Journal articles: 'Foraging strategy'

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Huang, Mei-Ling, and Cheng-Jian Lin. "Nonlinear system control using a fuzzy cerebellar model articulation controller involving reinforcement-strategy-based bacterial foraging optimization." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 10, no. 9 (September 2018): 168781401879742. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1687814018797426.

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This article proposes a fuzzy cerebellar model articulation controller with reinforcement-strategy-based modified bacterial foraging optimization for solving the cart-pole balancing control problem. The proposed reinforcement-strategy-based modified bacterial foraging optimization is used to adjust the parameters of fuzzy receptive field functions and fuzzy weights for improving the accuracy of the fuzzy cerebellar model articulation controller output. An efficient strategic approach is applied in the chemotaxis step in the traditional bacterial foraging optimization algorithm. In the approach, each virtual bacterium swims for different run lengths and increases the bacterial diversity. Experimental results are presented to show the performance and effectiveness of the proposed reinforcement-strategy-based modified bacterial foraging optimization method.

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Kamil, A. "Temporal Shifts in Foraging Strategy: Introduction." Biological Bulletin 191, no. 1 (August 1996): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1543066.

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Ayal, Yoram. "The Foraging Strategy of Diaeretiella rapae." Journal of Animal Ecology 56, no. 3 (October 1987): 1057. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4966.

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Panda, Rutuparna, Manoj Kumar Naik, and B. K. Panigrahi. "Face recognition using bacterial foraging strategy." Swarm and Evolutionary Computation 1, no. 3 (September 2011): 138–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.swevo.2011.06.001.

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NAKAGAWA, Naofumi. "Foraging Behaviour of Japanese Monkeys: a viewpoint of optimal foraging strategy." Primate Research 5, no. 1 (1989): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2354/psj.5.1.

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Richman, Sarah K., Rebecca E. Irwin, and Judith L. Bronstein. "Foraging strategy predicts foraging economy in a facultative secondary nectar robber." Oikos 126, no. 9 (April 28, 2017): 1250–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/oik.04229.

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Skok, Janko, and Maja Prevolnik Povše. "In polytocous mammals, weakling neonates, but not their stronger littermates, benefit from specialized foraging." Current Zoology 65, no. 6 (January 28, 2019): 675–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cz/zoz001.

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Abstract Adjusting foraging strategies is a common phenomenon within groups of animals competing for the same resource. In polytocous mammals, neonates concurrently compete for limited milk and alternate between two foraging (suckling) strategies: adaptable exploratory foraging with random sampling of teats, and ordered foraging with a tendency towards exploiting a particular suckling position. Some theoretical (game theory) models have shown that weaker siblings in particular benefit from foraging specialization (suckling order). Neonate piglets establish a well-defined suckling order that develops gradually and fluctuates throughout the lactation period, implying the existence of inter-individual differences in foraging strategies. We therefore analyzed suckling behavior in pigs to determine whether one foraging strategy was more beneficial to neonates in terms of their body weight and foraging environment. We found that intermediate and heavy littermates tended to adjust their suckling strategy according to the foraging environment; however, the selected foraging strategy did not affect their overall growth performance. Lighter individuals that consumed significantly less milk did not greatly alternate their foraging strategy according to the foraging environment, but their growth rate was significantly higher whenever they performed less-exploratory foraging behavior. Although suckling order appeared to be a relatively stable behavioral phenotype, it was beneficial exclusively for weaklings. These results confirm theoretical predictions and indicate that specializing in a suckling position is a beneficial strategy for weaker, light neonates. These findings suggest that physically weaker neonates might have driven the evolution of neonatal foraging specialization.

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Blakeway, Jessica-Anne, John P. Y. Arnould, Andrew J. Hoskins, Patricia Martin-Cabrera, Grace J. Sutton, Luis A. Huckstadt, Daniel P. Costa, Diego Páez-Rosas, and Stella Villegas-Amtmann. "Influence of hunting strategy on foraging efficiency in Galapagos sea lions." PeerJ 9 (April 13, 2021): e11206. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.11206.

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The endangered Galapagos sea lion (GSL, Zalophus wollebaeki) exhibits a range of foraging strategies utilising various dive types including benthic, epipelagic and mesopelagic dives. In the present study, potential prey captures (PPC), prey energy consumption and energy expenditure in lactating adult female GSLs (n = 9) were examined to determine their foraging efficiency relative to the foraging strategy used. Individuals displayed four dive types: (a) epipelagic (<100 m; EP); or (b) mesopelagic (>100 m; MP) with a characteristic V-shape or U-shape diving profile; and (c) shallow benthic (<100 m; SB) or (d) deep benthic (>100 m; DB) with square or flat-bottom dive profiles. These dive types varied in the number of PPC, assumed prey types, and the energy expended. Prey items and their energetic value were assumed from previous GSL diet studies in combination with common habitat and depth ranges of the prey. In comparison to pelagic dives occurring at similar depths, when diving benthically, GSLs had both higher prey energy consumption and foraging energy expenditure whereas PPC rate was lower. Foraging efficiency varied across dive types, with benthic dives being more profitable than pelagic dives. Three foraging trip strategies were identified and varied relative to prey energy consumed, energy expended, and dive behaviour. Foraging efficiency did not significantly vary among the foraging trip strategies suggesting that, while individuals may diverge into different foraging habitats, they are optimal within them. These findings indicate that these three strategies will have different sensitivities to habitat-specific fluctuations due to environmental change.

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Jejesky de Oliveira, Ana Paula, Juliétty Angioletti Tesch, Giuliano de Matin, Fernanda Pavesi Tanure, João Luiz Rossi Junior, and Ary Gomes da Silva. "Risk-sensitive foraging strategy of flower visitors in Serjania caracasana." Journal of Animal & Plant Sciences 42.2 (November 29, 2019): 7245–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.35759/janmplsci.v42-2.6.

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Production of nectar can play a fundamental role in the foraging behaviour of floral visitors through its availability and distribution. The aim of this study was to understand the foraging pattern of floral visitors in Serjania caracasana. The field study observed the strategy of nectar production and the foraging behaviour of the floral visitors of Serjania caracasana, carried out through an experiment that evaluated the amount of nectar produced by flowers, species richness and frequency of visits. The data analysis showed that there is no significant correlation between any of the variables analysed. The unstable nectar between the flowers and the unpredictability during the hours of the day suggest a risk-foraging strategy of risk-prone type of the species of floral visitors. The data from this study suggests that Serjania caracasana has potential to understand the theory of risk-sensitive foraging in relation to its reproductive success.

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FUJIOKA, Emyo, and Shizuko HIRYU. "Echolocation strategy of bats during natural foraging." Hikaku seiri seikagaku(Comparative Physiology and Biochemistry) 36, no. 2 (August 6, 2019): 91–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3330/hikakuseiriseika.36.91.

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Leighton, Mark. "Frugivory as a Foraging Strategy for Ecologists." Ecology 76, no. 2 (March 1995): 668–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1941228.

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Beckers, R., S. Goss, J. L. Deneubourg, and J. M. Pasteels. "Colony Size, Communication and Ant Foraging Strategy." Psyche: A Journal of Entomology 96, no. 3-4 (1989): 239–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1989/94279.

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Tsao, Yu-Jen, and Toshinori Okuyama. "Foraging strategy switching in an antlion larva." Behavioural Processes 91, no. 1 (September 2012): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.beproc.2012.04.012.

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de Vries, Michiel F. Wallis, and Cees Daleboudt. "Foraging strategy of cattle in patchy grassland." Oecologia 100-100, no. 1-2 (November 1994): 98–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00317136.

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Xu, Dong, Bai Long Liu, and Ru Bo Zhang. "Modeling and Modifying the Foraging Strategy in Swarm Robots." Key Engineering Materials 467-469 (February 2011): 269–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.467-469.269.

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Swarm Intelligence which emerges from interactions of simple individuals can be used to solve many problems. The foraging task in ant system is often considered as the prototype of cooperative behavior in Swarm Intelligence. The foraging model in swarm robots which considers the random feature of individual robot is built using the mean field method. Then the conflict between robots which influences the performance is observed. To solve this problem, a modified foraging strategy based on pheromone is proposed. From the simulations in Starlogo platform, it is shown that the modified method can reduces the conflict of robots and increase the performance of the system.

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Bullen, R. D., and N. L. McKenzie. "Bat flight-muscle mass: implications for foraging strategy." Australian Journal of Zoology 52, no. 6 (2004): 605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo04036.

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The primary flight muscles of the chest, shoulder, back and upper arms were weighed for 29 species of Australian bat, representing two suborders and six families. Values of muscle masses were found to be between 9 and 23% of the mass of the bat (mbat) and aligned into three statistically distinct classes that relate foraging strategy with morphology when plotted against mbat. These classes represent 'high-energy', 'general' and 'low-energy' foraging strategies. The above relationships were visible in both the wing downstroke and upstroke muscle groups, but not in the shoulder and elbow flex/extend groups. Differences in the foraging ecologies and geographical distributions of Western Australian bats are reflected in 'flight motor power output' as well as the bats' 'airframe design' attributes. Based on these attributes and ecologies, a method is presented for estimating the mass of flight muscle.

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Caldwell, Aliya, Jennifer Seavey, and Elizabeth Craig. "Foraging strategy impacts plastic ingestion risk in seabirds." Limnology and Oceanography Letters 5, no. 1 (November 15, 2019): 163–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/lol2.10126.

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Motro, Uzi, and Avi Shmida. "Near—Far search: An evolutionarily stable foraging strategy." Journal of Theoretical Biology 173, no. 1 (March 1995): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jtbi.1995.0038.

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Hao, Kai, Zhi-Xi Tian, Zi-Chen Wang, and Shuang-Quan Huang. "Pollen grain size associated with pollinator feeding strategy." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 287, no. 1933 (August 19, 2020): 20201191. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.1191.

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Angiosperm pollen grain diameter varies greatly from a few microns to over 100, but the selective forces driving the interspecific variation in pollen size remain unclear. Although both pre- and post-pollination hypotheses have been proposed, empirical evidence remains scarce. Here we propose that visits by pollen-foraging pollinators have selected against large pollen grains. An association between pollinator behaviour and pollen grain size was confirmed by field studies of 80 flowering species in natural communities, showing that pollinators positively collected pollen in those species with relatively smaller pollen grains but rarely did so in species with larger ones. Allowing for the confounding effects of pollinator type, flower size or style length and pollen grain number, we found a significant effect of pollen-foraging behaviour on variation in pollen grain size, particularly in bee-pollinated plants. While these results suggest that many plant species whose pollen is collected or consumed by pollinators produce small pollen grains, it remains unclear whether pollen grain size is directly affected by pollinator foraging habit or indirectly mediated by pollen number trade-offs.

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Chapperon, Coraline, and Laurent Seuront. "Temporal shifts in motion behaviour and habitat use in an intertidal gastropod." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 93, no. 4 (August 9, 2012): 1025–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315412000756.

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Animal movements in heterogeneous environments shape most ecological processes from individuals to ecosystems. The identification of the processes underlying animal movements thus has critical implications in a wide range of fields. Changes in the motion behaviour of free-ranging species have mainly been reported across different spatial scales but have been less investigated over time. Here the processes potentially triggering temporal changes in movement, microhabitat occupation and distribution patterns of the intertidal herbivorous gastropod Nerita atramentosa were examined on a south Australian rocky shore during 8 successive daytime low tides considered in four different months. The observed temporal shift in microhabitat occupation and aggregation behaviour was likely an adaptation to both abiotic and biotic stressors such as temperature and food distribution. In contrast, the temporal changes observed in N. atramentosa motion behaviour are consistent with optimal foraging strategies driven by the presumed variability in both microalgal density and distribution. Individuals seemed to switch from an extensive foraging strategy in February and May to an intensive strategy in August and October. Specifically, N. atramentosa seemed to adopt two different foraging strategies, a Lévy-like foraging strategy in May and a ballistic foraging strategy in February when the resources are expected to be respectively non-depleted and depleted. The Brownian foraging strategy theoretically expected under high food density conditions was however not observed. The potential role of the behavioural flexibility observed in N. atramentosa motion behaviour is discussed in relation to the persistence of this species under disrupted environmental conditions.

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Heth, G., E. M. Golenberg, and E. Nevo. "Foraging strategy in a subterranean rodent, Spalax ehrenbergi: a test case for optimal foraging theory." Oecologia 79, no. 4 (June 1989): 496–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00378667.

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Kirikova, T. A. "On the Diet and Foraging Strategy of Tundra Waders at Sivash." Vestnik Zoologii 51, no. 6 (December 1, 2017): 509–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/vzoo-2017-0061.

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Abstract The feeding on aquatic invertebrates, intensity and efficiency of forage intake were studied at the Sivash lagoons in 1995–2002 by the example of 6 wader species (217 birds). The diet composition significantly varied from seeds of plants to different species of aquatic and soil organisms. The diet at Eastern Sivash was based on Polychaeta, at Central Sivash — on Crustacea and chironomid larvae (Insecta). Foraging intensity depended on the abundance of main prey and the size of prey items taken. We distinguished the studied wader species as “probers” and “gatherers” of forage. The highest foraging intensity among “probers” and “gatherers” were observed at the Sivash lagoons in feeding sites with a high number of chironomid larvae, and the lowest one — in feeding sites with a polychaeta worm Hediste diversicolor. The wader foraging intensity was associated with high density and availability of prey items: at Central Sivash — chironomid larvae and brine shrimps (Artemia salina), at Eastern Sivash — chironomid larvae and polychaetes. Results of the stomach analysis and obtained correlations indicate a determinative role of polychaetes, molluscs, brine shrimps and chironomids in the foraging behaviour and distribution of the studied species of waders at migratory stopovers of the Azov-Black Sea Region.

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Drago, Massimiliano, Luís Cardona, Enrique A. Crespo, Néstor García, Santiago Ameghino, and Alex Aguilar. "Change in the foraging strategy of female South American sea lions (Carnivora: Pinnipedia) after parturition." Scientia Marina 74, no. 3 (June 7, 2010): 589–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/scimar.2010.74n3589.

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Samuelson, Mystera M., Ashley Millan Ambert, Cristina Díaz Clark, and Moby Solangi. "Description of a Unique Solitary Feeding Strategy Observed in Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in the Biloxi Marsh, Louisiana." Animal Behavior and Cognition 7, no. 4 (November 1, 2020): 505–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.26451/abc.07.04.03.2020.

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Bottlenose dolphins’ (Tursiops truncatus) foraging strategies in the Biloxi Marsh have received little attention when compared with other comparable habitats in the southeastern United States. Previous reports of dolphin foraging in this region have included sophisticated strategies such as strand feeding but have not included a detailed analysis of the observed behavior. Dolphins were observed performing a unique solitary foraging strategy, termed marsh bank feeding. Although this behavior was observed to occasionally result in stranding upon the marsh bank, it is argued here that the observed behavior is fundamentally different than the definitions for strand feeding, as well as other prominent shallow water foraging strategies. Video footage resulting from observations made between 2013 and 2019 were analyzed in order to establish the components of the behavior, enabling a detailed comparison to other dolphin foraging strategies.

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Li, Ya. "Study of the interactive effect of prey toxin and optimal foraging strategy on a predator–prey model." International Journal of Biomathematics 11, no. 04 (May 2018): 1850050. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s179352451850050x.

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The optimal foraging theory predicts that predators choose prey with more net rate of energy intake and less energy costs if there are multiple food sources available. Toxins are found in many species in nature. Those toxins may be produced by prey as self-protection from predatory animals, or come from other sources such as pesticide residue. Therefore, it requires a balance between energy intake and toxicity damage. In order to study the interactive effect of prey toxin and optimal foraging strategy, we construct a predator–prey model with toxin-induced functional response and optimal foraging property. Dynamical analysis shows that the optimal strategy system presents more complex dynamical behavior than the fixed preference system. We conclude that optimal foraging strategy might play a key role in stabilizing or destabilizing the coexistence states of the species in the system, depending on the level of prey toxins.

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Lewis, E. E., S. Selvan, J. F. Campbell, and R. Gaugler. "Changes in foraging behaviour during the infective stage of entomopathogenic nematodes." Parasitology 110, no. 5 (June 1995): 583–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182000065306.

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SUMMARYStudies of foraging strategies are often complicated by competing goals of the forager. In contrast, non-feeding infective juvenile entomopathogenic nematodes forage exclusively for a single host. Two questions were posed: (1) what is the relationship between metabolic rate, energy reserves and foraging strategy and (2) when a foraging strategy fails, will an infective-stage parasite switch strategies? Three species of entomopathogenic nematodes were stored in water and changes in their behaviour, metabolic rate, energy reserves, and infectivity were measured throughout the storage period. Steinernema carpocapsae ambushes insect hosts, whereas S. glaseri and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora cruise forage. Steinernema carpocapsae was least active and had the lowest metabolic rate. Heterorhabditis bacteriophora was more active and had the highest metabolic rate. Steinernema glaseri was most active and had an intermediate metabolic rate. Neither cruising species changed foraging strategy. Steinernema carpocapsae decreased nictation (a behaviour associated with ambushing only) and increased their locomotory rate. Any change in searching strategy occurred without assessment of the profitability or distribution of potential hosts, but the advantage this confers is unknown.

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Ma, Wen Yao, and Jia Xuan Yang. "Collision Avoidance Strategy Optimization of Ship’s Speed Alteration with Bacterial Foraging Algorithm." Applied Mechanics and Materials 278-280 (January 2013): 1318–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.278-280.1318.

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When ship navigates at sea, collision avoidance of ship’s speed alteration is frequently adopted by officer on watch in order to prevent from forming collision situation with target ship(s). Bacterial foraging algorithm (BFA) that imitates the social foraging behavior of Escherichia coli is an optimal search method suitable for complex problems. This research adopts the bacterial foraging algorithm to find the speed alteration collision avoidance strategy from an economical viewpoint, combining the international regulations for preventing collisions at sea (COLREGS) and the safety domain of ship. An optimal time of changing speed, amplitude of speed alteration and navigation restoration time will also be provided. The effectiveness of the algorithm has been verified by simulation. The study offers new thinking and a practical method for collision avoidance decision.

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Balent, Karla L., and Paul T. Andreadis. "The Mixed Foraging Strategy of Juvenile Northern Water Snakes." Journal of Herpetology 32, no. 4 (December 1998): 575. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1565213.

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Barbosa, Andrés. "Foraging strategy and predator avoidance behaviour: an intraspecific approach." Acta Oecologica 18, no. 6 (November 1997): 615–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1146-609x(97)80046-x.

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Jain, Arvind Kumar, Suresh Chandra Srivastava, Sri Niwas Singh, and Laxmi Srivastava. "Bacteria foraging optimization based bidding strategy under transmission congestion." IEEE Systems Journal 9, no. 1 (March 2015): 141–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jsyst.2013.2258229.

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Jeon, Wonju, Sheon-Young Kang, Nan-Yao Su, and Sang-Hee Lee. "A Constraint Condition for Foraging Strategy in Subterranean Termites." Journal of Insect Science 10, no. 146 (September 2010): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1673/031.010.14106.

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Moroz, Irene M., Roger Cropp, and John Norbury. "Chaos in plankton models: Foraging strategy and seasonal forcing." Ecological Modelling 332 (July 2016): 103–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2016.04.011.

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Chen, Huang, Lide Wang, Jun Di, and Shen Ping. "Bacterial Foraging Optimization Based on Self-Adaptive Chemotaxis Strategy." Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience 2020 (May 27, 2020): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/2630104.

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Bacterial foraging optimization (BFO) algorithm is a novel swarm intelligence optimization algorithm that has been adopted in a wide range of applications. However, at present, the classical BFO algorithm still has two major drawbacks: one is the fixed step size that makes it difficult to balance exploration and exploitation abilities; the other is the weak connection among the bacteria that takes the risk of getting to the local optimum instead of the global optimum. To overcome these two drawbacks of the classical BFO, the BFO based on self-adaptive chemotaxis strategy (SCBFO) is proposed in this paper. In the SCBFO algorithm, the self-adaptive chemotaxis strategy is designed considering two aspects: the self-adaptive swimming based on bacterial search state features and the improvement of chemotaxis flipping based on information exchange strategy. The optimization results of the SCBFO algorithm are analyzed with the CEC 2015 benchmark test set and compared with the results of the classical and other improved BFO algorithms. Through the test and comparison, the SCBFO algorithm proves to be effective in reducing the risk of local convergence, balancing the exploration and the exploitation, and enhancing the stability of the algorithm. Hence, the major contribution in this research is the SCBFO algorithm that provides a novel and practical strategy to deal with more complex optimization tasks.

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Lin, Cheng-Jian, and Hsueh-Yi Lin. "Mobile robot wall-following control using a fuzzy cerebellar model articulation controller with group-based strategy bacterial foraging optimization." International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems 14, no. 4 (July 1, 2017): 172988141772087. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1729881417720872.

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In this study, a fuzzy cerebellar model articulation controller based on group-based strategy bacterial foraging optimization is proposed for mobile robot wall-following control. In fuzzy cerebellar model articulation controller, the inputs are the distance between the sonar and the wall, and the outputs are the angular velocity of two wheels. The proposed group-based strategy bacterial foraging optimization learning algorithm is used to adjust the parameters of fuzzy cerebellar model articulation controller model. The proposed group-based strategy bacterial foraging optimization has the advantages of global search, evolutionary strategies, and group evolution to speed up the convergent rate. A new fitness function is defined to evaluate the performance of mobile robot wall-following control. The fitness function includes four assessment factors which are defined as follows: (1) maintaining safe distance between the mobile robot and the wall, (2) ensuring successfully running a cycle, (3) avoiding mobile robot collisions, and (4) mobile robot running at a maximum speed. The experimental results show that the proposed group-based strategy bacterial foraging optimization obtains a better wall-following control than other methods in unknown environments.

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Rosenbaum, Barry, Richard P. Reading, Garam Tsogtjargal, Sukh Amgalanbaatar, and Sebastien Comte. "Seasonal variation in the foraging activity of desert argali (Ovis ammon) in Mongolia." Canadian Journal of Zoology 97, no. 10 (October 2019): 931–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2018-0239.

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Debate remains whether energy maximization or time minimization strategies best explain foraging in ungulates. It has also been hypothesized that the capacity of an animal to dissipate body heat regulates animal activity. We investigated these hypotheses while measuring the daily activity of desert argali (Ovis ammon (Linnaeus,1758)) for 12 months and relating the activity pattern to environmental seasonality. We found significant seasonal cycles in argali activity, with the greatest proportion of daytime in winter spent foraging and the greatest proportion of daytime in summer spent bedding. Consistent with an energy maximization strategy, argali reduced all behaviors during the winter in favor of foraging, compensating for the increased energy demands of winter at a time of low forage quality. Consistent with a time minimization strategy, argali in summer significantly reduced foraging and spent more time bedding in shaded areas to avoid hyperthermia due to high ambient temperatures. Both optimal foraging and heat dissipation can be used to explain the observed foraging pattern. Foraging behavior in argali is best described by the extent to which the animals schedule their activities to meet their physiological demands, the way these demands are affected by environmental variables, and the time that is available to accomplish them.

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Billard, Pauline, Alexandra K. Schnell, Nicola S. Clayton, and Christelle Jozet-Alves. "Cuttlefish show flexible and future-dependent foraging cognition." Biology Letters 16, no. 2 (February 2020): 20190743. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2019.0743.

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Some animals optimize their foraging activity by learning and memorizing food availability, in terms of quantity and quality, and adapt their feeding behaviour accordingly. Here, we investigated whether cuttlefish flexibly adapt their foraging behaviour according to the availability of their preferred prey. In Experiment 1, cuttlefish switched from a selective to an opportunistic foraging strategy (or vice versa ) when the availability of their preferred prey at night was predictable versus unpredictable. In Experiment 2, cuttlefish exhibited day-to-day foraging flexibility, in response to experiencing changes in the proximate future (i.e. preferred prey available on alternate nights). In Experiment 1, the number of crabs eaten during the day decreased when shrimp (i.e. preferred food) were predictably available at night, while the consumption of crabs during the day was maintained when shrimp availability was unpredictable. Cuttlefish quickly shifted from one strategy to the other, when experimental conditions were reversed. In Experiment 2, cuttlefish only reduced their consumption of crabs during the daytime when shrimps were predictably available the following night. Their daytime foraging behaviour appeared dependent on shrimps' future availability. Overall, cuttlefish can adopt dynamic and flexible foraging behaviours including selective, opportunistic and future-dependent strategies, in response to changing foraging conditions.

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Talamali, Mohamed S., Thomas Bose, Matthew Haire, Xu Xu, James A. R. Marshall, and Andreagiovanni Reina. "Sophisticated collective foraging with minimalist agents: a swarm robotics test." Swarm Intelligence 14, no. 1 (October 10, 2019): 25–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11721-019-00176-9.

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Abstract How groups of cooperative foragers can achieve efficient and robust collective foraging is of interest both to biologists studying social insects and engineers designing swarm robotics systems. Of particular interest are distance-quality trade-offs and swarm-size-dependent foraging strategies. Here, we present a collective foraging system based on virtual pheromones, tested in simulation and in swarms of up to 200 physical robots. Our individual agent controllers are highly simplified, as they are based on binary pheromone sensors. Despite being simple, our individual controllers are able to reproduce classical foraging experiments conducted with more capable real ants that sense pheromone concentration and follow its gradient. One key feature of our controllers is a control parameter which balances the trade-off between distance selectivity and quality selectivity of individual foragers. We construct an optimal foraging theory model that accounts for distance and quality of resources, as well as overcrowding, and predicts a swarm-size-dependent strategy. We test swarms implementing our controllers against our optimality model and find that, for moderate swarm sizes, they can be parameterised to approximate the optimal foraging strategy. This study demonstrates the sufficiency of simple individual agent rules to generate sophisticated collective foraging behaviour.

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Poupart, Timothée A., Susan M. Waugh, Akiko Kato, and John P. Y. Arnould. "Foraging niche overlap during chick-rearing in the sexually dimorphic Westland petrel." Royal Society Open Science 7, no. 11 (November 2020): 191511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.191511.

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Most Procellariform seabirds are pelagic, breed in summer when prey availability peaks, and migrate for winter. They also display a dual foraging strategy (short and long trips) and sex-specific foraging. The Westland petrel Procellaria westlandica , a New Zealand endemic, is one of the rare seabirds breeding in winter. Preliminary findings on this large and sexually dimorphic petrel suggest a foraging behaviour with no evidence of a dual strategy, within a narrow range and with shared areas between sexes. To investigate further this unusual strategy, the present study determined the fine-scale at-sea behaviours (global positioning system and accelerometer data loggers) and trophic niches (stable isotopes in whole blood) of chick-rearing individuals (16 males and 13 females). All individuals foraged on the shelf-slope of the west coast of New Zealand's South Island with short, unimodal trips. Both sexes foraged at similar intensity without temporal, spatial or isotopic niche segregation. These findings suggest the presence of a winter prey resource close to the colony, sufficient to satisfy the nutritional needs of breeding without increasing the foraging effort or intra-specific competition avoidance during winter. Additional data are needed to assess the consistency of foraging niche between the sexes and its reproductive outcomes in view of anticipated environmental changes.

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Beers, Chris E., and Joseph M. Culp. "Plasticity in foraging behaviour of a lotic minnow (Rhinichthys cataractae) in response to different light intensities." Canadian Journal of Zoology 68, no. 1 (January 1, 1990): 101–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z90-014.

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Unlike most cyprinids, the longnose dace (Rhinichthys cataractae) forages primarily at night in streams in southern Alberta. This nocturnal strategy may result from intrinsic capabilities, like dark-adapted vision, or extrinsic constraints due to biotic interactions during the day. Our objectives were to determine, in the absence of biotic interactions such as predation and competition, (i) whether this foraging habit maximized the foraging ability of the dace in terms of search time, reaction distance, and attack efficiency; and (ii) if dace foraging behaviour was sufficiently plastic to adjust to changes in light intensity. All measures of foraging ability were superior under twilight conditions. Although search times in starlight were double those in twilight, this increase was much smaller than was predicted using a hemispherical search volume model. The daces' ability to offset small nocturnal search volumes was accomplished by changing their pattern of search behaviour. In particular, use of a benthic rooting behaviour increased, and we hypothesize that this behaviour is associated with location of prey by olfaction. Although the nocturnal foraging strategy of dace does not appear to maximize net energy gain, this strategy may be a response to other constraints, such as high predation risk during diel periods with increased illumination.

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Kernaléguen, L., Y. Cherel, C. Guinet, and J. P. Y. Arnould. "Mating success and body condition not related to foraging specializations in male fur seals." Royal Society Open Science 3, no. 7 (July 2016): 160143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.160143.

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Individual specialization is widespread among wild populations. While its fitness consequences are central in predicting the ecological and evolutionary trajectories of populations, they remain poorly understood. Long-term individual foraging specializations occur in male Antarctic ( Arctocephalus gazella ) and Australian ( A. pusillus doriferus ) fur seals. Strong selective pressure is expected in these highly dimorphic and polygynous species, raising the question of the fitness payoffs associated with different foraging strategies. We investigated the relationship between individual isotopic niche (a proxy of foraging specialization), body size and condition, and an index of reproductive success (harem size) in territorial males. Individuals varied greatly in their skin and fur isotopic values reflecting a range of foraging strategies within the two populations. However, in both species, isotopic niche was not correlated to body size, condition or mating success ( R 2 / ρ < 0.06). Furthermore, no foraging niche was predominant in either species, which would have indicated a substantial long-term fitness benefit of a particular strategy via a higher survival rate. These results suggest that the fitness consequences of a foraging strategy depend not only on the quality of prey and feeding habitat but also on an individual's hunting efficiency and skills.

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Britton, N. F., T. R. Stickland, and N. R. Franks. "Analysis of Ant Foraging Algorithms." Journal of Biological Systems 06, no. 04 (December 1998): 315–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218339098000212.

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We consider some models of ant foraging and recruitment behaviour that depend on each individual ant following a simple algorithm. Self-organisation enables the colony as a whole to establish a foraging strategy in the absence of any hierarchical control. In this paper we investigate how the effectiveness of such a foraging strategy depends on the persistence of the signals used by the individual ants and on the errors they make in following such signals. The use of inhibitory as well as excitatory signals is considered, and shown to be extremely effective in certain circumstances. This is interesting, as such signals have never been observed in real ant colonies. Such models are often investigated by simulation, but we approach them from the point of view of statistical mechanics. Looked at another way, which yields some insight, we approximate the stochastic process that models the system by a diffusion process with small diffusion parameter. This approach does not replace simulation, but supplements it. Its advantage is that it can elucidate the role of parameters more clearly and using much less computer time than simulation, but its disadvantage is that many simplifying assumptions must be made before the problem is amenable to analytic treatment.

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Gardiner, James D., Jonathan R. Codd, and Robert L. Nudds. "An association between ear and tail morphologies of bats and their foraging style." Canadian Journal of Zoology 89, no. 2 (February 2011): 90–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z10-096.

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Most studies relating bat morphology to flight ecology have concentrated on the wing membrane. Here, canonical variance analysis showed that the ear and tail morphologies of bats also strongly relate to foraging strategy, which in turn is correlated with flight style. Variations in tail membrane morphology are likely to be a trade-off between increases in the mechanical cost of flight and improvements in foraging and flight performance. Flying with large ears is also potentially energetically expensive, particularly at high flight speeds. Large ears, therefore, are only likely to be affordable for slow foraging gleaning bat species. Bats with faster foraging flight styles tend to have smaller ears, possibly to cut the overall drag produced and reduce the power required for flight. Variations in the size of ears and tail membranes appear to be driven primarily by foraging strategy and not by body size, because the scaling relationships found are either weak or not significant. Ear size in bats may be a result of a trade-off between acoustic and aerodynamic performance.

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Nunes, José De Anchieta C. C., Renato H. A. Freitas, José A. Reis-Filho, Miguel Loiola, and Cláudio L. S. Sampaio. "Feeding behaviour of the common dolphinfish Coryphaena hippurus: older fish use more complex foraging strategies." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 95, no. 6 (May 20, 2015): 1277–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002531541500065x.

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The common dolphinfish (Coryphaena hippurus) is widely distributed and represents an important part of the currently exploited fishery resources. This species’ feeding behaviour, however, is poorly understood. This study aimed to investigate the feeding behaviour of dolphinfish and the effect of body size (and the consequently aggregated learning experience) on the strategies used for capturing their prey. Observations were made from an oil platform in north-eastern Brazil. Dolphinfish length was visually estimated and classified into three size classes. The following foraging strategies were observed in our study: ‘active chasing’, ‘leaping out’, ‘swimming in circles’, ‘surf’, ‘using floating objects’ and ‘cleaning turtle carapaces’. The most frequently used foraging strategy was ‘active chasing’, suggesting a strong preference of dolphinfish in using visual cues during predation. Smaller size-classes of dolphinfish did not perform the ‘swimming in circles’ and ‘surf’ strategy, probably due to a lack of learning experience, since further social interactions could be needed in order to show this strategy. Smaller dolphinfish regularly showed the ‘using floating objects’ as a foraging strategy, probably reflecting an opportunistic behaviour. The smallest individuals were using more simple strategies, to chase smaller prey that could have different and less complex escape strategies. It indicates learning experience could play an important role into the dolphinfish ontogeny, moving towards more complex foraging strategies throughout their lives. Independently of the age class, the dolphinfish displayed a varied repertory of foraging strategies, maximizing hunting success in the open ocean, a hostile pelagic environment with a low prey availability.

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Barclay, Robert M. R. "Long- versus short-range foraging strategies of hoary (Lasiurus cinereus) and silver-haired (Lasionycteris noctivagans) bats and the consequences for prey selection." Canadian Journal of Zoology 63, no. 11 (November 1, 1985): 2507–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z85-371.

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Habitat use, temporal activity, foraging behaviour, and prey selection of hoary bats (Lasiurus cinereus) and silver-haired bats (Lasionycteris noctivagans) were studied at Delta Marsh, Manitoba. Bat activity was assessed by monitoring echolocation calls with ultrasonic detectors. Prey availability was determined using sticky and Malaise traps and dietary information was obtained from fecal analysis. Both species were active all night and foraged primarily in the lee of a narrow forested ridge. Lasionycteris noctivagans foraged in a manner that indicates that it detects and pursues prey over short distances. These bats fly slowly, are highly manoeuverable, and were commonly observed feeding on swarms of insects in small clearings. They use echolocation calls that support the notion of a short-range foraging strategy and feed opportunistically on whatever insects are available. Lasiurus cinereus, on the other hand, uses a long-range prey detection and pursuit foraging strategy. They fly rapidly along straight line paths in open areas and use echolocation calls designed to detect insects at a distance. The diet consists primarily of large insects (moths, beetles, and dragonflies), but the bats nonetheless feed opportunistically. The foraging strategy likely restricts the availability and profitability of small insects as prey.

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Zhao, Kun, Raja Jurdak, Jiajun Liu, David Westcott, Branislav Kusy, Hazel Parry, Philipp Sommer, and Adam McKeown. "Optimal Lévy-flight foraging in a finite landscape." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 12, no. 104 (March 2015): 20141158. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2014.1158.

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We present a simple model to study Lévy-flight foraging with a power-law step-size distribution in a finite landscape with countable targets. We find that different optimal foraging strategies characterized by a wide range of power-law exponent μ opt , from ballistic motion ( μ opt → 1) to Lévy flight (1 < μ opt < 3) to Brownian motion ( μ opt ≥ 3), may arise in adaptation to the interplay between the termination of foraging, which is regulated by the number of foraging steps, and the environmental context of the landscape, namely the landscape size and number of targets. We further demonstrate that stochastic returning can be another significant factor that affects the foraging efficiency and optimality of foraging strategy. Our study provides a new perspective on Lévy-flight foraging, opens new avenues for investigating the interaction between foraging dynamics and the environment and offers a realistic framework for analysing animal movement patterns from empirical data.

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McClintock, James B., Charles D. Amsler, Margaret O. Amsler, and William R. Fraser. "Intertidal foraging by gentoo penguins in a macroalgal raft." Antarctic Science 32, no. 1 (January 29, 2020): 43–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095410201900052x.

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Foraging strategies in gentoo penguins (Pygoscelis papua) have been well studied (e.g. Croxall et al. 1988, Robinson & Hindell 1996, Lescroël et al. 2004, Takahashi et al. 2008, Xavier et al. 2017). The general consensus is this largest member of the three pygoscelid penguins displays both nearshore benthic and pelagic foraging tactics to consume combinations of crustaceans and fish. In a recent study, Carpenter-Kling et al. (2017) reported that gentoos at sub-Antarctic Marion Island displayed a novel foraging strategy that consisted of alternating typical lengthy foraging trips with much shorter nearshore afternoon trips. They suggest the latter foraging behaviour may be a response to suboptimal feeding conditions caused by local environmental change. This novel discovery reinforces the fact that, despite considerable study, not all foraging tactics in penguins have been documented. In this paper, we describe what we believe to be, yet another undocumented foraging tactic employed by gentoos.

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Rigou, Yves, and Magella Guillemette. "Foraging Effort and Pre-Laying Strategy in Breeding Common Eiders." Waterbirds 33, no. 3 (September 2010): 314–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1675/063.033.0307.

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Lewis, Edwin E., and Randy Gaugler. "Entomopathogenic nematode (Rhabdita: Steinernematidae) sex ratio relates to foraging strategy." Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 64, no. 3 (November 1994): 238–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-2011(94)90325-5.

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Tlalka, M., D. P. Bebber, P. R. Darrah, S. C. Watkinson, and M. D. Fricker. "Quantifying dynamic resource allocation illuminates foraging strategy in Phanerochaete velutina." Fungal Genetics and Biology 45, no. 7 (July 2008): 1111–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fgb.2008.03.015.

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Eoche-Bosy, Delphine, Yannick Outreman, Thiago Oliveira Andrade, Liliane Krespi, and Joan van Baaren. "Seasonal variations of host resources influence foraging strategy in parasitoids." Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 161, no. 1 (October 2016): 11–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/eea.12494.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Foraging strategy'

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