Journal articles on the topic 'Football training session'
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1
Moreira, Alexandre, Johann C. Bilsborough, Courtney J. Sullivan, Michael Cianciosi, Marcelo Saldanha Aoki, and Aaron J. Coutts. "Training Periodization of Professional Australian Football Players During an Entire Australian Football League Season." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 10, no. 5 (July 2015): 566–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2014-0326.
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Purpose:To examine the training periodization of an elite Australian Football team during different phases of the season.Methods:Training-load data were collected during 22 wk of preseason and 23 wk of in-season training. Training load was measured using the session rating of perceived exertion (session-RPE) for all training sessions and matches from 44 professional Australian Football players from the same team. Training intensity was divided into 3 zones based on session-RPE (low, <4; moderate, >4 AU and <7 AU; and high, >7 AU). Training load and intensity were analyzed according to the type of training session completed.Results:Higher training load and session duration were undertaken for all types of training sessions during the preseason than in-season (P < .05), with the exception of “other” training (ie, re/prehabilitation training, cross-training, and recovery activities). Training load and intensity were higher during the preseason, with the exception of games, where greater load and intensity were observed during the in-season. The overall distribution of training intensity was similar between phases with the majority of training performed at moderate or high intensity.Conclusions:The current findings may allow coaches and scientists to better understand the characteristics of Australian Football periodization, which in turn may aid in developing optimal training programs. The results also indicate that a polarized training-intensity distribution that has been reported in elite endurance athletes does not occur in professional Australian Football.
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Govus, Andrew D., Aaron Coutts, Rob Duffield, Andrew Murray, and Hugh Fullagar. "Relationship Between Pretraining Subjective Wellness Measures, Player Load, and Rating-of-Perceived-Exertion Training Load in American College Football." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 13, no. 1 (January 1, 2018): 95–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2016-0714.
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Context:The relationship between pretraining subjective wellness and external and internal training load in American college football is unclear.Purpose:To examine the relationship of pretraining subjective wellness (sleep quality, muscle soreness, energy, wellness Z score) with player load and session rating of perceived exertion (s-RPE-TL) in American college football players.Methods:Subjective wellness (measured using 5-point, Likert-scale questionnaires), external load (derived from GPS and accelerometry), and s-RPE-TL were collected during 3 typical training sessions per week for the second half of an American college football season (8 wk). The relationship of pretraining subjective wellness with player load and s-RPE training load was analyzed using linear mixed models with a random intercept for athlete and a random slope for training session. Standardized mean differences (SMDs) denote the effect magnitude.Results:A 1-unit increase in wellnessZscore and energy was associated with trivial 2.3% (90% confidence interval [CI] 0.5, 4.2; SMD 0.12) and 2.6% (90% CI 0.1, 5.2; SMD 0.13) increases in player load, respectively. A 1-unit increase in muscle soreness (players felt less sore) corresponded to a trivial 4.4% (90% CI −8.4, −0.3; SMD −0.05) decrease in s-RPE training load.Conclusion:Measuring pretraining subjective wellness may provide information about players’ capacity to perform in a training session and could be a key determinant of their response to the imposed training demands American college football. Hence, monitoring subjective wellness may aid in the individualization of training prescription in American college football players.
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Teixeira, José E., Luís Branquinho, Ricardo Ferraz, Miguel Leal, António J. Silva, Tiago M. Barbosa, António M. Monteiro, and Pedro Forte. "Weekly Training Load across a Standard Microcycle in a Sub-Elite Youth Football Academy: A Comparison between Starters and Non-Starters." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 18 (September 15, 2022): 11611. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191811611.
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Compensatory training sessions have been highlighted as useful strategies to solve the differential weekly training load between the players’ starting status. However, the influence of the players’ starting status is still understudied in sub-elite youth football. Thus, the aim of this study was to compare the weekly training load on a standard microcycle in starters and non-starters of a sub-elite youth football academy. The weekly training load of 60 young sub-elite football players was monitored during a 6-week period using an 18 Hz global positioning system (GPS), 1 Hz telemetry heart rate, rating of perceived exertion (RPE), and total quality recovery (TQR). The total distance (TD) covered presented a significant difference between starters and non-starters with a moderate effect (t = −2.38, Δ = −428.03 m, p = 0.018, d = 0.26). Training volume was higher in non-starters than in starter players (TDStarters = 5105.53 ± 1684.22 vs. TDNon-starters = 5533.56 ± 1549.26 m). Significant interactive effects were found between a player’s starting status, playing time, and session duration in overall training load variables for within (F = 140.46; η2 = 0.85; p < 0.001) and between-subjects (F = 11.63 to 160.70; η2 = 0.05 to 0.76; p < 0.001). The player’s starting status seems to only influence the training volume in sub-elite youth football, unless one considers the covariance of the playing time and session duration. Consequently, coaches should prioritize complementary training to equalize training volume and emphasize similar practice opportunities for non-starters. Future studies should evaluate the gap between training and match load, measuring the impact of recovery and compensatory sessions.
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Wiig, Håvard, Thor Einar Andersen, Live S. Luteberget, and Matt Spencer. "Individual Response to External Training Load in Elite Football Players." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 15, no. 5 (May 1, 2020): 696–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2019-0453.
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Purpose: To investigate within-player effect, between-player effect, and individual response of external training load from player tracking devices on session rating of perceived exertion training load (sRPE-TL) in elite football players. Methods: The authors collected sRPE-TL from 18 outfield players in 21 training sessions. Total distance, high-speed running distance (>14.4 m/s), very high-speed running distance (>19.8 m/s), PlayerLoad™, PlayerLoad2D™, and high-intensity events (HIE > 1.5, HIE > 2.5, and HIE > 3.5 m/s) were extracted from the tracking devices. The authors modeled within-player and between-player effects of single external load variables on sRPE-TL, and multiple levels of variability, using a linear mixed model. The effect of 2 SDs of external load on sRPE-TL was evaluated with magnitude-based inferences. Results: Total distance, PlayerLoad™, PlayerLoad2D™, and HIE > 1.5 had most likely substantial within-player effects on sRPE-TL (100%–106%, very large effect sizes). Moreover, the authors observed likely substantial between-player effects (12%–19%, small to moderate effect sizes) from the majority of the external load variables and likely to very likely substantial individual responses of PlayerLoad™, high-speed running distance, very high-speed running distance, and HIE > 1.5 (19%–30% coefficient of variation, moderate to large effect sizes). Finally, sRPE-TL showed large to very large between-session variability with all external load variables. Conclusions: External load variables with low intensity-thresholds had the strongest relationship with sRPE-TL. Furthermore, the between-player effect of external load and the individual response to external load advocate for monitoring sRPE-TL in addition to external load. Finally, the large between-session variability in sRPE-TL demonstrates that substantial amounts of sRPE-TL in training sessions are not explained by single external load variables.
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Uebersax, Jonas, Ralf Roth, Tobias Bächle, and Oliver Faude. "Structure, Intensity and Player Duels in Under-13 Football Training in Switzerland." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 22 (November 11, 2020): 8351. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17228351.
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We evaluated the structure (i.e., the different training parts), contents (i.e., the various activities used), intensity and occurrence of contact situations and headers during training sessions in under-13 football in Switzerland. A total of 242 players from 20 different teams on average aged 11.4 (SD 0.7) years participated. The participants were filmed during a typical training session while they were equipped with a heart rate sensor. The sessions were systematically recorded to allow for detailed analyses. Furthermore, a preliminary and explorative analysis of the influence of the level of play on these results was conducted. The overall findings indicated that training included 33.4% playing forms, 29.5% training forms, 28.4% inactivity time and 8.7% athletics. The highest heart rates were achieved in the playing forms (166 min−1, 83% HRmax) compared to the other two activities (training forms 154 min−1, 77% HRmax; athletics 150 min−1, 75% HRmax). Each player had 12.8 duels and 0.6 headers per training. Overall, most duels were conducted from the anterior direction. Playing forms induce higher cardio-circulatory load as well as a better learning environment. Potentially dangerous situations like contact with other players or headers occurred in a single player on average every six min during a training session.
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Paciência, Inês, Ana Rodolfo, Leonor Leão, Diana Silva, João Cavaleiro Rufo, Francisca Mendes, Patrícia Padrão, et al. "Effects of Exercise on the Skin Epithelial Barrier of Young Elite Athletes-Swimming Comparatively to Non-Water Sports Training Session." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 2 (January 14, 2021): 653. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020653.
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The benefits of swimming have been extensively assessed. However, swimming pools contain chlorine and other irritating chemicals that may induce contact dermatitis. To evaluate the effect of a swimming training session on transepidermal water loss (TWEL) in swimmers compared to football players, elite swimmers and football players were invited to participate (58 athletes) in the study, where TEWL was measured before, immediately after, and 30 min after a 2 h training session. The probe was held on the dorsum of the hand, volar forearm, and on the antecubital flexure for 1 min. The volar forearm, antecubital flexure, and hand dorsum showed a significant increase in TEWL in swimmers in both measurements after training compared to baseline (p < 0.001). In football players, an increase in TEWL was observed on the hands’ dorsum between baseline and after training measurements. The variations on TEWL levels before and immediately after the training session were higher among swimmers on the volar forearm (p = 0.002) and antecubital flexure (p = 0.019). Our findings support the effect of the training environment—swimming pool versus outdoor sports—on the skin barrier function, with an increase of transepidermal water loss immediately after exercise. Exposure to a swimming pool environment in a 2 h training session may lead to changes in skin barrier function.
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Zeghari, Lotfi, Hicham Moufti, Amine Arfaoui, and Yassir Habki. "The prevention of overtraining with the monitoring training loads: case of football." International Journal of Physical Education, Fitness and Sports 8, no. 3 (August 30, 2019): 42–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.26524/ijpefs1935.
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The aim of this paper is to use a training load quantification tool (RPE) to evaluate if the training load programmed by the coach is appropriate to the characteristics of these footballers. The study was conducted at the football section of the Sale Sports Association, Morocco, on a sample of 8 football players who practice in the club of the Association, aged between 18 and 21 years, the study was established during a mesocycle in a period from 18/03/2019 to 20/04/2019. For the quantification of the training load (TL) we chose the (RPE) tool, where each footballer must give his own perception of the effort felt in each training session, taking into consideration also the duration of the session. This will allow us to calculate the intensity of the session estimated, on a scale from 0 to 10. Based on the results of the quantification of training load for the 8 footballers, we note that in the majority of the cases, the acute load (AL) is higher than the chronic load (CL) at the end of each week. On the other hand, for the monotony index (MI) that provides information on the negative adaptations of training and overtraining, we note that it present a high value among the majority of footballers (1.8UA<2.1UA). For the average of the ratio of the training load: acute/chronic, we note that for the first three footballers the training loads are higher compared to the others. The monitoring training load help to better conceptualize the adaptations of the athlete to the training, and also allows the prediction of the performance.
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Olaizola, Aratz, Ibai Errekagorri, Karmele Lopez-de-Ipina, Pilar María Calvo, and Julen Castellano. "Comparison of the External Load in Training Sessions and Official Matches in Female Football: A Case Report." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 23 (November 28, 2022): 15820. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192315820.
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The objective of this study was to compare the external load of training sessions using as a reference an official competition match in women’s football in order to find if the training sessions replicate the competition demands. Twenty-two semi-professional football players were analyzed during 17 weeks in the first phase of the competitive period of the 2020–2021 season of Spanish women’s football. In addition to the competition (Official Matches, OM), four types of sessions were distinguished: strength or intensity (INT), endurance or extensity (EXT), velocity (VEL), and activation or pre-competitive (PREOM). The external load variables recorded were total distance (TD), high-speed running (HSR), sprint (Sprint), accelerations (ACC2), decelerations (DEC2), player load (PL), distance covered per minute (TDmin), high metabolic load distance (HMLD), and total impacts. The main results were that the external load demanded was different according to the type of session, being, in all cases, much lower than OM. The variables referring to the neuromuscular demands (ACC2 and DEC2) were higher in the INT sessions, the TD variable in the EXT sessions and the velocity variables (HSR and Sprint) in the VEL sessions. We can conclude that there was an alternating horizontal distribution of training loads within the competitive micro-cycle in women’s football, although the order was not the usual one for tactical periodization.
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Juhari, Farhan, Dean Ritchie, Fergus O’Connor, Nathan Pitchford, Matthew Weston, Heidi R. Thornton, and Jonathan D. Bartlett. "The Quantification of Within-Week Session Intensity, Duration, and Intensity Distribution Across a Season in Australian Football Using the Session Rating of Perceived Exertion Method." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 13, no. 7 (August 1, 2018): 940–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2017-0626.
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Context: Team-sport training requires the daily manipulation of intensity, duration, and frequency, with preseason training focusing on meeting the demands of in-season competition and training on maintaining fitness. Purpose: To provide information about daily training in Australian football (AF), this study aimed to quantify session intensity, duration, and intensity distribution across different stages of an entire season. Methods: Intensity (session ratings of perceived exertion; CR-10 scale) and duration were collected from 45 professional male AF players for every training session and game. Each session’s rating of perceived exertion was categorized into a corresponding intensity zone, low (<4.0 arbitrary units), moderate (≥4.0 and <7.0), and high (≥7.0), to categorize session intensity. Linear mixed models were constructed to estimate session duration, intensity, and distribution between the 3 preseason and 4 in-season periods. Effects were assessed using linear mixed models and magnitude-based inferences. Results: The distribution of the mean session intensity across the season was 29% low intensity, 57% moderate intensity, and 14% high intensity. While 96% of games were high intensity, 44% and 49% of skills training sessions were low intensity and moderate intensity, respectively. Running had the highest proportion of high-intensity training sessions (27%). Preseason displayed higher training-session intensity (effect size [ES] = 0.29–0.91) and duration (ES = 0.33–1.44), while in-season game intensity (ES = 0.31–0.51) and duration (ES = 0.51–0.82) were higher. Conclusions: By using a cost-effective monitoring tool, this study provides information about the intensity, duration, and intensity distribution of all training types across different phases of a season, thus allowing a greater understanding of the training and competition demands of Australian footballers.
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Kim, Namsu, and Dojin An. "Effects of the Core Training Program on Functional Movement Screen, Skill Performance, Competitive State Anxiety, and Trait Sport-Confidence of College Football Players." Asian Journal of Kinesiology 24, no. 4 (October 31, 2022): 3–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.15758/ajk.2022.24.4.3.
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OBJECTIVES The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of a core training program on functional movement screen, skill performance, competitive state anxiety, and trait sport confidence of college football players.METHODS College football players were divided into core training (<i>n</i>=25) and control (<i>n</i>=16) groups. Core training was conducted for a total of 12 weeks of 2 sessions per week with 50 minutes per session. Pre, mid (6 weeks), and post (12 weeks) tests measured functional movements, and skill performance such as dribbling, agility, speed, momentum and competitive state anxiety, trait sport-confidence. For analysis of study results, descriptive statistics, and two-way ANOVA with repeated measures were used.RESULTS The study results showed overall improvements for the core training group in functional movement test scores, skill performance, and competitive state anxiety, trait sport-confidence. In addition, the core training group also showed significant improvement in the total factors, except for hurdle step, and rotary stability.CONCLUSION In conclusion, data shows a core training program improves functional movement screen scores, skill performance, competitive state anxiety, and trait sport-confidence of college football players.
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Núñez, Javier F., Ismael Fernandez, Alberto Torres, Sergio García, Pablo Manzanet, Pascual Casani, and Luis Suarez-Arrones. "Strength Conditioning Program to Prevent Adductor Muscle Strains in Football: Does it Really Help Professional Football Players?" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 17 (September 2, 2020): 6408. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176408.
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Coaches at the professional level are often concerned about negative side effects from testing and intensive resistance training periods, and they are not willing to base their training prescriptions on data obtained from semiprofessional or amateur football players. Consequently, the purpose of this study was to analyze the reliability and effectiveness of two adductor injury active prevention programs using the adductor/abductor ratio and deficit between legs, on the basis of adduction–abduction power output during the exercises proposed, in professional football players. Forty-eight professional football players undertook complementary strength training for the adductor and abductor muscles in their dominant and non-dominant legs, once or twice a week throughout the playing season. The volume of the session was determined by the adductor/abductor ratio and the deficit between legs in the last session training measured. The number and severity of muscle injuries per 1000 h of exposure were recorded. Both prevention programs showed a very low rate of adductor injury (0.27 and 0.07 injuries/1000 h) with mild-to-moderate severity, maintaining a balance in percentage asymmetry between dominant and non-dominant legs for adductor (10.37%) and in the adductor/abductor ratio (0.92) in top professional football players throughout the season. The strength conditioning program proposed can help to prevent adductor muscle injuries in top professional football players.
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Mujika, Iñigo, Juanma Santisteban, Paco Angulo, and Sabino Padilla. "Individualized Aerobic-Power Training in an Underperforming Youth Elite Association Football Player." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 2, no. 3 (September 2007): 332–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2.3.332.
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A 7-week, 10-session individual training program was implemented with a youth elite football (soccer) player who had been underperforming because of poor aerobic fitness. The intervention focused on developing aerobic power and high lactate production and contributed to a 32.3% improvement in a football-specific performance test. The player was able to return to play and exceed expected performance levels during competitive match play.
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Tan, Daniel, Brian Dawson, and Peter Peeling. "Hemolytic Effects of a Football-Specific Training Session in Elite Female Players." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 7, no. 3 (September 2012): 271–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.7.3.271.
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Purpose:This study aimed to quantify the hemolytic responses of elite female football (soccer) players during a typical weekly training session.Methods:Ten elite female football players (7 field players [FPs] and 3 goalkeepers [GKs]) were recruited from the Australian National Women’s Premier League and asked to provide a venous blood sample 30 min before and at the immediate conclusion of a typical weekly training session. During this training session, the players’ movement patterns were monitored via a 5-Hz global positioning system. The blood samples collected during the training session were analyzed for iron status via serum ferritin (SF) analysis, and the hemolytic response to training, via serum free hemoglobin (Hb) and haptoglobin (Hp) measurement.Results:50% of the participants screened were found to have a compromised iron stores (SF <35 μg/L). Furthermore, the posttraining serum free Hb levels were significantly elevated (P = .011), and the serum Hp levels were significantly decreased (P = .005), with no significant differences recorded between the FPs and GKs. However, the overall distance covered and the movement speed were significantly greater in the FPs.Conclusions:The increases in free Hb and decreases in Hp levels provide evidence that a typical team-sport training session may result in significant hemolysis. This hemolysis may primarily be a result of running-based movements in FPs and/or the plyometric movements in GKs, such as diving and tackling.
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Leão, César, António Pedro Mendes, Catarina Custódio, Mafalda Ng, Nuno Ribeiro, Nuno Loureiro, João Pedro Araújo, José Afonso, Sílvia Rocha-Rodrigues, and Francisco Tavares. "Nutritional Intake and Training Load of Professional Female Football Players during a Mid-Season Microcycle." Nutrients 14, no. 10 (May 21, 2022): 2149. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14102149.
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Football (soccer) is a high-intensity intermittent sport with large energy demands. In a repeated-measures design, we analysed the nutritional intake and training load of fourteen female football players (22.50 ± 4.38 y; 57.23 ± 8.61 kg; 164 ± 6.00 cm; 18.33 ± 2.48% of fat mass and 23.71 ± 2.51 kg of muscle mass) competing in the highest female Football Portuguese League across a typical mid-season microcycle. The microcycle had one match day (MD), one recovery session (two days after the MD, MD+2), three training sessions (MD-3, MD-2, MD-1) and two rest days (MD+1). Energy intake and CHO (g.kg.BW−1) intake were lower on the days before the competition (MD+2, MD-3, MD-2 and MD-1 vs. MD; p < 0.05; ES: 0.60–1.30). Total distance, distance covered at high-speed running (HSRD) and the high metabolic distance load (HMLD) were lower on MD+2, MD-3 and MD-1 compared with MD (p < 0.05; ES: <0.2–5.70). The internal training load was lower in all training sessions before the competition (MD+2, MD-3, MD-2 and MD-1 vs. MD; p ≤ 0.01; ES: 1.28–5.47). Despite the small sample size and a single assessment in time, the results suggest that caloric and CHO intake were below the recommendations and were not structured based on the physical requirements for training sessions or match days.
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Montgomery, Paul G., and Will G. Hopkins. "The Effects of Game and Training Loads on Perceptual Responses of Muscle Soreness in Australian Football." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 8, no. 3 (May 2013): 312–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.8.3.312.
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Australian Football is an intense team sport played over ~120 min on a weekly basis. To determine the effects of game and training load on muscle soreness and the time frame of soreness dissipation, 64 elite Australian Football players (age 23.8 ± 1.8 y, height 183.9 ± 3.8 cm, weight 83.2 ± 5.0 kg; mean ± SD) recorded perceptions of muscle soreness, game intensity, and training intensity on scales of 1–10 on most mornings for up to 3 competition seasons. Playing and training times were also recorded in minutes. Data were analyzed with a mixed linear model, and magnitudes of effects on soreness were evaluated by standardization. All effects had acceptably low uncertainty. Game and training-session loads were 790 ± 182 and 229 ± 98 intensity-minutes (mean ± SD), respectively. General muscle soreness was 4.6 ± 1.1 units on d 1 postgame and fell to 1.9 ± 1.0 by d 6. There was a small increase in general muscle soreness (0.22 ± 0.07–0.50 ± 0.13 units) in the 3 d after high-load games relative to low-load games. Other soreness responses showed similar timelines and magnitudes of change. Training sessions made only small contributions to soreness over the 3 d after each session. Practitioners should be aware of these responses when planning weekly training and recovery programs, as it appears that game-related soreness dissipates after 3 d regardless of game load and increased training loads in the following week produce only small increases in soreness.
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Suarez-Arrones, Luis, Pilar Lara-Lopez, Nacho Torreno, Eduardo Saez de Villarreal, Valter Di Salvo, and Alberto Mendez-Villanueva. "Effects of Strength Training on Body Composition in Young Male Professional Soccer Players." Sports 7, no. 5 (May 5, 2019): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sports7050104.
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The present prospective cohort study investigated changes in body composition (BC) in young male football players (n = 18, 16.1 ± 0.8 years; 181.0 ± 0.1 cm; 71.3 ± 4.9 kg) after combined football and strength training (ST) during a whole in-season period (26 weeks). BC was measured at whole-body absolute and regional levels by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in eighteen players at the beginning and at the end of the competitive period. The ST was organized into three different session types: ST in the gym, specific ST on the field, and individual ST (weak points). The results of the present study indicated that fat-free mass (FFM) was substantially higher following the competitive period (5.1% ± 1.2%), while percentage of fat showed no changes during the competitive period. At the regional level, arms’ and legs’ FFM increased at the end of the season, and bone mineral content (BMC) and density (BMD) increased in arms, legs, pelvis, thoracic spine, and lumbar spine. In conclusion, within the limitation of the potential positive impact of growth and/or maturation, present results seem to indicate that an ST program that supplements football-related training sessions could be an effective option to increase FFM, BMC, and BMD at both whole-body and regional level across the competitive season in young male professional football players.
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Calderón-Pellegrino, Gabriel, Leonor Gallardo, Jorge Garcia-Unanue, Jose Luis Felipe, Antonio Hernandez-Martin, Víctor Paredes-Hernández, and Javier Sánchez-Sánchez. "Physical Demands during the Game and Compensatory Training Session (MD + 1) in Elite Football Players Using Global Positioning System Device." Sensors 22, no. 10 (May 19, 2022): 3872. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22103872.
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The aims of this study were to analyze the differences of physical demands of non-starter players regarding the playing time during the competition and to evaluate the physical demands of the compensatory training (MD + 1C) for substitute players in elite football. The match statistics and MD + 1C of substitute players from a professional Spanish LaLiga football club were analyzed using a 10-Hz global positioning system (GPS) Apex GPS system device, which has been validated as a reliable and valid method to analyze performance in team sports, during all games of the 2016/2017, 2017/2018 and 2018/2019 seasons. The starting players showed both lower total distances covered and high-intensity actions compared to the substitutes. Regarding the minutes played by the substitutes, greater physical performance was found for the players with fewer minutes (5–15 min). Furthermore, no differences were found between first and second divisions regarding physical performance of substitutes (p > 0.05). This study highlights the importance of individualizing the workload of training sessions for substitutes and starters. Furthermore, the complementary session should be individualized according to the minutes played by the substitutes. These players are potentially under-loaded compared to starters, especially in terms of high-intensity actions, therefore additional session-specific training for each substitute would be useful to reach the optimal training load according to the minutes played during the game.
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De Silva, Varuna, Mike Caine, James Skinner, Safak Dogan, Ahmet Kondoz, Tilson Peter, Elliott Axtell, Matt Birnie, and Ben Smith. "Player Tracking Data Analytics as a Tool for Physical Performance Management in Football: A Case Study from Chelsea Football Club Academy." Sports 6, no. 4 (October 26, 2018): 130. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sports6040130.
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Background: Global positioning system (GPS) based player movement tracking data are widely used by professional football (soccer) clubs and academies to provide insight into activity demands during training and competitive matches. However, the use of movement tracking data to inform the design of training programmes is still an open research question. Objectives: The objective of this study is to analyse player tracking data to understand activity level differences between training and match sessions, with respect to different playing positions. Methods: This study analyses the per-session summary of historical movement data collected through GPS tracking to profile high-speed running activity as well as distance covered during training sessions as a whole and competitive matches. We utilise 20,913 data points collected from 53 football players aged between 18 and 23 at an elite football academy across four full seasons (2014–2018). Through ANOVA analysis and probability distribution analysis, we compare the activity demands, measured by the number of high-speed runs, the amount of high-speed distance, and distance covered by players in key playing positions, such as Central Midfielders, Full Backs, and Centre Forwards. Results and Implications: While there are significant positional differences in physical activity demands during competitive matches, the physical activity levels during training sessions do not show positional variations. In matches, the Centre Forwards face the highest demand for High Speed Runs (HSRs), compared to Central Midfielders and Full Backs. However, on average the Central Midfielders tend to cover more distance than Centre Forwards and Full Backs. An increase in high-speed work demand in matches and training over the past four seasons, also shown by a gradual change in the extreme values of high-speed running activity, was also found. This large-scale, longitudinal study makes an important contribution to the literature, providing novel insights from an elite performance environment about the relationship between player activity levels during training and match play, and how these vary by playing position.
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Etxaleku, Saioa, Mikel Izquierdo, Eder Bikandi, Jaime García Arroyo, Iñigo Sarriegi, Iosu Sesma, and Igor Setuain. "Validation and Application of Two New Core Stability Tests in Professional Football." Applied Sciences 10, no. 16 (August 8, 2020): 5495. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10165495.
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The purpose of the first study was to validate two newly proposed core stability tests; Prone Plank test (PPT) and Closed Kinetic Chain test (CCT), for evaluating the strength of the body core. Subsequently, these tests were employed in a longitudinal prospective study implementing a core stability training program with a professional Spanish football team. For the validation study, 22 physically active men (Tegner Scale 6–7) performed three trials of the PPT and CCT tests in two different testing sessions separated by one week. In the longitudinal study, 13 male professional football players were equally evaluated (PPT and CCT) before and after the competitive session in which they completed a core training program. Intra-/intersession, and intertester, reliability was analyzed. PPT and CCT demonstrated excellent to good test–retest reliability and acceptable error measurement (ICCs for intratester and intrasession reliability ranged from 0.77 to 0.94 for the PPT, and 0.8–0.9 for the CCT) in all but one of the testing conditions (female tester for CCT test; ICC = 0.38). Significant improvements on core strength were found from pre to post evaluation in both the PPT (p < 0.01) and CCT (p < 0.01) after the implementation of a core training program in professional football players.
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Salopek Cubric, Ivana, Goran Cubric, Vesna Marija Potocic Matkovic, and Alenka Pavko Cuden. "The comfort of knitted fabrics: interaction of sportswear and athlete’s body." Communications in Development and Assembling of Textile Products 2, no. 1 (July 8, 2021): 70–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.25367/cdatp.2021.2.p70-79.
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The properties of the material used for the production of sportswear, as well as the properties of the sportswear, directly affect the heat exchange and sweat transfer that occurs at the interface between the skin and the environment. Thermography is a valuable method that provides insight into the patterns of temperature distribution on the surface of human skin that change during sports training or intense exercise. Such patterns can be further used to improve the design of sportswear. The experiment presented in this paper focuses on studying the changes in body temperature of the participating subjects during two typical types of training in football (condition training and tactical training). The duration of each training session was 60 minutes and measurements were taken after each of the total 10 training sessions. The thermal camera was used to measure the upper body temperatures of the players and the professional software was used for further processing of the thermal images. In the analysis of the thermal data, the average temperatures for 9 anterior and 9 posterior zones of the upper body were obtained. The results related to the changes in average temperature for each observed anterior and posterior zone and two types of football training are presented and discussed.
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Spencer, Matt, David Pyne, Juanma Santisteban, and Iñigo Mujika. "Fitness Determinants of Repeated-Sprint Ability in Highly Trained Youth Football Players." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 6, no. 4 (December 2011): 497–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.6.4.497.
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Variations in rates of growth and development in young football players can influence relationships among various fitness qualities.Purpose:To investigate the relationships between repeated-sprint ability and other fundamental fitness qualities of acceleration, agility, explosive leg power, and aerobic conditioning through the age groups of U1 1 to U18 in highly trained junior football players.Methods:Male players (n = 119) across the age groups completed a fitness assessment battery over two testing sessions. The first session consisted of countermovement jumps without and with arm swing, 15-m sprint run, 15-m agility run, and the 20-m Shuttle Run (U11 to U15) or the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test, Level 1 (U16 to U18). The players were tested for repeated-sprint ability in the second testing session using a protocol of 6 × 30-m sprints on 30 s with an active recovery.Results:The correlations of repeated-sprint ability with the assorted fitness tests varied considerably between the age groups, especially for agility (r = .02 to .92) and explosive leg power (r = .04 to .84). Correlations of repeated sprint ability with acceleration (r = .48 to .93) and aerobic conditioning (r = .28 to .68) were less variable with age.Conclusion:Repeated-sprint ability associates differently with other fundamental fitness tests throughout the teenage years in highly trained football players, although stabilization of these relationships occurs by the age of 18 y. Coaches in junior football should prescribe physical training accounting for variations in short-term disruptions or impairment of physical performance during this developmental period.
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McCaskie, Callum J., Warren B. Young, Brendan B. Fahrner, and Marc Sim. "Association Between Preseason Training and Performance in Elite Australian Football." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 14, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 68–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2018-0076.
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Purpose: To examine the association between preseason training variables and subsequent in-season performance in an elite Australian football team. Methods: Data from 41 elite male Australian footballers (mean [SD] age = 23.4 [3.1] y, height =188.4 [7.1] cm, and mass = 86.7 [7.9] kg) were collected from 1 Australian Football League (AFL) club. Preseason training data (external load, internal load, fitness testing, and session participation) were collected across the 17-wk preseason phase (6 and 11 wk post-Christmas). Champion Data© Player Rank (CDPR), coaches’ ratings, and round 1 selection were used as in-season performance measures. CDPR and coaches’ ratings were examined over the entire season, first half of the season, and the first 4 games. Both Pearson and partial (controlling for AFL age) correlations were calculated to assess if any associations existed between preseason training variables and in-season performance measures. A median split was also employed to differentiate between higher- and lower-performing players for each performance measure. Results: Preseason training activities appeared to have almost no association with performance measured across the entire season and the first half of the season. However, many preseason training variables were significantly linked with performance measured across the first 4 games. Preseason training variables that were measured post-Christmas were the most strongly associated with in-season performance measures. Specifically, total on-field session rating of perceived exertion post-Christmas, a measurement of internal load, displayed the greatest association with performance. Conclusion: Late preseason training (especially on-field match-specific training) is associated with better performance in the early season.
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Campos-Vazquez, Miguel Angel, Alberto Mendez-Villanueva, Jose Antonio Gonzalez-Jurado, Juan Antonio León-Prados, Alfredo Santalla, and Luis Suarez-Arrones. "Relationships Between Rating-of-Perceived-Exertion- and Heart- Rate-Derived Internal Training Load in Professional Soccer Players: A Comparison of On-Field Integrated Training Sessions." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 10, no. 5 (July 2015): 587–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2014-0294.
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Purpose:To describe the internal training load (ITL) of common training sessions performed during a typical week and to determine the relationships between different indicators of ITL commonly employed in professional football (soccer).Methods:Session-rating-of-perceived-exertion TL (sRPE-TL) and heart-rate- (HR) derived measurements of ITL as Edwards TL and Stagno training impulses (TRIMPMOD) were used in 9 players during 3 periods of the season. The relationships between them were analyzed in different training sessions during a typical week: skill drills/circuit training + small-sided games (SCT+SSGs), ball-possession games + technical-tactical exercises (BPG+TTE), tactical training (TT), and prematch activation (PMa).Results:HR values obtained during SCT+SSGs and BPG+TTE were substantially greater than those in the other 2 sessions, all the ITL markers and session duration were substantially greater in SCT+SSGs than in any other session, and all ITL measures in BPG+TTE were substantially greater than in TT and PMa sessions. Large relationships were found between HR >80% HRmax and HR >90% HRmax vs sRPE-TL during BPG+TTE and TT sessions (r = .61−.68). Very large relationships were found between Edwards TL and sRPE-TL and between TRIMPMOD and sRPE-TL in sessions with BPG+TTE and TT (r = .73−.87). Correlations between the different HR-based methods were always extremely large (r = .92−.98), and unclear correlations were observed for other relationships between variables.Conclusion:sRPE-TL provided variable-magnitude within-individual correlations with HR-derived measures of training intensity and load during different types of training sessions typically performed during a week in professional soccer. Caution should be applied when using RPE- or HR-derived measures of exercise intensity/load in soccer training interchangeably.
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Castagna, Carlo, Mario Bizzini, Susana Cristina Araújo Póvoas, and Stefano D’Ottavio. "Timing Effect on Training-Session Rating of Perceived Exertion in Top-Class Soccer Referees." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 12, no. 9 (October 2017): 1157–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2016-0626.
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Purpose:To examine the effect of recall timing on training-session rating of perceived exertion (sRPE) in a population of athletes well familiarized with the method and procedures during a 5-d training microcycle. Methods:Fifty-one top-class field referees (FRs) (age 38.4 ± 3.3 y, height 181 ± 5.6 cm, body mass 76.8 ± 6.8 kg, body-mass index 23.4 ± 1.7 kg/m2, body fat 20.4% ± 3.6%, international refereeing experience 5 ± 3.5 y) from 43 national football associations worldwide, preselected by the FIFA refereeing department for officiating during the FIFA World Cup 2014 Brazil, volunteered for this study. The FRs were randomly allocated into 3 assessment groups (n = 17 each), defined according to the timing of the sRPE, ie, immediately at the end of or 30 min or 7 h after the training sessions’ end. The CR10 Borg scale was used to rate the training sessions (n = 5). All FRs again rated each training session of the 5-d training microcycle on the next morning (~20 h after) for confirmation (absolute and relative reliability). Results:No significant timing effect was found between or within groups. Relative reliability ranged from large to very large with trivial within- and between-groups differences. Conclusions:This study showed no effect of recall timing on postexercise RPE when well-familiarized athletes are submitted to training during a weekly microcycle. Posttraining RPE was reported to be a reliable subjective measure; however, specific timing is advisable to reduce difference in RPE values.
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Lathlean, Timothy J. H., Paul B. Gastin, Stuart V. Newstead, and Caroline F. Finch. "A Prospective Cohort Study of Load and Wellness (Sleep, Fatigue, Soreness, Stress, and Mood) in Elite Junior Australian Football Players." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 14, no. 6 (July 1, 2019): 829–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2018-0372.
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Purpose:To investigate associations between load (training and competition) and wellness in elite junior Australian Football players across 1 competitive season.Methods:A prospective cohort study was conducted during the 2014 playing season in 562 players from 9 teams. Players recorded their training and match intensities according to the session-rating-of-perceived-exertion (sRPE) method. Based on sRPE player loads, a number of load variables were quantified, including cumulative load and the change in load across different periods of time (including the acute-to-chronic load ratio). Wellness was quantified using a wellness index including sleep, fatigue, soreness, stress, and mood on a Likert scale from 1 to 5.Results:Players spent an average of 85 (21) min in each match and 65 (31) min per training session. Average match loads were 637 (232) arbitrary units, and average training loads were 352 (233) arbitrary units. Over the 24 wk of the 2014 season, overall wellness had a significant linear negative association with 1-wk load (B = −0.152; 95% confidence interval, −0.261 to −0.043;P = .006) and an inverseU-curve relationship with session load (B = −0.078; 95% confidence interval, 0.143 to 0.014;P = .018). Mood, stress, and soreness were all found to have associations with load.Conclusions:This study demonstrates that load (within a session and across the week) is important in managing the wellness of elite junior Australian Football players. Quantifying loads and wellness at this level will help optimize player management and has the potential to reduce the risk of adverse events such as injury.
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Sobolewski, Eric J. "The Relationships between Internal and External Load Measures for Division I College Football Practice." Sports 8, no. 12 (December 15, 2020): 165. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sports8120165.
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The aim of this study is to explore the relationships between internal and external load measures in American football. Thirty football players wore a portable integrated monitor unit for 10 weeks during the fall football season. Relationships between internal and external load measurements were determined. Internal load consisted of heart rate zones and heart rate-derived measures and session Ratings of Perceived Exertion (sRPE). External load consisted of distance in different speed zones, total distance traveled, and accelerations. There were many significant positive relationships, but the meaningful relationships (r > 0.5) were between heart rate-derived measures of load (Training Impulse and heart rate reserve) and low-intensity movement and total distance. Only accelerations between 1 and 1.99 m·s−2 were moderately correlated to heart rate-derived internal load. RPE values alone did not correlate strong enough with any of the measure but sRPE training load (sRPE-TL) correlated to most external values. Overall, moderate correlations were present between heart rate-derived internal load to total distance and lower intensity movement. sRPE-TL values had high correlations but were highly dependent on duration, not perceived exertion. When addressing load in American football, duration of the session is a key component in determining internal load as HR data and sRPE alone do not correlate highly with external loads.
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Fernandes, Renato, Halil İbrahim Ceylan, Filipe Manuel Clemente, João Paulo Brito, Alexandre Duarte Martins, Hadi Nobari, Victor Machado Reis, and Rafael Oliveira. "In-Season Microcycle Quantification of Professional Women Soccer Players—External, Internal and Wellness Measures." Healthcare 10, no. 4 (April 7, 2022): 695. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10040695.
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Although data currently exists pertaining to the intensity in the women’s football match, the knowledge about training is still scarce. Therefore, the aim of this study was to quantify external (locomotor activity) and internal (psychophysiological) intensities, as well as the wellness profile of the typical microcycle from professional female soccer players during the 2019/20 in-season. Ten players (24.6 ± 2.3 years) from an elite Portuguese women soccer team participated in this study. All variables were collected in 87 training session and 15 matches for analysis from the 2019–2020 in-season. Global positioning variables such total distance, high-speed running, acceleration, deceleration and player load were recorded as intensity while Rated Perceived Exertion (RPE) and session-RPE were recorded as internal measures. The Hooper Index (HI) was collected as a wellness parameter. The results showed that internal and external intensity measures were greater in matches compared to trainings during the week (match day minus [MD-], MD-5, MD-4, MD-2), p < 0.05 with very large effect size (ES). In the same line, higher internal and external intensity values were found in the beginning of the week while the lowest values were found in MD-2 (p < 0.05, with very large ES). Regarding wellness, there was no significant differences in the HI parameters between the training days and match days (p > 0.05). This study confirmed the highest intensity values during MD and the lowest on the training session before the MD (MD-2). Moreover, higher training intensities were found in the beginning of the training week sessions which were then reduced when the MD came close. Wellness parameters showed no variation when compared to intensity measures. This study confirmed the hypothesis regarding internal and external intensity but not regarding wellness.
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Routledge, Harry E., Stuart Graham, Rocco Di Michele, Darren Burgess, Robert M. Erskine, Graeme L. Close, and James P. Morton. "Training Load and Carbohydrate Periodization Practices of Elite Male Australian Football Players: Evidence of Fueling for the Work Required." International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 30, no. 4 (July 1, 2020): 280–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2019-0311.
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The authors aimed to quantify (a) the periodization of physical loading and daily carbohydrate (CHO) intake across an in-season weekly microcycle of Australian Football and (b) the quantity and source of CHO consumed during game play and training. Physical loading (via global positioning system technology) and daily CHO intake (via a combination of 24-hr recall, food diaries, and remote food photographic method) were assessed in 42 professional male players during two weekly microcycles comprising a home and away fixture. The players also reported the source and quantity of CHO consumed during all games (n = 22 games) and on the training session completed 4 days before each game (n = 22 sessions). The total distance was greater (p < .05) on game day (GD; 13 km) versus all training days. The total distance differed between training days, where GD-2 (8 km) was higher than GD-1, GD-3, and GD-4 (3.5, 0, and 7 km, respectively). The daily CHO intake was also different between training days, with reported intakes of 1.8, 1.4, 2.5, and 4.5 g/kg body mass on GD-4, GD-3, GD-2, and GD-1, respectively. The CHO intake was greater (p < .05) during games (59 ± 19 g) compared with training (1 ± 1 g), where in the former, 75% of the CHO consumed was from fluids as opposed to gels. Although the data suggest that Australian Football players practice elements of CHO periodization, the low absolute CHO intakes likely represent considerable underreporting in this population. Even when accounting for potential underreporting, the data also suggest Australian Football players underconsume CHO in relation to the physical demands of training and competition.
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Duda, Henryk, Mateusz Kaczor, Ewa Dybińska, and Katarzyna Kucia. "Intellectual teaching - an effective way to train young footballers." Journal of Kinesiology and Exercise Sciences 29, no. 86 (September 30, 2019): 43–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.7803.
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Introduction. Learning the physical (technical) activity in the colloquial training of young football players is usually carried out by directly feeling the movement, that is through specific "kinesthetic instructions" (muscular-motor). Nevertheless, in order for the process of shaping the movement to take place more effectively (creating motor imaginings), it is important to provide specialist knowledge in so-called intellectual training. Research aim and research questions.The study is of utilitarian nature, because the main research goals set, aim at modifying the current concept of teaching methodology in sports games on the example of football, which is related to the visibility of the role of knowledge about the activities being taught and activities in the game. Confirmations of this thesis were sought at institutions training young gifted players (football adepts). The following research questions were posed: 1. Does the knowledge about the player's physical activities influence the effectiveness of learning special techniques? 2. Will the mental teaching (intellectualization) have a positive effect on the effectiveness of the (technical) movement? Materials and methods. Continuous research was conducted on an annual basis (in 2011-2015) among students of the Football Sporting School in Kraków. The surveyed pupils were a group of senior footballes - the age of the respondents aged 14-15. Forty-eight young players participated in continuous research, divided into 2 subgroups in an organised selection: experimental (E) and control (K), each with 24 players. The experimental group participated in the experimental training session once a week; and theoretical as well as practical classes, lasting 90 minutes. These classes, based on mental teaching in global terms, were characterised by a much lower intensity and volume of practical classes, but a greater mentalisation of training compared to the control group. Results. Analysis of research results confirmed the importance of intellectual training. The experimental group, in relation to the control group, had higher values in the level of specialist knowledge, technical skills and, above all, higher parameters for the simulated game.
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Rago, Vincenzo, João Brito, Pedro Figueiredo, Peter Krustrup, and António Rebelo. "Relationship between External Load and Perceptual Responses to Training in Professional Football: Effects of Quantification Method." Sports 7, no. 3 (March 17, 2019): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sports7030068.
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We examined the within-player correlation between external training load (ETL) and perceptual responses to training in a professional male football team (n = 13 outfield players) over an eight-week competitive period. ETL was collected using 10-Hz GPS, whereas perceptual responses were accessed through rating of perceived exertion (RPE) questionnaires. Moderate-speed running (MSR), high-speed running (HSR) and sprinting were defined using arbitrary (fixed) and individualised speed zones (based on maximal aerobic speed and maximal sprinting speed). When ETL was expressed as actual distance covered within the training session, perceptual responses were moderately correlated to MSR and HSR quantified using the arbitrary method (p < 0.05; r = 0.53 to 0.59). However, the magnitude of correlations tended to increase when the individualised method was used (p < 0.05; r = 0.58 to 0.67). Distance covered by sprinting was moderately correlated to perceptual responses only when the individualised method was used (p < 0.05; 0.55 [0.05; 0.83] and 0.53 [0.02; 0.82]). Perceptual responses were largely correlated to the sum of distance covered within all three speed running zones, irrespective of the quantification method (p < 0.05; r = 0.58 to 0.68). When ETL was expressed as percentage of total distance covered within the training session, no significant correlations were observed (p > 0.05). Perceptual responses to training load seem to be better associated with ETL, when the latter is adjusted to individual fitness capacities. Moreover, reporting ETL as actual values of distance covered within the training session instead of percentual values inform better about players’ perceptual responses to training load.
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Rosch, Dieter, Roy Hodgson, Lars Peterson, Toni Graf-Baumann, Astrid Junge, Jiri Chomiak, and Jiri Dvorak. "Assessment and Evaluation of Football Performance." American Journal of Sports Medicine 28, no. 5_suppl (September 2000): 29–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/28.suppl_5.s-29.
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The most important variables for measuring performance in team sports such as football are physical condition and technical and tactical performance. However, because of the complexity of the game of football it is difficult to ascertain the relative importance of each of these variables. The aim of the present study was to develop a standardized test battery to evaluate physical performance in football players. The F-MARC test battery was designed to closely relate to the football player's normal activity and comprised a functional, structured training session of approximately 2.5 hours. It included a “quality rating” of the warm-up procedure, tests of flexibility, football skills, power, speed, and endurance. The players finished with a cool-down. A total of 588 football players underwent the F-MARC test battery. Mean values for performance on each test are presented for groups of differing age and skill levels. The test battery proved to be a feasible instrument to assess both physical performance and football skills. This study supports the proposal by Balsom (1994) that analysis of an individual player's physical profile, in relation to mean values for a similar age group and skill level, might be of assistance to the coach in objectively evaluating the effects of a specific training program. It may also be of use to the physician and physical therapist responsible for monitoring progress during rehabilitation after football injuries.
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Ryan, Samuel, Thomas Kempton, and Aaron J. Coutts. "Data Reduction Approaches to Athlete Monitoring in Professional Australian Football." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 16, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 59–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2020-0083.
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Purpose: To apply data reduction methods to athlete-monitoring measures to address the issue of data overload for practitioners of professional Australian football teams. Methods: Data were collected from 45 professional Australian footballers from 1 club during the 2018 Australian Football League season. External load was measured in training and matches by 10-Hz OptimEye S5 and ClearSky T6 GPS units. Internal load was measured via the session rate of perceived exertion method. Perceptual wellness was measured via questionnaires completed before training sessions with players providing a rating (1–5 Likert scale) of muscle soreness, sleep quality, fatigue, stress, and motivation. Percentage of maximum speed was calculated relative to individual maximum velocity recorded during preseason testing. Derivative external training load measures (total daily, weekly, and monthly) were calculated. Principal-component analyses (PCAs) were conducted for Daily and Chronic measures, and components were identified via scree plot inspection (eigenvalue > 1). Components underwent orthogonal rotation with a factor loading redundancy threshold of 0.70. Results: The Daily PCA identified components representing external load, perceived wellness, and internal load. The Chronic PCA identified components representing 28-d speed exposure, 28-d external load, 7-d external load, and 28-d internal load. Perceived soreness did not meet the redundancy threshold. Conclusions: Monitoring player exposure to maximum speed is more appropriate over chronic than short time frames to capture variations in between-matches training-cycle duration. Perceived soreness represents a distinct element of a player’s perception of wellness. Summed-variable and single-variable approaches are novel methods of data reduction following PCA of athlete monitoring data.
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Maughan, Ronald J., Stuart J. Merson, Nick P. Broad, and Susan M. Shirreffs. "Fluid and Electrolyte Intake and Loss in Elite Soccer Players during Training." International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 14, no. 3 (June 2004): 333–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.14.3.333.
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This study measured fluid balance during a 90-min preseason training session in the first team squad (24 players) of an English Premier League football team. Sweat loss was assessed from changes in body mass after correction for ingested fluids and urine passed. Sweat composition was measured by collection from patches attached to the skin at 4 sites. The weather was warm (24-29 °C), with moderate humidity (46–64%). The mean ± SD body mass loss over the training session was 1.10 ± 0.43 kg, equivalent to a level of dehydration of 1.37 ± 0.54% of the pre-training body mass. Mean fluid intake was 971 ± 303 ml. Estimated total mean sweat loss was 2033 ±413 ml. Mean sweat electrolyte concentrations (mmol/L) were: sodium,49± 12; potassium,6.0± 1.3;chloride, 43 ± 10. Total sweat sodium loss of 99 ± 24 mmol corresponds to a salt (sodium chloride) loss of 5.8 ± 1.4 g. Mean urine osmolality measured on pre-training samples provided by the players was 666 ±311 mosmol/kg (n=21). These data indicate that sweat losses of water and solute in football players in training can be substantial but vary greatly between players even with the same exercise and environmental conditions. Voluntary fluid intake also shows wide inter-individual variability and is generally insufficient to match fluid losses.
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Guridi Lopategui, Ibai, Julen Castellano Paulis, and Ibon Echeazarra Escudero. "Physical Demands and Internal Response in Football Sessions According to Tactical Periodization." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 16, no. 6 (June 1, 2021): 858–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2019-0829.
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Purpose: The objectives of the present study were (1) to analyze the internal and external load profile of training and competition carried out by semiprofessional football players during a 27-week period and (2) to examine the possible link between this type of periodization and players’ fitness status and their readiness to compete. Methods: Training and match data were obtained from 26 semiprofessional football players belonging to the reserve squad of a Spanish La Liga club during the 2018/19 season. For the purpose of this study, the distribution of external and internal load during a typical training microcycle, with 6 or 7 days between matches, was analyzed. Five types of sessions were considered: strength, duration, velocity, preofficial match, and official match. Results: The results showed a different internal and external load profile for each type of session, with the load being consistently higher during matches when compared with training sessions (28.9%–94% higher), showing significant differences in all the variables. There was a clear tapering strategy in the last days of the week to arrive with enough freshness to compete, shown by the decrease of the values in the 2 days before the match (15%–83% reduction, depending on the variable). Furthermore, the horizontal alternation of the load allowed the players to maintain their fitness level during the 27-week period. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that this weekly periodization approach could help achieve a double conditional target, allowing a short tapering strategy to face the match with enough freshness and serving as a strategy for maintaining or optimizing players’ physical performance during the season.
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Godfrey, Suzie, and Stacy Winter. "Winning Mentality: A Reflective Account of Delivery to a Professional Football Academy." Case Studies in Sport and Exercise Psychology 1, no. 1 (January 2017): 63–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/cssep.2016-0016.
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This paper presents a reflective account of the sport psychology support work delivered across one season at a professional football academy by a neophyte practitioner. The development of the sport psychology program, referred to as Winning Mentality, was guided by Harwood and Anderson's (2015) 5C guidelines to psychological skills training.The Winning Mentality program outlined within this paper was delivered to the U9-U12 age groups and focused on the three key topics: (1) growth mind-set; (2) emotional control; and (3) confidence.The intervention comprised predominantly of classroom-based workshops delivered at the team level that focused on one topic per training cycle. Working with these young age groups uncovered a number of challenges that form the basis of this reflective account.Drawing upon child developmental literature was a necessity to ensure the effective matching of session content to the relevant age group. In addition, the heavily classroom-based nature of the program limited the youth footballers application of sport psychology techniques on the football pitch.Finally, opportunities to empower coaches with the knowledge and skills to apply psychological concepts within their training sessions should be welcomed.
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Bartlett, Jonathan D., Fergus O’Connor, Nathan Pitchford, Lorena Torres-Ronda, and Samuel J. Robertson. "Relationships Between Internal and External Training Load in Team-Sport Athletes: Evidence for an Individualized Approach." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 12, no. 2 (February 2017): 230–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2015-0791.
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Purpose:The aim of this study was to quantify and predict relationships between rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and GPS training-load (TL) variables in professional Australian football (AF) players using group and individualized modeling approaches.Methods:TL data (GPS and RPE) for 41 professional AF players were obtained over a period of 27 wk. A total of 2711 training observations were analyzed with a total of 66 ± 13 sessions/player (range 39–89). Separate generalized estimating equations (GEEs) and artificial-neural-network analyses (ANNs) were conducted to determine the ability to predict RPE from TL variables (ie, session distance, high-speed running [HSR], HSR %, m/min) on a group and individual basis.Results:Prediction error for the individualized ANN (root-mean-square error [RMSE] 1.24 ± 0.41) was lower than the group ANN (RMSE 1.42 ± 0.44), individualized GEE (RMSE 1.58 ± 0.41), and group GEE (RMSE 1.85 ± 0.49). Both the GEE and ANN models determined session distance as the most important predictor of RPE. Furthermore, importance plots generated from the ANN revealed session distance as most predictive of RPE in 36 of the 41 players, whereas HSR was predictive of RPE in just 3 players and m/min was predictive of RPE in just 2 players.Conclusions:This study demonstrates that machine learning approaches may outperform more traditional methodologies with respect to predicting athlete responses to TL. These approaches enable further individualization of load monitoring, leading to more accurate training prescription and evaluation.
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Thongnum, Pattarapol, and Yanyong Yanyong Phanpheng. "Effectiveness of Complex Agility Training Program for Amateur Male Soccer Players." Teorìâ ta Metodika Fìzičnogo Vihovannâ 22, no. 2 (June 25, 2022): 188–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.17309/tmfv.2022.2.06.
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Background. The ability to quickly change direction has been considered an important physical quality related to success in youth soccer.
The study purpose was to investigate the training effect of a complex agility training program on amateur male soccer players.
Materials and methods. The participants were 60 amateur male football players (aged 18-22) divided into two groups and selected by using purposive random sampling. Thirty athletes aged 19.7±1.34, BMI 21.8±1.75 performed a complex training program (CTG) combined with sprint, agility or CoD, and plyometric session. While 30 participants of the control group (CG) aged 19.3 ± 1.31, BMI of 21.2 ± 1.02 followed a general football training program. In both groups, each training session lasted 120 minutes, a 30-minute period, 3 times a week, a total of 6 weeks. The Arrowhead Agility Test was scheduled at the baseline, for the 4th and 6th weeks. The mean and standard deviation of the data was calculated. The inferential statistic was repeated measure ANOVA. A Newman-Keuls post hoc test was calculated if the group x time interactions were significant (p < 0.05).
Results. After training, agility was a statistical difference within the CTG, when comparing baseline and the 6th week (p = 0.03), there were no significant changes in agility when comparing between-group. Therefore, this shows that complex training programs can improve agility in amateur male soccer players.
Conclusions. This integrated training program can be applied to amateur male soccer players. The training program should be specific and varied. It can help soccer players improve their agility that is related to overall soccer performance.
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Scott, Tannath J., Cameron R. Black, John Quinn, and Aaron J. Coutts. "Validity and Reliability of the Session-RPE Method for Quantifying Training in Australian Football." Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 27, no. 1 (January 2013): 270–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0b013e3182541d2e.
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Carey, D. L., K. Ong, M. E. Morris, J. Crow, and K. M. Crossley. "Predicting ratings of perceived exertion in Australian football players: methods for live estimation." International Journal of Computer Science in Sport 15, no. 2 (December 1, 2016): 64–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijcss-2016-0005.
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Abstract The ability of machine learning techniques to predict athlete ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) was investigated in professional Australian football players. RPE is commonly used to quantifying internal training loads and manage injury risk in team sports. Data from global positioning systems, heart-rate monitors, accelerometers and wellness questionnaires were recorded for each training session (n=3398) from 45 professional Australian football players across a full season. A variety of modelling approaches were considered to investigate the ability of objective data to predict RPE. Models were compared using nested cross validation and root mean square error (RMSE) on RPE predictions. A random forest model using player normalised running and heart rate variables provided the most accurate predictions (RMSE ± SD = 0.96 ± 0.08 au). A simplification of the model using only total distance, distance covered at speeds between 18-24 km·h−1, and the product of total distance and mean speed provided similarly accurate predictions (RMSE ± SD = 1.09 ± 0.05 au), suggesting that running distances and speeds are the strongest predictors of RPE in Australian football players. The ability of non-linear machine learning models to accurately predict athlete RPE has applications in live player monitoring and training load planning.
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Bowtell, J. L., S. R. Jackman, S. Scott, L. J. Connolly, M. Mohr, G. Ermidis, R. Julian, et al. "Short Duration Small Sided Football and to a Lesser Extent Whole Body Vibration Exercise Induce Acute Changes in Markers of Bone Turnover." BioMed Research International 2016 (2016): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/3574258.
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We aimed to study whether short-duration vibration exercise or football sessions of two different durations acutely changed plasma markers of bone turnover and muscle strain. Inactive premenopausal women (n=56) were randomized to complete a single bout of short (FG15) or long duration (FG60) small sided football or low magnitude whole body vibration training (VIB). Procollagen type 1 amino-terminal propeptide (P1NP) was increased during exercise for FG15 (51.6±23.0 to 56.5±22.5 μg·L−1, mean ± SD, P<0.05) and FG60 (42.6±11.8 to 50.2±12.8 μg·L−1, P<0.05) but not for VIB (38.8±15.1 to 36.6±14.7 μg·L−1, P>0.05). An increase in osteocalcin was observed 48 h after exercise (P<0.05), which did not differ between exercise groups. C-terminal telopeptide of type 1 collagen was not affected by exercise. Blood lactate concentration increased during exercise for FG15 (0.6±0.2 to 3.4±1.2 mM) and FG60 (0.6±0.2 to 3.3±2.0 mM), but not for VIB (0.6±0.2 to 0.8±0.4 mM) (P<0.05). Plasma creatine kinase increased by 55±63% and 137±119% 48 h after FG15 and FG60 (P<0.05), but not after VIB (26±54%, NS). In contrast to the minor elevation in osteocalcin in response to a single session of vibration exercise, both short and longer durations of small sided football acutely increased plasma P1NP, osteocalcin, and creatine kinase. This may contribute to favorable effects of chronic training on musculoskeletal health.
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Figueiredo, Pedro, George P. Nassis, and João Brito. "Within-Subject Correlation Between Salivary IgA and Measures of Training Load in Elite Football Players." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 14, no. 6 (July 1, 2019): 847–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2018-0455.
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Purpose: To quantify the association between salivary secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) and training load in elite football players. Methods: Data were obtained on 4 consecutive days during the preparation camp for the Rio 2016 Olympic Games. Saliva samples of 18 elite male football players were collected prior to breakfast. The session rating of perceived exertion (s-RPE) and external training-load metrics from global positioning systems (GPS) were recorded. Within-subject correlation coefficients between training load and sIgA concentration, and magnitude of relationships, were calculated. Results: sIgA presented moderate to large negative correlations with s-RPE (r = −.39), total distance covered (r = −.55), accelerations (r = −.52), and decelerations (r = −.48). Trivial to small associations were detected between sIgA and distance covered per minute (r = .01), high-speed distance (r = −.23), and number of sprints (r = −.18). sIgA displayed a likely moderate decrease from day 1 to day 2 (d = −0.7) but increased on day 3 (d = 0.6). The training-load variables had moderate to very large rises from day 1 to day 2 (d = 0.7 to 3.2) but lowered from day 2 to day 3 (d = −5.0 to −0.4), except for distance per minute (d = 0.8) and sprints (unclear). On day 3, all training-load variables had small to large increments compared with day 1 (d = 0.4 to 1.5), except for accelerations (d = −0.8) and decelerations (unclear). Conclusions: In elite football, sIgA might be more responsive to training volume than to intensity. External load such as GPS-derived variables presented stronger association with sIgA than with s-RPE. sIgA can be used as an additional objective tool in monitoring football players.
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Taber, Christopher B., Roy J. Colter, Jair J. Davis, Patrick A. Seweje, Dustin P. Wilson, Jonathan Z. Foster, and Justin J. Merrigan. "The Effects of Body Tempering on Force Production, Flexibility and Muscle Soreness in Collegiate Football Athletes." Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology 7, no. 1 (January 11, 2022): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jfmk7010009.
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There has been limited research to explore the use of body tempering and when the use of this modality would be most appropriate. This study aimed to determine if a body tempering intervention would be appropriate pre-exercise by examining its effects on perceived soreness, range of motion (ROM), and force production compared to an intervention of traditional stretching. The subjects for this study were ten Division 1 (D1) football linemen from Sacred Heart University (Age: 19.9 ± 1.5 years, body mass: 130.9 ± 12.0 kg, height: 188.4 ± 5.1 cm, training age: 8.0 ± 3.5 years). Subjects participated in three sessions with the first session being baseline testing. The second and third sessions involved the participants being randomized to receive either the body tempering or stretching intervention for the second session and then receiving the other intervention the final week. Soreness using a visual analog scale (VAS), ROM, counter movement jump (CMJ) peak force and jump height, static jump (SJ) peak force and jump height, and isometric mid-thigh pull max force production were assessed. The results of the study concluded that body tempering does not have a negative effect on muscle performance but did practically reduce perceived muscle soreness. Since body tempering is effective at reducing soreness in athletes, it can be recommended for athletes as part of their pre-exercise warmup without negatively effecting isometric or dynamic force production.
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Howle, Kieran, Adam Waterson, and Rob Duffield. "Injury Incidence and Workloads during congested Schedules in Football." International Journal of Sports Medicine 41, no. 02 (December 2, 2019): 75–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1028-7600.
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AbstractThis study compared injury incidence and training loads between single and multi-match weeks, and seasons with and without congested scheduling. Measures of internal (session-Rating of Perceived Exertion × duration for training/match and % maximal heart rate) and external load (total, low-, high-, and very high-intensity running distances) along with injury incidence rates were determined from 42 players over 3 seasons; including 1 without and 2 (season 2 and 3) with regular multi-match weeks. Within-player analyses compared 1 (n=214) vs. 2-match (n=86) weeks (>75min in matches), whilst team data was compared between seasons. Total injury rates were increased during multi-match weeks (p=0.001), resulting from increased match and training injuries (50.3, 16.9/1000h). Between-season total injury rates were highest when congested scheduling was greatest in season 3 (27.3/1000h) and season 2 (22.7/1000h) vs. season 1 (14.1/1000h; p=0.021). All external load measures were reduced in multi-match weeks (p<0.05). Furthermore, all internal and external training loads were lowest in seasons with congestion (p<0.05). In conclusion, increased injury rates in training and matches exist. Total loads remain comparable between single and multi-match weeks, though reduce in congested seasons. Whether injuries result from reduced recovery, increased match exposure or the discreet match external loads remain to be elucidated.
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Silva, Rui Miguel, Filipe Manuel Clemente, Francisco Tomás González-Fernández, Hadi Nobari, Rafael Oliveira, Ana Filipa Silva, and José María Cancela-Carral. "Relationships between Internal Training Intensity and Well-Being Changes in Youth Football Players." Healthcare 10, no. 10 (September 21, 2022): 1814. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10101814.
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The aim of this study was two-fold: (i) to analyze the variations of training intensity and well-being measures of youth football player over a 38 week period; and (ii) to test the relationships between training intensity and well-being variations throughout a youth football season. This study followed a longitudinal design, lasting 38 weeks. Twenty-five players (age: 15.0 ± 0.4 years) participated in this study. Participants were monitored daily to quantify the training intensity (TI) using the session-rate of perceived exertion (s-RPE) and its related indices: training monotony (TM), weekly training intensity (wTI), mean training intensity (mTI), and 5-day average (5d-AVG). A four-item questionnaire was collected daily to quantify the well-being status of each player. Fatigue, stress, delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS), sleep quality, and the Hooper Index (HI) measures were analyzed. Kruskal-Wallis H test revealed significant differences for TM, mTI, wTI and 5d-AVG (H = 359.53, p = 0.001, η2 = 0.35; H = 414.97, p = 0.001, η2 = 0.41, H = 258.42, p = 0.001, η2 = 0.24 and H = 282.18, p = 0.001, η2 = 0.26). A positive large correlation was found between TM and sleep quality (r = 0.65, p = 0.05) and a negative large correlation between mTI and sleep quality (r = −0.69, p = 0.04). In conclusion, both TI and well-being measures present significant between-week differences at different periods of the season. Also, the variations of sleep quality seem to depend on TM and mTI variations across a youth football season.
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Draper, Garrison, Matthew Wright, Paul Chesterton, and Greg Atkinson. "The tracking of internal and external training loads with next-day player-reported fatigue at different times of the season in elite soccer players." International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching 16, no. 3 (January 21, 2021): 793–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747954121988960.
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The aim was to assess factor structure of player-reported fatigue and quantify within-subjects association between changes in training load measures and next day player-reported fatigue at different time points of an elite football season. Using longitudinal research design, twenty-four professional footballers, mean (SD) age of 25.7 (3.4) years, were monitored during their competitive season, including pre-season. Player-reported fatigue data and session ratings of perceived exertion (session-RPE) were collected via a mobile application. Player’s Heart rate (HR) and global positioning system (GPS) data were collected daily for each player in field sessions. Principal component analysis (PCA) indicated three components with Eigenvalues above 1.0; “soreness”, “mood, and “hydration”. Within-player correlations between training load values and next day player-reported fatigue values were trivial to moderate (r ≈ −0.42 to −0.04). In-season we observed large correlations between Total Distance (TD) and PlayerLoad with Soreness (r = −0.55, 95% CI: −0.62 to −0.46; r = −.054, 95% CI: −0.62 to −0.46), but during pre-season, correlations were small (r = −0.15, 95% CI: −0.28 to −0.01; r = −0.13, 95% CI: −0.26 to 0.01). The HR TRIMP, TD and session-RPE measures each showed trivial to moderate correlations (r ≈ −0.41 to −0.08) with next day “mood”. Our in-house player-reported fatigue questionnaire was sensitive to the multi-dimensional nature of fatigue, identifying physiological (soreness), psychological (mood and stress) and nutritional (hydration and nutrition) components. We found the in-season correlations with training load to be greater than previously reported in the literature, specifically with next day player-reported “soreness”. Nevertheless, the correlations between the items of our scale and pre-season training load were small.
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Chinnavan, Elanchezhian, Sathish Gopaladhas, and Ponsumathi Kaikondan. "Effectiveness of pilates training in improving hamstring flexibility of football players." Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science 14, no. 3 (June 20, 2015): 265–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjms.v14i3.16322.
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Objective: The kick force is effective only if the flexibility of the muscle is in accord. The stretching capacity of tendons, ligaments and capsule are very limited due to the function of articular stabilization. Pilates exercises are to be performed to improve muscular flexibility with greater movement breadth, strength and fluency. Lack of flexibility is a limiting factor for performance and being a facilitator for muscular injuries. Materials and Methods: Goniometer, Sit and reach table and Exercise mat. 30 football players were randomly distributed into two groups, Pilates group (n=15) and control group (n=15). Control group was given Ballistic, PNF and Static stretching exercises and Pilates group was given Pilates protocol respectively. Both the groups were trained 5 times a week for 4 weeks, 30 minutes each session. Pre and post outcome measures of Goniometer and sit and reach test were taken. Results: The Pilates group training reported a higher level of improvement than control group (p< 0.05).Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.14(3) 2015 p.265-269
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Bache-Mathiesen, Lena Kristin, Thor Einar Andersen, Torstein Dalen-Lorentsen, Benjamin Clarsen, and Morten Wang Fagerland. "Not straightforward: modelling non-linearity in training load and injury research." BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine 7, no. 3 (August 2021): e001119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjsem-2021-001119.
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ObjectivesTo determine whether the relationship between training load and injury risk is non-linear and investigate ways of handling non-linearity.MethodsWe analysed daily training load and injury data from three cohorts: Norwegian elite U-19 football (n=81, 55% male, mean age 17 years (SD 1)), Norwegian Premier League football (n=36, 100% male, mean age 26 years (SD 4)) and elite youth handball (n=205, 36% male, mean age 17 years (SD 1)). The relationship between session rating of perceived exertion (sRPE) and probability of injury was estimated with restricted cubic splines in mixed-effects logistic regression models. Simulations were carried out to compare the ability of seven methods to model non-linear relationships, using visualisations, root-mean-squared error and coverage of prediction intervals as performance metrics.ResultsNo relationships were identified in the football cohorts; however, a J-shaped relationship was found between sRPE and the probability of injury on the same day for elite youth handball players (p<0.001). In the simulations, the only methods capable of non-linear modelling relationships were the quadratic model, fractional polynomials and restricted cubic splines.ConclusionThe relationship between training load and injury risk should be assumed to be non-linear. Future research should apply appropriate methods to account for non-linearity, such as fractional polynomials or restricted cubic splines. We propose a guide for which method(s) to use in a range of different situations.
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Boden, Barry P., Ken M. Fine, Tiahna A. Spencer, Ilan Breit, and Scott A. Anderson. "Nontraumatic Exertional Fatalities in Football Players, Part 2: Excess in Conditioning Kills." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 8, no. 8 (August 1, 2020): 232596712094349. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967120943491.
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Background: The incidence of nontraumatic fatalities in high school (HS) and National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) football players has continued at a constant rate since the 1960s. Purpose: To describe the causes of nontraumatic fatalities in HS and NCAA football players and provide prevention strategies. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiology study. Methods: We reviewed 187 fatalities in HS and NCAA nontraumatic football players catalogued by the National Registry of Catastrophic Sports Injuries during a 20-year period between July 1998 and June 2018. Results: The majority (n = 162; 86.6%) of fatalities occurred during a practice or conditioning session. Most fatalities, when timing was known, (n = 126; 70.6%) occurred outside of the regular playing season, with the highest incidence in the August preseason (n = 64; 34.2%). All documented conditioning sessions were supervised by a coach (n = 92) or strength and conditioning coach (n = 40). The exercise regimen at the time of the fatality involved high-intensity aerobic training in 94.7%. Punishment was identified as the intent in 36 fatalities. The average body mass index of the athletes was 32.6 kg/m2. For athletes who died due to exertional heat stroke, the average body mass index was 36.4 kg/m2, and 97.1% were linemen. Conclusion: Most nontraumatic fatalities in HS and NCAA football players occurred during coach-supervised conditioning sessions. The primary cause of exertion-related fatalities was high-intensity aerobic workouts that might have been intended as punishment and/or excess repetitions. Exertion-related fatalities are potentially preventable by applying standards in workout design, holding coaches accountable, and ensuring compliance with the athlete’s health and current welfare policies.
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Saggini, R., A. Di Stefano, V. Galati, E. Panelli, M. Valeri, L. Di Pancrazio, P. Iodice, and R. G. Bellomo. "Long-Term Effectiveness of Combined Mechanotransduction Treatment in Jumper's Knee." European Journal of Inflammation 10, no. 3 (September 2012): 515–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1721727x1201000327.
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The aim of the study was to show that the addition of extracorporeal shockwave therapy (ESWT) may significantly improve beneficial effects of eccentric training together with high efficiency focused acoustic waves for jumper's knee. We speculate that such an effect may be due to increased mechanotransduction effects on affected tissues. We assessed changes in pain and function in 42 male football players (aged 1834 years) after a treatment protocol consisting of I session with focused ESWT per week combined with 3 physiotherapy sessions per week, for 3 consecutive weeks. While treatment protocol was administered, ordinary activities, but not playing football were permitted. Their condition was evaluated before treatment, at the end of the rehabilitation period (3 weeks) and at 2 months, 4 months and 6 months after the end of treatment by clinical examination, instrumental analysis and VAS for pain assessment. Functional ability related to symptoms was assessed with VISA score. At the end of 2005,2006,2007,2008 and 2009 we carried out a telephone interview to investigate changes in pain and function and the efficacy of the treatment over time. Follow-up controls showed a reduction of average VAS score; after 6 months, tendons showed a structure closer to normal at ultrasonographic investigation. At the last telephone interview in 2009 many patients reported to consider ESWT as an effective treatment and described a significant improvement in their functional abilities, a significant reduction in drug consumption and 88% of subjects continued to play agonistic football. In conclusion, our results showed that, through the addition of ESWT, the effects of the classic vibration and eccentric training combination were improved compared to those found in our experience without ESWT. Although a control group was not included in the study (vibration and eccentric training without ESWT), results show a promising improvement and justify future prospective studies with a control group and more case series.
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Ryan, Samuel, Aaron J. Coutts, Joel Hocking, Patrick A. Dillon, Anthony Whitty, and Thomas Kempton. "Physical Preparation Factors That Influence Technical and Physical Match Performance in Professional Australian Football." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 13, no. 8 (September 1, 2018): 1021–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2017-0640.
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Objectives: To examine the collective influence of a range of physical preparation elements on selected performance measures during Australian football match play. Design: Prospective and longitudinal. Methods: Data were collected from 34 professional Australian football players from the same club during the 2016 Australian Football League competition season. Match activity profiles and acute (7-d) and chronic (3-wk) training loads were collected using global positioning system devices. Training response was measured by well-being questionnaires completed prior to the main training session each week. Maximal aerobic running speed (MAS) was estimated by a 2-km time trial conducted during preseason. Coach ratings were collected from the senior coach and 4 assistants after each match on a 5-point Likert scale. Player ratings were obtained from a commercial statistics provider. Fifteen matches were analyzed. Linear mixed models were constructed to examine the collective influence of training-related factors on 4 performance measures. Results: Muscle soreness had a small positive effect (ES: 0.12) on Champion Data rating points. Three-week average high-speed running distance had a small negative effect (ES: 0.14) on coach ratings. MAS had large to moderate positive effects (ES: 0.55 to 0.47) on relative total and high-speed running distances. Acute total and chronic average total running distance had small positive (ES: 0.13) and negative (ES: 0.14) effects on relative total and high-speed running distance performed during matches, respectively. Conclusions: MAS should be developed to enhance players’ running performance during competition. Monitoring of physical preparation data may assist in reducing injury and illness and increasing player availability but not enhance football performance.