Academic literature on the topic 'Forage plants Victoria'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Contents
Consult the lists of relevant articles, books, theses, conference reports, and other scholarly sources on the topic 'Forage plants Victoria.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Journal articles on the topic "Forage plants Victoria"
1
Boyd, D. C., and M. E. Rogers. "Effect of salinity on the growth of chicory (Cichorium intybus cv. Puna) — a potential dairy forage species for irrigation areas." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 44, no. 2 (2004): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea02124.
Full textAbstract:
Chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) cv. Puna, a potentially useful forage species for dairy cows is reported anecdotally to have moderate salt tolerance and its tolerance to saline conditions was evaluated in a greenhouse experiment at Tatura, Victoria. Plants were grown hydroponically at 5 salinity levels (0, 50, 100, 150 and 200�mmol/L NaCl) along with plants of 4 other broadleafed species, lucerne (Medicago sativa) cvv. Salado and L52, white clover (Trifolium repens) cv. Victorian Irrigation and strawberry clover (Trifolium fragiferum) cv. Palestine.Plant survival rates were high for all species at all salinity levels but all plants species showed symptoms of being salt-affected, and had slower and more stunted growth at the higher salinity levels. Chicory produced significantly (P<0.05) more plant dry matter over the range of salinity levels compared with the other 4 species. Both the lucerne cultivars produced more (P<0.05) dry matter than strawberry and white clover and cv. Salado produced significantly (P<0.05) more dry matter than the other lucerne cultivar, L52. No differences were apparent between the 2 clover species, and these species were clearly the lowest yielding in terms of dry matter production. In relative terms (yield in saline conditions as compared with that in non-saline conditions), there were no significant differences between any of the 4 plant species. Dry matter digestibility levels increased in all species with increasing external salinity levels and ranged from 70 to 88%.These results suggest that chicory has a degree of salt tolerance that is similar to lucerne and therefore could be an alternative dairy forage species in moderately saline areas and on farms that use pumped saline groundwater for irrigation. However, further assessments of its salt tolerance under field conditions are recommended.
2
Norton, M. R., M. L. Mitchell, E. Kobelt, and E. Hall. "Evaluation of native and introduced grasses for low-input pastures in temperate Australia: experimental approach, site and genotype descriptions." Rangeland Journal 27, no. 1 (2005): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj05002.
Full textAbstract:
This paper describes the experimental methodology, sites, seasonal conditions and germplasm used in the Australian Native and Low Input Grass Network (NLIGN). In 1998, eight sites were established across the temperate pastoral zone of southern Australia. These were located at Armidale, Binya, Sutton and Trangie in NSW; Springhurst in Victoria; Jericho in Tasmania; Flaxley in South Australie and Kendenup in Western Australia. A total of 62 lines were evaluated, of which, 29 were Australian native grasses and 33 were introduced. With differences in seed size among species and a lack of information on dormancy and germination characteristics of the native plants, seedlings were transplanted into the field on weed-mat as spaced plants. Lines were compared over a 3-year period from 1998 to 2001. Methods used for determination of forage production, persistence and palatability are described. Information detailing the original collection sites of the germplasm, a list of NLIGN sites where each genotype was evaluated, as well as a detailed description of sites and seasonal conditions is also presented.
3
Paridaen, Annieka, and John A. Kirkegaard. "Forage canola (Brassica napus): spring-sown winter canola for biennial dual-purpose use in the high-rainfall zone of southern Australia." Crop and Pasture Science 66, no. 4 (2015): 275. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp14119.
Full textAbstract:
European winter canola (Brassica napus L.) varieties adapted to the long, cool seasons in high-rainfall areas of southern Australia have recently been adopted as autumn-sown, grain-only and dual-purpose crops. A spring-sown winter canola could be used as a biennial dual-purpose crop, to provide additional forage for summer and autumn grazing before recovery to produce an oilseed crop. We report a series of field experiments demonstrating that European winter canola types have suitable phenological characteristics to allow for their use as biennial, spring-sown crops, providing significant forage (2.5–4 t ha–1) for grazing while remaining vegetative through summer and autumn, and recovering following vernalisation in winter to produce high seed yield (2.5–5.0 t ha–1). Sowing too early (September) in colder inland areas risked exposure of the crop to vernalising temperatures, causing the crop to bolt to flower in summer, whereas all crops sown from mid-October remained vegetative through summer. Crop stands thinned by 20–30% during summer, and this was exacerbated by grazing, but surviving stands of ~30 plants m–2 were sufficient to support high yields. Grazing had no effect on grain yield at one site, but reduced yield by 0.5 t ha–1 at a second site, although this was more than offset by the value of the grazed forage. The spring-sowing approach has potential to replace the existing forage rape–spring cereal sequence, or to add a further option to the existing autumn-sown winter canola in areas such as southern Victoria, where early autumn establishment can be problematic and spring-sown crops can better withstand pests and winter waterlogging, which limit yield of autumn-sown crops. Because these are the first known studies in Australia to investigate the use of spring-sown winter canola, further work is warranted to refine further the crop and grazing strategies to maximise productivity and profitability from this option.
4
Rogers, M. E., A. R. Lawson, S. Chandra, and K. B. Kelly. "Limited application of irrigation water does not affect the nutritive characteristics of lucerne." Animal Production Science 54, no. 10 (2014): 1635. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an14195.
Full textAbstract:
Lucerne (Medicago sativa) has not been a significant part of the feedbase of the Murray-Dairy Region of Australia. However, under future climate regimes, which are indicating an overall decline in rainfall as well as water available for irrigation of pastures, lucerne is emerging as a potential forage species because of its adaptability, productivity and resilience. A large-scale field experiment was conducted at Tatura, Victoria, Australia, over four years to determine the dry matter (DM) production and nutritive characteristics of lucerne under a range of limiting and non-limiting irrigation management practices. Nine irrigation treatments were imposed that ranged from full irrigation to no irrigation in either a single, or over consecutive, irrigation seasons. Plots were harvested using plant-based criteria over the irrigation season and DM production and nutritive characteristics were determined. DM production generally increased as the total water supply (irrigation plus rainfall plus changes in soil water) increased, with the fully irrigated treatments producing significantly more DM than the treatments where the irrigation water had been restricted. Mean annual DM digestibility concentration was 66% of DM and was not affected by treatment. Similarly, mean crude protein concentration, which was 22% of DM, was also not affected by treatment. There was no consistent effect of restricted irrigation on the neutral detergent fibre concentration of the lucerne plants. These results suggest that in seasons where irrigation is restricted because of limited water supply, the reduction in lucerne productivity is not associated with a penalty in forage nutritive characteristics, with lucerne able to provide sufficient nutrients to form a large proportion of the total diet for a high-producing dairy cow.
5
Lilley, Julianne M., Lindsay W. Bell, and John A. Kirkegaard. "Optimising grain yield and grazing potential of crops across Australia’s high-rainfall zone: a simulation analysis. 2. Canola." Crop and Pasture Science 66, no. 4 (2015): 349. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp14240.
Full textAbstract:
Recent expansion of cropping into Australia’s high-rainfall zone (HRZ) has involved dual-purpose crops suited to long growing seasons that produce both forage and grain. Early adoption of dual-purpose cropping involved cereals; however, dual-purpose canola (Brassica napus) can provide grazing and grain and a break crop for cereals and grass-based pastures. Grain yield and grazing potential of canola (up until bud-visible stage) were simulated, using APSIM, for four canola cultivars at 13 locations across Australia’s HRZ over 50 years. The influence of sowing date (2-weekly sowing dates from early March to late June), nitrogen (N) availability at sowing (50, 150 and 250 kg N/ha), and crop density (20, 40, 60, 80 plants/m2) on forage and grain production was explored in a factorial combination with the four canola cultivars. The cultivars represented winter, winter × spring intermediate, slow spring, and fast spring cultivars, which differed in response to vernalisation and photoperiod. Overall, there was significant potential for dual-purpose use of winter and winter × spring cultivars in all regions across Australia’s HRZ. Mean simulated potential yields exceeded 4.0 t/ha at most locations, with highest mean simulated grain yields (4.5–5.0 t/ha) in southern Victoria and lower yields (3.3–4.0 t/ha) in central and northern New South Wales. Winter cultivars sown early (March–mid-April) provided most forage (>2000 dry sheep equivalent (DSE) grazing days/ha) at most locations because of the extended vegetative stage linked to the high vernalisation requirement. At locations with Mediterranean climates, the low frequency (<30% of years) of early sowing opportunities before mid-April limited the utility of winter cultivars. Winter × spring cultivars (not yet commercially available), which have an intermediate phenology, had a longer, more reliable sowing window, high grazing potential (up to 1800 DSE-days/ha) and high grain-yield potential. Spring cultivars provided less, but had commercially useful grazing opportunities (300–700 DSE-days/ha) and similar yields to early-sown cultivars. Significant unrealised potential for dual-purpose canola crops of winter × spring and slow spring cultivars was suggested in the south-west of Western Australia, on the Northern Tablelands and Slopes of New South Wales and in southern Queensland. The simulations emphasised the importance of early sowing, adequate N supply and sowing density to maximise grazing potential from dual-purpose crops.
6
Blaikie, SJ, and WK Mason. "Restrictions to root growth limit the yield of shoots of irrigated white clover." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 44, no. 1 (1993): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9930121.
Full textAbstract:
Pasture yields in irrigated northern Victoria are low. This experiment examined the degree to which restrictions in root growth explained the low shoot yield of white clover (Trifolium repens) grown in irrigated soils. Soils were collected as intact cores from various field sites producing from well above to well below average pasture growth. A vegetative cutting of white clover was planted into each soil core and the growth of the shoot and root systems was monitored over a 38 day period by a series of destructive harvests. All plants were managed to minimize water, oxygen or nutrient stresses. There were large effects of treatments on the productivity of plants with growth in the soil cores reflecting the field productivity of each soil. This suggested that despite managing the cores carefully, it was not possible to overcome the limitations to plant yield that occur in these soils in the field. The most productive soil was one for which the profile had been physically modified. Measures of soil physical properties (bulk density, air-filled porosity, volumetric water content, penetrometer resistance) were collected from the field sites when the soil was at field capacity, but it was not possible to identify which of these were associated with the differences in productivity between soil core treatments. No measures of the soil physical conditions were made in the cores, but it is possible that the field data did not accurately reflect conditions in the soil cores, particularly during each daily watering. There were strong correlations between shoot and root production whether measured in terms of dry weight or morphological characteristics. The most important characteristic of highly productive soil was the capacity to support the rapid proliferation of a large root system. Improved forage yield will only be possible if the potential for white clover to produce roots in irrigated soils is increased.
7
McKenzie, F. R., J. L. Jacobs, and G. Kearney. "Effects of spring grazing on dryland perennial ryegrass/white clover dairy pastures. 2. Botanical composition, tiller, and plant densities." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 57, no. 5 (2006): 555. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar05024.
Full textAbstract:
A 3-year experiment (September 1999–August 2002) in south-western Victoria investigated spring grazing impacts on botanical composition, tiller densities (perennial ryegrass, other-grasses, clover growing points, and broad-leaved weeds), and perennial ryegrass plant frequencies of a pasture of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)–white clover (Trifolium repens L.) pasture. Spring grazing treatments, applied annually from September to November were based on ryegrass leaf development stage with high (HF), medium (MF), and low (LF) grazing frequency being 2-, 3-, and 4-leaf stage, respectively, and post-grazing height as the grazing intensity with high (HI), medium (MI), and low grazing intensity being 3, 5, and 8 cm, respectively. Five combinations were used: HFHI, LFHI, MFMI, HFLI, and LFLI. A sixth treatment, rapid grazing (RG), maintained pasture between 1500 and 1800 kg DM/ha by grazing weekly during spring and a seventh and eighth treatment, simulating forage conservation for early-cut silage (lock-up for 6–7 weeks; SIL) and late-cut hay (lock up for 11–12 weeks; HAY), were also included. Perennial ryegrass content remained stable in the RG and HFHI treatments, averaging 78 and 75% DM, respectively, and declined in all other treatments. For example, perennial ryegrass content in LFLI declined from 75% (September 1999) to 50% DM (August 2002). RG and HFHI resulted in a slight increase in other grass (e.g. Holcus lanatus and Poa annua) content over time. SIL, LFLI, LFHI, and MFMI resulted in a higher other-grass content than RG and HFHI. LFLI, LFHI, and HFLI resulted in a stable dead (litter) pasture content over time, while SIL, HAY, HFHI, and RG resulted in a decline in dead pasture content over time. For RG and HFHI spring treatments the decline in dead pasture content was greater than LFLI, LFHI, and HFLI spring grazing. Data for white clover and broad-leaved weeds (e.g. Rumex dumosus and Taraxacum officinale) were inconsistent and could not be statistically analysed. While perennial ryegrass tiller density declined over time, RG and HFHI spring grazing resulted in a higher perennial ryegrass tiller density than low and medium grazing frequency treatments, and forage conservation treatments. Over time, tiller density of other grass increased, with MFMI, SIL, and HAY resulting in a greater increase than HFHI and RG treatments. During the experiment, white clover growing point density declined, while broad-leaved weed tiller data were inconsistent and not analysed. In October 2001, perennial ryegrass plant frequencies ranged from 12 (HAY) to 27 (RG) plants/m2. RG resulted in a higher perennial ryegrass plant frequency than medium and low spring grazing frequencies, and forage conservation (HAY). At the end of the experiment (August 2002), perennial ryegrass frequencies ranged from 15 (HAY) to 45 (RG) plants/m2 with RG resulting in a higher perennial ryegrass plant density than all other treatments. HFHI grazing resulted in a higher plant frequency than LFLI, SIL, and HAY, and HFLI a higher plant frequency than SIL and HAY. RG and HFHI spring grazing favoured perennial ryegrass persistence as it maintained botanical composition and perennial ryegrass tiller and plant frequencies relative to low and medium spring grazing frequency or high spring grazing frequency coupled with low intensity grazing and pasture locked up for forage conservation.
8
Jahufer, M. Z. Z., and F. I. Gawler. "Genotypic variation for seed yield components in white clover (Trifolium repens L.)." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 51, no. 6 (2000): 657. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar99135.
Full textAbstract:
Seed yield is an important criterion that determines the commercial acceptability of new cultivars. Often, the seed yielding capacity of a forage cultivar is tested only in the final stages of its development. A more efficient strategy would be to screen and select plants for seed yield at an early stage of breeding. An important objective of the National White Clover Breeding Program based at the Agriculture Victoria Pastoral and Veterinary Institute, Hamilton, is to assess the genetic diversity for important morphological attributes among germplasm accessions. A set of 53 accessions, which included germplasm collected from Morocco and Tunisia and a range of commercial cultivars, was characterised for seed yield components. The seed yield components were number of ripe inflorescences, number of florets per ripe inflorescence, number of seeds per pod, floret size, and inflorescence height. Potential seed yield was estimated. The magnitude of genotypic variation, together with the accession mean repeatability estimates, indicated the presence of genetic variation among the 53 accessions for all attributes. Both phenotypic and genotypic correlation coefficients indicated a strong positive association between total number of ripe inflorescences and seed yield. There was also a positive phenotypic and genotypic correlation between seed yield and number of florets per inflorescence. Cluster analysis of the 53 accessions based on seed yield components resulted in the generation of 6 groups. Principal component analysis helped to identify 5 accessions that could be potentially useful in improving the seed yield of white clover germplasm selected for superior agronomic and herbage yield attributes.
9
Rogers, M. E., A. R. Lawson, and K. B. Kelly. "Summer production and survival of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) genotypes in northern Victoria under differing irrigation management." Crop and Pasture Science 70, no. 12 (2019): 1163. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp18542.
Full textAbstract:
Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) is the predominant perennial forage species used in temperate irrigated dairy-production systems in Australia. However, when temperatures are high, even with optimal irrigation strategies and nutrient inputs, dry matter (DM) production can be compromised. This research investigated the effects of perennial ryegrass and tall fescue genotypes and summer irrigation on (DM) production and survival. Ten perennial ryegrass cultivars, three hybrid ryegrasses and two cultivars of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea (Schreb) Darbysh.) were sown in northern Victoria, Australia, in May 2014, and were managed under full irrigation or restricted irrigation (no irrigation between late December and mid-March) over a 3-year period. Measurements included net pasture accumulation (DM production), sward density (plant frequency) and water-soluble carbohydrate concentration. Apart from the expected differences in DM yield over the summer period between full irrigation and restricted irrigation, there were few differences in DM production among perennial ryegrass or tall fescue cultivars. Plant frequency declined significantly under restricted irrigation in Years 2 and 3 compared with full irrigation but there were no differences among perennial ryegrass cultivars. In Year 2, plant frequency was higher in the tall fescue cultivars than the ryegrass cultivars. The recovery pattern in DM production following recommencement of irrigation in mid-March (autumn) varied across years. In Year 1, plants recovered rapidly once irrigation recommenced in autumn. However, in Years 2 and 3, autumn and winter pasture accumulation under restricted irrigation was 30–35% less than under full irrigation. These differences were possibly related to decreases in plant frequency, as well as to differences in the amounts of residual pasture mass (or carbohydrate reserves) present when growth ceased. Analyses of the water-soluble carbohydrate concentrations in the pseudostem during summer and autumn in Year 3 showed differences in total water-soluble carbohydrate and in fructan and sucrose concentrations between irrigation treatments but no consistent differences among genotypes.
10
Qi, Jiangjiao, Xue Yu, Xuzhe Wang, Fanfan Zhang, and Chunhui Ma. "Differentially expressed genes related to plant height and yield in two alfalfa cultivars based on RNA-seq." PeerJ 10 (October 10, 2022): e14096. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.14096.
Full textAbstract:
Background Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is a kind of forage with high relative feeding value in farming and livestock breeding, and is of great significance to the development of animal husbandry. The growth of the aboveground part of alfalfa is an important factor that limits crop yield. Clarifying the molecular mechanisms that maintain vigorous growth in alfalfa may contribute to the development of molecular breeding for this crop. Methods Here, we evaluated the growth phenotypes of five cultivars of alfalfa (WL 712, WL 525HQ, Victoria, Knight 2, and Aohan). Then RNA-seq was performed on the stems of WL 712, chosen as a fast growing cultivar, and Aohan, chosen as a slow growing cultivar. GO enrichment analysis was conducted on all differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Result Among the differentially expressed genes that were up-regulated in the fast growing cultivar, GO analysis revealed enrichment in the following seven categories: formation of water-conducting tissue in vascular plants, biosynthesis and degradation of lignin, formation of the primary or secondary cell wall, cell enlargement and plant growth, cell division and shoot initiation, stem growth and induced germination, and cell elongation. KEGG analysis showed that differentially expressed genes were annotated as being involved in plant hormone signal transduction, photosynthesis, and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis. KEGG analysis also showed that up-regulated in the fast growing cultivar were members of the WRKY family of transcription factors related to plant growth and development, members of the NAC and MYB gene families related to the synthesis of cellulose and hemicellulose, and the development of secondary cell wall fibres, and finally, MYB family members that are involved in plant growth regulation. Our research results not only enrich the transcriptome database of alfalfa, but also provide valuable information for explaining the molecular mechanism of fast growth, and can provide reference for the production of alfalfa.
Books on the topic "Forage plants Victoria"
1
1959-, Spangenberg G., ed. Molecular breeding of forage crops: Proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium, Molecular Breeding of Forage Crops, Lorne and Hamilton, Victoria, Australia, November 19-24, 2000. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2001.
Find full text
2
McCarthy, Donald J. MiG killers: A chronology of U.S. air victories in Vietnam, 1965-1973. North Branch, MN: Specialty Press, 2009.
Find full text
3
Laming, Tim. V-Bombers: Vulcan, Victor, and Valiant, Britain's airborne nuclear deterrent. Somerset: Patrick Stephens Limited, 1997.
Find full text
4
Spangenberg, German. Molecular Breeding of Forage Crops: Proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium, Molecular Breeding of Forage Crops, Lorne and Hamilton, Victoria, Australia, November 19-24 2000. Springer London, Limited, 2013.
Find full text
5
Spangenberg, German. Molecular Breeding of Forage Crops: Proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium, Molecular Breeding of Forage Crops, Lorne and Hamilton, Victoria, Australia, November 19-24 2000. Springer, 2010.
Find full text
6
Bilston, Sarah. The Promise of the Suburbs. Yale University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.12987/yale/9780300179330.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
When did the suburbs gain their reputation as places of dullness and sterility? This book traces the origins of such suburban stereotypes back to the 1820s, the earliest decade of suburban growth, and argues that those stereotypes were forged from the first to denigrate women and the new middle classes. Disdain for the suburbs blazed especially hotly at the fin de siècle. Writers like George Gissing and H. G. Wells famously presented the suburbs as dull and tedious places, inimical to creativity, and these are the images of the Victorian suburbs scholars know best to this day. This book traces a long-forgotten counter discourse back into the early decades of the century, showing that in women’s fiction especially, the suburbs functioned narratively as places of opportunity and new beginnings. The very existence of suburban problems, meanwhile, offered women a vocation, with professional work in and around the suburban home offered tentatively as the answer, the solution, the future. Drawing on a broad range of Victorian literature, from Charles Dickens and Mary Elizabeth Braddon to less well-known writers like John Claudius Loudon, Emily Eden, Bertha Buxton, Julia Frankau, and Jane Ellen Panton, this book bring forgotten voices back into the conversation about the growth of a new landscape, a new way of life.
Book chapters on the topic "Forage plants Victoria"
1
Wyke, Terry. "Memorial mania: remembering and forgetting Sir Robert Peel." In People, Places and Identities. Manchester University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.7228/manchester/9780719090356.003.0004.
Full textAbstract:
The transformations which took place in the urban environment during the Victorian period gave the public space of towns and cities new meanings, and Terry Wyke’s essay on Sir Robert Peel, examines how political lives and reputations were shaped by the commemorative culture of public portrait statues and busts. Peel's death in 1850 and his subsequent memorializatiom marked the start of a significant trend in public life, expressed in the commissioning of outdoor portrait statues to celebrate prominent local and national figures. Peel's image, 'forged' by the contemporary press, was absorbed by a broader Liberal bourgeois narrative in cities like Manchester, as a public statement of the reputation and achievements of the Anti-Corn Law League, with which Peel was so strongly associated. Such portraiture, replete with political symbolism, played an important part in defining a new civic landscape in the Victorian period, a material narrative of political life that had been largely forgotten by the second half of the twentieth century, although it remains a rich source of evidence deserving of greater attention.
2
Goldman, Lawrence. "Alexander von Humboldt." In Victorians and Numbers, 156–65. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192847744.003.0008.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter examines the intellectual influence over the Statistical Movement of the German naturalist, Alexander von Humboldt. Humboldt was a renowned traveller, geographer and natural historian who influenced Darwin. He was also the second Foreign Member of the Statistical Society of London after Quetelet. Several members of the Cambridge Network, including Babbage, Herschel, and Whewell, had met him. Humboldt gave these natural scientists a new methodology with which to work, based upon exact and copious measurements in the field, calculation subsequently, and the search for patterns and for the order of nature in the numbers reviewed. All the intellectual founders of British statistics in the 1830s practised ‘Humboldtian science’, whether John Herschel mapping the southern skies, William Whewell studying tides, or Richard Jones analysing the different types of land rents across the cultivated world. Humboldt’s conception of the unity of nature was close in spirit to the natural theology in which these men were educated in Cambridge and to which many still subscribed: that there was a unifying supernatural force that ordered the natural world. This natural order could be revealed by patient observation and the collection of evidence, whether in nature or in society. Some of the earliest statements of purpose from the Statistical Society of London demonstrate the influence of natural theology in the programme of its intellectual founders. As Humboldt roved the planet to discover the key to natural order, so statisticians would explore society to discover the numerical principles of social order.
3
Weinberg, Gerard L. "4. Barbarossa: the German invasion of the Soviet Union." In World War II: A Very Short Introduction, 52–65. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780199688777.003.0005.
Full textAbstract:
‘Barbarossa: The German invasion of the Soviet Union’ outlines Germany's attack on the Soviet Union, which began in the early hours of June 22 1941 with an army of over three million men and over six hundred-thousand horses joined by half a million men in the armies of Romania and Finland. The German air force struck Soviet airfields and Soviet planes, destroying several thousand in the first few days and securing control of the air for the early phase of the campaign. Stalin's errors made for easy early German victories. However, the superior Soviet tanks and tenacity of the Red Army resulted in a much longer and, eventually, unsuccessful battle for Germany.
4
Gabriele, Alberto. "The Author Function in Walter Besant’s Fiction." In Walter Besant, 90–112. Liverpool University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781789620351.003.0006.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter examines the author’s function in Walter Besant’s Herr Paulus (1888) and Armorel of Lyonesse (1890). It places the representation of literary and artistic creation in Walter Besant’s novels within the transnational context of the debates on international copyright and the nationalist restructuring of the trade that followed copyright legislation. Both aspects were covered in the pages of the periodical The Author directed by Besant in the same period, thus making a transnational approach in the study of Victorian fiction all the more necessary. The novels provide a poignant critique of the misleading power of make-belief that sustained several forms of literary, economic and social fictions, thus redefining the notion of literary value against the rhetoric adopted by the proponents of the triumphant and often unfair practices of monopolistic liberalism. Walter Besant’s fiction takes aim at the remnants of the Romantic ideology that clouded a materialist assessment of the author’s value in the marketplace, problematizing the Platonist theory of creativity, that was rather counterproductive to the affirmation of the author’s advancement as independent force in the marketplace, the goal of Besant’s reformism.
5
Fagan, Brian. "Travel as Commodity." In From Stonehenge to Samarkand. Oxford University Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195160918.003.0016.
Full textAbstract:
Thomas Cook started it all with his meticulously organized archaeological tours up the Nile. He harnessed the revolutionary technologies of Victorian travel to a growing desire on the part of the middle class to explore the world and its ancient history. Cook was the first to realize the potential of the railroad for group tours. A devout Baptist and an advocate for temperance, he began his business by organizing rail excursions to temperance meetings in nearby towns in central England. The enterprise was so successful that he took advantage of steamships and continental railroads to organize what we now call package tours to France and Germany. From that, it was not much more difficult to organize tours to Egypt and the Holy Land, now readily accessible thanks to the new technology for Victorian travel: the railroad, the steamship, and the telegraph. Then, in the twentieth century, came ocean liners, massive cruise ships, and the Boeing 707, followed by the jumbo jet, all of which together made archaeological travel part of popular culture. We live in a completely accessible world of intricate airline schedules and instant communication, where you can visit the great moiae of Easter Island as easily as you can take a journey to Stonehenge or the Parthenon, the difference being a longer flight and the need for the correct visas and a foreign rental car at the other end. And if you become sick or injured, you can be evacuated from most places within hours: Peter Fleming or Ella Maillart would have been in real trouble had they become sick or injured in the vast expanses of central Asia. We forget that to travel east of the Holy Land was considered highly adventurous until after World War II, and that central Asia was virtually inaccessible to outsiders until the late twentieth century. Much of the adventure of archaeological travel has vanished since the 1960s in a tidal wave of mass tourism and its attendant businesses. Leisure travel is now the world’s largest industry, and the mainstay of many national economies, including that of Egypt, where at last count six mil-lion tourists visit each year. According to Statistics Canada, global cultural tourism will grow at a rate of about 15 percent annually through the year 2010.
6
Rybak, Jan. "Conclusion." In Everyday Zionism in East-Central Europe, 287–302. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192897459.003.0008.
Full textAbstract:
The Conclusion revisits some of the communities in which Zionists had worked during the war, showing how they were transformed in those years. The numerical growth of the Zionist movement and electoral victories in many places throughout the region speak to the transformation of the Jewish social and political landscape, and to the mass appeal of the Zionist movement and its ideas. Furthermore, Zionist nation-building meant the establishment of a vast national infrastructure, ranging from newspapers to schools, kindergartens, social centres, and so on, that came to be key features of Jewish society. These ‘outcomes’ show that it was concrete activism rather than ‘big ideas’ that made the Zionist movement attractive to the Jewish population, but also that this activism could assume very different forms, depending on local context. Looking at the diverse forms Zionist nation-building took in communities throughout the region highlights the necessity to rethink the ‘big story’ of Zionism in this period. Rather than a single process connected to wider events, it involved many different small, everyday struggles that activists and communities fought throughout the region. Not one but many Zionist ideas flourished in these years. This was the way in which Zionism experienced its great breakthrough, becoming a leading force in Jewish social and political life in the decades to come.
7
Barker, Graeme. "Transitions to Farming in Europe: Ex Oriente Lux?" In The Agricultural Revolution in Prehistory. Oxford University Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199281091.003.0014.
Full textAbstract:
Ever since the speculations of the Victorians about the inexorable progress of Man from the savagery of foraging to agriculture and civilization, Europe has been one of the main theatres of debate about transitions from foraging to farming (Chapter 1). The dominant model in the twentieth century, first developed explicitly by Gordon Childe in The Dawn of European Civilization (1925) and The Danube in Prehistory (1929), has been that of ex oriente lux, ‘light from the Near East’. According to this theory, farming began in Europe because it was introduced by Neolithic farmers from South-West Asia, who brought with them domesticated plants and animals together with a new technology that included pottery and polished stone tools. They colonized a land thinly occupied by Mesolithic foragers except at the coastal margins. In southern Europe, the first farmers would have ‘taken to their boats and paddled or sailed on the alluring waters of the Mediterranean to the next landfall—and the next’ (Childe, 1957: 16). In temperate Europe, expansion was facilitated by ‘slash-and-burn’ (swidden) agriculture practised by the first farmers: they arrived at a particular location, cleared the forest, burnt the cut timber, and planted their crops, and then moved on after a few years. The first suite of 14C dates from European Neolithic sites obtained in the 1960s astonished archaeologists, because the (uncalibrated) dates of c.6000 bc from Greek Neolithic settlements such as Nea Nikomedeia and Knossos (Fig. 9.1) were 3,000 years older than Childe’s suggested date for the beginning of the European Neolithic: c.3000 BC. He established the latter by an elaborate process of cross-dating European prehistoric sites with historically dated cultures in the eastern Mediterranean, in turn dated by links to Pharaonic Egypt. At the same time, the 14C data appeared to confirm Childe’s ex oriente lux theory, because there was a clear trend of increasingly younger dates with distance from South-West Asia (J. G. D. Clark, 1965; Fig. 1.7). The dates of c .6000 BC in south-east Europe were in the same time-frame as dates for PPNB Neolithic settlements in South-West Asia, dates in central Europe and the Mediterranean were of the order of 4500 BC, and dates from Early Neolithic sites on the Atlantic margins of Europe were nearer 3000 BC.
8
Anderson, E. N. "The Disenchanted: Religion as Ecological Control, and Its Modern Fate." In Ecologies of the Heart. Oxford University Press, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195090109.003.0014.
Full textAbstract:
Conservation must be rationally planned, but inevitably it becomes a political issue. Policies and plans must be debated in the political arena and decided there. Politics is the art of managing passions and conflicts— either to control or resolve them, or to whip them up for selfish reasons. It is necessary for environmental management to minimize conflict and achieve specific social contracts. This involves playing the highly impassioned game of politics, as well as appealing to truth and reason. Neither of those two things can be separated from the other. Politics without rationality soon degenerates into mindless conflict. Reason without passion carries no political appeal. Politics thus conies to rely on wider and more personally compelling belief systems. Religion is notable among these. It has been shown that traditional societies use religion to sanction their resource management strategies, and that this appears to be a successful strategy. This point has long been argued. More recently, it has become a cornerstone of one branch of cultural ecology theory. Roy Rappaport has expanded his argument that religion can encode wise management strategies to include a more general theory of religion, encoding information and involving human emotions. Lansing has provided a classic test case. Victor Toledo has incorporated Rappaport’s observations in a wider theory of what he calls “ethnoecology.” The folio-wing discussion takes off from their insights, and draws some further conclusions. The advantage of religion in traditional societies where religion is still a major force is that it involves emotion in moral codes. A moral code based only on emotion or only on practical reason will not sell. To succeed, a moral code must have something to do with reality, but it must be strongly believed—people have to have a lot of emotion invested in it. Belief, in this sense, does not mean dogmatism. One can be open and reasonable about a belief. The difference between a belief—in this sense—and an ordinary bit of knowledge is the emotional investment.
9
"pride which makes a mortal forget his place in the order of things), the word is most often used of dealings between human beings. It generally describes behaviour which is uncontrolled and which presupposes a desire to humiliate or at least a contempt for the rights and prestige of others. It could be applied to anything from mockery through verbal insult to physical assault, including rape. However, in law the term was narrower. The law on hybris quoted at Dem. 21.47 appears to cover action, not words. It is likely, moreover, that in legal contexts at least, though the law was imprecise (it appears to have begun: ‘if anyone commits outrage [hybris] against someone . . .’), the offence was generally understood to cover physical violence. It is not clear what converted aikeia into hybris, but it may be suggested that where the speaker could argue that the assault was committed either with the intention of humiliating or with wilful disregard for the status of the victim then the action for outrage might succeed. In the present case the action of Konon in imitating a victorious fighting cock after beating Ariston could be held to prove either. In explaining his reasons for choosing the private action, Ariston naturally places the emphasis on modesty (a public action would require more boldness and greater legal experience than a young man should in this culture possess) and restraint. In the process he suppresses other motives. As was explained in the general introduction, the prosecutor in a public action faced serious penalties if lie either dropped the case or failed to obtain 20 per cent of the judges’ votes. In addition, since on most reconstructions hybris involved the state of mind or intention of the perpetrator it would be more difficult to prove than aikeia, for which the fact of striking first sufficed. Finally, if Konon were convicted in a public action for hybris any fine would go to the state, while the victor in a private action for aikeia stood to gain compensation. The case against Konon is presented with remarkable force, and one’s first impression is that Ariston’s case is overwhelming. As to the assault itself, Ariston has good evidence from a doctor that he was severely beaten. That Konon was actually the perpetrator is suggested by Konon’s behaviour at arbitration (for which Ariston has witness testimony); evidently Konon had difficulty assembling a case, and it appears that it was only when his situation was looking desperate that his associates gave evidence on his behalf. However, it is far from clear that the witnesses who carried Ariston home actually saw the attack; they may merely have found him lying beaten. It may be that the only witness on Ariston’s side was his friend Phanostratos. From §§30–3 one." In Trials from Classical Athens, 103. Routledge, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203130476-28.
Full text