos colaboradores. A gama Long Tail surge assim como uma solução interessante para estas questões. Torna-se então necessário perceber como pode a mesma alavancar as vendas não só no canal online como também nas lojas físicas, ao mesmo tempo que reposiciona a Worten como especialista no mercado da eletrónica.
Worten, a Sonae Group company, is present in the retail eletronic market since 1966, with 140 stores geographically dispersed by the national territory and islands. With a market share around 35% (Atachment 3), it reveals itself as the distinct market leader. Under the motto “Our strength is the price”, Worten’s ambition is to guarantee the best quality-price relation for its clients. With the globalization of the Internet all around the world, the customer has changed radically, with free access to information in real time. ROPO is already a reality and it demands market players to revise their approach. A customized offer, a specialist knowledge about the product and an omnichannel strategy is mandatory to survive in the world of electronic retail. Above that, the physical store will always have limited space and the sales force limited knowledge about the range they are selling, mainly due to the high staff turnover. Long Tail range appears has the solution for these problems and it is necessary to understand how it can help increasing sales not only in the online channel but also in traditional stores, at the same time that positions Worten has a specialist in the eletronic market.

Thesis "Corruption in the Czech Customs Administration" is focused on the issue of corruption and the causes of corrupt behaviour of Czech customs officials. The primary task of this work was to determine whether it is the disorganization of the armed force or the individual deviance which influences the level of corruption in the Czech Customs Administration more. The secondary task was to elicit the level of corruption as it is perceived by the customs officials themselves and on the basis of the acquired information to suggest some anti-corruption measures. The theory of social disorganization and the theory of social deviancy were used as the basis for this work. The data required for the decision whether it is the disorganization of the armed force or the individual deviance which influences the level of corruption in the Czech Customs Administration more and the data for the findings of the corruption level as it is perceived by the customs officials was collected from a quantitative research. This research was conducted in the form of a questionnaire that was distributed among Czech customs officials The research revealed that the main factor which increases the level of corruption in the Czech Customs Administration is the social disorganization of the armed force. The other finding from...

Summaries in Afrikaans and English
Text in Afrikaans
Die studie is ondemeem om empiries vas te stel wat die aard en omvang van Totale Kwaliteitbestuur as 'n interne organisatoriese reeling vir personeel in die Toetsvliegen OntwilThe study was to determine empirically the nature and extent of Total Quality Management as an internal organisational arrangement for personnel at the Test Flight and Development Centre in the South African Air Force, while at the same time determining whether the attitude of the personnel of the Test Flight and Development Centre found the application of Total Quality Management positive and acceptable. A theoretical study was done in support of the empirical study to describe Total Quality Management within the context of the organisational theory, to find an appropriate definition for Total Quality Management for this study, to study Total Quality Management dimensions from the literature, and to integrate these dimensions into a model that can be used to determine improved performance at the Test Flight and Development Centre. The process used for the implementation of Total Quality Management at the Test Flight and Development Centre were also studied.
Public Administration
M. Admin. (Public Administration)