Relevant bibliographies by topics / Footrot

Academic literature on the topic 'Footrot'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 20 February 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Footrot"

1

Morgan, Kenton. "Footrot." In Practice 9, no. 4 (July 1987): 124–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/inpract.9.4.124.

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Scott, Phil. "Ovine footrot." Livestock 17, no. 3 (May 2012): 37–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-3870.2012.00114.x.

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ABBOTT, KA, and JR EGERTON. "Eradication of footrot of lesser clinical severity (intermediate footrot)." Australian Veterinary Journal 81, no. 11 (November 2003): 688–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.2003.tb12541.x.

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Gaden, C. A., B. F. Cheetham, E. Hall, G. Green, and M. E. Katz. "Producer-initiated field research leads to a new diagnostic test for footrot." Animal Production Science 53, no. 8 (2013): 610. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an11175.

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The Cicerone Project was formed in 1998 to address problems faced by wool producers. In the New England area, the issue of suspected false positive diagnoses of virulent footrot, which can be a significant cause of economic loss to individual producers, was investigated. In New South Wales, footrot diagnosis is primarily a field diagnosis supported by the gelatin gel laboratory test. The principal causative agent of footrot is Dichelobacter nodosus. If the gelatin gel test finds strains of D. nodosus to be thermostable (gel stable), a finding of virulent footrot is likely and quarantine of the affected property follows. However, livestock producers and inspectors reported that there were a considerable number of cases where laboratory tests found strains to be stable but these strains did not cause virulent footrot in the field. Preliminary results using DNA markers associated with virulent footrot showed that one of these markers, intA, was absent in gel stable, field benign strains but present in all strains tested which caused field virulent footrot. A trial conducted at Uralla, New South Wales, demonstrated conclusively that there were strains of D. nodosus which were stable in the gelatin gel test but did not cause virulent footrot in the field. All of these strains were negative in the intA DNA test. These results were confirmed in a second field trial at Molong, New South Wales. These trials were instrumental in establishing that the gelatin gel test at times gave results inconsistent with the clinical expression of footrot, potentially leading to a false positive diagnosis of virulent footrot. Subsequent research led to confirmation of the intA test, which is now available as an additional tool for footrot diagnosis.
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Angell, Joseph William, Dai H. Grove-White, and Jennifer S. Duncan. "Sheep and farm level factors associated with footrot: a longitudinal repeated cross-sectional study of sheep on six farms in the UK." Veterinary Record 182, no. 10 (January 23, 2018): 293. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.104553.

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Footrot is an ovine foot disease of infectious origin and a cause of serious welfare and economic compromise in affected animals and flocks. The development of footrot in sheep is associated with the infectious agent Dichelobacter nodosus, which may invade as a primary pathogen, but the risk of disease is increased following damage to the interdigital skin of the foot. In this study, we used data from six farms in North Wales collected between June 2012 and October 2013 to model the dynamic changes of footrot prevalence over time and investigate the association of footrot with multiple farm, management, environmental and sheep factors. Footrot prevalence varied widely within and between farms and overall varied with season with an increase in prevalence shown in late summer and again in the spring. In addition, sheep were more likely to have footrot when the flock size was larger, when grazing poached pasture or when grazing a longer sward, and yearling sheep were less likely to have footrot when compared with lambs and adult sheep. These data may be helpful for advising farmers of likely environmental events, risk groups and management practices that may increase the probability of sheep developing footrot.
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Dhungyel, Om, James Hunter, and Richard Whittington. "Footrot vaccines and vaccination." Vaccine 32, no. 26 (May 2014): 3139–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.04.006.

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Egerton, John. "Aetiology of ovine footrot." Preventive Veterinary Medicine 117, no. 1 (November 2014): 313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2014.08.019.

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Agbaje, Michael, Catrin S. Rutland, Grazieli Maboni, Adam Blanchard, Melissa Bexon, Ceri Stewart, Michael A. Jones, and Sabine Totemeyer. "Novel inflammatory cell infiltration scoring system to investigate healthy and footrot affected ovine interdigital skin." PeerJ 6 (July 2, 2018): e5097. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5097.

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Ovine footrot is a degenerative disease of sheep feet leading to the separation of hoof-horn from the underlying skin and lameness. This study quantitatively examined histological features of the ovine interdigital skin as well as their relationship with pro-inflammatory cytokine (IL-1β) and virulent Dichelobacter nodosus in footrot. From 55 healthy and 30 footrot ovine feet, parallel biopsies (one fixed for histology) were collected post-slaughter and analysed for lesions and histopathological analysis using haematoxylin and eosin and Periodic Acid-Schiff. Histological lesions were similar in both conditions while inflammatory scores mirror IL-1β expression levels. Increased inflammatory score corresponded with high virulent D. nodosus load and was significant (p < 0.0001) in footrot feet with an inflammatory score of 3 compared to scores 1 and 2. In addition, in contrast to healthy tissues, localisation of eubacterial load extended beyond follicular depths in footrot samples. The novel inflammatory cell infiltration scoring system in this study may be used to grade inflammatory response in the ovine feet and demonstrated an association between severity of inflammatory response and increased virulent D. nodosus load.
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Skerman, TM, DL Johnson, DW Kane, and JN Clarke. "Clinical footscald and footrot in a New Zealand Romney flock: phenotypic and genetic parameters." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 39, no. 5 (1988): 907. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9880907.

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Phenotypic and genetic parameters for clinical footscald and footrot were investigated in a pedigree flock of New Zealand Romney sheep inspected during outbreaks over six years. At inspections, each sheep's overall status with regard to footscald and footrot was summarized on a combined severity scale (Rating). Sheep were also categorized in terms of two binomial variables specifying the presence or absence of footscald or footrot (FI) and the presence or absence of footrot only (FR). A trinomial variable specified no infection, infection limited to footscald, or footrot with or without footscald (FSR), all variables being derived from the Rating value. Notwithstanding marked annual variations in prevalence of FI, F1 prevalence increased with age among ewes, and a higher prevalence of FI among male than female lambs was noted. Birth rank, birth date and dam's age had no significant effect on Rating in lambs. Repeatability of ewe Rating over successive annual inspections was low. Heritabilities of Rating, FI, FR and FSR, estimated by half-sib analyses were 0.14, 0.28, 0.17 and 0.25, respectively. Heritability of Rating estimated from dam-offspring regression was 0.12. Production traits did not appear to be genetically associated with liability to footrot. Selection of the top 5% of progenytested sires for breeding could be expected to reduce the prevalence of FI by approximately 45% per generation.
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Raadsma, H. W., and O. P. Dhungyel. "A review of footrot in sheep: New approaches for control of virulent footrot." Livestock Science 156, no. 1-3 (September 2013): 115–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2013.06.011.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Footrot"

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Abbott, K. A. "The epidemiology of intermediate footrot." Thesis, Faculty of Veterinary Science, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/9322.

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Allworth, Bruce. "Investigations of the eradication of footrot." Thesis, Department of Animal Health, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/9323.

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Depiazzi, L. J. "Virulence of Bacteroides nodosus in ovine footrot." Thesis, Depiazzi, L. J. (1988) Virulence of Bacteroides nodosus in ovine footrot. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 1988. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/53226/.

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Virulence, in relation to ovine footrot, was examined in a review which emphasised the primary role of Bacteroides nodosus, an anaerobic strict parasite of ungulates. The association of this parasite with other bacteria in the footrot lesion resulted in complex interactions of host. parasite and environment. However, experimentation showed that the severity of the footrot lesion was associated principally with two different properties of B. nodosus: protease stability and surface translocation, the latter being a probable function of the pilus. The relationship between virulence, extracellular protease and translocation was elucidated in terms of function rather than structure. For example, the severity of footrot lesions was not related specifically to the electrophoretic mobility of protease isoenzymes or outer membrane proteins of B. nodosus. Although there were only two levels of protease stability, surface translocation, measured as either colony size or degree of cellular twitching, varied continuously between isolates. It was suggested that surface translocation was the basis for a continuous spectrum of virulence observed in ovine footrot. Nevertheless, protease stability was associated specifically with microbial penetration of the epidermal matrix of the hoof , hence justifying a classification of B. nodosus isolates into virulent (stable protease) and benign (unstable protease) strains. Although this classification was considered realistic, the complexity of ovine footrot was emphasised by evidence that twitching motility mediated the effects of both ambient temperature and the footrot microbial flora on the severity of all forms of the disease.
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Buller, Nicky. "Molecular epidemiology, clonality and virulence of Dichelobacter nodosus, the agent of ovine footrot." Thesis, Buller, Nicky (2005) Molecular epidemiology, clonality and virulence of Dichelobacter nodosus, the agent of ovine footrot. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2005. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/441/.

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Dichelobacter nodosus, an anaerobic bacterium, is the major transmissible agent of ovine footrot. The disease expresses as a virulent or benign lesion in the hoof. Virulence is related to the production of serine proteases, particularly a thermostable protease. Isolates of D. nodosus are characterised according to the type of protease produced (either heat-stable or heat-labile) and the electrophoretogram (zymogram) of the protease. This study reports on the use of the DNA-based typing techniques Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) and Infrequent-Restriction-Site-PCR (IRS-PCR) to investigate the molecular epidemiology of D. nodosus, including a consideration of the relationship between genetic type, zymogram patterns and whole cell protein profiles. The aim of the project was to obtain a better understanding of D. nodosus strain diversity and dissemination in Australia and its relationship to virulence within the population. The overall intention was to use this information to assist in the long-term control of virulent footrot. Field isolates of D. nodosus from Western Australia (n = 735), New South Wales (n = 16), Victoria (n = 24) and South Australia (n = 21) were obtained and analysed. Both typing techniques that were used offered good differentiation between isolates for epidemiological purposes, and the results were in general agreement. PFGE provided slightly better discrimination between isolates, with 214 PFGE types (181 from Western Australia) compared to 94 IrsT types (77 from Western Australia). Within this diverse range of molecular types clonality was observed - with clones being defined as clusters of isolates having closely related PFGE types. The strains were categorised as genetically diverse, genetically similar or identified as the same strain. This diversity of genetic types was found overall, within flocks of sheep on a farm and within a single hoof where, on a number of occasions, multiple molecular types and zymogram types were found colonising a single hoof. One isolate that was experimentally inoculated into a flock of sheep produced six different genetic types when tested 12 months after the initial infection. This indicates that D. nodosus undergoes rapid genetic change, which means that follow-up epidemiological investigation of disease outbreaks and trace-backs need to be done as soon after infection as possible. The genetic differences appeared to be due to large insertions or deletions of DNA. Amongst sheep on some properties, isolates that had a different protease expression and virulence expression were found to have the same molecular type. Investigation of these isolates by SDS-PAGE showed that they also had the same whole cell protein profiles. Isolates from the same clonal groups also had the same protein profile, whereas genetically diverse isolates had different protein profiles. The lack of protein differences between isolates of the same molecular type, or within a clonal group, suggests that the differences in protease thermostability may be due to conformational changes in the protein, rather than to overall detectable genetic change and/or expression of different proteins. These results demonstrate that PFGE typing can be useful in predicting likely phenotypic expression of whole cell proteins. Further work is required to elucidate differences between virulent and benign strains of D. nodosus.
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Buller, Nicky. "Molecular epidemiology, clonality and virulence of Dichelobacter nodosus, the agent of ovine footrot." Buller, Nicky (2005) Molecular epidemiology, clonality and virulence of Dichelobacter nodosus, the agent of ovine footrot. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2005. http://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/441/.

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Dichelobacter nodosus, an anaerobic bacterium, is the major transmissible agent of ovine footrot. The disease expresses as a virulent or benign lesion in the hoof. Virulence is related to the production of serine proteases, particularly a thermostable protease. Isolates of D. nodosus are characterised according to the type of protease produced (either heat-stable or heat-labile) and the electrophoretogram (zymogram) of the protease. This study reports on the use of the DNA-based typing techniques Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) and Infrequent-Restriction-Site-PCR (IRS-PCR) to investigate the molecular epidemiology of D. nodosus, including a consideration of the relationship between genetic type, zymogram patterns and whole cell protein profiles. The aim of the project was to obtain a better understanding of D. nodosus strain diversity and dissemination in Australia and its relationship to virulence within the population. The overall intention was to use this information to assist in the long-term control of virulent footrot. Field isolates of D. nodosus from Western Australia (n = 735), New South Wales (n = 16), Victoria (n = 24) and South Australia (n = 21) were obtained and analysed. Both typing techniques that were used offered good differentiation between isolates for epidemiological purposes, and the results were in general agreement. PFGE provided slightly better discrimination between isolates, with 214 PFGE types (181 from Western Australia) compared to 94 IrsT types (77 from Western Australia). Within this diverse range of molecular types clonality was observed - with clones being defined as clusters of isolates having closely related PFGE types. The strains were categorised as genetically diverse, genetically similar or identified as the same strain. This diversity of genetic types was found overall, within flocks of sheep on a farm and within a single hoof where, on a number of occasions, multiple molecular types and zymogram types were found colonising a single hoof. One isolate that was experimentally inoculated into a flock of sheep produced six different genetic types when tested 12 months after the initial infection. This indicates that D. nodosus undergoes rapid genetic change, which means that follow-up epidemiological investigation of disease outbreaks and trace-backs need to be done as soon after infection as possible. The genetic differences appeared to be due to large insertions or deletions of DNA. Amongst sheep on some properties, isolates that had a different protease expression and virulence expression were found to have the same molecular type. Investigation of these isolates by SDS-PAGE showed that they also had the same whole cell protein profiles. Isolates from the same clonal groups also had the same protein profile, whereas genetically diverse isolates had different protein profiles. The lack of protein differences between isolates of the same molecular type, or within a clonal group, suggests that the differences in protease thermostability may be due to conformational changes in the protein, rather than to overall detectable genetic change and/or expression of different proteins. These results demonstrate that PFGE typing can be useful in predicting likely phenotypic expression of whole cell proteins. Further work is required to elucidate differences between virulent and benign strains of D. nodosus.
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McPherson, Andrew Stephen. "Aspects of the aetiopathogenesis and diagnosis of ovine footrot." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/18510.

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Footrot is prevalent in most sheep-producing countries. Two forms are generally recognised: virulent and benign. Virulent footrot has major economic and animal welfare impacts. Footrot has a complex aetiology; the clinical manifestations of the disease result from interactions between the essential causative agent, Dichelobacter nodosus, and the bacterial community of the foot. The severity of these manifestations varies according to environmental conditions and host susceptibility, thus clinical diagnosis of virulent footrot can be challenging, and laboratory tests are used to assist diagnosis. A comparative evaluation of phenotypic and genotypic virulence tests was undertaken, including the elastase test and a qPCR test targeting the aprV2 protease gene, which is thought to be a key virulence marker. The qPCR had a low diagnostic specificity, with aprV2-positive D. nodosus strains detected flocks with clinically benign footrot. As such, aprV2 was deemed an unreliable virulence marker. In contrast, expression of elastase was closely associated with virulence. D. nodosus strains are divisible into ten immunologically distinct serogroups (A to I, M). A culture-independent testing procedure was developed that enhanced the speed and accuracy of serogrouping, and a cPCR test targeting serogroup M was developed. Such a test was previously unavailable. The foot microbiomes of healthy and footrot-affected Merino sheep were characterised and compared using next-generation sequencing and analysis of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene. Fifteen bacterial genera were found to be preferentially abundant on the feet of footrot-affected Merino sheep, several of which were not previously known to contribute to the disease process. A pasture-based experimental model was also developed that provides a more accurate representation of the conditions in which footrot is naturally transmitted and expressed.
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Giebel, Katharina. "Persistence of Dichelobacter nodosus, the causal agent of ovine footrot." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2017. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/97645/.

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Ovine footrot (FR) is an economically important disease that causes lameness and affects sheep flocks worldwide. It is characterized by interdigital skin inflammation (interdigital dermatitis [ID]) with, or without, separation of the hoof horn from the underlying tissue (severe footrot [SFR]). The primary causative agent is the gram-negative anaerobic bacterium Dichelobacter nodosus, which is present in diseased feet and thought to be transmitted via contaminated surfaces. Periods of apparent zero prevalence of FR in a flock can be followed by disease occurrence when the climate becomes favourable for pathogen transmission. This suggests that there are sites where D. nodosus persists in the absence of disease. These sites might include healthy feet, the gingival cavity and faeces of sheep and also the environment. The aim of this thesis was to investigate persistence of D. nodosus, by investigating possible sites of survival of D. nodosus over time. Prospective longitudinal studies were used to investigate persistence. Samples were collected from sheep and from the pasture in three studies (Studies 1 and 2: England, study 3: Spain). Quantitative PCR was used to detect and quantify D. nodosus and to investigate associations between D. nodosus presence in feet, in the gingival cavity and on pasture and a range of predictor variables including climate. A multiple locus variable number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA) suitable for use on mixed DNA and environmental samples was optimized and validated to investigate D. nodosus strains within and between sites. A novel approach to characterize individual strains in a sample was designed. D. nodosus was detected in all sample types in all studies but not on all occasions. The feet of sheep were the only site where D. nodosus was detected in loads exceeding 103 cells per swab. In study 1, D. nodosus was detected in amounts exceeding103 cells in samples collected from the pasture in week 1 only, when detection frequency of D. nodosus on feet was high and the weather was wet. A minimum of 14 strains of D. nodosus were detected on the feet of sheep by MLVA. A decline in detection of D. nodosus in the environment coincided with periods of dry weather, however, dry weather did not coincide with a decline in D. nodosus loads on feet or incidence of disease. D. nodosus was more likely to be detected in the gingival cavity when a sheep had FR. It was detected in 25 % of gingival cavity samples and strain types identified in the gingival cavity were the same as the dominant strain types on the feet of sheep. In study 2, disease prevalence and D. nodosus detection frequencies were lower than in study 1. When sheep from the study group were separated from the main flock in week 1 and moved onto pasture that had been unoccupied for 10 days, D. nodosus was transferred to the study group on healthy feet. One dominant strain of D. nodosus persisted throughout an episode of disease and this strain was present on the healthy feet of sheep until up to 5 weeks before the development of lesions in high bacterial loads. There was a reduction in lesion severity and reduced detection of D. nodosus in soil in a period of dry weather. Only 1 sample from the gingival cavity was positive for D. nodosus. Two faecal sample were positive for D. nodosus, indicating for the first time that faecal shedding is possible. In study 3, there were high loads of D. nodosus on healthy feet of a sheep that was classed as susceptible when there had been no cases of FR for at least 2 month. D. nodosus was still present in the flock during the long non-transmission period in the summer. We conclude that D. nodosus is more likely to persist on the feet of sheep, whereas long-term environmental reservoirs of D. nodosus are unlikely. Future research should focus on the feet of sheep and possibly faeces as possible sites of persistence of D. nodosus in the absence of disease.
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Russell, Vinca N. L. "Combining genetics and epidemiology : a model of footrot in sheep." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2013. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/57740/.

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The interaction between host genetics and epidemiological processes in ovine footrot was investigated using a combination of data analysis and simulation modelling. The study’s aims were to determine the potential for genetic selection to be used to reduce the prevalence of footrot in the UK and to assess different strategies for use of conventional epidemiological interventions. A stochastic simulation model was developed, incorporating host genetics for traits controlling footrot resistance, bacterial population dynamics, sheep population dynamics and epidemiological processes. Sensitivity analysis of the model showed survival time of Dichelobacter nodosus in the environment and infection rate were the key determinants of disease outcomes. Antibiotics were predicted to be the most effective conventional control method, reducing prevalence of footrot to 1-2% when administered promptly. Pasture rotation, selective culling and vaccination were all predicted to reduce prevalence but to a lower extent. Analysis of field data confirmed the likely role for some degree of host genetic control of footrot resistance, i.e. resistance appears to be lowly to moderately heritable. Using the simulation model it was then shown that genetic selection could be effective at reducing footrot prevalence. In combination with antibiotic treatment or pasture rotation elimination of footrot from an individual flock could be achieved. Genetic selection was predicted to be effective at reducing prevalence and improving resistance but the choice of selection criteria impacts the results seen. It is likely that progress would be slower in field situations because footrot traits would be diluted by simultaneous selection for other traits affecting profitability. Field studies are required to determine optimal combinations of interventions and genetic selection and to validate modelling outcomes. Combined data from longitudinal disease observations, genetic information and bacterial samples are necessary to address current knowledge gaps and to further advance understanding of host and disease processes in ovine footrot.
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Agbaje, M. "Bacterial colonisation and localisation in ovine interdigital dermatitis and footrot." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2018. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/48734/.

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Ovine footrot is the major cause of lameness in sheep within the UK and an economic and welfare concern for sheep farmers globally. It is characterised by under-running of the hoof-horn and preceded by interdigital dermatitis (ID). Under-running footrot is attributed to the host immune response, which is provoked primarily by Dichelobacter nodosus in addition to other bacteria pathogens. However, the precise role of these other bacteria is yet unknown. Therefore, we hypothesise that bacterial invasion and colonisation of the ovine interdigital skin contributes to a strong host inflammatory response leading to the characteristic histopathology observed. In this context, this study examined host inflammatory response [inflammatory cell infiltration, pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β)], histopathological lesions and virulent D. nodosus abundance in healthy, ID and footrot conditions in an attempt to gain further insights into the pathogenesis of this important disease. To investigate this hypothesis, two studies were designed: (i) to grade histological lesions in different clinical conditions and (ii) to determine bacterial localisation in post-slaughtered interdigital skin biopsies from the abattoir. Standardised histology lesion grading systems were developed and applied using histochemical techniques (haematoxylin and eosin (H&E), periodic acid Schiff PAS). Bacterial localisation was determined in serial horizontal sections across skin depths combining histology (transverse cryosections + H&E) and qPCR technique for the quantification of bacterial DNA. Furthermore, parallel data of IL-1β expression and virulent D. nodosus load obtained from a different study were compared to histology lesions. Key findings were as follows: (i) histological lesions (cell ballooning, parakeratosis, epidermal micro-abscesses and inflammatory cell infiltration) were similar in all clinical conditions, (ii) increased inflammatory cell infiltration score corresponded significantly with high levels of IL-1β expression (p < 0.05) in footrot, and virulent D. nodosus load (p < 0.001) across all clinical conditions, (iii) across different skin depths, eubacteria localisation was consistent, D. nodosus localisation was highly variable while F. necrophorum was localised in deeper sections of healthy feet. In addition, eubacteria load was significantly higher (p=0.0002) in the epidermis near the skin surface (≤200μm) of footrot disease samples when compared to healthy samples. Eubacteria components may play contributory roles in footrot pathogenesis based on their localisation in interdigital skin. In conclusion, contrary to previous notion that the severity of disease condition was dictated by progressive pathology, data in this study showed no appreciable difference in the levels of histological lesions and inflammatory response between healthy and diseased (ID, footrot) conditions. Histological lesions and the bacterial components of the skin including the virulent D. nodosus contribute to the local inflammatory response which probably drives the progression of footrot disease.
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Smith, Karen. "Study of intermediate footrot in New South Wales (NSW) Australia." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2022. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/29436.

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Ovine footrot is a contagious disease of sheep caused by Dichelobacter nodosus which results in production losses and compromises the welfare of animals. The severity of disease which develops is on a spectrum, with benign, intermediate and virulent forms of disease described. The pathogenicity of three aprV2-positive D. nodosus field isolates were tested in a pen trial. Foot lesions typically associated with benign or intermediate footrot developed in the animals inoculated with the arV2- positive isolates. The efficacy of a serogroup specific bi-valent vaccine against benign and intermediate footrot was tested in four sheep farms in NSW. The use of the serogroup-specific vaccine can be effective at controlling some intermediate strains of D. nodosus. The antibody concentrations for the serogroups included in the vaccine at each farm were generally above concentrations required for protective immunity. The utility of pooled sample testing was examined using 572-foot swabs samples collected from six sheep farms in Tasmania and one farm in NSW. The test sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Sp) of the three multiplex PCR assays differed between sample types, individual serogroups and each of the three multiplex PCR assays. The pooling of five DNA samples may improve the cost effectiveness of diagnostic testing. A questionnaire survey was developed and completed by 43 sheep farmers in NSW. Risk factors associated with footrot and other hoof diseases were identified and it was determined sheep farmers in NSW consider benign and intermediate footrot an important disease which negatively affects the health and welfare of affected animals. The association between the aprV2 gene and virulence has not been established in Australian strains of D. nodosus. A method was developed to examine gene expression levels and when incubated for 5 days, the level of gene expression of isolates classified as virulent was higher than isolates classified as benign.
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Books on the topic "Footrot"

1

Ball, Murray Hone. Footrot Flats. Auckland, N.Z: Hodder Moa Beckett, 1997.

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Ball, Murray Hone. Footrot Flats. Auckland: Hodder Moa Beckett, 1999.

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Ball, Murray Hone. Footrot Flats. Auckland [N.Z.]: Hobber Moa Beckett, 1998.

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Footrot Flats. Auckland [N.Z.]: Hodder Moa Beckett, 1995.

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Ball, Murray. Footrot Flats. Auckland [N.Z.]: Hodder Moa Beckett, 1995.

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Ball, Murray. Footrot Flats. Lower Hutt, N.Z: Central Community Newspapers Ltd., 1994.

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Ball, Murray Hone. Footrot Flats. Auckland: Hodder Moa Beckett, 1999.

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Ball, Murray Hone. Footrot Flats. Auckland [N.Z.]: Hodder Moa Beckett, 1996.

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Ball, Murray Hone. Footrot Flats weekender. Auckland: Hodder Moa Beckett, 1997.

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Ball, Murray Hone. Footrot Flats weekender. Victoria, Australia: Orin Books, 1995.

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Book chapters on the topic "Footrot"

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Broom, Donald M. "Welfare of sheep and goats." In Broom and Fraser’s domestic animal behaviour and welfare, 323–26. 6th ed. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789249835.0031.

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Etebu, Ebimieowei. "Agricultural Soil Health and Pea Footrot Disease Suppressiveness." In Soil Biology, 125–45. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-23075-7_6.

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Rood, Julian I., Catherine L. Wright, Volker Haring, and Margaret E. Katz. "Molecular analysis of virulence associated gene regions from the ovine footrot pathogen, Dichelobacter nodosus." In Developments in Plant Pathology, 615–24. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0746-4_44.

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Cheetham, Brian F., Gabrielle Whittle, Michael Ting, and Margaret E. Katz. "Interactions Between Bacteriophage DinoHI and a Network of Integrated Elements Which Control Virulence in Dichelobacter nodosus, the Causative Agent of Ovine Footrot." In Soil Biology, 237–53. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-14512-4_9.

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Weik, Martin H. "footnote." In Computer Science and Communications Dictionary, 627. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-0613-6_7407.

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Poeck, Klaus. "Footdrop, Bilateral." In Diagnostic Decisions in Neurology, 59–61. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-70693-6_15.

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Poeck, Klaus. "Footdrop, Unilateral." In Diagnostic Decisions in Neurology, 62–65. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-70693-6_16.

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Curthoys, Ann, and Ann McGrath. "Footnote fetishism." In How to Write History that People Want to Read, 198–211. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-230-30496-3_11.

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Müller, Martin. "Footnote urbanism." In Global Urbanism, 88–95. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2021.: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429259593-12.

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Weik, Martin H. "footnote tie-in." In Computer Science and Communications Dictionary, 627. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-0613-6_7408.

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Conference papers on the topic "Footrot"

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"744. Impact of genotypic information on genetic evaluation accuracy for mastitis and footrot in the UK Texel Sheep." In World Congress on Genetics Applied to Livestock Production. The Netherlands: Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-940-4_744.

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Yong, Kin Fuai, Juan Pablo Forero, Shaohui Foong, and Suranga Nanayakkara. "FootNote." In AH '15: The 6th Augmented Human International Conference. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2735711.2735819.

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Umbare, Vilas Gorakh. "Agricultural Tractor's Footrest Vibration Reduction." In Symposium on International Automotive Technology 2013. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2013-26-0093.

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Esser, Thomas. "Footnote to the millenium II." In ACM SIGGRAPH 98 Electronic art and animation catalog. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/281388.281430.

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Sharma, Arunima, and Ramesh Babu Battula. "FOOTREST: Safety on Roads Through Intelligent Transportation System." In 2020 International Conference on Information Networking (ICOIN). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icoin48656.2020.9016473.

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Kimura, Tsuguo Eduardo, Gilvan Prada Rossi, and Paulus Hanser de Freitas. "Footrest Design to Reduce Lower Leg Injury in Frontal Crashes." In 2019 SAE Brasil Congress & Exhibition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2019-36-0090.

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Hasan, Dr Nazia. "Recovery of Hester Lynch Thrale Piozzi: From Footnote to a Foothold." In Annual International Conference on Language, Literature and Linguistics. Global Science & Technology Forum (GSTF), 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.5176/2251-3566_l315.51.

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Dora, K. B., Gagandeep Singh Risam, Deepak Kumar Nirala, S. Karthikeyan, N. Jayaram, and Ravi Kharul. "Material and Geometric Optimization of Cast Footrest Subjected to Shock Loads." In Small Engine Technology Conference & Exposition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2008-32-0069.

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Yoo, JinHyeong, Muthuvel Murugan, and Dy Le. "Development of a Lumped-Parameter Occupant Injury Assessment Model for Vehicular Blast Effects Simulation." In ASME 2012 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2012-7914.

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In this study, a lumped-parameter human body including lower leg in seated posture with a quarter-car model was developed for blast injury assessment simulation. To simulate the shock acceleration of the vehicle, mine blast analysis was conducted on a generic land vehicle crew compartment (sand box) structure. For the purpose of simulating human body dynamics, a physical model of lumped-parameter human body with a quarter car model was developed and implemented in multi-body dynamic simulation software. The injury criteria and tolerance levels for the biomechanical effects are discussed for each of the identified vulnerable body regions, such as the lower leg, the spine, and the neck. Passive seat and footrest damper devices were analytically evaluated to investigate their effectiveness for a seated occupant in a vehicle environment during a blast event. The seat damper has significant influence on the neck and the spine injury assessment values; however has less influence on the lower leg injury assessment value. For protecting the lower leg from injury, a separated footrest with a passive spring-damper system was more effective than the seat damper.
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Mhiri, Mohamed, Sherif Abuelwafa, Christian Desrosiers, and Mohamed Cheriet. "Footnote-based document image classification using 1D convolutional neural networks and histograms." In 2017 Seventh International Conference on Image Processing Theory, Tools and Applications (IPTA). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ipta.2017.8310140.

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Reports on the topic "Footrot"

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Sharma, N. C., and K. M. Srikanth. Lightweight low cost solution for Footrest for two-wheelers application. Warrendale, PA: SAE International, October 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2005-32-0063.

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UK, Ipsos. Survey of public attitudes towards precision breeding. Food Standards Agency, October 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.ouv127.

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The Genetic Technology (Precision Breeding) Bill is currently going through Parliament. Although this bill is ‘England only’ and food and feed safety and hygiene is a devolved issue, the Food Standards Agency (FSA) will introduce a separate regulatory framework for precision bred organisms (PBOs), should the Bill become law. The FSA will also work with stakeholders in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland to ensure consumers’ interests are protected in relation to PBOs. The FSA / Food Standard Scotland (FSS) is science and evidence led. In August 2022, the FSA and FSS commissioned Ipsos UK to conduct a two-phase social research project on precision breeding. Phase One, now complete, involved a survey of 4,177 UK residents with robust samples in each UK nation to allow comparisons between and within nations. Phase Two, scheduled to start in September 2022 and report in early 2023, will comprise a series of Citizens’ Forums in England, Wales and Northern Ireland(footnote 1). The overall aims of this project are to: explore consumer attitudes towards precision breeding gather consumer views on the FSA’s proposed regulatory framework understand consumer information needs inform how to communicate with consumers about precision breeding. This document presents interim findings for this project, reporting descriptive data from Phase One. Phase One’s core aims were to provide a snapshot of consumers’ awareness and self-assessed knowledge of precision breeding, its perceived acceptability, risks and benefits, and consumer appetite for information about this production method. These data show that awareness of precision breeding is very low, something which should be borne in mind when considering these findings. While these data reveal that there is a general openness to trying precision bred foods across the UK, with more people anticipating benefits than disbenefits from the use of precision breeding, there is a large degree of uncertainty about what impact precision bred foods may have on the different parts of the food system. This is reflected in the relatively large proportions of people taking a neutral stance or indicating they do not know enough to answer survey questions and in the strong appetite expressed for information about precision breeding to be provided. The next phase of this project will be essential for the FSA’s ability to interpret these findings’ implications, and to understand what is informing consumers’ views. The purpose of Phase One has always been to let the FSA know ‘what’ consumers think about precision breeding; Phase Two’s purpose is to build our understanding ‘why’ they think it. This will allow the FSA to develop a more nuanced understanding of consumers’ needs and incorporate this into the design of the future regulatory framework and any engagement with consumers on precision breeding. FSS will be carrying out further research in Scotland.
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Estimating financial cost to individuals with a food hypersensitivity. Food Standards Agency, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.buq453.

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The Food Standards Agency (FSA) is a non-ministerial government department within the United Kingdom responsible for protecting public health and protecting consumer interests in relation to food in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland. Food Hypersensitivities (FHS) is a key priority within the FSA as it is an important food-related health issue with a severe and enduring impact for people living with it. FHS includes individuals living with a food allergy, coeliac disease and food intolerance. It is the responsibility of the FSA to seek ways to understand and reduce avoidable deaths, the negative impact of FHS on both consumers and businesses, and make sure that FHS consumers have access to safe food that is what it says it is on the label, which they can trust. For people with chronic and / or potentially life-threatening FHS, that trust becomes even more important. FHS places both a public health and financial burden on society. According to the FSA’s Food and You 2 Wave 3 Survey(footnote 1), an estimated 800,000 people are living with a clinically diagnosed food allergy, 300,000 with coeliac disease and 1.2 million living with food intolerance and other FHS conditions in the UK. The FSA has invested in a programme of research to understand the economic and societal burden of FHS and to explore how people living with FHS are impacted in their daily lives. The FSA commissioned RSM UK Consulting (RSM), Dr Audrey DunnGalvin from University College Cork and Alizon Draper from the University of Westminster to quantify and monetise the financial burden imposed on people living with FHS through their day-to-day management of the physical risks associated with food allergies, food intolerance and coeliac disease. This is the first study of its kind to consider whether residents in England, Northern Ireland, and Wales who live with any type of FHS condition (food intolerance, coeliac disease or food allergy) results in additional financial burden for their household. About this study The aim of the study was to quantify and monetise the financial burden imposed on households with FHS through the day-to-day management of the physical risks associated with food allergies, food intolerance and coeliac disease, by: comparing the price paid for food between households with at least one adult above 18 years old living with FHS, to households without FHS valuing the direct costs incurred through efforts to manage FHS and remain symptom free (for example, medical and kitchen supplies) monetising indirect costs incurred when having to deal with an FHS condition (for example, lost working days) This study is unique in terms of estimating price differentials for food consumption across different types of FHS and then comparing to a non-FHS comparison group. Previous studies have focused on coeliac disease, specifically the comparison between gluten-free and gluten-containing products, so this study is adding new knowledge to the evidence base.
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