Journal articles on the topic 'Foraging behaviour'
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Abou-Shaara, HF. "The foraging behaviour of honey bees, Apis mellifera: a review." Veterinární Medicína 59, No. 1 (February 14, 2014): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/7240-vetmed.
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Foraging behaviour is one of the distinctive behaviours of honey bees, Apis mellifera. This behaviour is the link between the honey bee colony and the ambient environment. Therefore, various in-colony and out-colony factors have an impact on this behaviour, and many studies have been employed to investigate these factors. Foraging behaviour is not advantageous only for the colony and for plant pollination but also has other benefits. In contrast, some disadvantages have also been discovered to be linked with foraging activity. Practically speaking, the control over this behaviour is very important to maximize colony products as well as to increase other agricultural benefits. This paper presents a review on foraging activity including; the regulation of foraging tasks, factors impacting this behaviour, foraging preference, variations between subspecies, monitoring methods as well as the possible methods for controlling this behaviour. As concluded from this review, more work needs to be performed in order to elucidate certain aspects of foraging behaviour.
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Ng, Wen Teng, Mohamad Fizl Sidq Ramji, Jongkar Grinang, and Andrew Alek Tuen. "Foraging Behaviour of Three Shorebird Species on Coastal Mudflats of Southwestern Sarawak." Malaysian Applied Biology 53, no. 1 (March 31, 2024): 169–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.55230/mabjournal.v53i1.2712.
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Many shorebirds are long-distance migrants and they congregate on intertidal mudflats for feeding throughout their non-breeding season. Despite being one of the key staging sites for migratory shorebirds, data on shorebirds foraging ecology in Sarawak is insufficient for the understanding of the interaction between shorebirds and their behaviour. This study aimed to determine the foraging behaviour of Whimbrel (Numenius phaeopus), Bar-tailed Godwit (Limosa lapponica) and Terek Sandpiper (Xenus cinereus) at Asajaya and Buntal mudflats. Data collection of this study was conducted at low tide, during two non-breeding seasons with a total of 12 months of sampling. Focal observations were conducted within a 50 m × 50 m quadrat. A total of 8 exclusive foraging techniques were observed for the three shorebird species, including: pecking, probing, picking, stabbing, snapping, submerging, sweeping and ingesting. Terek Sandpiper displayed all the exclusive foraging behaviours, whereas Whimbrel and Bar-tailed Godwit showed 7 and 5 behaviours, respectively. The three shorebirds also displayed non-exclusive foraging behaviours such as walking, preening and defecating. Spearman correlation test indicates a positive correlation between the foraging behaviours performed among three shorebird species. All three shorebird species adopted similar mixed foraging strategies comprising pecking and probing, with an exception on supplementary behaviours observed in Whimbrel and Terek Sandpiper. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) analysis showed a strong correlation between picking and ingesting behaviours, suggesting a high chance of foraging success with the presence of picking behaviour. The outcome of this study is crucial in understanding how shorebirds maximise their behavioural performance when foraging as well as to assist in formulating better conservation strategies for targeted migratory shorebird species and coastal mudflats.
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Sutherland, William J. "Growth and foraging behaviour." Nature 330, no. 6143 (November 1987): 18–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/330018a0.
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Lian, Xinming, Tongzuo Zhang, Yifan Cao, Jianping Su, and Simon Thirgood. "Road proximity and traffic flow perceived as potential predation risks: evidence from the Tibetan antelope in the Kekexili National Nature Reserve, China." Wildlife Research 38, no. 2 (2011): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr10158.
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Context The risk-disturbance hypothesis predicts that animals exhibit risk-avoidance behaviours when exposed to human disturbance because they perceive the disturbance as a predatory threat. Aims This study aimed to examine whether Tibetan antelopes (Pantholops hodgsoni) exhibit risk-avoidance behaviour with proximity to a major highway and with increasing traffic flow consistent with the risk-disturbance hypothesis. Methods Focal-animal sampling was used to observe the behaviour of Tibetan antelopes. The behaviours were categorised as foraging, vigilance, resting, moving, or other. The time, frequency, and duration of foraging and vigilance were calculated. Key results As distance from the road increased, time spent foraging and foraging duration increased while foraging frequency, time spent being vigilant and vigilance frequency decreased, indicating that there is a risk perception associated with roads. Tibetan antelopes presented more risk-avoidance behaviours during high-traffic periods compared with low-traffic periods. Conclusions Tibetan antelopes exhibited risk-avoidance behaviour towards roads that varied with proximity and traffic levels, which is consistent with the risk-disturbance hypothesis. Implications The consequences of risk-avoidance behaviour should be reflected in wildlife management by considering human disturbance and road design.
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Whittaker, X., H. A. M. Spoolder, S. A. Edwards, S. Corning, and A. B. Lawrence. "The effect of high fibre diet and the provision of straw as a foraging substrate on the development of stereotypic behaviour in group housed sows." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 1997 (1997): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200594861.
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Food restriction appears to be a contributory factor in the development of stereotypic behaviour in sows. The sustained feeding motivation following the ingestion of a small meal of concentrated food results in high levels of foraging in the post-prandial period. In the absence of a suitable foraging substrate to facilitate the expression of complex behaviours, foraging may be channelled into a limited number of highly repetitive behavioural sequences (Lawrence and Terlouw 1993). High fibre diets may mitigate the development of such behaviours (Brouns, Edwards and English 1994) by providing increased gut fill in the post-prandial period, thereby reducing foraging motivation and consequently the need for a foraging substrate. The aim of this study was to examine the interactive effects of a high fibre diet and the provision of straw on levels of stereotypic behaviour in sows.
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Wells, Victoria K. "Foraging: An ecology model of consumer behaviour?" Marketing Theory 12, no. 2 (April 10, 2012): 117–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1470593112441562.
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Foraging theory is a well established set of models and ideas in ecology, anthropology and behavioural psychology. Two areas of research, the behavioural ecology of consumption and information foraging, have made strides in the application of foraging theories in relation to consumption and related behaviours. These focus on online situations and restrictions in methodologies utilized allows application to only a small range of marketing problems. This paper broadens the application of these notions and introduces foraging ideas/terminology to a wider business and marketing audience by contextualizing and comparing with current research in marketing and related areas. The paper makes a number of suggestions for use of the foraging model in both academic and practitioner based environments. The paper ends with discussion of future research on the assembly and wider application of a foraging ecology model of consumer behaviour.
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Freeman, Robin, Ben Dean, Holly Kirk, Kerry Leonard, Richard A. Phillips, Chris M. Perrins, and Tim Guilford. "Predictive ethoinformatics reveals the complex migratory behaviour of a pelagic seabird, the Manx Shearwater." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 10, no. 84 (July 6, 2013): 20130279. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2013.0279.
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Understanding the behaviour of animals in the wild is fundamental to conservation efforts. Advances in bio-logging technologies have offered insights into the behaviour of animals during foraging, migration and social interaction. However, broader application of these systems has been limited by device mass, cost and longevity. Here, we use information from multiple logger types to predict individual behaviour in a highly pelagic, migratory seabird, the Manx Shearwater ( Puffinus puffinus ). Using behavioural states resolved from GPS tracking of foraging during the breeding season, we demonstrate that individual behaviours can be accurately predicted during multi-year migrations from low cost, lightweight, salt-water immersion devices. This reveals a complex pattern of migratory stopovers: some involving high proportions of foraging, and others of rest behaviour. We use this technique to examine three consecutive years of global migrations, revealing the prominence of foraging behaviour during migration and the importance of highly productive waters during migratory stopover.
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Nowacek, Douglas. "SEQUENTIAL FORAGING BEHAVIOUR OF BOTTLENOSE DOLPHINS, TURSIOPS TRUNCATUS, IN SARASOTA BAY, FL." Behaviour 139, no. 9 (2002): 1125–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685390260437290.
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AbstractDetailed analyses of dolphin foraging behaviour have typically been difficult due to researchers' inability to observe entire foraging sequences. Using a new observational tool I was able to observe sequences of behaviours leading to successful prey captures, including behaviours not previously described in Sarasota Bay dolphins. I defined a set of specific foraging behaviours and demonstrated their position in successful sequences by analyzing the conditional probability of their occurrence based the occurrence of a capture. The sequences of behaviours dolphins used were not deterministic, and individual dolphins displayed different behavioural repertoires. Foraging behaviours occurred at rates of up to 0.5 per minute during general activity categories commonly used in odontocete research, and the current results could assist in the interpretation of these activities.
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Garrod, Aran, Sei Yamamoto, Kentaro Q. Sakamoto, and Katsufumi Sato. "Video and acceleration records of streaked shearwaters allows detection of two foraging behaviours associated with large marine predators." PLOS ONE 16, no. 7 (July 16, 2021): e0254454. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0254454.
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The study of seabird behaviour has largely relied on animal-borne tags to gather information, requiring interpretation to estimate at-sea behaviours. Details of shallow-diving birds’ foraging are less known than deep-diving species due to difficulty in identifying shallow dives from biologging devices. Development of smaller video loggers allow a direct view of these birds’ behaviours, at the cost of short battery capacity. However, recordings from video loggers combined with relatively low power usage accelerometers give a means to develop a reliable foraging detection method. Combined video and acceleration loggers were attached to streaked shearwaters in Funakoshi-Ohshima Island (39°24’N,141°59’E) during the breeding season in 2018. Video recordings were classified into behavioural categories (rest, transit, and foraging) and a detection method was generated from the acceleration signals. Two foraging behaviours, surface seizing and foraging dives, are reported with video recordings. Surface seizing was comprised of successive take-offs and landings (mean duration 0.6 and 1.5s, respectively), while foraging dives were shallow subsurface dives (3.2s mean duration) from the air and water surface. Birds were observed foraging close to marine predators, including dolphins and large fish. Results of the behaviour detection method were validated against video recordings, with mean true and false positive rates of 90% and 0%, 79% and 5%, and 66% and <1%, for flight, surface seizing, and foraging dives, respectively. The detection method was applied to longer duration acceleration and GPS datasets collected during the 2018 and 2019 breeding seasons. Foraging trips lasted between 1 − 8 days, with birds performing on average 16 surface seizing events and 43 foraging dives per day, comprising <1% of daily activity, while transit and rest took up 55 and 40%, respectively. This foraging detection method can address the difficulties of recording shallow-diving foraging behaviour and provides a means to measure activity budgets across shallow diving seabird species.
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Billard, Pauline, Alexandra K. Schnell, Nicola S. Clayton, and Christelle Jozet-Alves. "Cuttlefish show flexible and future-dependent foraging cognition." Biology Letters 16, no. 2 (February 2020): 20190743. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2019.0743.
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Some animals optimize their foraging activity by learning and memorizing food availability, in terms of quantity and quality, and adapt their feeding behaviour accordingly. Here, we investigated whether cuttlefish flexibly adapt their foraging behaviour according to the availability of their preferred prey. In Experiment 1, cuttlefish switched from a selective to an opportunistic foraging strategy (or vice versa ) when the availability of their preferred prey at night was predictable versus unpredictable. In Experiment 2, cuttlefish exhibited day-to-day foraging flexibility, in response to experiencing changes in the proximate future (i.e. preferred prey available on alternate nights). In Experiment 1, the number of crabs eaten during the day decreased when shrimp (i.e. preferred food) were predictably available at night, while the consumption of crabs during the day was maintained when shrimp availability was unpredictable. Cuttlefish quickly shifted from one strategy to the other, when experimental conditions were reversed. In Experiment 2, cuttlefish only reduced their consumption of crabs during the daytime when shrimps were predictably available the following night. Their daytime foraging behaviour appeared dependent on shrimps' future availability. Overall, cuttlefish can adopt dynamic and flexible foraging behaviours including selective, opportunistic and future-dependent strategies, in response to changing foraging conditions.
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Ryan, Peter G., and Deon C. Nel. "Foraging Behaviour of Diving PetrelsPelecanoides." Emu - Austral Ornithology 99, no. 1 (March 1999): 72–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mu99009b.
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Hughes, R. N., M. J. Kaiser, P. A. Mackney, and K. Warburton. "Optimizing foraging behaviour through learning." Journal of Fish Biology 41, sb (December 1992): 77–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1992.tb03870.x.
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Eccard, Jana A., Thilo Liesenjohann, and Melanie Dammhahn. "Among-individual differences in foraging modulate resource exploitation under perceived predation risk." Oecologia 194, no. 4 (November 3, 2020): 621–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00442-020-04773-y.
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AbstractForaging is risky and involves balancing the benefits of resource acquisition with costs of predation. Optimal foraging theory predicts where, when and how long to forage in a given spatiotemporal distribution of risks and resources. However, significant variation in foraging behaviour and resource exploitation remain unexplained. Using single foragers in artificial landscapes of perceived risks and resources with diminishing returns, we aimed to test whether foraging behaviour and resource exploitation are adjusted to risk level, vary with risk during different components of foraging, and (co)vary among individuals. We quantified foraging behaviour and resource exploitation for 21 common voles (Microtus arvalis). By manipulating ground cover, we created simple landscapes of two food patches varying in perceived risk during feeding in a patch and/or while travelling between patches. Foraging of individuals was variable and adjusted to risk level and type. High risk during feeding reduced feeding duration and food consumption more strongly than risk while travelling. Risk during travelling modified the risk effects of feeding for changes between patches and resulting evenness of resource exploitation. Across risk conditions individuals differed consistently in when and how long they exploited resources and exposed themselves to risk. These among-individual differences in foraging behaviour were associated with consistent patterns of resource exploitation. Thus, different strategies in foraging-under-risk ultimately lead to unequal payoffs and might affect lower trophic levels in food webs. Inter-individual differences in foraging behaviour, i.e. foraging personalities, are an integral part of foraging behaviour and need to be fully integrated into optimal foraging theory.
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Sánchez-Hernández, Javier, and Fernando Cobo. "Foraging behaviour of brown trout in wild populations: can population density cause behaviourally-mediated foraging specializations?" Animal Biology 63, no. 4 (2013): 425–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15707563-00002423.
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Brown trout is considered as a territorial fish, in which negative density effects on growth and survival rates can be mediated through competition mechanisms. Here, in order to examine whether competition mechanisms can affect the foraging behaviour of wildSalmo truttawith respect to active-bottom, benthic-drift or surface-drift foraging, three neighbouring populations under different levels of fish density (high, intermediate and low) were studied. We analysed the foraging behaviour of each population according to niche breadth, prey preferences, the modified Costello graphical method and prey trait analysis. The results revealed a remarkable similarity in the feeding behaviour among these feral fish populations, suggesting a foraging behaviour convergence in response to site-specific prey accessibility. A generalist foraging behaviour was the prevailing feeding strategy, independent of fish density. Hence, this study offered evidence for the occurrence of density-independent individual foraging behaviour when food is abundant and available; however, density-dependent foraging behaviour might occur when resource limitation exists. Studies under natural conditions like the present study are needed to increase ecological realism, and indeed this study opens promising research directions for future feeding studies in territorial fish species.
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Elley, Thor, Thomas Mattern, Ursula Ellenberg, Melanie J. Young, Rachel P. Hickcox, Yolanda van Heezik, and Philip J. Seddon. "Consistent Site-Specific Foraging Behaviours of Yellow-Eyed Penguins/Hoiho Breeding on Stewart Island, New Zealand." Biology 11, no. 6 (May 31, 2022): 844. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology11060844.
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The endangered yellow-eyed penguin/hoiho (Megadyptes antipodes) predominantly forages benthically within its mainland range and shows high foraging site fidelity. Identifying consistencies in foraging locations can allow effective conservation, especially when managing bycatch risk. This study investigated the at-sea distribution of penguins breeding on Stewart Island to explore site-specific foraging strategies and inform fisheries management. During the 2020/21 season, 19 adult breeding yellow-eyed penguins from Port Pegasus, Paterson Inlet, and Codfish Island were fitted with GPS-TDR dive loggers to track their movements and diving behaviours. A total of 25,696 dives were recorded across 91 foraging trips. Birds from Port Pegasus reached significantly greater depths, spent longer at the seafloor, and performed longer dives. They also had the smallest foraging distribution, with most activity concentrated inshore. Compared to Port Pegasus, foraging radii and trip lengths were twice as large for Paterson Inlet and four times larger at Codfish Island. Despite differences in available foraging habitat, considerable individual and intra-site consistency for preferred foraging locations was observed. Localised behaviour and inter-site differences in dive metrics suggest significant plasticity in foraging ecology across their mainland range; however, individual behaviour and preferred foraging locations were extremely predictable. Thus, risk of mortality from fisheries can be quantified and managed accordingly.
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Parisot, M., L. Nagle, E. Vallet, and M. Kreutzer. "Dominance-related foraging in female domesticated canaries under laboratory conditions." Canadian Journal of Zoology 82, no. 8 (August 1, 2004): 1246–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z04-101.
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Many experiments have tested the foraging behaviours of birds relative to their social status. However, results are still not completely clear about the relationship between foraging behaviour and social status in birds. Some studies have shown that dominants use subordinates as food finders, while others show the opposite. Whether dominants search by themselves or wait to exploit the findings of a subordinate is still an unanswered question. For testing these alternative hypotheses, we carried out a laboratory experiment that used female common domesticated canaries, Serinus canaria (L., 1758). We used strict female flocks to avoid any bias based on pair bonds. We looked at the foraging behaviours of females relative to their social status using a foraging board. Our results showed that dominant females behaved as their own food finder. They began searching in the first position and had greater re-search behaviours, which allowed them to find seeds more rapidly than subordinates. Our study showed that foraging behaviour of dominants may be independent of the activities of subordinates. Our results also showed that there was no difference between the number of attacks received by dominants and subordinates when they were on the foraging board, which suggests that subordinates accessed the foraging board less frequently to avoid competition with dominants. We also suggest that environmental conditions may be one explanation for the differences observed among the different studies.
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Kaun, Karla R., and Marla B. Sokolowski. "cGMP-dependent protein kinase: linking foraging to energy homeostasis." Genome 52, no. 1 (January 2009): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g08-090.
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Successful foraging is necessary for procurement of nutritional resources essential for an animal’s survival. Maintenance of foraging and food acquisition is dependent on the ability to balance food intake and energy expenditure. This review examines the role of cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG) as a regulator of foraging behaviour, food acquisition, and energy balance. The role of PKG in food-related behaviours is highly conserved among worms, flies, bees, ants, and mammals. A growing body of literature suggests that PKG plays an integral role in the component behaviours and physiologies underlying foraging behaviour. These include energy acquisition, nutrient absorption, nutrient allocation, nutrient storage, and energy use. New evidence suggests that PKG mediates both neural and physiological mechanisms underlying these processes. This review illustrates how investigating the role of PKG in energy homeostasis in a diversity of organisms can offer a broad perspective on the mechanisms mediating energy balance.
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Suzuki, Toshitaka N., and Nobuyuki Kutsukake. "Foraging intention affects whether willow tits call to attract members of mixed-species flocks." Royal Society Open Science 4, no. 6 (June 2017): 170222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.170222.
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Understanding how individual behaviour influences the spatial and temporal distribution of other species is necessary to resolve the complex structure of species assemblages. Mixed-species bird flocks provide an ideal opportunity to investigate this issue, because members of the flocks are involved in a variety of behavioural interactions between species. Willow tits ( Poecile montanus ) often produce loud calls when visiting a new foraging patch to recruit other members of mixed-species flocks. The costs and benefits of flocking would differ with individual foraging behaviours (i.e. immediate consumption or caching); thus, willow tits may adjust the production of loud calls according to their foraging intention. In this study, we investigated the link between foraging decisions and calling behaviour in willow tits and tested its influence on the temporal cohesion with members of mixed-species flocks. Observations at experimental foraging patches showed that willow tits produced more calls when they consumed food items compared with when they cached them. Playback experiments revealed that these calls attracted flock members and helped to maintain their presence at foraging patches. Thus, willow tits adjusted calling behaviour according to their foraging intention, thereby coordinating the associations with members of mixed-species flocks. Our findings demonstrate the influence of individual decision-making on temporal cohesion with other species and highlight the importance of interspecific communication in mixed-species flocking dynamics.
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Song, Zhiyuan, and Marcus W. Feldman. "Adaptive foraging behaviour of individual pollinators and the coexistence of co-flowering plants." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281, no. 1776 (February 7, 2014): 20132437. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.2437.
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Although pollinators can play a central role in determining the structure and stability of plant communities, little is known about how their adaptive foraging behaviours at the individual level, e.g. flower constancy, structure these interactions. Here, we construct a mathematical model that integrates individual adaptive foraging behaviour and population dynamics of a community consisting of two plant species and a pollinator species. We find that adaptive foraging at the individual level, as a complementary mechanism to adaptive foraging at the species level, can further enhance the coexistence of plant species through niche partitioning between conspecific pollinators. The stabilizing effect is stronger than that of unbiased generalists when there is also strong competition between plant species over other resources, but less so than that of multiple specialist species. This suggests that adaptive foraging in mutualistic interactions can have a very different impact on the plant community structure from that in predator–prey interactions. In addition, the adaptive behaviour of individual pollinators may cause a sharp regime shift for invading plant species. These results indicate the importance of integrating individual adaptive behaviour and population dynamics for the conservation of native plant communities.
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Henderson, Robbie J., and Mark A. Elgar. "Foraging behaviour and the risk of predation in the black house spider, Badumna insignis (Desidae)." Australian Journal of Zoology 47, no. 1 (1999): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo98060.
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Many animals adjust their behaviour according to the presence or threat of predators. However, the foraging behaviour of sit-and-wait predators is typically thought to be inflexible to short-term changes in the environment. Here we investigate the foraging behaviour of the nocturnally active black house spider, Badumna insignis. Experiments in which different kinds of prey were introduced into the web during either the day or night indicated that the foraging success of Badumna is compromised by behaviours that reduce the risk of predation. During the day, spiders generally remain within the retreat and take longer to reach the prey, which may reduce their foraging success. In contrast, spiders sat exposed at the edge of the retreat at night, and from here could usually reach the prey before it escaped. The spiders were able to escape from a model predator more rapidly if they were at the edge of the retreat than if they were out on the web. These data suggest that the costs to Badumna of reduced fecundity through poor foraging efficiency may be outweighed by the benefits of reducing the risk of predation
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JULIANA, JONATHON, and DENCY FLENNY GAWIN. "Foraging Behaviour of Three Sympatric Babblers (Family: Timaliidae)." Trends in Undergraduate Research 3, no. 2 (December 28, 2020): a26–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.33736/tur.2138.2020.
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We investigated the foraging ecology of three species of babblers in Kampung Gumbang, Kampung Padang Pan and Dered Krian National Park, Bau. Vegetation in Kampung Gumbang include tall trees, shrubs and patches of kerangas. Dered Kerian National Park consists of mixed dipterocarp forest and limestone forest, which is surrounded by orchards and few villages. In Kampung Padang Pan, the vegetation is a mixed fruit orchard and secondary forest. Foraging data were obtained to compare foraging behaviour in three species. From 133 observations, suspended dead leaves was the most frequently used substrate by the three species. Stachyris maculate showed the most general foraging behavior, and it adopted probing strategy. Cyanoderma erythropterum and Mixnornis gularis obtained food items by gleaning. These three babblers utilize different foraging strategies and substrates, irrespective of their resemblances in other characteristics. C. erythropterum and S. maculate forage mainly among dead and curled, twisted leaves in understory vegetation at significantly different heights. M. gularis forages on dead and living leaves and this species can be found abundantly in disturbed forest and plantation or farm habitats. All the three areas were observed never lacked falling leaves and structural complexity required as foraging substrates by those three babbler species. All three babblers occupy different foraging niches, and therefore interspecific competitions among themselves are minimized.
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Naikatini, Alivereti N., Gunnar Keppel, Gilianne Brodie, and Sonia Kleindorfer. "Interspecific Competition and Vertical Niche Partitioning in Fiji’s Forest Birds." Diversity 14, no. 3 (March 18, 2022): 223. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d14030223.
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Charles Darwin proposed his ‘principle of divergence’ to account for changes in traits that could promote speciation and coexistence of diverse forms through occupation of different niches to reduce interspecific competition. We explore interspecific foraging behaviour overlap in Fiji’s forest birds, and address two main questions: (1) Is there vertical stratification of foraging behavior? and (2) Is there evidence of interspecific competition driving the differences in foraging behaviour? We explore these questions across three foraging guilds, nectarivores (three species), insectivores (two species), and omnivores (two species), and find vertical portioning of foraging in each group. To investigate the effect of interspecific competition, we compared foraging heights of the Orange-breasted Myzomela (Myzomela jugularis) honeyeater on Viti Levu Island (where it coexists with two other honeyeater species) and Leleuvia Island (no other honeyeater species). On the main island Viti Levu, we found evidence for vertical niche partitioning within each foraging guild. On Leleuvia, with the ‘one-species only foraging guild’, Orange-breasted Myzomela occupied broader vertical foraging niche than on Viti Levu with two other competitor honeyeater species. This result supports the idea that vertical foraging height can be shaped by interspecific competition. The findings of this study support Darwin’s principle of divergence in Fiji’s forest birds for every foraging guild measured and adds to our understanding of the significance of interspecific competition and niche divergence for patterns of ecological speciation on islands.
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Filby, Nicole E., Mike Bossley, and Karen A. Stockin. "Behaviour of free-ranging short-beaked common dolphins (Delphinus delphis) in Gulf St Vincent, South Australia." Australian Journal of Zoology 61, no. 4 (2013): 291. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo12033.
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Common dolphins are subject to large-scale fishing activity and tourism operations in South Australia; however, there is a paucity of data on this species. Understanding the behaviour of a population can contribute greatly to our knowledge of a species and how to manage potential population-level threats. This paper describes the behaviour of short-beaked common dolphins (Delphinus delphis) in Australian waters for the first time. Data were collected from 109 independent dolphin groups during boat-based surveys conducted in Gulf St Vincent, South Australia, between September 2005 and May 2008. Activity budgets were used to assess behaviour of common dolphins in relation to diel patterns, season, water depth, sea surface temperature (SST), group size and composition. Foraging (33.9%) and resting (2.8%) were the most and least frequently observed behaviours, respectively. Travelling (33.0%), socialising (20.2%) and milling (10.1%) accounted for the remainder of the activity budget. Diurnal differences were detected, with foraging (59.5%) and socialising (31.8%) groups most frequently observed from 10.00 to 11.59 hours. Behaviour did not vary seasonally or with water depth, SST, group size or composition. Behaviour varied significantly between single- and multispecies aggregations. Foraging was more frequent in multispecies aggregations, as 78.4% of all foraging behaviour observed for common dolphins occurred in the presence of other species. Multispecies aggregations were most frequently observed with flesh-footed shearwaters (Puffinus carneipes), which were present during 29.4% of common dolphin encounters. Behaviour varied significantly during aggregations with shearwaters, as 62.2% of foraging groups occurred in the presence of shearwaters. Resting, milling or socialising was rarely observed in the presence of any other species, indicating that the primary mechanism for aggregations is likely prey-related.
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van den Hoff, John, and Sam Thalmann. "Direct At-Sea Observations of Elephant Seals (Mirounga spp.) to Help Interpret Digital Bio-logging Data." Open Biology Journal 8, no. 1 (September 25, 2020): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874196702008010001.
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Background: A key short-fall with animal-borne bio-logging instruments, which collect digital time-series data regarding the foraging behaviours of cryptic marine mammal species, is validating those data against in situ behaviours. Objective: To collate direct observations of elephant seal feeding behaviour to help interpret foraging behaviours inferred from Time-Depth Recorder (TDR) data. Methods: Direct observations of elephant seal foraging behaviour were collated from the published literature using a search of the world-wide-web. Those observations were supplemented with an unpublished record. Results: Two deep-sea video recordings and six surface sightings of elephant seals ingesting prey were collated. Each observation either supported or suggested an alternative to behaviours derived from digital time-depth profiles. The tendency for elephant seals to surface following the capture of large prey suggests precipitous drops in stomach temperature at the sea-surface, which have been recorded and interpreted as drinking events, more likely represent the ingestion of large prey items. Conclusion: Direct observations of marine mammal foraging behaviours are rare, yet they provide a means to continuously evaluate and interpret outcomes of bio-logging instruments.
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Luck, Gary, Anne Charmantier, and Pauline Ezanno. "Seasonal and landscape differencesin the foraging behaviour of the Rufous Treecreeper Climacteris rufa." Pacific Conservation Biology 7, no. 1 (2001): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc010009.
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The insectivorous Rufous Treecreeper Climacteris rufa has declined in abundance in the agricultural regions of southwestern Australia. Examining its foraging behaviour is fundamental to identifying important foraging resources and how landscape change (e.g., fragmentation and disturbance) may affect foraging effectiveness. We studied seasonal and landscape differences in the foraging behaviour of the treecreeper in the wheatbelt of Western Australia. Foraging data were collected in autumn and winter in a large, unfragmented landscape and in a highly modified agricultural landscape (winter only) with grazed and ungrazed woodland patches. The ground layer was the most common foraging location used by the species, although there were seasonal differences in foraging behaviour in the unfragmented landscape. In autumn, treecreepers foraged primarily on trees (56% of observations) with a shift to mostly ground foraging in winter (72-74%). The species also preferentially foraged on larger trees. Foraging behaviour differed between the two landscapes within the same season. Treecreepers foraged less on the ground in the agricultural landscape (52%), but this difference is attributed mainly to the low percentage of ground foraging in ungrazed (43%) compared to grazed (60%) patches. In winter and early spring, the ground layer is an important foraging substrate for the Rufous Treecreeper and other woodland birds. Changes to the ground layer and associated invertebrate communities through habitat disturbance (e.g., weed invasion) may be detrimental to the foraging effectiveness of ground-foraging insectivores. This is a potential contributing factor to the decline of these species in the agricultural regions of southern Australia.
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Hutchings, Michael R., Spiridoula Athanasiadou, Ilias Kyriazakis, and Iain J. Gordon. "Can animals use foraging behaviour to combat parasites?" Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 62, no. 2 (May 2003): 361–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/pns2003243.
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Host-parasite interactions are often seen as an arms race, with parasites attempting to overcome host resistance to infection. Herbivory is a common route of transmission of parasites that represents the most pervasive challenge to mammalian growth and reproduction. The present paper reviews the foraging skills of mammalian herbivores in relation to their ability to exploit plant properties to combat parasites. The starting point is that foraging behaviour may ameliorate the impact of parasitism in three ways; hosts could: (1) avoid foraging in areas contaminated with parasites; (2) select diets which increase their resistance to parasites; (3) select for foods containing anti-parasitic properties (self-medication). Details are given of the pre-requisite skills needed by herbivores if they are to combat parasitism via behaviour, i.e. herbivores are able to: (a) determine their parasitic state and alter their behaviour in relation to that state (behaviours 1, 2 and 3); (b) determine the environmental distribution of parasites (behaviour 1); (c) distinguish plant species or plant parts that increase their resistance to parasites (behaviour 2) or have anti-parasitic properties (behaviour 3). Mammalian herbivores cannot detect the presence of the parasites themselves and must rely on cues such as faeces. Despite the use of these cues contacting parasites may be inevitable and so mechanisms to combat parasitism are necessary. Mammalian herbivores have the foraging skills needed to exploit the heterogeneous distributions of nutrients and parasites in complex foraging environments in order to avoid, and increase their resistance to, parasites. Current evidence for the use of plant secondary metabolites (PSM) by herbivores for self-medication purposes remains equivocal. PSM have both positive (anti-parasitic) and negative (toxic) effects on herbivores. Here details are given of an experimental approach using tri-trophic (plant-herbivore-parasite) interactions that could be used to demonstrate self-medication in animals. There is strong evidence suggesting that herbivore hosts have developed the foraging skills needed to take advantage of plant properties to combat parasites and thus use behaviour as a weapon in the host-parasite arms race.
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McDonald-Madden, Eve, Lian K. Akers, Deena J. Brenner, Sarah Howell, Blair W. Patullo, and Mark A. Elgar. "Possums in the park: efficient foraging under the risk of predation or of competition?" Australian Journal of Zoology 48, no. 2 (2000): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo99061.
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Many eutherian mammals adjust their foraging behaviour according to the presence or threat of predators. Here, we examine experimentally whether an urban population of brushtail possums, Trichosurus vulpecula, similarly adjust their foraging behaviour. Our field experiments manipulated the quantity of food items in artificial feeders placed at different distances from trees. These experiments showed that the possums remained longer at feeders placed far from the trees, but their foraging behaviour did not change with the initial amount of food. The scanning behaviour of possums did not simply increase with distance from the trees, as predicted from studies of other vertebrates. Nevertheless, the number of physical conflicts between individuals increased as the amount of available food decreased. These data suggest that the changes in the foraging behaviour of the possums in this population do not reflect a simple trade-off between foraging efficiency and the risk of predation or competition.
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Lidgard, Damian C., Daryl J. Boness, W. Don Bowen, and Jim I. McMillan. "Diving behaviour during the breeding season in the terrestrially breeding male grey seal: implications for alternative mating tactics." Canadian Journal of Zoology 81, no. 6 (June 1, 2003): 1025–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z03-085.
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We examined the diving behaviour of breeding male grey seals (Halichoerus grypus) at Sable Island, Nova Scotia, from 1997 to 2001. The proportion of time spent at sea varied between 0 and 78% (N = 30). Males engaged in deep (43.4 ± 3.3 m (mean ± SE), N = 27) diving, and these dives were clustered into bouts, which mostly occurred during long trips (62.2 ± 14.7 h). We suggest that males spent time foraging during deep dives. Shallow diving (5.9 ± 0.1 m, N = 27) accounted for 40.8% of dives, which were also clustered into bouts that mostly occurred during short trips (2.1 ± 0.37 h). We suggest that shallow diving comprised a suite of behaviours, but included little foraging behaviour. Phenotypic traits had little influence on diving behaviour. Further work is required to understand the extent to which foraging behaviour enhances reproductive success, and whether shallow diving is a component of the mating tactics of male grey seals at Sable Island.
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Muller, CG, BL Chilvers, RK French, and PF Battley. "Diving plasticity in the ancestral range of the yellow-eyed penguin Megadyptes antipodes, an endangered marine predator." Marine Ecology Progress Series 648 (August 27, 2020): 191–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps13415.
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In long-lived marine predators such as penguins, foraging behaviour is related to breeding success. Yellow-eyed penguins Megadyptes antipodes are thought to be predominantly benthic foragers around mainland New Zealand, with previous dive studies showing little variation in diving behaviour and minimal change by year or breeding status. This apparent absence of foraging flexibility may be linked to local prey availability and therefore also to foraging success, factors believed to contribute to the current population decline. Here, we undertook the first detailed study of yellow-eyed penguin diving and foraging behaviour in the subantarctic Auckland Islands, part of the original ancestral range of the species that colonised mainland New Zealand. We collected dive logs from 134 foraging trips made by 73 breeders from Enderby Island, Auckland Islands, in the New Zealand subantarctic. Pelagic dives and foraging trips were recorded in the subantarctic population—a foraging strategy not previously published in dive studies on this species. Changes between benthic and pelagic foraging were recorded for individuals within foraging trips, within a breeding season, and between years. Differences in diving behaviour between the subantarctic and that reported for mainland New Zealand are likely influenced by local bathymetry and environmental conditions, and prey availability. However, the subantarctic population shows a greater use of pelagic foraging not evident in the northern population, even in areas that have a similar depth to some mainland foraging areas. This observed foraging flexibility may have implications for breeding success and potentially the long-term population trends of these 2 genetically similar populations.
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Owen, Kylie, K. Curt S. Jenner, Micheline-Nicole M. Jenner, Robert D. McCauley, and Russel D. Andrews. "Water temperature correlates with baleen whale foraging behaviour at multiple scales in the Antarctic." Marine and Freshwater Research 70, no. 1 (2019): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf17288.
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How baleen whales locate prey and how environmental change may influence whale foraging success are not well understood. Baleen whale foraging habitat has largely been described at a population level, yet population responses to change are the result of individual strategies across multiple scales. This study aimed to determine how the foraging behaviour of individual whales varied relative to environmental conditions along their movement path. Biotelemetry devices provided information on humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) movement at two spatial scales in East Antarctica, and a mixed modelling approach was used at a medium scale (tens of kilometres) to determine which environmental factors correlated with a change in foraging behaviour. Water temperature was linked to a change in foraging behaviour at both spatial scales. At the medium scale, warmer water was associated with the resident state, commonly assumed to represent periods of foraging behaviour. However, fine-scale analyses suggested that cooler water was associated with a higher feeding rate. Variation in whale foraging behaviour with changes in water temperature adds support to the hypothesis that whales may be able to track environmental conditions to find prey. Future research should investigate this pattern further, given the predicted rise in water temperatures under climate-change scenarios.
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Kotler, BP, JS Brown, and WA Mitchell. "The Role of Predation in Shaping the Behavior, Morphology and Community Organization of Desert Rodents." Australian Journal of Zoology 42, no. 4 (1994): 449. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo9940449.
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Predation greatly influences many aspects of the ecology of desert rodents, from foraging behaviour to mechanisms of species coexistence to the evolution of specialised morphologies. Using a foraging-theory approach, we examine consequences of predation for assemblages of desert rodents from North America and the Middle East. In particular, we review experimental evidence that examines the influence of predation on foraging costs and foraging behaviour, explore how predation can act to structure communities, and discuss the role that predation may have played in the evolution of bipedal locomotion. Finally, we compare the importance of predation for the evolution of anti-predator behaviours and morphology, for population dynamics, and for community processes, with its magnitude and heterogeneity. In regard to foraging behaviour, desert rodents treat the risk of predation as a cost of foraging. They combine assessments of food and safety to arrive at foraging decisions, exploiting resource patches less intensively in response to increased predatory risk. The cost of predation can be up to 91% of the foraging costs of desert rodents, but the proportion is greater for Middle Eastern rodents than for North American rodents. In regard to community structure, predation can provide the niche axis as well as the necessary tradeoff for species coexistence. Despite the importance of predation in shaping the foraging behaviour of desert rodents, predation may not always influence species coexistence. Predation contributes to species coexistence at sites in the Sonoran and Great Basin deserts. But in the Negev Desert, where predation costs are the greatest, predation does not provide a mechanism of species coexistence. In regard to bipedal locomotion, predation most likely confers superior ability to avoid predators by improving sprint speed and ability to take evasive action, but at the expense of foraging ability in safe microhabitats. The evolution of bipedality will be favoured by situations where the risk of predation is great: the open microhabitat is riskier than the bush, the richest patches are found in the riskiest places, and rich patches are far apart. The magnitude of predatory risk will affect the evolution of anti-predator behaviour and morphologies. However, the importance of predation in community processes is not determined by its magnitude, but by its heterogeneity in time and space relative to the abilities of potentially coexisting species.
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Smith, A., and H. Gray. "Goldfish in a tank: the effect of substrate on foraging behaviour in aquarium fish." Animal Welfare 20, no. 3 (August 2011): 311–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0962728600002876.
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AbstractThe welfare of captive animals is influenced by their ability to express natural behaviours. Foraging is one behaviour that may be particularly important in this respect; many species will continue to work for food even when it is freely available. The role of substrate, and in particular particle size, on the foraging behaviour of goldfish (Carassius auratus) was examined through three repeated measures experiments. In the first, tanks were set up with five uniform substrates: plastic grid, coarse sand, fine gravel, pebbles, and cobbles. In the second, fish were provided with a choice between coarse sand and fine gravel, fine gravel and pebbles, and pebbles and cobbles. In the third, they were provided with two choices between coarse sand and cobbles, one where the sand contained more food and one where the cobbles did. Our results show that particle size significantly affected the amount of time goldfish spent foraging, and that goldfish exhibited foraging behaviour even in the absence of a substrate they can manipulate. Goldfish foraged longest when provided with coarse sand. Fish foraged significantly longer over smaller particle size substrates when given a choice, although they did not distinguish between the two finest substrates, coarse sand and gravel. Increases in total time spent foraging were achieved through more, rather than longer, bouts. Food density did not significantly alter preference for smaller particle substrates. In general, coarse sand (1.5 mm) was found to be the most appropriate substrate in terms of facilitating natural foraging behaviours. These findings are discussed with respect to the welfare and husbandry of goldfish and aquarium fish in general.
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Rosen, David A. S., Arliss J. Winship, and Lisa A. Hoopes. "Thermal and digestive constraints to foraging behaviour in marine mammals." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 362, no. 1487 (May 2007): 2151–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2007.2108.
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While foraging models of terrestrial mammals are concerned primarily with optimizing time/energy budgets, models of foraging behaviour in marine mammals have been primarily concerned with physiological constraints. This has historically centred on calculations of aerobic dive limits. However, other physiological limits are key to forming foraging behaviour, including digestive limitations to food intake and thermoregulation. The ability of an animal to consume sufficient prey to meet its energy requirements is partly determined by its ability to acquire prey (limited by available foraging time, diving capabilities and thermoregulatory costs) and process that prey (limited by maximum digestion capacity and the time devoted to digestion). Failure to consume sufficient prey will have feedback effects on foraging, thermoregulation and digestive capacity through several interacting avenues. Energy deficits will be met through catabolism of tissues, principally the hypodermal lipid layer. Depletion of this blubber layer can affect both buoyancy and gait, increasing the costs and decreasing the efficiency of subsequent foraging attempts. Depletion of the insulative blubber layer may also increase thermoregulatory costs, which will decrease the foraging abilities through higher metabolic overheads. Thus, an energy deficit may lead to a downward spiral of increased tissue catabolism to pay for increased energy costs. Conversely, the heat generated through digestion and foraging activity may help to offset thermoregulatory costs. Finally, the circulatory demands of diving, thermoregulation and digestion may be mutually incompatible. This may force animals to alter time budgets to balance these exclusive demands. Analysis of these interacting processes will lead to a greater understanding of the physiological constraints within which the foraging behaviour must operate.
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Hooton, L. A., Y. A. Dzal, N. Veselka, and M. B. Fenton. "Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs): impact on bat activity and foraging behaviour along the upper Hudson River, New York." Canadian Journal of Zoology 94, no. 3 (March 2016): 217–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2015-0162.
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Sediments of the upper Hudson River, New York, USA, contain polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Consequently, elevated levels of PCBs have been found in the tissues of bats and their insect prey along this region. However, it is not clear whether bat activity and foraging behaviour have been affected. To assess possible effects of PCBs on bat activity and foraging behaviour, we measured the activity of little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus (LeConte, 1831)) and hoary bats (Lasiurus cinereus (Palisot de Beauvois, 1796)) along the upper Hudson River, as well as abundance of insect prey at the same locations. We also measured foraging duration and distances travelled by radio-tagged M. lucifugus. We found that bat activity and insect abundance did not differ with PCB concentration. We did, however, find that foraging behaviour along the Hudson River differed from a control site. Specifically, M. lucifugus foraging along PCB-contaminated areas of the Hudson River travelled shorter distances from their roosts and spent less time foraging than bats at an uncontaminated site. Our results show that while bats roost and forage in areas historically exposed to PCBs, this exposure has not adversely affected bat activity, foraging behaviour, or abundance of insect prey.
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Del Pino, Francisco, and Raúl Godoy-Herrera. "THE DEVELOPMENT OF LARVAL FORAGING BEHAVIOUR IN DROSOPHILA PAVANI, D. GAUCHA AND THEIR RECIPROCAL HYBRIDS." Behaviour 137, no. 5 (2000): 611–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853900502240.
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AbstractThe development of larval foraging behaviour in the sibling species D. pavani and D. gaucha and in their reciprocal interspecific hybrids was analysed. The goals were: (i) to identify interspecific differences in developmental patterns of larval behavioural organization, and (ii) to study changes in the frequency of ecologically relevant behaviours during larval ontogeny. Hybridization changed the developmental pathway of feeding and locomotor activity, suggesting genetic divergence for foraging behaviour between the species. Larval turning and bending were not affected by hybridization, suggesting a similar genetic architecture for each of these activities in both species. Retreat and rearing were observed during the whole of larval period in D. pavani, while these behaviours were rarely observed in D. gaucha and the hybrids, suggesting dominance of the gaucha genome over that of pavani. The behavioural organization of D. pavani larvae is related to ontogeny; this was not observed in gaucha and in species hybrid larvae, suggesting again a dominance of this genome over that of D. pavani. The results are discussed in terms of evolutionary developmental genetics of foraging behaviour of Drosophila larvae.
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NAKAGAWA, Naofumi. "Foraging Behaviour of Japanese Monkeys: a viewpoint of optimal foraging strategy." Primate Research 5, no. 1 (1989): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2354/psj.5.1.
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Mattern, T., U. Ellenberg, DM Houston, and LS Davis. "Consistent foraging routes and benthic foraging behaviour in yellow-eyed penguins." Marine Ecology Progress Series 343 (August 7, 2007): 295–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps06954.
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Vorel, Aleš, Lenka Válková, Lenka Hamšíková, Jaroslav Maloň, and Jana Korbelová. "Beaver foraging behaviour: Seasonal foraging specialization by a choosy generalist herbivore." Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 69, no. 7 (May 14, 2015): 1221–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00265-015-1936-7.
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Muller, CG, BL Chilvers, A. Chiaradia, RK French, A. Kato, Y. Ropert-Coudert, and PF Battley. "Foraging areas and plasticity of yellow-eyed penguins Megadyptes antipodes in their subantarctic range." Marine Ecology Progress Series 679 (November 25, 2021): 149–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps13911.
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Foraging behaviour is crucial to breeding success for marine predators, including seabirds. Yellow-eyed penguins Megadyptes antipodes are central-place, predominantly benthic foragers around mainland New Zealand. The northern (mainland) population of this Endangered species is declining, with changes in the marine environment a suspected cause, particularly warming water and poorer foraging success. We undertook a detailed foraging study of the data-deficient subantarctic population, which is distinct from the northern population. Over 2 breeding seasons, we collected 91 GPS foraging logs from 69 breeding yellow-eyed penguins from Enderby Island, Auckland Islands, New Zealand. The mean foraging distance was 24 km from shore (max 47 km). Foraging area size was greater for females and for pelagic foragers, although benthic foragers travelled further from shore on average. Diving plasticity was evident both in diving behaviour and foraging area use. Foraging area and distance from shore were greater for all birds in a year of greater breeding effort and fledging success (2016). Foraging occurred over continental shelf waters, similar to the mainland, and in areas up to 150 m deep, so any differences in foraging behaviour compared to those reported for the northern population are likely influenced by local bathymetry, environmental conditions, and individual preference. Despite comparable bathymetry in some areas, the southern population showed greater foraging plasticity, with 62% of foraging trips categorised as pelagic, implying that subantarctic foraging conditions may differ from the predominantly benthic mainland foraging. Variable foraging conditions may therefore have implications for future breeding success in the subantarctic.
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Uiblein, Franz, Josep R. Roca, Angel Baltanás, and Dan L. Danielopol. "Tradeoff between foraging and antipredator behaviour in a macrophyte dwelling ostracod." Archiv für Hydrobiologie 137, no. 1 (July 18, 1996): 119–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/archiv-hydrobiol/137/1996/119.
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Stillman, R. A., J. D. Goss-Custard, and R. W. G. Caldow. "Modelling Interference from Basic Foraging Behaviour." Journal of Animal Ecology 66, no. 5 (September 1997): 692. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/5922.
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Wilson, Rory P., and Marie-Pierre T. Wilson. "Foraging Behaviour in Four Sympatric Cormorants." Journal of Animal Ecology 57, no. 3 (October 1988): 943. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/5103.
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Dodd, Luke F., Jonathan H. Grabowski, Michael F. Piehler, Isaac Westfield, and Justin B. Ries. "Ocean acidification impairs crab foraging behaviour." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 282, no. 1810 (July 7, 2015): 20150333. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.0333.
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Anthropogenic elevation of atmospheric CO 2 is driving global-scale ocean acidification, which consequently influences calcification rates of many marine invertebrates and potentially alters their susceptibility to predation. Ocean acidification may also impair an organism's ability to process environmental and biological cues. These counteracting impacts make it challenging to predict how acidification will alter species interactions and community structure. To examine effects of acidification on consumptive and behavioural interactions between mud crabs ( Panopeus herbstii ) and oysters ( Crassostrea virginica ), oysters were reared with and without caged crabs for 71 days at three p CO 2 levels. During subsequent predation trials, acidification reduced prey consumption, handling time and duration of unsuccessful predation attempt. These negative effects of ocean acidification on crab foraging behaviour more than offset any benefit to crabs resulting from a reduction in the net rate of oyster calcification. These findings reveal that efforts to evaluate how acidification will alter marine food webs should include quantifying impacts on both calcification rates and animal behaviour.
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Knight, K. "HEAD MOVEMENTS GIVE AWAY FORAGING BEHAVIOUR." Journal of Experimental Biology 214, no. 22 (October 26, 2011): i—ii. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.066795.
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Elliott, KH, K. Woo, AJ Gaston, S. Benvenuti, L. DallAntonia, and GK Davoren. "Seabird foraging behaviour indicates prey type." Marine Ecology Progress Series 354 (February 7, 2008): 289–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps07221.
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van Dartel, Michel, Eric Postma, Jaap van den Herik, and Guido de Croon. "Macroscopic analysis of robot foraging behaviour." Connection Science 16, no. 3 (September 2004): 169–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09540090412331314876.
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Mihail, Jeanne D., and Johann N. Bruhn. "Foraging behaviour of Armillaria rhizomorph systems." Mycological Research 109, no. 11 (November 2005): 1195–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0953756205003606.
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Zhang, Feng, and Cang Hui. "Recent experience-driven behaviour optimizes foraging." Animal Behaviour 88 (February 2014): 13–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2013.11.002.
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Avery, R. A., and D. H. Bond. "Environmental constraints on lizard foraging behaviour." Applied Animal Behaviour Science 18, no. 3-4 (October 1987): 384–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-1591(87)90235-8.
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Houston, Alasdair I. "Estimating oystercatcher mortality from foraging behaviour." Trends in Ecology & Evolution 11, no. 3 (March 1996): 108–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0169-5347(96)81087-1.
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