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1
Su, Weixing, Lin Na, Fang Liu, Wei Liu, Muhammad Aqeel Ashraf, and Hanning Chen. "Artificial Plant Root System Growth for Distributed Optimization: Models and Emergent Behaviors." Open Life Sciences 11, no. 1 (January 1, 2016): 447–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/biol-2016-0059.
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AbstractPlant root foraging exhibits complex behaviors analogous to those of animals, including the adaptability to continuous changes in soil environments. In this work, we adapt the optimality principles in the study of plant root foraging behavior to create one possible bio-inspired optimization framework for solving complex engineering problems. This provides us with novel models of plant root foraging behavior and with new methods for global optimization. This framework is instantiated as a new search paradigm, which combines the root tip growth, branching, random walk, and death. We perform a comprehensive simulation to demonstrate that the proposed model accurately reflects the characteristics of natural plant root systems. In order to be able to climb the noise-filled gradients of nutrients in soil, the foraging behaviors of root systems are social and cooperative, and analogous to animal foraging behaviors.
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Wolf, Shelby, and Daniel Houlihan. "Behavioral Perspectives on Risk Prone Behavior: Why Do People Take Risks?" International Journal of Psychological Studies 10, no. 2 (May 11, 2018): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijps.v10n2p71.
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Utilizing the principles and concepts of behavioral economics and operant psychology, researchers in both fields initiated the creation of the optimal foraging theory. This theory describes foraging behaviors mostly within animals other than humans. However, within recent empirical studies, optimal foraging theory has been modified to explain risky choices and decision-making processes within the context of risk-sensitive foraging theory for both animals and humans alike. Although most individuals belonging to the homo sapiensspecies would not like to admit that their behavior is very animalistic in nature, there is a great deal of veracity behind this idea, ranging from explaining gambling behavior to addictive behaviors to even homicide. Risk prone behavior describes behavior elicited for the potential gain of rewards under certain conditions, usually competitive in nature. The purpose of the current paper is to shed some light on this topic and how it relates to the most primitive of behaviors exhibited by human beings.
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Temeles, Ethan J. "Reversed Sexual Size Dimorphism: Effect on Resource Defense and Foraging Behaviors of Nonbreeding Northern Harriers." Auk 103, no. 1 (January 1, 1986): 70–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/auk/103.1.70.
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Abstract Sexual differences in resource defense and foraging behaviors during the nonbreeding season are detailed for Northern Harriers (Circus cyaneus) in California. Female harriers hunted more frequently in high (>0.5 m) vegetation than males. In addition, females hunted at slower speeds and used different hunting behaviors than males. Females in high vegetation showed a significantly greater response (i.e. attack) rate to approaching harriers than males, and females won nearly all (28/29) aggressive interactions with males. These results suggest that sexual differences in harrier foraging behavior during the nonbreeding season result from females excluding males from preferred foraging areas and males adopting alternative foraging strategies. Foraging strategies of harrier sexes are compared with foraging strategies of sexes of birds in which males are larger than females to examine the role of body size in determining sexual foraging strategies.
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Dailey, Megan J., and Timothy J. Bartness. "Appetitive and consummatory ingestive behaviors stimulated by PVH and perifornical area NPY injections." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 296, no. 4 (April 2009): R877—R892. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.90568.2008.
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Food is acquired (obtained by foraging) and frequently stored (hoarded) across animal taxa, including humans, but the physiological mechanisms underlying these behaviors are virtually unknown. We found that peptides that stimulate food intake in rats stimulate food foraging and/or hoarding more than intake in Siberian hamsters. Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a potent orexigenic peptide that increases food foraging and hoarding (appetitive behavior) and food intake (consummatory behavior). Given that NPY injections into the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVH) or perifornical area (PFA) increase food intake by rats, it is possible that these injections may stimulate food foraging or hoarding by Siberian hamsters. We also tested whether antagonism of the NPY Y1 receptor (Y1-R), the agonism of which stimulates hoarding, would inhibit post-food-deprivation increases in foraging and hoarding. We injected one of three doses of NPY or vehicle into the PVH or PFA of animals housed in a simulated foraging-hoarding housing system and measured these behaviors at 1, 2, 4, and 24 h. A subset of animals was subsequently food deprived and then given PVH or PFA Y1-R antagonist microinjections before they were refed. NPY PVH microinjections decreased foraging but increased hoarding and food intake, whereas NPY PFA microinjections increased all three behaviors, but the greatest increase was in hoarding. Y1-R antagonist inhibited post-food-deprivation increases in hoarding when injected into the PVH and PFA and inhibited foraging when injected into the PFA. These results support the view that NPY is involved in appetitive and consummatory ingestive behaviors, but each may be controlled by different brain areas and/or NPY receptor subtypes.
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Asem Surindro Singh and Machathoibi Takhellambam Chanu. "Combined role of immediate early genes Egr-1, Hr-38 and Kakusei in the foraging behavior and learning in honeybees." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 16, no. 2 (November 30, 2022): 458–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2022.16.2.1169.
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The foraging behavior of honeybees is one of the most systematically composed behaviors among social insects which are admirable to watch. The main purpose of honeybee foraging is to collect food for their colony and since ancient days honeybee products have been used for various medicinal purposes (Singh and Takhellambam, 2021) (1). During foraging, honeybees gather information and transmit to their colony members regarding the location, distance, and profitability of forage sites with the help of unique movements called waggle dance. The capacities of honeybees’ time memory enable the foragers to return to a good food source in anticipation of the time of day. This highly intellectual, dynamic, and well-coordinated behavior of honeybees makes them to be one of the best choices of behavioral model to study various aspects of dynamic behaviors. As a result, vast knowledge in honeybee behavior has been accumulated and several recent studies immerge towards finding the underpinning regulatory biology of honeybee foraging behaviors. Immediate early genes (IE) genes are well documented neural markers and their promising roles in honeybee foraging have been demonstrated. Two of our recent studies showed three IE genes Egr-1, Hr-38 and Kakusei involvement during the daily foraging of honeybees. This finding has provided an avenue to further explore and identify the regulatory genes/proteins and neurons that underlie a specific behavior such as learning, memory, communication, and interaction etc. In this study we further analyze our previous published data to examine interaction of the three genes during the daily foraging of honeybees.
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Rombach, Meike, and David L. Dean. "Exploring Key Factors Driving Urban Foraging Behavior in Garden and Non-Garden Locations." Foods 12, no. 5 (February 28, 2023): 1032. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods12051032.
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Since the occurrence of COVID-19 and food price inflation, alternative forms of food procurement increased in popularity. The present study is dedicated to urban foraging and aims to explore key factors driving food foraging behavior in the U.S. Two specific foraging behaviors, namely “leaving food behind” or “taking it all”, have been investigated in a gardening and non-gardening location. Leaving food behind is crucial to sustainable foraging practices, as it allows plants and ecosystems to recover and promotes fairness in foraging communities. Data was procured from an online consumer survey and analyzed using SmartPLS 4, which allowed the use of partial least square structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). PLS-SEM is particularly suitable for complex exploratory studies as it does not require distributional assumptions. Results indicate that nature and food attitudes predict attitudes toward urban foraging. Foraging attitudes, such as food foraging is challenging and food foraging benefits people and the planet, which are the most important drivers for taking or leaving behaviors in both types of locations. These findings are of relevance to managers in municipalities, landscape designers, horticultural businesses, and other stakeholders who create, shape, and govern landscapes used for food foraging.
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Zumpano, Francisco, Melina V. Castano, Marco Favero, and Germán O. García. "Factors affecting individual foraging behavior in a threatened seabird: Olrog’s Gull (Larus atlanticus) as a case study." Canadian Journal of Zoology 99, no. 8 (August 2021): 658–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2020-0203.
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The analysis of feeding strategies in animals is one of the most important topics in foraging ecology. The individual’s foraging behavior depends on both the individual’s own actions and the behavior of other foragers. Here we analyse the effect of the sex and group size on the foraging behavior of immature Olrog’s Gull (Larus atlanticus Olrog, 1958), endemic to the Atlantic coast of southern South America and regionally listed a threatened species. Birds were captured, banded, sexed, and aged during the non-breeding season in Mar Chiquita coastal lagoon, Argentina. The foraging behavior was quantified by observations made on individuals of known identity, recording the size of foraging groups, as well as prey size and type. Foraging parameters estimated were foraging effort, capture rate, and foraging efficiency. Males spent more time in agonistic behavior and captured larger prey. With an increase in group size, the capture rate, the capture of small crabs by males, and the foraging effort were higher. The agonistic behaviors, size of consumed prey, and foraging effort were affected by individual identity. Our study pinpoints factors underlying variation in the foraging behavior of Olrog’s Gulls and illustrates the importance of modelling individual variation when analyzing foraging behavior.
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Fujii, Jessica A., Don McLeish, Andrew J. Brooks, John Gaskell, and Kyle S. Van Houtan. "Limb-use by foraging marine turtles, an evolutionary perspective." PeerJ 6 (March 28, 2018): e4565. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4565.
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The use of limbs for foraging is documented in both marine and terrestrial tetrapods. These behaviors were once believed to be less likely in marine tetrapods due to the physical constraints of body plans adapted to locomotion in a fluid environment. Despite these obstacles, ten distinct types of limb-use while foraging have been previously reported in nine marine tetrapod families. Here, we expand the types of limb-use documented in marine turtles and put it in context with the diversity of marine tetrapods currently known to use limbs for foraging. Additionally, we suggest that such behaviors could have occurred in ancestral turtles, and thus, possibly extend the evolutionary timeline of limb-use behavior in marine tetrapods back approximately 70 million years. Through direct observation in situ and crowd-sourcing, we document the range of behaviors across habitats and prey types, suggesting its widespread occurrence. We argue the presence of these behaviors among marine tetrapods may be limited by limb mobility and evolutionary history, rather than foraging ecology or social learning. These behaviors may also be remnant of ancestral forelimb-use that have been maintained due to a semi-aquatic life history.
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Rosenbaum, Barry, Sukh Amgalanbaatar, and Richard P. Reading. "Seasonal Daytime Activity Budget of Mongolian Gobi Argali Sheep (Ovis ammon)." Mongolian Journal Of Biological Sciences 19, no. 2 (2021): 3–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.22353/mjbs.2021.19.10.
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Activity patterns provide insight into the overall relationship between a species and its environment. Despite declines in populations of argali and some attention on ecological questions, limited information exists on argali behavior. We measured diurnal activity budgets of argali for 12 months by recording behavior (i.e., foraging, bedding, standing, traveling, other) with instantaneous scan sampling at 5-minute intervals. Argali exhibited seasonal differences in activity budgets. The greatest proportion of daytime in winter was spent foraging. The greatest proportion of daytime in summer was spent bedding. Argali reduced all other behaviors in winter in favor of foraging. In summer argali reduced their foraging to a seasonal low and increased bedding. Behavior was constrained by forage in winter and by temperatures in summer. Females fed more than males in all seasons. Other behaviors varied according to season and reproductive periods. Females demonstrated highest vigilance in spring and summer, while males exhibited highest vigilance during the autumn rut. These data are the first regarding detailed behavior of argali and are valuable to their management and conservation by providing information on constraints faced by the species.
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McBrayer, Lance D., and Stephen M. Reilly. "Prey processing in lizards: behavioral variation in sit-and-wait and widely foraging taxa." Canadian Journal of Zoology 80, no. 5 (May 1, 2002): 882–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z02-068.
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We determined the degree to which lizards process (i.e., chew) and manipulate their prey, using a phylogenetically broad sample of 12 species. Two transport and two chewing behaviors were identified. The transport behaviors included side-to-side movements and lingually mediated posterior movements of the prey. Chewing behaviors included puncture crushing and a previously undescribed behavior we term palatal crushing. Iguanian lizards (sit-and-wait predators) engaged in more palatal-crushing behaviors than autarchoglossans (widely foraging predators) did. However, iguanians also engaged in fewer cycles of chewing and transport behaviors per feeding bout. Autarchoglossan lizards used puncture crushing extensively and exhibited more variability in the sequence of behaviors used within a bout ( interspersion of transport behaviors among chewing behaviors). Three behaviors (puncture crushing, interspersion, total) were shown to be coevolving after the effects of phylogeny were removed. The variation in feeding behavior we observed between iguanian and autarchoglossan lizards parallels patterns in tongue morphology and foraging mode in these large groups. Thus, it seems likely that each represents a component of a highly integrated character complex linking feeding morphology, behavior, and ecology.
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Dailey, Megan E., and Timothy J. Bartness. "Fat pad-specific effects of lipectomy on foraging, food hoarding, and food intake." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 294, no. 2 (February 2008): R321—R328. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00230.2007.
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Unlike most species, after food deprivation, Siberian hamsters increase foraging and food hoarding, two appetitive ingestive behaviors, but not food intake, a consummatory ingestive behavior. We previously demonstrated (Wood AD, Bartness TJ, Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 272: R783−R792, 1997) that increases in food hoarding are triggered by directly decreasing body fat levels through partial surgical lipectomy; however, we did not test if lipectomy affected foraging, nor if the magnitude of the lipid deficit affected food hoard size. Therefore, we tested whether varying the size of the lipectomy-induced lipid deficit and/or foraging effort affected foraging, food hoarding, or food intake. This was accomplished by housing adult male Siberian hamsters in a foraging/hoarding system and removing (x) both epididymal white adipose tissue (EWATx) pads, both inguinal white adipose tissue (IWATx) pads, or both EWAT and IWAT pads (EWATx + IWATx) and measuring foraging, food hoarding, and food intake for 12 wk. The lipectomy-induced lipid deficit triggered different patterns of white adipose tissue mass compensation that varied with foraging effort. Foraging for food (10 wheel revolutions to earn a food pellet) abolished the EWATx-induced compensation in IWAT pad mass. The magnitude of the lipid deficit did not engender a proportional change in any of the appetitive or consummatory ingestive behaviors. EWATx caused the greatest increase in food hoarding compared with IWATx or EWATx + IWATx, when animals were required to forage for their food. Collectively, it appears that the magnitude of a lipid deficit does not affect appetitive or consummatory behaviors; rather, when energy (foraging) demands are increased, loss of specific (gonadal) fat pads can preferentially stimulate increases in food hoarding.
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Zhong, Yundong, Lei Cheng, Yanguang Fan, Lizhi Zhou, and Yunwei Song. "The Foraging Window for Greater White-Fronted Geese (Anser albifrons) Is Consistent with the Growth Stage of Carex." Diversity 14, no. 11 (November 3, 2022): 943. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d14110943.
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Food resources are key limiting factors for migratory waterbirds, and the foraging strategies adopted by herbivorous waterbirds are affected by food availability in wetland habitats. The greater white-fronted goose (Anser albifrons) is mainly dependent on Carex in the lower and middle Yangtze River floodplain. Exploring the relationship between the growth conditions of Carex and the foraging strategies adopted by wintering greater white-fronted geese has important ecological implications for habitat protection and management. In this study, scan sampling and focal animal sampling were used to record the foraging behaviors of greater white-fronted geese wintering at Shengjin Lake, and the plant height and water content of Carex were surveyed simultaneously. The relationship between plant characteristics and foraging behaviors was tested using a linear regression equation. The results showed that Carex had two growth periods at Shengjin Lake, and the pecking rate and foraging time budget of greater white-fronted geese were higher during these two periods. Plant characteristics were positively correlated with goose foraging behaviors. The strategic adjustment of the foraging behaviors adopted by wintering greater white-fronted geese was consistent with the growth stage of Carex, which is the optimal foraging window for greater white-fronted geese. During the foraging windows, geese changed their foraging strategies to obtain more energy in order to guarantee successful wintering and migration.
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Geary, Brock, Scott T. Walter, Paul L. Leberg, and Jordan Karubian. "Condition-dependent foraging strategies in a coastal seabird: evidence for the rich get richer hypothesis." Behavioral Ecology 30, no. 2 (December 24, 2018): 356–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/beheco/ary173.
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Abstract The degree to which foraging individuals are able to appropriately modify their behaviors in response to dynamic environmental conditions and associated resource availability can have important fitness consequences. Despite an increasingly refined understanding of differences in foraging behavior between individuals, we still lack detailed characterizations of within-individual variation over space and time, and what factors may drive this variability. From 2014 to 2017, we used GPS transmitters and accelerometers to document foraging movements by breeding adult Brown Pelicans (Pelecanus occidentalis) in the northern Gulf of Mexico, where the prey landscape is patchy and dynamic at various scales. Assessments of traditional foraging metrics such as trip distance, linearity, or duration did not yield significant relationships between individuals. However, we did observe lower site fidelity and less variation in energy expenditure in birds of higher body condition, despite a population-level trend of increased fidelity as the breeding season progressed. These findings suggest that high-quality individuals are both more variable and more efficient in their foraging behaviors during a period of high energetic demand, consistent with a “rich get richer” scenario in which individuals in better condition are able to invest in more costly behaviors that provide higher returns. This work highlights the importance of considering behavioral variation at multiple scales, with particular reference to within-individual variation, to improve our understanding of foraging ecology in wild populations.
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Sweet, K. A., B. P. Sweet, D. G. E. Gomes, C. D. Francis, and J. R. Barber. "Natural and anthropogenic noise increase vigilance and decrease foraging behaviors in song sparrows." Behavioral Ecology 33, no. 1 (December 15, 2021): 288–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/beheco/arab141.
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Abstract Animals glean information about risk from their habitat. The acoustic environment is one such source of information, and is an important, yet understudied ecological axis. Although anthropogenic noise has become recently ubiquitous, risk mitigation behaviors have likely been shaped by natural noise over millennia. Listening animals have been shown to increase vigilance and decrease foraging in both natural and anthropogenic noise. However, direct comparisons could be informative to conservation and understanding evolutionary drivers of behavior in noise. Here, we used 27 song sparrows (Melospiza melodia) and 148 laboratory behavioral trials to assess foraging and vigilance behavior in both anthropogenic and natural noise sources. Using five acoustic environments (playbacks of roadway traffic, a whitewater river, a whitewater river shifted upwards in frequency, a river with the amplitude modulation of roadway traffic, and an ambient control), we attempt to parse out the acoustic characteristics that make a foraging habitat risky. We found that sparrows increased vigilance or decreased foraging in 4 of 6 behaviors when foraging in higher sound levels regardless of the noise source or variation in frequency and amplitude modulation. These responses may help explain previously reported declines in abundance of song sparrows exposed to playback of intense river noise. Our results imply that natural soundscapes have likely shaped behavior long before anthropogenic noise, and that high sound levels negatively affect the foraging-vigilance trade-off in most intense acoustic environments. Given the ever-increasing footprint of noise pollution, these results imply potential negative consequences for bird populations.
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Trivelpiece, Wayne Z., John L. Bengtson, Susan G. Trivelpiece, and Nicholas J. Volkman. "Foraging Behavior of Gentoo and Chinstrap Penguins as Determined by New Radiotelemetry Techniques." Auk 103, no. 4 (October 1, 1986): 777–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/auk/103.4.777.
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Abstract Analysis of radio signals from transmitters affixed to 7 Gentoo (Pygoscelis papua) and 6 Chinstrap (P. antarctica) penguins allowed us to track penguins at sea. Signal characteristics allowed us to distinguish among 5 foraging behaviors: porpoising, underwater swimming, horizontal diving, vertical diving, and resting or bathing. Gentoo Penguins spent a significantly greater portion of their foraging trips engaged in feeding behaviors than Chinstraps, which spent significantly more time traveling. Gentoos had significantly longer feeding dives than Chinstraps (128 s vs. 91 s) and significantly higher dive-pause ratios (3.4 vs. 2.6). These differences in foraging behavior suggest Gentoo and Chinstrap penguins may have different diving abilities and may forage at different depths.
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Day, Diane E., Erin Keen-Rhinehart, and Timothy J. Bartness. "Role of NPY and its receptor subtypes in foraging, food hoarding, and food intake by Siberian hamsters." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 289, no. 1 (July 2005): R29—R36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00853.2004.
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Fasting has widespread physiological and behavioral effects such as increases in arcuate nucleus neuropeptide Y (NPY) gene expression in rodents, including Siberian hamsters. Fasting also stimulates foraging and food hoarding (appetitive ingestive behaviors) by Siberian hamsters but does relatively little to change food intake (consummatory ingestive behavior). Therefore, we tested the effects of third ventricular NPY Y1 ([Pro34]NPY) or Y5 ([d-Trp34]NPY) receptor agonists on these ingestive behaviors using a wheel running-based food delivery system coupled with simulated burrow housing. Siberian hamsters had 1) no running wheel access and free food, 2) running wheel access and free food, or 3) foraging requirements (10 or 50 revolutions/pellet). NPY (1.76 nmol) stimulated food intake only during the first 4 h postinjection (∼200–1,000%) and mostly in hamsters with a foraging requirement. The Y1 receptor agonist markedly increased food hoarding (250–1,000%), increased foraging as well as wheel running per se, and had relatively little effect on food intake (<250%). Unlike NPY, the Y5 agonist significantly increased food intake, especially in foraging animals (∼225–800%), marginally increased food hoarding (250–500%), and stimulated foraging and wheel running 4–24 h postinjection, with the distribution of earned pellets favoring eating versus hoarding across time. Across treatments, food hoarding predominated early postinjection, whereas food intake tended to do so later. Collectively, NPY stimulated both appetitive and consummatory ingestive behaviors in Siberian hamsters involving Y1/Y5 receptors, with food hoarding and foraging/wheel running (appetitive) more involved with Y1 receptors and food intake (consummatory) with Y5 receptors.
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Ramakrishnan, Subramanian, Thomas Laurent, Manish Kumar, and Andrea L. Bertozzi. "Spatiotemporal chemotactic model for ant foraging." Modern Physics Letters B 28, no. 30 (December 10, 2014): 1450238. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984914502388.
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In this paper, we present a generic theoretical chemotactic model that accounts for certain emergent behaviors observed in ant foraging. The model does not have many of the constraints and limitations of existing models for ants colony dynamics and takes into account the distinctly different behaviors exhibited in nature by ant foragers in search of food and food ferrying ants. Numerical simulations based on the model show trail formation in foraging ant colonies to be an emergent phenomenon and, in particular, replicate behavior observed in experiments involving the species P. megacephala. The results have broader implications for the study of randomness in chemotactic models. Potential applications include the developments of novel algorithms for stochastic search in engineered complex systems such as robotic swarms.
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Talyn, Becky, Kelly Muller, Cindy Mercado, Bryan Gonzalez, and Katherine Bartels. "The Herbicide Glyphosate and Its Formulations Impact Animal Behavior across Taxa." Agrochemicals 2, no. 3 (July 10, 2023): 367–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agrochemicals2030022.
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Use of glyphosate and glyphosate-based herbicides is ubiquitous in US agriculture and widespread around the world. Despite marketing efforts to the contrary, numerous studies demonstrate glyphosate toxicity to non-target organisms including animals, primarily focusing on mortality, carcinogenicity, renal toxicity, reproductive, and neurological toxicity, and the biochemical mechanisms underlying these physiological outcomes. Glyphosate toxicity also impacts animal behavior, both in model systems and in agricultural and environmentally relevant contexts. In this review, we examine the effects of glyphosate and glyphosate-based herbicides on animal behaviors, particularly activity, foraging and feeding, anti-predator behavior, reproductive behaviors, learning and memory, and social behaviors. Glyphosate can be detected both in food and in the environment, and avoided through activity and feeding strategies. However, exposure also reduces activity, depresses foraging and feeding, increases susceptibility to predation, interferes with courtship, mating, fertility and maternal behaviors, decreases learning and memory capabilities, and disrupts social behaviors. Changes in animal behavior as a result of glyphosate toxicity are important because of their sometimes severe effects on individual fitness, as well as ecosystem health. Implications for human behavior are also considered.
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Hepp, Gary R. "Effects of environmental parameters on the foraging behavior of three species of wintering dabbling ducks (Anatini)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 63, no. 2 (February 1, 1985): 289–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z85-044.
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Foraging behaviors of wintering gadwall (Anas strepera), pintail (Anas acuta), and green-winged teal (Anas crecca carolinensis) were studied at Bodie Island, North Carolina. Foraging speed (metres per minute) and rate of foraging (dips per minute) did not differ by sex, but significant monthly variation of foraging components occurred for all species. Ducks fed at faster rates and increased their foraging speed as winter progressed. Stepwise multiple regression procedures were used to test the effects of day length (minutes), mean daily temperature (degrees Celsius), mean daily wind speed (kilometres per hour), water depth (centimetres), and density of foraging individuals on the temporal variation in rate and speed of foraging. Changes in the foraging speed and rate of dipping of winter ducks were significantly related to decreases in day length and average daily temperatures. Other environmental parameters had variable effects on foraging behavior. Estimates of total prey biomass did not vary significantly during winter; however, changes in the distribution of prey sizes may have contributed to changes in foraging behavior. Greater foraging speed and rate of dipping may have been a behavioral mechanism which increased ingestion rate and minimized foraging time, thereby allowing wintering ducks to reduce thermal stress through modification of activity patterns and selection of more favorable microclimates.
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Pavlic, Theodore P., and Kevin M. Passino. "Generalizing foraging theory for analysis and design." International Journal of Robotics Research 30, no. 5 (February 18, 2011): 505–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0278364910396551.
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Foraging theory has been the inspiration for several decision-making algorithms for task-processing agents facing random environments. As nature selects for foraging behaviors that maximize lifetime calorie gain or minimize starvation probability, engineering designs are favored that maximize returned value (e.g. profit) or minimize the probability of not reaching performance targets. Prior foraging-inspired designs are direct applications of classical optimal foraging theory (OFT). Here, we describe a generalized optimization framework that encompasses the classical OFT model, a popular competitor, and several new models introduced here that are better suited for some task-processing applications in engineering. These new models merge features of rate maximization, efficiency maximization, and risk-sensitive foraging while not sacrificing the intuitive character of classical OFT. However, the central contributions of this paper are analytical and graphical methods for designing decision-making algorithms guaranteed to be optimal within the framework. Thus, we provide a general modeling framework for solitary agent behavior, several new and classic examples that apply to it, and generic methods for design and analysis of optimal task-processing behaviors that fit within the framework. Our results extend the key mathematical features of optimal foraging theory to a wide range of other optimization objectives in biological, anthropological, and technological contexts.
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Xie, Lei, Tong Han, Huan Zhou, Zhuo-Ran Zhang, Bo Han, and Andi Tang. "Tuna Swarm Optimization: A Novel Swarm-Based Metaheuristic Algorithm for Global Optimization." Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience 2021 (October 20, 2021): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9210050.
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In this paper, a novel swarm-based metaheuristic algorithm is proposed, which is called tuna swarm optimization (TSO). The main inspiration for TSO is based on the cooperative foraging behavior of tuna swarm. The work mimics two foraging behaviors of tuna swarm, including spiral foraging and parabolic foraging, for developing an effective metaheuristic algorithm. The performance of TSO is evaluated by comparison with other metaheuristics on a set of benchmark functions and several real engineering problems. Sensitivity, scalability, robustness, and convergence analyses were used and combined with the Wilcoxon rank-sum test and Friedman test. The simulation results show that TSO performs better compared to other comparative algorithms.
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Flint, Paul L., John A. Reed, Deborah L. Lacroix, and Richard B. Lanctot. "Habitat Use and Foraging Patterns of Molting Male Long-tailed Ducks in Lagoons of the Central Beaufort Sea, Alaska." ARCTIC 69, no. 1 (March 1, 2016): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.14430/arctic4544.
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From mid-July through September, 10 000 to 30 000 Long-tailed Ducks (<em>Clangula hyemalis</em>) use the lagoon systems of the central Beaufort Sea for remigial molt. Little is known about their foraging behavior and patterns of habitat use during this flightless period. We used radio transmitters to track male Long-tailed Ducks through the molt period from 2000 to 2002 in three lagoons: one adjacent to industrial oil field development and activity and two in areas without industrial activity. We found that an index to time spent foraging generally increased through the molt period. Foraging, habitat use, and home range size showed similar patterns, but those patterns were highly variable among lagoons and across years. Even with continuous daylight during the study period, birds tended to use offshore areas during the day for feeding and roosted in protected nearshore waters at night. We suspect that variability in behaviors associated with foraging, habitat use, and home range size are likely influenced by availability of invertebrate prey. Proximity to oil field activity did not appear to affect foraging behaviors of molting Long-tailed Ducks.
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Okuyama, T., and R. L. Ruyle. "Analysis of adaptive foraging in an intraguild predation system." Web Ecology 4, no. 1 (September 3, 2003): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/we-4-1-2003.
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Abstract. An intraguild predation (IGP) system with adaptive foraging behavior was analyzed using a simple mathematical model. The main aim was to explore how the adaptive behavior affects species interactions as well as how such interactions derived from adaptive behavior affect community stability. The focal system contained top predators, intermediate predators, and basal prey. Intermediate predators exhibit antipredator behavior and balance costs (e.g. perceived predation risk) and benefits (e.g. resource intake) to determine their foraging effort. Density-dependent foraging behavior with the unique connectance of the IGP food web created unusual species interactions. Notably, increased prey density can transmit negative indirect effects to top predators while increased top predator density transmits positive indirect effects to prey population. The nature of these interactions is density-dependent. The results suggest that both IGP (as opposed to linear food chain) and adaptive foraging behaviors may strongly influence community dynamics due to emergent interactions among direct effects and indirect effects. Furthermore, the adaptive foraging of intermediate predators may stabilize the community as a whole.
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Lee, Won, Eilene Yang, and James P. Curley. "Foraging dynamics are associated with social status and context in mouse social hierarchies." PeerJ 6 (September 19, 2018): e5617. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5617.
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Living in social hierarchies requires individuals to adapt their behavior and physiology. We have previously shown that male mice living in groups of 12 form linear and stable hierarchies with alpha males producing the highest daily level of major urinary proteins and urine. These findings suggest that maintaining alpha status in a social group requires higher food and water intake to generate energetic resources and produce more urine. To investigate whether social status affects eating and drinking behaviors, we measured the frequency of these behaviors in each individual mouse living in a social hierarchy with non-stop video recording for 24 h following the initiation of group housing and after social ranks were stabilized. We show alpha males eat and drink most frequently among all individuals in the hierarchy and had reduced quiescence of foraging both at the start of social housing and after hierarchies were established. Subdominants displayed a similar pattern of behavior following hierarchy formation relative to subordinates. The association strength of foraging behavior was negatively associated with that of agonistic behavior corrected for gregariousness (HWIG), suggesting animals modify foraging behavior to avoid others they engaged with aggressively. Overall, this study provides evidence that animals with different social status adapt their eating and drinking behaviors according to their physiological needs and current social environment.
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Haase, Catherine G., Robert J. Fletcher, Daniel H. Slone, James P. Reid, and Susan M. Butler. "Traveling to thermal refuges during stressful temperatures leads to foraging constraints in a central-place forager." Journal of Mammalogy 101, no. 1 (December 13, 2019): 271–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/gyz197.
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Abstract Central-place foragers can be constrained by the distance between habitats. When an organism relies on a central place for thermal refuge, the distance to food resources can potentially constrain foraging behavior. We investigated the effect of distance between thermal refuges and forage patches of the cold-intolerant marine mammal, the Florida manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris), on foraging duration. We tested the alternative hypotheses of time minimization and energy maximization as a response to distance between habitats. We also determined if manatees mitigate foraging constraints with increased visits to closer thermal refuges. We used hidden Markov models to assign discrete behaviors from movement parameters as a function of water temperature and assessed the influence of distance on foraging duration in water temperatures above (> 20°C) and below (≤ 20°C) the lower critical limit of the thermoneutral zone of manatees. We found that with increased distance, manatees decreased foraging duration in cold water temperature and increased foraging duration in warmer temperatures. We also found that manatees returned to closer thermal refuges more often. Our results suggest that the spatial relationship of thermal and forage habitats can impact behavioral decisions regarding foraging. Addressing foraging behavior questions while considering thermoregulatory behavior implicates the importance of understanding changing environments on animal behavior, particularly in the face of current global change.
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Keen-Rhinehart, Erin, and Timothy J. Bartness. "Peripheral ghrelin injections stimulate food intake, foraging, and food hoarding in Siberian hamsters." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 288, no. 3 (March 2005): R716—R722. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00705.2004.
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Fasting triggers many effects, including increases in circulating concentrations of ghrelin, a primarily stomach-derived orexigenic hormone. Exogenous ghrelin treatment stimulates food intake, implicating it in fasting-induced increases in feeding, a consummatory ingestive behavior. In Siberian hamsters, fasting also stimulates appetitive ingestive behaviors such as foraging and food hoarding. Therefore, we tested whether systemic ghrelin injections (3, 30, and 200 mg/kg) would stimulate these appetitive behaviors using a running wheel-based food delivery system coupled with simulated burrow housing. We also measured active ghrelin plasma concentrations after exogenous ghrelin treatment and compared them to those associated with fasting. Hamsters had the following: 1) no running wheel access, free food; 2) running wheel access, free food; or 3) foraging requirement (10 revolutions/pellet), no free food. Ghrelin stimulated foraging at 0–1, 2–4, and 4–24 h postinjection but failed to affect wheel running activity not coupled to food. Ghrelin stimulated food intake initially (200–350%, first 4 h) across all groups; however, in hamsters with a foraging requirement, ghrelin also stimulated food intake 4–24 h postinjection (200–250%). Ghrelin stimulated food hoarding 2–72 h postinjection (100–300%), most markedly 2–4 h postinjection in animals lacking a foraging requirement (635%). Fasting increased plasma active ghrelin concentrations in a time-dependent fashion, with the 3- and 30-mg/kg dose creating concentrations of the peptide comparable to those induced by 24–48 h of fasting. Collectively, these data suggest that exogenous ghrelin, similar to fasting, increases appetitive behaviors (foraging, hoarding) by Siberian hamsters, but dissimilar to fasting in this species, stimulates food intake.
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Hall, Stephen J. G., Robert G. H. Bunce, David R. Arney, and Elis Vollmer. "Sheep in Species-Rich Temperate Grassland: Combining Behavioral Observations with Vegetation Characterization." Animals 10, no. 9 (August 21, 2020): 1471. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10091471.
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Foraging behavior of livestock in species-rich, less intensively managed grassland communities will require different methodologies from those appropriate in floristically simple environments. In this pilot study on sheep in species-rich grassland in northern Estonia, foraging behavior and the plant species of the immediate area grazed by the sheep were registered by continually-recording Go-Pro cameras. From three days of observation of five sheep (706 animal-minutes), foraging behavior was documented. Five hundred and thirty-six still images were sampled, and a plant species list was compiled for each. Each plant species was assigned a score indicating its location, in the ecophysiological sense, on the main environmental gradient. The scores of the plant species present were averaged for each image. Thus, the fine structure of foraging behavior could be studied in parallel with the vegetation of the precise area being grazed. As expected, there was considerable individual variation, and we characterized foraging behavior by quantifying the patterns of interspersion of grazing and non-grazing behaviors. This combination of behavior recording and vegetation classification could enable a numerical analysis of the responses of grazing livestock to vegetation conditions.
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Patel, Rickesh N., and Thomas W. Cronin. "Path integration error and adaptable search behaviors in a mantis shrimp." Journal of Experimental Biology 223, no. 14 (June 25, 2020): jeb224618. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.224618.
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ABSTRACTMantis shrimp of the species Neogonodactylus oerstedii occupy small burrows in shallow waters throughout the Caribbean. These animals use path integration, a vector-based navigation strategy, to return to their homes while foraging. Here, we report that path integration in N. oerstedii is prone to error accumulated during outward foraging paths and we describe the search behavior that N. oerstedii employs after it fails to locate its home following the route provided by its path integrator. This search behavior forms continuously expanding, non-oriented loops that are centered near the point of search initiation. The radius of this search is scaled to the animal's positional uncertainty during path integration, improving the effectiveness of the search. The search behaviors exhibited by N. oerstedii bear a striking resemblance to search behaviors in other animals, offering potential avenues for the comparative examination of search behaviors and how they are optimized in disparate taxa.
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Zhang, Hong, Shuang Shan, Shaohua Gu, Xinzheng Huang, Zibo Li, Adel Khashaveh, and Yongjun Zhang. "Prior Experience with Food Reward Influences the Behavioral Responses of the Honeybee Apis mellifera and the Bumblebee Bombus lantschouensis to Tomato Floral Scent." Insects 11, no. 12 (December 14, 2020): 884. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects11120884.
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Bee responses to floral scent are usually influenced by both innate biases and prior experience. Honeybees are less attracted than bumblebees to tomato flowers. However, little is known about how tomato floral scent regulates the foraging behaviors of honeybees and bumblebees. In this study, the foraging behaviors of the honeybee Apis mellifera and the bumblebee Bombus lantschouensis on tomato flowers in greenhouses were investigated. Whether the two bee species exhibit different responses to tomato floral scent and how innate biases and prior experience influence bee choice behavior were examined. In the greenhouses, honeybees failed to collect pollen from tomato flowers, and their foraging activities decreased significantly over days. Additionally, neither naïve honeybees nor naïve bumblebees showed a preference for tomato floral scent in a Y-tube olfactometer. However, foraging experience in the tomato greenhouses helped bumblebees develop a strong preference for the scent, whereas honeybees with foraging experience continued to show aversion to tomato floral scent. After learning to associate tomato floral scent with a sugar reward in proboscis extension response (PER) assays, both bee species exhibited a preference for tomato floral scent in Y-tube olfactometers. The findings indicated that prior experience with a food reward strongly influenced bee preference for tomato floral scent.
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Lei, Yanyuan, Yangyang Zhou, Lihua Lü, and Yurong He. "Rhythms in Foraging Behavior and Expression Patterns of the Foraging Gene in Solenopsis invicta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in relation to Photoperiod." Journal of Economic Entomology 112, no. 6 (June 25, 2019): 2923–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/toz175.
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Abstract The foraging gene (for) is associated with foraging and other associated behaviors in social insect species. Photoperiod is known to entrain the rhythmic biological functions of ants; however, how photoperiod might influence the intensity and duration of foraging, and the expression of for, remains unexplored. This study determined the correlation between rhythm in foraging behavior and expression of the foraging gene (Sifor) mRNA in red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren. Foragers were exposed to three photoperiod conditions (12:12 [L:D], 24:0 [L:D], and 0:24 [L:D]) in the laboratory and foraging activities were recorded using a video-computer recording system. Sifor expression in the foragers was tested using real-time reverse-transcription quantitative PCR. Results revealed that foraging activity rhythm and Sifor expression profile were unimodal under all three photoperiod conditions. Levels of foraging activity were associated with photoperiodic modification, a stable phase difference between the onset of activity and the onset of gene expression was discovered. Light-dark transients stimulated foraging activity in 12:12 (L:D). There were significant daily oscillations (amplitude of 0.21 ± 0.08 for 12:12 [L:D], 0.12 ± 0.02 for 24:0 [L:D], and 0.09 ± 0.01 for 0:24 [L:D]) in the expression of Sifor. A positive relationship (r = 0.5903, P < 0.01) was found between the expression level of Sifor and foraging activity, which indicated that Sifor is linked to some extent to foraging behavior. Our results demonstrated that foragers could adjust the rhythms in foraging behavior according to light–dark cycle and suggested that Sifor may play an important role in the response of S. invicta to photoperiod.
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MacKenzie, Ellen L., Dave Goulson, and Ellen L. Rotheray. "Investigating the Foraging, Guarding and Drifting Behaviors of Commercial Bombus terrestris." Journal of Insect Behavior 34, no. 5-6 (November 2021): 334–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10905-021-09790-0.
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AbstractSocial insects have high levels of cooperation and division of labor. In bumble bees this is partly size-based, with larger bees performing tasks outside the nest and smaller bees remaining inside, although bumble bees still display considerable behavioral plasticity. The level of specialization in tasks outside the colony, including foraging, guarding and drifting (entering a foreign colony), is currently unknown for bumble bees. This study aimed to assess division of labor between outside tasks and the degree of specialization in foraging, guarding, and switching colonies in commercially reared bumble bees placed in the field. Nine factory-bought Bombus terrestris colonies were placed on three farms in Sussex, UK, between June and August 2015. Forty workers from each colony were radio-tagged and a reader on the colony entrance recorded the date, time and bee ID as they passed. The length and frequency of foraging trips and guarding behavior were calculated, and drifting recorded. The mean (±SD) length of foraging trips was 45 ± 36 min, and the mean number of foraging trips per day was 7.75 ± 7.71. Low levels of specialization in guarding or foraging behavior were found; however, some bees appeared to guard more frequently than others, and twenty bees were categorized as guards. Five bees appeared to exhibit repeated “stealing” behavior, which may have been a specialist task. The division of labor between tasks was not size-based. It is concluded that commercial bumble bees are flexible in performing outside nest tasks and may have diverse foraging strategies including intra-specific nest robbing.
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Mullin, Stephen J., Robert J. Cooper, and William HN Gutzke. "The foraging ecology of the gray rat snake (Elaphe obsoleta spiloides). III. Searching for different prey types in structurally varied habitats." Canadian Journal of Zoology 76, no. 3 (March 1, 1998): 548–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z97-228.
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Dietary generalists foraging for prey inhabiting different microhabitats may encounter different levels of structural complexity. We examined the effect of variation in prey type on the predation success and behaviors of the semi-arboreal gray rat snake (Elaphe obsoleta spiloides) foraging in structurally varied habitats. Individual snakes searched for contents of arboreal birds' nests or for small rodents in enclosures that simulated a bottomland hardwood forest habitat with one of five levels of vegetation density. Latency to prey capture was lower when the snakes were searching for small rodents than when they were searching for birds' nests, and lower for male snakes than for females. Generally, snakes were most successful when searching for prey in enclosures with low levels of structural complexity, and experienced decreased predation success in barren or highly complex habitats. Habitats with low levels of structural complexity may offer the snakes concealment from predation while not obscuring their perception or pursuit of prey. Of behavior durations measured in the trials, over 95% concerned 6 of the 20 behaviors described, and 3 of these occurred more often than the others, regardless of variation in the structural complexity of the habitat. Foraging gray rat snakes exhibited behaviors characteristic of active and ambush foraging strategies that increased their predation success on different prey types in the varied environments.
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Campbell, Dana L. M., Sue Belson, Tim R. Dyall, Jim M. Lea, and Caroline Lee. "Impacts of Rearing Enrichments on Pullets’ and Free-Range Hens’ Positive Behaviors across the Flock Cycle." Animals 12, no. 3 (January 23, 2022): 280. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12030280.
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Enrichment during the indoor rearing of pullets destined for free-range systems may optimize pullet development including increasing motivated natural behaviors (termed ‘positive behaviors’) including foraging, dust bathing and chick play. Hy-Line Brown® chicks (n = 1700) were floor-reared indoors across 16 weeks with three enrichment treatments (n = 3 pens/treatment): (1) standard control, (2) weekly novel objects—‘novelty’, (3) perching/navigation structures—‘structural’. At 16 weeks, pullets (n = 1386) were transferred to nine identical pens within rearing treatments with outdoor range access from 25 to 65 weeks. Video cameras recorded the pullet pens, adult indoor pens, and outside range. During rearing, observations of play behavior (running, frolicking, wing-flapping, sparring) in chicks at 2, 4 and 6 weeks (total of 432 thirty-second scans: 16 observations × 3 days × 9 pens) showed no overall effect of rearing treatment (p = 0.16). At 11 and 14 weeks only the ‘novelty’ hens were observed to increase their foraging across age (p = 0.009; dust bathing: p = 0.40) (total of 612 thirty-second scans per behavior: 17 observations × 2 days × 2 age points × 9 pens). Observations of adult hens at 26, 31, 41, 50, 60 and 64 weeks showed that the structural hens exhibited overall more dust bathing and foraging than the control hens (both p < 0.04) but both novelty and/or structural hens showed small increases depending on the behavior and location (total of 4104 scans per behavior: 17 observations × 2 days × 6 age points × 9 pens × 2 locations = 3672 + an additional 432 observations following daylight saving). Across age, adult hens differed in the degree of dust bathing performed inside or outside (both p ≤ 0.001) and foraging outside (p < 0.001) but not inside (p = 0.15). For litter-reared pullets, additional enrichments may result in some long-term increases in positive behaviors.
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Güler, Mehmet, and Aynur Lök. "Foraging Behaviors ofHexaplex trunculus(Gastropoda: Muricidae) Juveniles." Journal of Shellfish Research 35, no. 4 (December 2016): 911–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2983/035.035.0418.
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Chang, Yang-Chi, Jang-Ching Yan, Jiang-Shiou Hwang, Cheng-Han Wu, and Meng-Tsung Lee. "Data-oriented analyses of ciliate foraging behaviors." Hydrobiologia 666, no. 1 (November 17, 2010): 223–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10750-010-0548-5.
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Wojczulanis-Jakubas, Katarzyna, and Marcelo Araya-Salas. "Foraging, Fear and Behavioral Variation in a Traplining Hummingbird." Animals 13, no. 12 (June 15, 2023): 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani13121997.
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Traditionally, foraging behavior has been explained as the response to a trade-off between energetic gain from feeding resources and potential costs from concomitant risks. However, an increasing number of studies has shown that this view fails to explain an important fraction of the variation in foraging across a variety of taxa. One potential mechanism that may account for this variation is that various behavioral traits associated with foraging may have different fitness consequences, which may depend on the environmental context. Here, we explored this mechanism by evaluating the foraging efficiency of long-billed hermit hummingbirds (Phaethornis longirostris) with regard to three behavioral traits: (a) exploration (number of feeders used during the foraging visit), (b) risk avoidance (latency to start feeding) and (c) arousal (amount of movements during the foraging visit) in conditions at two different levels of perceived risk (low—control and high—experimental, with a threatening bullet ant model). Foraging efficiency decreased in response to threatening conditions. However, behavioral traits explained additional variation in foraging efficiency in a condition-dependent manner. More exploration was associated with a higher foraging efficiency under control conditions, but this was reversed when exposed to a threat. Regardless of the conditions, arousal was positively associated with foraging efficiency, while risk avoidance was negatively related. Importantly, exploratory behavior and risk avoidance were quite repeatable behaviors, suggesting that they may be related to the intrinsic traits of individuals. Our findings highlight the importance of taking into account additional behavioral dimensions to better understand the foraging strategies of individuals.
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Anderson, Dave, Laurie Shuster, Cindy R. Elliser, Katrina MacIver, Erin Johns Gless, Johannes Krieger, and Anna Hall. "Harbor Porpoise Aggregations in the Salish Sea." Oceans 4, no. 3 (August 8, 2023): 269–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/oceans4030019.
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Harbor porpoises are typically seen in small groups of 1–3 individuals, with aggregations of 20+ individuals treated as rare events. Since the 1990s, the harbor porpoise population in the Salish Sea has seen a significant recovery, and an increased number of observed aggregations that exceed the more usual small group sizes has been observed in recent years. By combining the observational data of United States and Canadian research organizations, community scientists, and whale watch captains or naturalists, we demonstrate that harbor porpoise aggregations appear to be more common than previously known, with 160 aggregations documented in 2022 alone. Behavioral data also indicate that foraging behaviors are common and social behaviors, like mating, are seen more often during these encounters compared to small groups. Other behaviors that are considered to be rare or unknown were also observed during these encounters, including cooperative foraging and vessel approach. These aggregations are likely important foraging and social gatherings for harbor porpoises. This holistic approach integrating data from two countries and multiple sources provides a population level assessment that more effectively reflects the behavior of harbor porpoises in this region, which do not recognize the socio-political boundaries imposed upon the natural world.
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Aplin, Lucy M., Ben C. Sheldon, and Richard McElreath. "Conformity does not perpetuate suboptimal traditions in a wild population of songbirds." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 30 (July 24, 2017): 7830–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1621067114.
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Social learning is important to the life history of many animals, helping individuals to acquire new adaptive behavior. However despite long-running debate, it remains an open question whether a reliance on social learning can also lead to mismatched or maladaptive behavior. In a previous study, we experimentally induced traditions for opening a bidirectional door puzzle box in replicate subpopulations of the great titParus major. Individuals were conformist social learners, resulting in stable cultural behaviors. Here, we vary the rewards gained by these techniques to ask to what extent established behaviors are flexible to changing conditions. When subpopulations with established foraging traditions for one technique were subjected to a reduced foraging payoff, 49% of birds switched their behavior to a higher-payoff foraging technique after only 14 days, with younger individuals showing a faster rate of change. We elucidated the decision-making process for each individual, using a mechanistic learning model to demonstrate that, perhaps surprisingly, this population-level change was achieved without significant asocial exploration and without any evidence for payoff-biased copying. Rather, by combining conformist social learning with payoff-sensitive individual reinforcement (updating of experience), individuals and populations could both acquire adaptive behavior and track environmental change.
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Chen, Jingfeng, Yin Qi, Yayong Wu, Xiaocui Wang, and Yezhong Tang. "Covariations between personality behaviors and metabolic/performance traits in an Asian agamid lizard (Phrynocephalus vlangalii)." PeerJ 7 (June 28, 2019): e7205. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7205.
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Ecological factors related to predation risks and foraging play major roles in determining which behavioral traits may mediate life history trade-offs and, therefore, the pace-of-life syndrome (POLS) structure among behavioral, physiological, and life-history traits. It has been proposed that activity/exploration or risk-taking behaviors are more likely to impact resource acquisition for organisms (individuals, populations, and species) foraging on clumped and ephemeral food sources than for organisms foraging on abundant and evenly distributed resources. In contrast, vigilance or freezing behavior would be expected to covary with the pace of life when organisms rely on food items requiring long bouts of handling. Nevertheless, it remains unclear how general this pattern is. We tested this hypothesis by examining the associations between exploration/risk-taking behaviors and metabolic/performance traits for the viviparous agamid lizard, Phrynocephalus vlangalii. This species forages on sparse and patchy food sources. The results showed positive correlations between exploration and endurance capacity, and between bite force and risk-taking willingness. Our current findings, in conjunction with our previous work showed no correlations between freezing behavior and performance in this species, support the idea that behaviors in life-history trade-offs are natural history-dependent in P. vlangalii, and provide evidence that behavioral types play functional roles in life history trade-offs to supporting POLS hypothesis.
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Denryter, Kristin, Rachel C. Cook, John G. Cook, Katherine L. Parker, and Michael P. Gillingham. "State-dependent foraging by caribou with different nutritional requirements." Journal of Mammalogy 101, no. 2 (March 2, 2020): 544–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/gyaa003.
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Abstract Foraging by animals is hypothesized to be state-dependent, that is, varying with physiological condition of individuals. State often is defined by energy reserves, but state also can reflect differences in nutritional requirements (e.g., for reproduction, lactation, growth, etc.). Testing hypotheses about state-dependent foraging in ungulates is difficult because fine-scale data needed to evaluate these hypotheses generally are lacking. To evaluate whether foraging by caribou (Rangifer tarandus) was state-dependent, we compared bite and intake rates, travel rates, dietary quality, forage selection, daily foraging time, and foraging strategies of caribou with three levels of nutritional requirements (lactating adults, nonlactating adults, subadults 1–2 years old). Only daily foraging times and daily nutrient intakes differed among nutritional classes of caribou. Lactating caribou foraged longer per day than nonlactating caribou—a difference that was greatest at the highest rates of intake, but which persisted even when intake was below requirements. Further, at sites where caribou achieved high rates of intake, caribou in each nutritional class continued foraging even after satisfying daily nutritional requirements, which was consistent with a foraging strategy to maximize energy intake. Foraging time by caribou was partially state-dependent, highlighting the importance of accounting for physiological state in studies of animal behavior. Fine-scale foraging behaviors may influence larger-scale behavioral strategies, with potential implications for conservation and management.
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Hill, Catherine M. "Crop Foraging, Crop Losses, and Crop Raiding." Annual Review of Anthropology 47, no. 1 (October 21, 2018): 377–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-anthro-102317-050022.
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Crop foraging or crop raiding concerns wildlife foraging and farmers’ reactions and responses to it. To understand crop foraging and its value to wildlife or its implications for humans requires a cross-disciplinary approach that considers the behavior and ecology of wild animals engaging in this behavior; the types and levels of competition for resources between people and wildlife; people's perceptions of and attitudes toward wildlife, including animals that forage on crops; and discourse about animals and their behaviors and how these discourses can be used for expressing dissent and distress about other social conflicts. So, to understand and respond to conflicts about crop damage, we need to look beyond what people lose, i.e., crop loss and economic equivalence, and focus more on what people say about wildlife and why they say it.
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Nojoumi, Mehdi, Anthony P. Clevenger, Daniel T. Blumstein, and Eric S. Abelson. "Vehicular traffic effects on elk and white-tailed deer behavior near wildlife underpasses." PLOS ONE 17, no. 11 (November 7, 2022): e0269587. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269587.
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Roads fragment animal populations, vehicles kill and injure animals, and traffic may affect animal behavior. Mitigation efforts (e.g., wildlife underpasses) are constructed to prevent fragmentation and reduce wildlife-vehicle collisions. However, little is known about traffic’s proximal effects on wildlife behavior and use of mitigation measures. We quantified the time that elk (Cervus elaphus) and white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) allocated to foraging, vigilance, and flight behavior before and after vehicle passage. Both species increased vigilance and flight behaviors and reduced time spent foraging in response to vehicles. Both species were more likely to move through the underpass if they exhibited foraging behavior; we also found a marginally significant trend that animals were less likely to use the underpass after vigilance behavior. Knowledge that vehicle movement influences wildlife behavior underscores the importance of consideration given to road and crossing structure design. Additionally, findings of species-specific response to vehicle passage are important in understanding potential fitness consequences of anthropogenic disturbance.
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Shih, Hao-Yu, Jane-Fang Yu, and Lih-Chiann Wang. "STEREOTYPIC BEHAVIORS IN BEARS." Taiwan Veterinary Journal 42, no. 01 (March 2016): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s168264851530004x.
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Confined bears are deprived of natural stimulus, such as large roaming domains, active foraging and enriched habitats, making them vulnerable to develop stereotypic behaviors. Motivation drives and neuro-pathological imbalance are the causes. Various stereotypic behavior types have been reported, including oral, head and locomotory related behaviors, and pacing are the most commonly seen. Stereotypic behavior level could be monitored using an observation-reporting system or fecal corticoid. Environmental and feeding enrichment are the proposed solutions; however, habituation could be developed. Parallel intermittent and consecutive environmental enrichment and unpredictable feeding schedule would be beneficial. Medication, especially long-term and low-dosage fluoxetine, was found to be effective in alleviating bear stereotypic behaviors.
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Li, Junfei, and Simon X. Yang. "Intelligent Fish-Inspired Foraging of Swarm Robots with Sub-Group Behaviors Based on Neurodynamic Models." Biomimetics 9, no. 1 (January 1, 2024): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics9010016.
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This paper proposes a novel intelligent approach to swarm robotics, drawing inspiration from the collective foraging behavior exhibited by fish schools. A bio-inspired neural network (BINN) and a self-organizing map (SOM) algorithm are used to enable the swarm to emulate fish-like behaviors such as collision-free navigation and dynamic sub-group formation. The swarm robots are designed to adaptively reconfigure their movements in response to environmental changes, mimicking the flexibility and robustness of fish foraging patterns. The simulation results show that the proposed approach demonstrates improved cooperation, efficiency, and adaptability in various scenarios. The proposed approach shows significant strides in the field of swarm robotics by successfully implementing fish-inspired foraging strategies. The integration of neurodynamic models with swarm intelligence not only enhances the autonomous capabilities of individual robots, but also improves the collective efficiency of the swarm robots.
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Morrison, Michael L., and Kimberly A. With. "Interseasonal and Intersexual Resource Partitioning in Hairy and White-Headed Woodpeckers." Auk 104, no. 2 (April 1, 1987): 225–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/auk/104.2.225.
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Abstract Foraging behavior in the closely related Hairy (Picoides villosus) and White-headed (P. albolarvatus) woodpeckers was examined in an area of sympatry to evaluate interseasonal and intersexual resource use. Similar foraging heights were observed for each species-sex sample during summer, but significant differences were evident during winter. Male and female White-heads maintained similar relative foraging heights between seasons, whereas male and female Hairies foraged relatively higher during winter. Use of tree species differed significantly for each class between seasons, except for male Hairies. Differences in foraging substrates and tree health also were noted interseasonally. All foraged at similar times of day during summer, but negative relationships occurred between times of foraging during winter; foraging times were significantly different between male Hairies and White-heads. A general trend toward decreased overlap in foraging behaviors during winter was a reflection of concentration of foraging activities on live incense cedar (Calocedrus decurrens), especially by female White-heads. This change apparently was due to the presence of an abundant and accessible prey (incense cedar scale, Xylococculus macrocarpae) on cedar. Behavioral shifts in foraging activities may be related to the differential ability to extract prey as a function of bill morphology; such an idea can be extended to intersexual as well as interseasonal considerations. Thus, segregation of foraging activities in these two woodpecker species may be attributed to morphological differences and habitat complexity rather than to competitive interactions dictated by resource limititions.
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Keen-Rhinehart, Erin, and Timothy J. Bartness. "Leptin inhibits food-deprivation-induced increases in food intake and food hoarding." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 295, no. 6 (December 2008): R1737—R1746. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.90512.2008.
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Food deprivation stimulates foraging and hoarding and to a much lesser extent, food intake in Siberian hamsters. Leptin, the anorexigenic hormone secreted primarily from adipocytes, may act in the periphery, the brain, or both to inhibit these ingestive behaviors. Therefore, we tested whether leptin given either intracerebroventricularly or intraperitoneally, would block food deprivation-induced increases in food hoarding, foraging, and intake in animals with differing foraging requirements. Hamsters were trained in a running wheel-based food delivery foraging system coupled with simulated burrow housing. We determined the effects of food deprivation and several peripheral doses of leptin on plasma leptin concentrations. Hamsters were then food deprived for 48 h and given leptin (0, 10, 40, or 80 μg ip), and additional hamsters were food deprived for 48 h and given leptin (0, 1.25, 2.5, or 5.0 μg icv). Foraging, food intake, and hoarding were measured postinjection. Food deprivation stimulated food hoarding to a greater degree and duration than food intake. In animals with a foraging requirement, intracerebroventricular leptin almost completely blocked food deprivation-induced increased food hoarding and intake, but increased foraging. Peripheral leptin treatment was most effective in a sedentary control group, completely inhibiting food deprivation-induced increased food hoarding and intake at the two highest doses, and did not affect foraging at any dose. Thus, the ability of leptin to inhibit food deprivation-induced increases in ingestive behaviors differs based on foraging effort (energy expenditure) and the route of administration of leptin administration.
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Petric, Radmila, and Matina Kalcounis-Rueppell. "Anthropogenic noise decreases activity and calling behavior in wild mice." PeerJ 11 (June 14, 2023): e15297. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.15297.
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Background Animals rely on sound to mediate a myriad of daily activities, and anthropogenic noise is a pollutant that alters the natural soundscape within which they are active. As human infrastructure expands, broadband anthropogenic noise increases, which can affect behaviors of free-living nocturnal animals. Mice are nocturnal animals that produce ultrasonic calls as part of their behavioral repertoire. Methods We assessed effects of anthropogenic and natural noise on the behaviors of wild deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) and woodland jumping mice (Napaeozapus insignis), two species of mice that produce ultrasonic calls. We measured activity, foraging behavior at a foraging tray, and calling behavior to broadcasts of natural and anthropogenic noise, compared to a baseline with no broadcasting, at 25 focal areas in the Southern Appalachian Mountain Range of North Carolina, USA. Results Deer mice exposed to anthropogenic noise spent less time in focal areas with broadcasted anthropogenic noise. Mice took longer to begin foraging in the presence of anthropogenic noise, they spent less time at the foraging tray, and left fewer husks but consumed the same number of seeds as mice exposed to natural noise. Deer mice were less likely than woodland jumping mice to be the first to enter the focal area and approach food when in the presence of anthropogenic noise. Both species produced few ultrasonic calls in the presence of broadcasted natural and anthropogenic noise compared to their baseline level of calling. We present the first calls recorded from woodland jumping mice. Conclusion Anthropogenic noise affects activity, foraging behavior, and calling behavior of nocturnal mice. Natural noise also affects the calling behavior of mice. Mouse species respond differently to anthropogenic noise, with deer mice appearing more sensitive to anthropogenic noise than woodland jumping mice. Responses to noise could have important effects on the ecology of mice and these two species respond differently. Species differences should be considered when mitigating the effects of noise in conservation ecology.
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Aktar, Mahruma, Rasel Ahammed, M. Monirul H. Khan, and MM Kabir. "Preliminary Findings On Behavioral Patterns Of The Barking Deer, Muntiacusmuntjak (Zimmermann 1780) In Captivity At Dhaka Zoo In Bangladesh." Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bangladesh, Science 41, no. 2 (December 30, 2015): 233–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jasbs.v41i2.46207.
Full textAbstract:
This research was conducted to document behavioral patterns of the barking deer, Muntiacus muntjak (Zimmermann 1780) in captivity. All-occurrence and ad libitum sampling methods were used opportunistically to observe 15 barking deer at Dhaka Zoo in Bangladesh from April to November, 2011.A total of 54 behavioral patterns of the barking deer was recorded and described under 13 major heads. Of which, 41 behavioral patterns were similar for males and females and 13 were sex different. The highest observation was recorded for self-directed behaviors (21.55%) followed by consuming behaviors (20.84%), investigative behaviors (17.65%), scent markings and depositions (14.53%), relaxed states (13.98%), agonistic interactions (2.63%), foraging behaviors (2.31%), sexual behaviors (1.83%), submissive behaviors (1.66%), elimination (1.25%), movements (1.23%), vocalization (0.3%) and affinitive interactions (0.23%). The behavioral patterns were almost similar for male and female with several patterns showing variations. Females consumed food and took rest more frequently than males, who spent more time in foraging and movement. Males also showed higher frequency of sexual behaviors and less submissive behaviors. Environmental sniffing (n=792) was the most frequently encountered behavior and preaching (n=l) was the least. The present findings reveal that majority of the behaviors resemble that of other cervids, but nibbling and barking are unique to this species.
Asiat. Soc. Bangladesh, Sci. 41(2): 233-243, December 2015
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Siva-Jothy, Jonathon A., Katy M. Monteith, and Pedro F. Vale. "Navigating infection risk during oviposition and cannibalistic foraging in a holometabolous insect." Behavioral Ecology 29, no. 6 (August 9, 2018): 1426–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/beheco/ary106.
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To stay healthy, animals should avoid sources of infection. However, some important behaviors, such as foraging and reproduction, can increase infection risk. We tested experimentally whether fruit flies avoided infected food sources when foraging as larva and deciding where to lay eggs as adults. Larvae did not avoid infected food when foraging. Mothers however, sometimes avoided laying eggs on infectious food.
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Whiting, Martin J., P. le F. N. Mouton, Johannes H. Van Wyk, and William E. Cooper. "Movement- and attack-based indices of foraging mode and ambush foraging in some gekkonid and agamine lizards from southern Africa." Amphibia-Reptilia 20, no. 4 (1999): 391–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853899x00439.
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AbstractTwo lizard foraging modes, ambush and active foraging, are usually quantified by the variables MPM (movements per minute) and PTM (proportion of time spent moving), but both variables may be affected by behaviors other than foraging. We introduce PAM, the proportion of attacks on prey discovered while lizards are moving (in relation to total attacks). PAM focuses exclusively on foraging behavior. Preliminary data reveal a very high, significant rank correlation between PAM and PTM, and a fairly high, but nonsignificant correlation between PAM and MPM. Collection of PAM data can be very time-consuming. In the absence of PAM, PTM appears to be a superior index of foraging activity to MPM, but all three indices provide valuable information on different aspects of foraging. We additionally present data for four agamine and five gekkonid species from southern Africa. The first quantitative data for agamines (all for Agama) agree with previous qualitative assessments that members of several agamine genera are ambush foragers. All the gekkonids, including three species of Rhotropus and one each of Pachydactylus and Phyllodactylus, are ambush foragers, like most geckos studied to date.