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1
Nicolopoulos, Christos. "Evaluation of the treatment of foot deformities using foot orthoses." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.344073.
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Barisch-Fritz, Bettina. "Dynamic Foot Morphology." Doctoral thesis, Universitätsbibliothek Chemnitz, 2014. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:ch1-qucosa-150328.
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Background: The foot has to fulfil important and complex functions which are, in most regions of the world, supported by shoes. The interface of feet and footwear has often been considered with respect to comfort and function but also to negative effects of shoes. One main contribution to the improvement of footwear fit is provided by matching the shape of the shoe to the shape of the foot. However, current approaches for implementation only include static information. There is still a lack of dynamic information about foot morphology and deformation. Recent advancements in scanner technology allow capturing the foot during natural walking. These advancements and the development of a dynamic foot scanner system (DynaScan4D) are preconditions for this thesis. The research question is: How does foot morphology differ between static and dynamic situations? This question is further specified toward three hypotheses by findings and deficits of the current state of research. The examination of the three hypotheses and their contribution to the research question are topic of this thesis. Furthermore, the findings are combined with comprehensive knowledge of the literature to formulate recommendations for last and footwear construction. Methods: The three hypotheses (H1, H2, H3) are evaluated within three research articles. The first research article aims to identify the differences in dynamic foot morphology according to age, gender, and body mass (H1). The plantar dynamic foot morphology of 129 adults is recorded and analysed by two statistical methods: (1) comparison of matched groups and (2) multiple linear regression analysis. The second and third research article is dealing with differences between static and dynamic foot morphology in developing feet (H2) and their inter-individual differences (H3). For this reason, a large sample of 2554 children, aged between 6 and 16 years, is analysed. Foot measures, corresponding to last measures, are used to identify the differences between static and dynamic foot morphology (H2) by Student's t-test for paired samples. The influences of gender, age, and body mass (H3) are analysed within the whole sample by multiple linear regression analysis and within matched groups by Student's t-test for independent samples. Results: There are differences in dynamic foot morphology according to age, gender, and body mass in adults which confirm H1. In general, the differences are rather small. Furthermore, the differences must be considered in a more differentiated way, as they are not consistent regarding all plantar foot measures. H2 is confirmed as there are statistically signiffcant differences between static and dynamic foot morphology in developing feet. Theses differences are found for all foot measures. However, the magnitude of these differences varies depending on each foot measure. Relevant differences, in particular the forefoot width and midfoot girth measures as well as the angles of the forefoot, must be considered for footwear construction. Influences of gender, age, and body mass are found for the dynamic foot morphology and the differences between static and dynamic foot morphology of developing feet. Thus, H3 is verified. However, these findings are small, especially considering the high variance within each foot measure. The variables gender, age, and body mass cannot appropriately explain the variance of the differences between static and dynamic foot morphology. Thus, the customization of footwear to dynamic foot morphology can be conducted without individual adjustments to gender, age, or body mass. Conclusion: This thesis presents different aspects to answer the question of differences between static and dynamic foot morphology. The findings of this thesis are critically discussed and recommendations for improvements of dynamic fit of footwear are formulated, taking into account the current state of research as well as practical aspects. The findings of the thesis contribute to the field of fundamental research, i.e. to broaden the knowledge about three-dimensional characteristics of dynamic foot morphology. Furthermore, this thesis can help to improve the fit of footwear and thus contributes to applied research in the field of footwear science<br>Hintergrund: Der Fuß erfüllt wichtige und komplexe Funktionen, die in den meisten Regionen der Welt, durch Schuhe unterstützt werden. Die Berührungspunkte zwischen Schuhen und Füßen wurden im Hinblick auf komfortable und funktionelle Schuhe, aber auch hinsichtlich negativer Effekte von Schuhen, häufig betrachtet. Ein wesentlicher Beitrag zur Verbesserung der Passform von Schuhen liefert die Annäherung der Schuhform an die Fußform. Jedoch beschränken sich bisherige Umsetzungsansätze auf statische Informationen. Bislang fehlen umfangreiche dynamische Informationen zur Fußgestalt und Verformung. Erst aktuelle Fortschritte der Scanner-Technologie ermöglichen es, den Fuß während des natürlichen Gehens zu erfassen. Diese Fortschritte und die Entwicklung eines dynamischen Fuß-Scanner-Systems (DynaScan4D), stellen die Grundlage für diese Dissertation dar. Die Forschungsfrage ist: Wie unterscheidet sich die statische Fußgestalt von der dynamischen? Mit der Aufarbeitung von Ergebnissen und Defiziten aktueller Forschungsarbeiten wird diese Frage durch die Formulierung von drei Hypothesen weiter spezifiziert. Diese drei Hypothesen, sowie deren Beitrag zur Forschungsfrage, sind Thema dieser Dissertation. Darüber hinaus wird umfassendes Wissen aus der Literatur verwendet um Empfehlungen für die Konstruktion von Schuhen zu geben. Methoden: Die drei Hypothesen (H1, H2, H3) werden in drei wissenschaftlichen Veröffentlichungen untersucht. Die erste Veröffentlichung zielt darauf ab, die Unterschiede zwischen der dynamischen Fußgestalt in Abhängigkeit von Alter, Geschlecht und Körpermasse zu ermitteln (H1). Die plantare dynamische Fußgestalt von 129 Erwachsenen wird hierzu erfasst und durch zwei statistische Verfahren analysiert: (1) Vergleich von gepaarten Probandengruppen und (2) multiple lineare Regressionsanalyse. Die zweite und dritte Hypothese befassen sich mit den Unterschieden der statischen und dynamischen Fußgestalt bei heranreifenden Füßen (H2) und deren inter-individuellen Unterschieden (H3). Aus diesem Grund wird eine große Stichprobe mit 2554 Kindern im Alter zwischen 6 und 16 Jahren untersucht. Fußmaße, die den Maßen im Leistenbau entsprechen, werden verwendet um die Unterschiede zwischen der statischen und der dynamischen Fußgestalt (H2) durch einen gepaarten Student's t-Test zu identifizieren. Der Einfluss des Geschlechtes, des Alters und der Körpermasse (H3) werden in der gesamten Stichprobe durch eine multiple lineare Regressionsanalyse und innerhalb gepaarter Probandengruppen durch Student's t-Test für unabhängige Stichproben untersucht. Ergebnisse: Es gibt Unterschiede in der dynamischen Fußgestalt von Erwachsenen, beeinflusst durch Alter, Geschlecht und Körpermasse, welche die Verifizierung von H1 erlauben. Im Allgemeinen sind diese Unterschiede jedoch gering. Die ermittelten Unterschiede müssen differenziert betrachtet werden, da sie nicht konsistent in Bezug auf die gesamte plantare Fußgestalt auftreten. H2 kann verifiziert werden, da es zwischen der statischen und der dynamischen Fußgestalt von heranreifenden Kindern statistisch signifikante Unterschiede gibt. Diese Unterschiede wurden bei allen Fußmaßen gefunden, wobei das Außmaß dieser Unterschiede in Abhängigkeit vom jeweiligen Fußmaß variiert. Relevante Unterschiede, insbesondere Breitenmaße und Winkelmaße des Vorfußes sowie Umfangsmaße des Mittelfußes, müssen bei der Konstruktion von Schuhen berücksichtigt werden. Es zeigen sich Einflüsse von Geschlecht, Alter und Körpermasse auf die dynamische Fußgestalt sowie auf die Differenzen zwischen der statischen und der dynamischen Fußgestalt. Somit ist H3 verifiziert. Jedoch sind diese Einflüsse gering, besonders wenn die Varianz innerhalb der Fußmaße betrachtet wird. Die Variablen Alter, Geschlecht und Körpermasse können die Varianz der Differenzen zwischen der statischen und der dynamischen Fußgestalt nicht angemessen erklären. Damit kann die Anpassung an die dynamische Fußgestalt ohne eine Individualisierung hinsichtlich Alter, Geschlecht oder Körpermasse vollzogen werden. Schlussfolgerungen: Die vorliegende Dissertation stellt unterschiedliche Aspekte zur Beantwortung der Frage, welche Unterschiede zwischen der statischen und der dynamischen Fußgestalt bestehen, vor. Die Ergebnisse der Arbeit werden kritisch diskutiert und es werden, unter Berücksichtigung des aktuellen Forschungsstandes sowie praktischer Aspekte, Empfehlungen zur Optimierung der dynamischen Passform von Schuhen gegeben. Die Ergebnisse der Dissertation liefern einen Beitrag zur Grundlagenforschung, insbesondere durch die Erweiterung des Wissensstands der dreidimensionalen Eigenschaften der dynamischen Fußgestalt. Darüber hinaus kann diese Arbeit helfen die dynamische Passform von Schuhen zu verbessern und trägt damit zur angewandten Schuhforschung bei
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Blaya, Joaquin A. (Joaquin Andres) 1978. "Force-controllable ankle foot orthosis (AFO) to assist drop foot gait." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/28282.
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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, February 2003.<br>Includes bibliographical references (leaves 81-85).<br>Drop foot, a loss of use of the muscles that lift the foot, can be caused by stroke, cerebral palsy (CP), multiple sclerosis (MS), or neurological trauma. The two major complications of drop foot are slapping of the foot after heel strike (foot slap) and dragging of the toe during swing (toe drag). The current assistive device is the Ankle Foot Orthosis (AFO), which though offering some biomechanical benefits, is nonadaptive and fails to eliminate significant gait complications. An Active Ankle Foot Orthosis (AAFO) is presented where the impedance of the orthotic joint is modulated throughout the walking cycle to treat drop foot gait. To prevent foot slap, a biomimetic torsional spring control is applied where orthotic joint stiffness is actively adjusted to minimize forefoot collisions with the ground. Throughout late stance, joint impedance is minimized so as not to impede powered plantar flexion movements, and during the swing phase, a torsional spring-damper (PD) control lifts the foot to provide toe clearance. To assess the clinical effects of variable-impedance control, kinetic and kinematic gait data were collected on two drop foot participants wearing the AAFO. For each participant, zero, constant and variable impedance control strategies were evaluated, and the results were compared to the mechanics of three age, weight and height matched normals. It was found that actively adjusting joint impedance significantly reduces the occurrence of slap foot, allows greater powered plantar flexion, and provides for greater biological realism in swing phase ankle dynamics. These results indicate that a variable-impedance orthosis may have certain clinical benefits for the treatment of drop foot gait compared to conventional AFO having zero or constant stiffness joint behaviors.<br>by Joaquin A. Blaya.<br>S.M.
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Schlee, Günther. "Quantitative assessment of foot sensitivity: The effects of foot sole skin temperature, blood flow at the foot area and footwear." Doctoral thesis, Universitätsbibliothek Chemnitz, 2010. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:ch1-qucosa-61000.
Full textAbstract:
The human foot has been accepted over the years as an important source of afferent input, used not only in the recognition of the surrounding environment (e.g. hard and soft surfaces), but also in the fine regulation of common daily-live movements (e.g. gait and balance control). The performance of these movements is usually accompanied by fluctuations in foot skin temperature as well as reciprocal blood flow changes at the foot area. Moreover, both variables are likely to be affected by footwear usage. Although these three factors are constantly present during the performance of daily live movements, only little and partially controversial information regarding the effects of foot skin temperature, blood flow at the foot area and footwear on foot sensitivity can be found in the literature. Therefore, the goal of the thesis was to investigate the effects of foot skin temperature, blood flow at the foot area and footwear on plantar foot vibration sensitivity of healthy young subjects. Three single studies were performed in order to investigate each variable separately. The first study investigated the influence of foot sole skin temperature on plantar foot sensitivity of 40 healthy subjects. Vibration thresholds were measured at 200Hz at a initial baseline temperature and after cooling/warming the foot skin 5-6 °C. The second study investigated the influence of short-time lower leg ischemia on plantar foot vibration sensitivity of 39 young adults. Lower leg ischemia was evoked with a pneumatic tourniquet, placed about 10cm above the popliteus cavity. Vibration thresholds were measured at 200 Hz in three different cuff pressure conditions: baseline (0 mmHg), low (50 mmHg) and high (150 mmHg). Finally, the influence of footwear on foot sensitivity was investigated in the third study, using specific Formula 1 shoes. Twenty-five male subjects participated in the study. Plantar foot vibration thresholds were measured at 30 and 200 Hz in five different foot/shoe conditions (barefoot and four shoe conditions). In all studies, vibration thresholds were measured at three anatomical locations of the plantar foot: heel, first metatarsal head (MET I) and hallux. The main results of the three studies show that the analysed variables significantly influence plantar foot vibration sensitivity. Data from the first study show that 5-6 °C alterations in foot skin temperature significantly influence the foot sensitivity of healthy young adults, whereby skin cooling results in reduced foot sensitivity, whereas skin warming improves plantar foot vibration sensitivity. The results of the second study indicate that short-time lower leg ischemia; especially regarding the high cuff pressure condition (150 mmhg), significantly reduces plantar foot sensitivity. Data from the third study show that the footwear effects on foot sensitivity are frequency-dependent. While barefoot sensitivity is better than shod sensitivity at 30Hz, shod sensitivity is better than barefoot sensitivity when measured at 200Hz. In conclusion, foot sole skin temperature, blood flow at the foot area and footwear significantly influence the plantar foot vibration sensitivity of healthy young adults. The alterations in foot sensitivity caused by these variables have important consequences for future clinical as well as movement-related research. Future clinical applications of quantitative sensory testing should consider the influence of these three factors during the assessment of sensory data, in order to standardize the measurement procedures as well as to enhance the quality of the collected data. Regarding the movement-related research, further studies should try to identify the importance of foot sensitivity for the performance of different types of movements (including sport-related activities). Additionally, the combined effects of movement-related changes in foot skin temperature and blood flow should be analysed and integrated in the development process of functional footwear, which is able to fulffill the foot sensitivity requirements of different movements<br>Die Rolle des menschlichen Fußes als wichtiger „Mediator“ sensorischer Reize wird zunehmen in der Literatur akzeptiert. Die vom Fuß aufgenommenen afferenten Informationen werden im Zentralen Nervensystem integriert und weitergeleitet, um die Regulation typischer Bewegungsmuster (z.B. Gang und Gleichgewichtskontrolle) mitzusteuern. Während der Durchführung derartiger Bewegungen werden oftmals Änderungen der Hauttemperatur oder auch des Blutflusses im Fußbereich provoziert. Diese werden wiederum durch das Tragen von Schuhen beeinflusst. Obwohl Hauttemperatur, Blutfluss im Fußbereich und Schuhwerk wichtige Faktoren bei der Bewegungsdurchführung darstellen, können nur wenige und teilweise konträre Informationen über den Einfluss dieser Faktoren auf die Fußsensibilität in der Literatur gefunden werden. Somit hat diese Dissertation zum Ziel, den Einfluss der Temperatur der Fußsohle, des Blutflusses am Fußbereich sowie des Schuhwerkes auf die Vibrationssensibilität des plantaren Fußes gesunder Probanden zu untersuchen. Um den Einfluss der einzelnen Parameter auf die Fußsensibilität untersuchen zu können, wurden drei Studien durchgeführt. Die erste Studie hatte zum Ziel, den Einfluss der Temperatur der Fußsohle auf die Vibrationssensibilität von 40 Probanden zu untersuchen. Dabei wurden die Vibrationsschwellen, - mit einer Frequenz von 200 Hz -, bei einer Ausgangsmessung sowie nach einer 5-6 °C Abkühlung/Erwärmung der Haut der Fußsohle gemessen. In der zweiten Studie wurde der Einfluss einer Kurzzeitischämie des Unterschenkels auf die plantare Fußsensibilität von 39 Probanden getestet. Die Ischämie im Unterschenkel wurde mit Hilfe eines im Bereich der fossa popliteal platzierten pneumatischen Tourniquets hervorgerufen. Die plantaren Vibrationsschwellen wurden mit einer Frequenz von 200Hz in drei verschiedenen Druckbedingungen ermittelt: Ausgang (0 mmHg), niedrig (50 mmHg) und hoch (150 mmHg). Schließlich beschäftigt sich die dritte Studie mit dem Einfluss vom Schuhwerk auf die Fußsensibilität. Fünfundzwanzig Probanden haben an der Studie teilgenommen. Die Vibrationsschwellen wurden mit Frequenzen von 30 und 200 Hz bei fünf verschiedenen Bedingungen gemessen (eine Barfuss- und vier Schuhbedingungen). In allen Studien wurden die Vibrationsschwellen im plantaren Fußbereich unter der Ferse, dem Metatarsalkopf I sowie unter dem Hallux ermittelt. Die Ergebnisse der drei Studien zeigen, dass die analysierten Parameter einen signifikanten Einfluss auf die plantare Vibrationssensibilität der Probanden haben. Die erste Studie zeigt, dass eine 5-6° C - Schwankung der Hauttemperatur der Fußsohle die Fußsensibilität signifikant beeinflusst, wobei die Erwärmung der Haut eine Zunahme der Fußsensibilität verursacht und die Abkühlung eine Abnahme der Fußsensibilität hervorruft. Die Ergebnisse der zweiten Studie demonstrieren, dass die im Unterschenkel hervorgerufene Ischämie eine Verschlechterung der Fußsensibilität verursacht, insbesondere bei den Messungen der Hochdruckbedingung (150 mmHG). Die Daten der dritten Studie weisen darauf hin, dass der Einfluss vom Schuhwerk auf die Vibrationssensibilität des plantaren Fußes frequenzabhängig ist. Bei einer Vibrationsfrequenz von 30Hz ist die Sensibilität barfuss besser als die mit Schuhen gemessene Vibrationssensibilität. Hingegen ist bei einer Frequenz von 200 Hz die mit Schuhen gemessenen Sensibilität besser als die Sensibilität barfuss. Anhand der Ergebnisse der drei Studien konnte festgestellt werden, dass die Temperatur der Fußsohle, Blutfluss im Fußbereich und Schuhwerk einen signifikanten Einfluss auf die plantare Vibrationssensibilität gesunder Probanden haben. Daraus folgen wichtige Hinweise für zukünftige klinische- sowie bewegungsorientierte Forschung. Der Einfluss der drei analysierten Parameter sollte künftig bei der Beurteilung sensorischer Daten mit einbezogen werden. Dies würde zum einem eine Standardisierung der Messverfahren gewährleisten, zum anderen die Qualität der im klinischen Bereich gemessenen Daten erhöhen. Im Rahmen bewegungsorientierter Forschung soll die Wichtigkeit der Fußsensibilität bei der Durchführung unterschiedlicher Bewegungsformen, auch sportlicher Bewegung, näher untersucht werden. Weiterhin sollte eine gemeinsame Analyse der bewegungsbezogenen Änderungen der Hauttemperatur bzw. des Blutflusses im Fußbereich in künftiger Forschung angestrebt werden. Folglich können diese Änderungen in die Entwicklung funktionellen Schuhwerkes eingesetzt werden, um den Anforderungen der Fußsensibilität bei unterschiedlichen Bewegungsformen möglichst gerecht zu werden
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Goggins, Katie A. "FOOT-TRANSMITTED VIBRATION: EXPOSURE CHARACTERISTICS AND THE BIODYNAMIC RESPONSE OF THE FOOT." Thesis, Laurentian University of Sudbury, 2013. https://zone.biblio.laurentian.ca/dspace/handle/10219/2013.
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Research shows miners can be exposed to foot-transmitted vibration (FTV) when
operating various pieces of underground mining equipment, and case reports suggest
workers are experiencing symptoms similar to those of hand-arm vibration syndrome in
their feet. A field study was conducted to measure and document FTV exposure
associated with operating underground mining equipment, and probable health risks were
determined based on both ISO 2631-1 (1997) for WBV and ISO 5349-1 (2004) for HAV.
Seventeen participating operator’s also reported musculoskeletal discomfort. Seventeen
male participants ranging between 24-61 years of age, with an average height and mass of
175.0cm and 88.2kg volunteered for the study. Seventeen pieces of equipment were
tested; 1 locomotive, 1 crusher, 9 bolter drills (4 scissor platforms, 2 Maclean, 2
Boart/basket, and 1 RDH), and 6 jumbo drills.
Including all seventeen pieces of underground mining equipment, the vibration
acceleration ranged from 0.13-1.35m/s2 with dominant frequencies between 1.25-250Hz
according to ISO 2631-1. According to ISO 5349-1 vibration acceleration ranged from
0.14-3.61m/s2 with dominant frequencies between 6.3-250Hz. Furthermore, the
magnitude of FTV measured on the jumbo drills with grated platforms (#5 and #6) was
less than FTV measured from the jumbo drills with, solid metal surfaces. Additionally,
twelve of the seventeen equipment operators indicated a complaint of discomfort in their
lower body (specifically at the level of the knee or lower). The health risk analysis based
on ISO 2631-1 indicated that one operator (bolter drill #9) was exposed to vibration
above the criterion value, while the health risk analysis based on ISO 5349-1 indicated
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that two operators (jumbo drill #1 and bolter drill #1) were exposed to vibration above the
criterion value. Operators reported very severe or severe discomfort; however, the same
operators were not the operators of the equipment with FTV exposure levels above the
ISO standards, leaving evidence to suggest that the standards are not properly assessing
injury risk to vibration exposure via the feet. Future research is needed to develop a
standard specific for FTV and to determine the link between early musculoskeletal injury
reporting and the onset of vibration white foot. To do so, a better understanding of the
biodynamic response of the foot to FTV is needed.
A laboratory study was conducted to 1) measure and document transmissibility of FTV
from (a) floor-to-ankle (lateral malleolus), and (b) floor-to-metatarsal, during exposure to
six levels of vibration (25Hz, 30Hz, 35Hz, 40Hz, 45Hz, and 50Hz) while standing, and 2)
to determine whether independent variables (vibration exposure frequency, mass, arch
type) influence transmissibility (dependent variable) through the foot. A two-way
repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted. There was a
significant interaction between transmissibility location and exposure frequency (λ =
0.246, F (5,25) = 15.365, p = 0.0001). There were significant differences in mean
transmissibility between the ankle and metatarsal at 40Hz [t(29) = 4.116, p = 0.00029],
45Hz [t(29) = 6.599, p = 0.00000031], and 50Hz [t(29) = 8.828, p = 0.000000001]. The
greatest transmissibility at the metatarsal occurred at 50Hz and at the ankle (lateral
malleolus) transmissibility was highest from 25-30Hz, indicating the formation of a local
resonance at each location.
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Future research should focus on identifying resonance frequencies at different locations
on the feet. This information is needed to develop an exposure guideline to help protect
workers from exposure to FTV, and to develop personal protective equipment capable of
attenuating harmful FTV exposure frequencies.
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Sakalauskaitė, Raminta. "The relation between foot arch stability, and mechanical and physiological properties of the foot." Doctoral thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2013. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2013~D_20130925_105114-62994.
Full textAbstract:
The foot keeps body balance and stability during walking, running and performing various physical activities. It has been determined that mechanical properties of musculoskeletal system influence motion control, body balance maintenance (Richardson et al., 2005; Biewener, Daley, 2007; Nishikawa, 2007). However, it is yet unclear whether there is a relation between body stability and foot arch stability. The relation is yet unknown between the mechanical and physiological properties of the foot and foot arch stability.
The aim of the research is to determine the relation between foot arch stability and the mechanical and physiological properties of the foot.
The objectives of the research were:
1. To determine whether feet distribution according to arch type depends on different foot arch assessment methods applied.
2. To determine the mechanical properties of foot, Achilles tendon and plantar fascia.
3. To investigate whether there is a relation between foot arch stability and body stability.
4. To investigate whether there is a relation between mechanical and physiological properties of the foot.
METHODS
The research was carried out according to the principles of Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine adopted on 19 November 1996 (Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine) (Rogers and Bousingen, 2001). The license for the research was issued by Kaunas Regional Biomedical Research Ethics Committee (protocol No BE-2-53).
5 studies were conducted:
1 study: the analysis of... [to full text]<br>Žmogui einant, bėgant, atliekant įvairias fizines veiklas, pėda išlaiko kūno pusiausvyrą, stabilumą. Net mažas struktūros ar funkcijos pokytis gali turėti įtakos pėdos hiper-, hipomobilumui, kurie siejami su traumų atsiradimu.
Šio darbo tikslas buvo nustatyti pėdos skliauto stabilumo ir mechaninių bei fiziologinių savybių sąveiką.
Atlikti penki tyrimai. Pirmojo tyrimo tikslas – nustatyti, ar pėdų pasiskirstymas pagal skliauto tipus priklauso nuo skirtingų skliauto nustatymo metodų. Tyrime dalyvavo 91 tiriamasis ir buvo ištirtos 182 pėdos. Tyrime taikyti F. Forriol, L. T. Staheli, H. H. Clarke ir D. S. Williams pėdos skliauto nustatymo metodai. Gauti tyrimo rezultatai rodo, kad pagal skirtingas metodikas pėdos pagal normalų, žemą ir aukštą pėdos skliauto tipą pasiskirstė nevienodai.
Antrojo tyrimo tikslas – nustatyti normalaus, žemo ir aukšto pėdos skliauto deformaciją, santykinę deformaciją ir standumą. Buvo tirtos 42 pėdos. Biomechaniniai pėdos parametrai apskaičiuoti naudojant pėdos gniuždymo metodiką. Nustatyta, kad pėdos deformacija ir standumas priklauso nuo pėdos skliauto tipo. Žemo skliauto standumas yra mažesnis ir jis daugiau deformuojasi negu normalaus ir aukšto pėdos skliautas.
Trečiojo tyrimo tikslas – nustatyti in vitro pėdos deformaciją, santykinę deformaciją ir standumą esant skirtingam gniuždymo greičiui. Tirtos viena su minkštaisiais audiniais ir šešios be minkštųjų audinių pėdos. Tyrime pėdos buvo gniuždomos Tinius Olsen H25K-T bandymų mašina. Pėdos... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
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Pitei, Daniela-Luminita. "Foot ulceration in diabetes mellitus : method of foot pressure measurements and neuro-vascular responses." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 1998. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/foot-ulceration-in-diabetes-mellitus--method-of-foot-pressure-measurements-and-neurovascular-responses(272bdf06-7170-4ef5-a518-883a239dd443).html.
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Petersen, Spencer Ray. "A System for Foot Joint Kinetics – Integrating Plantar Pressure/Shear with Multisegment Foot Modeling." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2020. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/8456.
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Introduction: Instrumented gait analysis and inverse dynamics are commonly used in research and clinical practice to calculate lower extremity joint kinetics, such as power and work. However, multisegment foot (MSF) model kinetics have been limited by ground reaction force (GRF) measurements. New technology enables simultaneous capture of plantar pressure and shear stress distributions but has not yet been used with motion capture. Integrating MSF models and pressure/shear measurements will enhance the analysis of foot joint kinetics. The purpose of this study was to develop methodology to integrate these systems, then analyze the effects of speed on foot joint kinetics. Methods: Custom software was developed to synchronize motion capture and pressure/shear data using measured offsets between reference frame origins and time between events. Marker trajectories were used to mask pressure/shear data and construct segment specific GRFs. Inverse dynamics were done in commercial software. Demonstrative data was from 5 healthy adults walking unshod at 3 fixed speeds (1.0, 1.3, and 1.6 m/s, respectively) wearing retroreflective markers according to an MSF model. Plantar shear forces and ankle, midtarsal, and first metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint kinetics were reported. Speed effects on joint net work were evaluated with a repeated measures ANOVA. Results: Plantar shear forces during stance showed some spreading effects (directionally opposing shear forces) that relatively were unaffected by walking speed. Midtarsal joint power seemed to slightly lag behind the ankle, particularly in late stance. Net work at the ankle (p = 0.024), midtarsal (p = 0.023), and MTP (p = 0.009) joints increased with speed. Conclusions: Functionally, the ankle and midtarsal joints became more motorlike with increasing speed by generating more energy than they absorbed, while the MTP joint became more damperlike by absorbing more energy than it generated. System integration appears to be an overall success. Limitations and suggestions for future work are presented.
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Manzoor, Ali, Hesham Elkhbai, and Ziad Kkwaneen. "Adaptive Control of Foot Orthosis." Thesis, Halmstad University, School of Information Science, Computer and Electrical Engineering (IDE), 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-650.
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<p>Major problems of the Foot Drop treatment are expensive and complex solutions. This work</p><p>presents the performance of a new inexpensive method named as Semi-Active Ankle Foot</p><p>Orthosis (SAAFO). The concept of this approach is to use inexpensive sensors to detect foot step</p><p>movement. The signals from the sensors afterwards will be fed to a control system of SAAFO in</p><p>runtime for a smooth foot movement of a drop foot patient while walking. Different sensors have</p><p>been studied in detail along with comparison to the proposed sensor system and mechanical</p><p>design. The signals from the sensors are used to detect different phases of human walking. These</p><p>sensors are placed at different positions on an orthosis and their signals are studied in detail.</p><p>Experiments have been done in different conditions to get a realistic picture either this assembly</p><p>can be implemented commercially. Signals are plotted and discussed yielding that the human</p><p>walking phases can be easily and accurately detected using inexpensive sensor assembly.</p>
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Schumacher, Joseph C. "Foot held against the edge." Connect to this title online, 2008. http://etd.lib.clemson.edu/documents/1211389132/.
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Bhatti, Jawaad. "Foot placement for running robots." Thesis, University of Bath, 2016. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.678855.
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Rubble-strewn corridors, stairs and steep natural terrain all present a challenge for wheels and tracks. Legs are a solution in these cases because foot placement allows the traversal of discontinuous terrain. Legged robots, however, currently lack the performance needed for practical applications. This work seeks to address an aspect of the problem, foot placement while running. A novel hopping height controller for a spring-loaded legged robot is presented. It is simple and performs well enough to allow control of the ballistic trajectory of hops and therefore foot placement. Additionally, it can adapt to different ground properties using the result from previous hops to update control gains. A control strategy of extending the leg at a fixed rate during the stance phase and modulating the rate of extension on each hop was used to control the hopping height. The extension rate was then determined by a feed-forward + proportional control loop. This performed sufficiently well allowing the ballistic trajectory of hops to be controlled. In simulation, the spring-loaded inverted pendulum (SLIP) model was extended to include actuation and losses due to friction. The control strategy was developed using this model then, in a planar simulation, the controller was run to perform foot placement while running over a series of platforms which vary in their horizontal and vertical spacing. To experimentally validate and further develop the control strategy, a one-legged hopping robot, constrained to move vertically, was used. The leg had 2 links, hydraulically actuated hip and knee joints and a spring-loaded foot. Results showed that the controller developed could be used to perform hops of randomly varying size on grounds with different properties and while running on a treadmill at different speeds. As an aside, the dynamics of hydraulic actuators presented a problem for foot repositioning during flight using a simple PID controller. This was solved through the novel implementation, in hydraulics, of a `zero-vibration' (ZV) filter in a closed-loop. Simulation and experimental results demonstrating this are presented.
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Wessbecher, Laura. "Foot Strike in Runners: The Relationship Between Heel Length, Foot Strike, and Calf Muscle Thickness." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2015. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/595.
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One major way that running style varies between individuals is how their foot strikes the ground (forefoot strike or rearfoot strike). Running generates a torque about the ankle that depends on the individual’s foot strike pattern, length of their plantar flexor moment arm, and force generated from the plantar flexor muscles. The foot strike pattern during running, gastrocnemii muscle thickness, and heel length (used as an approximation for plantar flexor moment arm) were determined in 41 runners. Forefoot and rearfoot strike runners had the same thickness of the gastrocnemii muscles. However, in comparison with sedentary walkers, the runners had thicker calf muscles. These results imply a “peak” muscle thickness seems to be attained by running. Runners with longer heels were more likely to use a forefoot strike running style, possibly due to a mechanical advantage in the generation of torque.
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Ferrari, Jill. "A comparison of male and female foot structure : is the female foot predisposed to hallux abductovalgus?" Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2004. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1383531/.
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Hallux abductovalgus (HAV) is common foot deformity that is known to predominate in women and is often assumed to be linked to the use of inappropriate footwear. The predominance of the deformity in females has been demonstrated through many surveys across different populations. The highest prevalence of the deformity reported found 44 per cent of women affect whilst the highest prevalence in men reported a prevalence of 22 per cent. Although the condition is seen less frequently in children and barefoot populations, the female foot is still affected twice as often as the male foot in such groups, weakening the theoretical association between the deformity and footwear. A review of 100 radiographs of male and female feet found an association between the functional angle of the metatarsal head and HAV deformity and found that the female metatarsal head is more rounded than the male metatarsal head. There was no difference in the degree of metatarsus adductus (MA) deformity between males and females but in females, when the MA angle was greater than normal (24') an abnormal HAV angle was always seen. A good association was seen between the proximal articular set angle and the HAV angle that was similar for males and females. A three dimensional study of 100 bone-sets was undertaken using a technique not previously applied to this field of study. The bones of the medial column (talus, navicular, medial cuneiform and 1st metatarsal) were included. Several differences between in the shape of male and female foot bones were found including the more rounded metatarsal head shape in females. When the differences were considered together it was suggested that the medial column in the female foot would be more adducted that in the male foot and the resultant adducted position of the 1st metatarsal would predispose the female foot to HAV deformity. A study of 226 children was undertaken to investigate if a relationship between hypermobility and HAV deformity existed. A new assessment tool for measuring lower limb joint hypermobility was developed initially. No association between HAV deformity and lower limb hypermobility was found in healthy children, but a significant association was identified in children diagnosed with joint hypermobility. In a study of foot pressure measurements in 61 children, significant differences in the amount of pressure placed through the hallux, the speed of loading of the 1st metatarsal head and the position of the centre of force through the foot were found between males and females. Associations with the pressure measurements and increasing joint flexibility were only seen for extreme levels of hypermobility. No association between HAV and plantar pressure was found.
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Dharod, Meghna. "Diabetic foot : microbiology, pathogenesis and glycan studies." Thesis, University of Westminster, 2010. https://westminsterresearch.westminster.ac.uk/item/9057z/diabetic-foot-microbiology-pathogenesis-and-glycan-studies.
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Complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus are one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality around the world. Diabetic foot infections remain one of the major complications leading to a leg loss every 3 seconds due to amputations causing mental trauma and distress. In diabetic foot ulcers aerobes, anaerobes and fungus often interact with each other and form biofilms which is difficult to treat, enhancing antimicrobial resistance and lead to a non-healing ulcer. Co-existing peripheral vascular disease and neuropathy exacerbate the problems. In T2DM patients’ minor cuts and wounds, often lead to hard to treat and chronic ulcers which can worsen to gangrene formation which may lead to osteomyelitis compromising the mechanics of the foot. It is necessary to identify the virulence factors of these clinically significant microbes and to identify the resistance patterns regularly to limit the antibiotic usage and target to the specific organisms. A Cohort studies were carried out in India and in the UK to identify the risk factors among the diabetic foot patients along with their microbial aetiology and antibiotic resistance patterns from the tissue and pus samples. This part of the research has shown the presence of mixed cultures mainly from the Indian diabetic foot ulcer specimens with higher percentages of anaerobes than aerobes. Multi-drug resistant organisms were one of the peculiar characteristics of the diabetic foot ulcer profiles of Indian patients. As compared to the Indian patients, UK patients had few resistant organisms and the patients admitted to hospitals in India were at the last stage of foot ulcers whereas in the UK, surveillance and preventative strategies allow early detection and intervention. Currently there is a lack of rapid, robust and an inexpensive diagnostic method for the rapid typing and identification of clinically significant anaerobes. Another part of the research focussed on utilising the glycan-lectin interactions by developing a simple enzyme linked lectin sorbent assay by employing biotinylated lectins to develop to an enzyme linked lectin sorbent assay (ELLA) on whole cells, Proteinase K treated cells and glycolipids of clinically significant aerobes and anaerobes. This study is concluded by utilising the glycan-lectin interactions and to develop a rapid typing method for clinically significant Methicillin resistant and sensitive Staphylococcus aureus and epidermidis species. The rapid identification of anaerobes and typing of Peptostreptococcus species was also by facilitated by the developed ELLA method. Finegoldia magna is one of the most significant anaerobes from soft tissue infections and the Gas Chromatography – mass spectrometry (GC-MS) of the glycolipids of Finegoldia magna on composition analysis using show the presence of sialic acid which could be involved in pathogenesis. This sugar may be one of virulence factor employed by this organism in either attachment to the host or to other organisms.
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Walker, Lloyd T. "The biomechanics of the human foot." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 1991. http://oleg.lib.strath.ac.uk:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=21131.
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This thesis reports on work undertaken to study the biomechanics of the human foot during normal daily activity, particularly walking and standing. A literature review is presented on topics related to the subject and several of the areas demanding further investigation are highlighted. Three lines of enquiry were pursued to consider the kinematics, kinetics, passive structural properties and muscle activity associated with the foot. A dynamic pedobarograph with a synchronised video system was used to measure the forces and their distribution under the foot (based on seven marked areas) and six kinematic angles of the foot and lower leg. Sixty-one healthy subjects were assessed and the results are presented. Kinetic and kinematic parameters were found to be consistent and smooth for the test population. Several of the events of the gait cycle were found to be temporally different from values widely reported. In the second investigation, four cadaveric foot specimens were tested dynamically to determine the role of the plantar structures during loading in various positions. A method of sequential dissection was used and the results support many of the theories regarding ligament function. Tests on the effect of three extrinsic muscles on the foot load distribution also support previous studies while a preliminary investigation of two pathological feet partially clarifies the biomechanical effects of a hallux valgus deformity. Eight of the foot extrinsic and intrinsic muscles were assessed for the final investigation. Using electromyographic (EMG) recording techniques on six healthy subjects, the muscle EMG activity was quantified during walking a) barefoot, b) with a moulded heel plate, and c) with soft shoes. The results for the extrinsic muscles generally agree with previous work, while the intrinsic muscle activity is more variable. The intrinsic muscles were more active when shoes were worn and displayed unusual fatigue patterns.
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Walters, David Paul. "The prevalence of diabetic foot disease." Thesis, University of London, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.320402.
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During a surveillance programme all the known diabetics (1150) were identified from a general population of 97,034 representing all patients registered with 10 general practices. A control group of 751 non-diabetic subjects were also drawn from the same general population. A single observer reviewed 1077 (93.6%) of the diabetics and 480 (69%) of the controls. Peripheral vascular disease was detected using doppler ankle/brachial pressure index in 20.6% (95% CI 18.2-23.0) of diabetics and 9.6% (95% CI 7.0-11.2) of controls. There was no significant difference between the prevalence in non-insulin dependent and insulin dependent diabetics after adjusting for age. The prevalence in either type of diabetes was however significantly greater than in controls. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that age, cerebrovascular disease, coronary artery disease, mean systolic blood pressure, blood glucose, proteinuria and serum cholesterol were significantly and independently associated with the presence of peripheral vascular disease in diabetics. Body mass index was inversely associated. For controls only age and smoking were found to be significant variables. Neuropathy determined by clinical evaluation and sensory vibration thresholds was found in 16.8% (95% CI 14.6-19.0) of diabetics and 2.9% (95% CI 1.4-4.3) of controls (p<O.001). There was however no significant difference between insulin dependent and non-insulin dependent diabetics after accounting for age. Alcohol intake, age, height, HbAl, foot deformity and the presence of any retinopathy were significantly associated with neuropathy in diabetics and only male sex, age and foot deformity in controls. Past or present foot ulceration occurred in 7.4% (95% CI 5.8-9.0) of diabetics and 2.5% (95% CI 1.1-3.9) of controls (p<O.00l). Amputation was found in 1.4% (95% CI 0.7-2.1) of diabetics but in no controls. Using logistic regression analysis ulceration was significantly associated with duration of diabetes, foot deformity, absent light touch, impaired pain perception, an absent dorsalis pedis pulse and the presence of any retinopathy. For controls only absent light touch was significant. Using a stepwise multiple regression only age and duration of diabetes were significantly associated with the presence of amputation.
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Ahrberg, Annette B., and Johannes K. M. Fakler. "Missed foot fractures in polytrauma patients." Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2014. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-137137.
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BACKGROUND: Missed foot fractures are a known problem in the care of the traumatized patient. They do not usually have an influence on the survival, but on the long-term result and the quality of the patient's life. The aim of this study is to find out how many of these fractures are overlooked in a Level I trauma center and what the consequences for the patients are hypothesing that patients with a delayed diagnosis will have worse clinical results. METHODS: Forty-seven patients (7.3%) with foot fractures could be identified in 642 polytrauma patients, retrospectively. All patients were divided into two groups: early diagnosed fractures and delayed diagnosed fractures, the latter defined as diagnosed after Secondary Survey. Patients were evaluated according to the Hannover Outcome Score, the Short Form-36 Health Survey, the AOFAS Score and the Hannover Scoring System. The average follow-up was 5 years and 8 months. Reasons for overlooking a foot fracture were analyzed. RESULTS: The foot fracture was early diagnosed in 26 (55.3%) patients, but delayed in 21 (44.7%). There were no significant differences in the mean stay in the hospital or in the ICU. The fractures that were most often missed were those of the cuboid or the metarsalia. The highest risk factor for a delayed diagnosis was a fracture already diagnosed on the same foot. In 52.4% of the delayed diagosed fractures, an operative therapy was necessary. There were no significant differences between the two groups in the clinical results. CONCLUSIONS:
In summary, the results of this study show that foot injuries can be a safety problem for the patient and the examination of the feet in the trauma room has to be a compulsory part of the algorithm. Although the majority of delayed diagnosed foot fractures demonstrated comparable results to the immediately diagnosed fractures, approximately 10% might have benefited from an earlier diagnosis. Even if there were no significant differences in the clinical results, we have to be aware that missing a fracture in the foot can lead to worse results in the complete polytrauma care.
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Conway, John J. M. B. A. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "Evaluation of environmental foot printing techniques." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/76136.
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Thesis (M.B.A.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management; and, (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Aeronautics and Astronautics; in conjunction with the Leaders for Global Operations Program at MIT, 2012.<br>Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (p. 69).<br>With a growing focus on sustainability many companies are proactively assessing their product and supply chain footprints. Cisco is a leader in the ICT (Information and Communications Technology) industry and is working to define best practices and standards. Product life cycle assessment (LCA) capability is an important competency as customers begin to request environmental impact data. The current LCA standard is to use a commercial software package, such as GaBi or SimaPro, but these tools require significant workforce resources. Often the majority of the time spent completing the assessment is focused on areas that have a minimal contribution to the overall product footprint. Industry specific estimation techniques are being developed which will allow for assessments to be completed with fewer resources. The goal of this work is to evaluate the footprint of a single rack unit router using a full life cycle assessment. Results from the life cycle assessment show that the use phase contributes over 95% of the total global warming potential (carbon footprint) given the selected assumptions. For the production phase, printed circuit boards and integrated circuits contribute over 70% of the total global warming potential. The iNEMI Eco-Impact Evaluator methodology allows for a significant reduction in analysis time to calculate a footprint and offers a valid option for creating life cycle assessments. The footprint results from this estimation technique show similar trends when compared to the results of the full life cycle assessment. The use phase is predicted to be the dominant phase. Based on a detailed comparison, the iNEMI Eco-Impact Evaluator methodology shows great promise as an option to generate product life cycle assessments with lower analysis time. This technique will allow users to integrate LCA capability into the design cycle and make valuable trades to reduce the environmental impact of future products.<br>by John J. Conway.<br>S.M.<br>M.B.A.
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Thompson, Darren. "3D image analysis of foot wounds." Thesis, Ulster University, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.646858.
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Foot wounds are a debilitating and potentially fatal consequence of diabetes. Assessment of foot wounds in clinical or research settings is often based on subjective human judgement which does not involve quantitative measurement. When measurement is conducted, it takes the form of ruler-based estimations of length and width to approximate perimeter or area. To monitor wound healing and make informed treatment decisions, clinicians require accurate and appropriate measurements of wound parameters. Effective wound assessment requires imaging and software techniques which enable objective identification of wound tissues and three-dimensional measurements of wound size. Pilot classification studies were carried out using a selection of six stock wound images. Ground truth was provided by a specialist practitioner in podiatry. Three supervised classifiers were compared. Maximum likelihood was found to be the most suitable for wound classification. Performance of the supervised Maximum likelihood (MLC), unsupervised Expectation Maximisation (EM) algorithm and a hybrid MLC-EM method were compared. No method was found to perform significantly better than others. Context classification was implemented via probabilistic relaxation labelling. It was found that classification accuracy was typically improved by 0.5 - 1.5 %. A method of including depth information in the classification process was proposed and evaluated. Simulated 3D wound volumes were imaged and combined with simulated tissue colours sampled from real images. Classification using depth improved accuracy at low weightings when included in the Maximum likelihood classifier. To facilitate the further development and evaluation of novel wound assessment algorithms, a set of clinical foot wound data was imaged using 3D stereophotogrammetry. A group of clinicians assessed the data to identify the tissues contained within each wound image. The level of agreement between them was evaluated. Supervised, unsupervised and hybrid classification algorithms were also used to classify the data and the results were evaluated by comparison to the group of clinicians. Novel methods of measuring the volume and surface area of wounds were developed and validated using simulated models before being applied to wound data. The results of tissue classification were plotted against the results of volume measurement in order to observe any trends in the healing process. Supervised Maximum Likelihood classification was found to produce results which agreed with clinicians to approximately the same level as they agreed with each other, indicating that automated classification may have a future role in wound research and clinical diagnosis. The supervised method resulted in agreement with clinicians of 75.5%, which was significantly higher than agreement for unsupervised or hybrid methods, at 65.9% and 64.6% respectively. The inclusion of tissue depth in the classification progress produced some positive results. The surface area and volume measurement methods were found to be accurate for all but the smallest of wound sizes and capable of tracking changes in real wounds.
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Hassan, Mohammad A. A. K. "Postural vasoconstriction in the human foot." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/47100.
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Damarnegara, Anak. "Scour at the foot of seawalls." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSEC008.
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L'affouillement au pied des digues est l'un des principaux facteurs de l’endommagement structurel des digues, impliqué dans 12% des cas documentés. Pour les applications pratiques, l'affouillement au pied des digues est souvent modélisé avec une approche empirique simple qui a ses limites. Bien que des observations sur le terrain et des travaux expérimentaux soient utiles, il existe des limites dans l'approche. La pertinence des expériences en laboratoire est limitée par des problèmes de similitude et les expériences en vraie grandeur coûtent cher, et ne permettent pas une maîtrise des conditions expérimentales. Les simulations numériques nous offrent une alternative intéressante mais posent aussi quelques défis. La première difficulté est la modélisation correcte de la dynamique de la surface libre, y compris le processus de déferlement de la vague. Le deuxième problème est la modélisation de l’érosion des sédiments du lit, et l’influence de l’évolution du profil du lit sur l’écoulement. Enfin, pour être utile, la méthode doit être robuste, ne nécessitant que des ressources de calcul raisonnables de calcul pour effectuer la simulation d’un domaine d’une taille pertinente.Cette thèse décrit le développement d’un modèle numérique intégré basé sur OpenFOAM – une plate-forme CFD open source – qui comprend la dynamique de surface libre, le transport des sédiments et le processus de déformation du lit. La dynamique de surface libre est modélisée à l'aide de la méthode Volume of Fluid (VOF) avec des zones de relaxation pour la génération et l’absorption de la houle. Le processus de transport des sédiments est modélisé avec un transport par charriage et un transport des sédiments en suspension et l’échange avec le lit est calculé avec la méthode des Surfaces Finies. La déformation du lit est calculée avec l'équation de continuité des sédiments, et le maillage est déformé pour tenir compte du changement de lit.Plusieurs essais d'étalonnage ont été effectués pour caractériser les capacités du modèle. Premièrement, l’influence de la résolution spatiale et des schémas numériques sur la propagation de la houle ont été étudiés. Puis, plusieurs méthodes pour éliminer la réflexion de la houle ont été implémentées et comparées. La dérive de Stokes dans un canal fermé a été calculée et comparée avec les résultats théoriques et expérimentaux. Il est montré que le modèle surestime la dérive de Stokes près de la surface, parce que la pression à la surface libre n’est pas calculée correctement, et ceci induit une vitesse négative trop importante à l’intérieure du fluide. Quatrièmement, le calcul de la contrainte de cisaillement du lit a été testé avec le cas d’une couche limite oscillatoire. Deux méthodes pour le calcul de la contrainte de cisaillement au lit ont été testées avec différentes résolutions spatiales. Enfin, tous ces éléments ont été testés ensemble, dans la simulation d’une rupture de barrage sur fond mobile, avec comparaison des résultats avec une expérience en laboratoire. Le transport solide est créé principalement par un écoulement de type ‘sheet flow’, et un nouveau modèle est proposé pour la prise en compte de ce phénomène, basé sur la modélisation des lits fluidisés. Cette approche est une adaptation du modèle standard pour le transport des sédiments en suspension, avec l’avantage de ne pas nécessiter un modèle propre au phénomène. Enfin, le modèle est utilisé pour simuler l’impact de la houle sur une digue, avec un lit horizontal et une plage inclinée, sans déformation du lit. Puis l’affouillement et la déformation du lit sont inclus pour les deux cas<br>Scour at the foot of the seawalls (toe-scour) is one of the major causes of structural damage to sea-walls, involved in 12% of directly-observed damages. For engineering purposes, simple empirical approaches are often used to predict toe-scour but these are often limited. And whilst data from field observations and experimental studies are both very valuable, they both suffer from practical limitations. Experimental work for example is limited by similarity constraints and full scale experiments are expensive, without allowing detailed control of individual parameters. Numerical simulations therefore offer an interesting alternative but they are not without challenges. The first problem is the correct modelling of free surface dynamics including wave breaking processes. The second is modelling the scour development process and its feedback on the flow pattern. Finally, to be practically useful, the method should be robust and use reasonably affordable computational resources for full-scale simulation.This thesis describes the development of an integrated numerical model is based on OpenFOAM – an open source CFD platform – which includes free surface dynamics, sediment transport and bed deformation processes. The free surface dynamics are modeled using the Volume of Fluid (VOF) method with wave generation and absorption capabilities based on the use of a relaxation zone. The sediment transport process is calculated based on the bed load and suspended load approach and solved in the bed boundary using the Finite Area Method. The bed deformation is calculated using the sediment continuity equation, and the mesh is updated to take account the bed change.Several calibration tests have been performed to determine the model capabilities. Firstly, a sensitivity analysis was performed to characterize the influence of mesh size and numerical schemes on wave propagation. Secondly, several methods were compared for eliminating unwanted wave reflection. The model was then used to compute the wave-induced mass transport velocity in a closed flume, and the results compared with the theoretical solution and experimental data. It is shown that the failure to model correctly the pressure condition at the free surface leads to an overestimate of the drift close to the surface, which has to be compensated by an excessive negative drift in the body of the fluid. Fourth, the bed shear stress calculation is tested by studying the case of an oscillatory flow boundary layer. Two methods for computing the bed shear stress have been devised and tested with different mesh sizes. Finally, a simulation is carried out using all of these developments, to simulate the problem of erosion induced by the unsteady flow resulting from a dam-break, and the results are compared with an experimental test case. The sediment transport occurs mainly in the form of sheet flow, and a new method of simulating sheet flow has been devised, based on an analogy with dispersion in a fluidized bed. This approach has the advantage over previous models that it does not require any ad-hoc modification of existing sediment transport models. Finally, the complete model is applied to the case of waves impacting on a sea wall, first for horizontal bed case and second for the case of a sloped beach. The hydrodynamic properties of the flow are analyzed for both cases without using the bed deformation module. Then the scour model with movable bed is included in the simulation, for both cases
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Latey, Penelope. "Measuring and managing foot muscle weakness." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/19174.
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Foot muscle weakness is caused by disease, injury, inactivity and ageing, with disabling consequences. Exercise improves muscle weakness however, adherence to correct technique is challenging. Biofeedback may improve performance. Chapter One reviews the literature on small foot muscles, muscle function, measurement, causes and consequences of foot muscle weakness, and the role of exercise. Chapter Two is a systematic review on the relationship between foot pain, muscle strength and size. Eight studies were identified evaluating the relationship between foot pain and foot muscle strength or size, with a significant association between foot pain and muscle weakness when pain is of high intensity and weakness measured by toe flexion force. Chapter Three is a reliability study assessing size of abductor hallucis and medial belly flexor hallucis brevis muscles by ultrasound in 21 adults and identify their relationship with toe strength, foot morphology, balance. Intra-rater reliability was excellent. Significant associations were found between cross-sectional area of abductor hallucis with great toe flexion force, arch height sit and stand, truncated and full foot length, balance. Significant associations found between cross-sectional area of medial belly flexor hallucis brevis with Foot Posture Index, truncated and full foot length. After controlling for body size, cross-sectional area of abductor hallucis remained a significant correlate of great toe flexor strength. Chapter Four describes the development of the Archie biofeedback device. Device feasibility is evaluated in Chapter Five by repeat testing of 30 adults performing four foot exercises using Archie, with 89% of exercise and foot location variables collected consistently. Biofeedback significantly improved foot location for all exercises and 97% of participants reported biofeedback helped exercise performance. Archie appears to be a safe and feasible biofeedback device to assist participants perform exercise.
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Turner, Deborah E. "Integrated motion & pressure analysis and its application to normal foot function and diabetes related foot disease." Thesis, University of Huddersfield, 2003. http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/id/eprint/5938/.
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Xiong, Shuping. "Pressure perception on the foot and the mechanical properties of foot tissue during constrained standing among Chinese /." View abstract or full-text, 2008. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?IELM%202008%20XIONG.
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Lazo-Porras, Maria, Antonio Bernabe-Ortiz, Katherine A. Sacksteder, Robert H. Gilman, German Malaga, David G. Armstrong, and J. Jaime Miranda. "Implementation of foot thermometry plus mHealth to prevent diabetic foot ulcers: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial." BIOMED CENTRAL LTD, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/614741.
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Background: Diabetic foot neuropathy (DFN) is one of the most important complications of diabetes mellitus; its early diagnosis and intervention can prevent foot ulcers and the need for amputation. Thermometry, measuring the temperature of the feet, is a promising emerging modality for diabetic foot ulcer prevention. However, patient compliance with at-home monitoring is concerning. Delivering messages to remind patients to perform thermometry and foot care might be helpful to guarantee regular foot monitoring. This trial was designed to compare the incidence of diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) between participants who receive thermometry alone and those who receive thermometry as well as mHealth (SMS and voice messaging) over a year-long study period. Methods/design: This is an evaluator-blinded, randomized, 12-month trial. Individuals with a diagnosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus, aged between 18-80 years, having a present dorsalis pedis pulse in both feet, are in risk group 2 or 3 using the diabetic foot risk classification system (as specified by the International Working Group on the Diabetic Foot), have an operating cell phone or a caregiver with an operating cell phone, and have the ability to provide informed consent will be eligible to participate in the study. Recruitment will be performed in diabetes outpatient clinics at two Ministry of Health tertiary hospitals in Lima, Peru. Interventions: participants in both groups will receive education about foot care at the beginning of the study and they will be provided with a thermometry device (TempStat (TM)). TempStat (TM) is a tool that captures a thermal image of the feet, which, depending on the temperature of the feet, shows different colors. In this study, if a participant notes a single yellow image or variance between one foot and the contralateral foot, they will be prompted to notify a nurse to evaluate their activity within the previous 2 weeks and make appropriate recommendations. In addition to thermometry, participants in the intervention arm will receive an mHealth component in the form of SMS and voice messages as reminders to use the thermometry device, and instructions to promote foot care. Outcomes: the primary outcome is foot ulceration, evaluated by a trained nurse, occurring at any point during the study. Discussion: This study has two principal contributions towards the prevention of DFU. First, the introduction of messages to promote self-management of diabetes foot care as well as using reminders as a strategy to improve adherence to daily home-based measurements. Secondly, the implementation of a thermometry-based strategy complemented by SMS and voice messages in an LMIC setting, with wider implications for scalability.
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D'Orazio, Chiara. "Esperimento FOOT: prima presa dati al GSI." Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2019. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/19177/.
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L’esperimento FOOT ha come obiettivo lo studio dei processi di frammentazione nucleare che avvengono durante i trattamenti adroterapici. Al fine di includere nei sistemi di pianificazione dei trattamenti i contributi dovuti a tali processi, lo scopo dell’esperimento è quello di effettuare misure di sezioni d’urto differenziali in funzione dell’angolo e dell’energia dei frammenti prodotti con una risoluzione del 5%. Nel mese di Aprile 2019, presso il centro di ricerca GSI, l’esperimento FOOT ha acquisto run di dati utilizzando un fascio di ioni ossigeno a 400 MeV/u. L’analisi condotta nel presente lavoro di tesi è basata su un run dedicato alla calibrazione dello scintillatore presente nell’apparato e tre run di frammentazione, dai quali è stato possibile effettuare un'analisi preliminare di identificazione dei frammenti prodotti. I dati a disposizione per la calibrazione sono stati acquisiti indirizzando il fascio di ioni ossigeno direttamente sulla superficie dello scintillatore. Si è verificata la corretta calibrazione del rivelatore tramite la ricostruzione del valore di carica delle particelle incidenti: come atteso, poiché il fascio era costituito da ioni ossigeno, il valore di carica ricostruito è risultato distribuito attorno ad 8. A partire dai dati della calibrazione è stato possibile realizzare la distribuzione dei segnali in carica dei run di frammentazione, in cui sono stati evidenziati picchi ben distinti in corrispondenza di diversi depositi di energia dovuti alle diverse cariche dei frammenti prodotti. Infine, è stato possibile analizzare il tempo di volo dei frammenti e valutare la risoluzione temporale del sistema TOF: si è visto che il tempo di volo dei frammenti è determinato con una risoluzione pari a 89 ps. Le performance dello scintillatore previsto per l'apparato sperimentale FOOT, sia dal punto di vista di ricostruzione dei frammenti sia di risoluzione del tempo di volo, soddisfano i requisiti richiesti dall’esperimento.
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Parra, Lete Enara, and García Verónica Rodríguez. "Design of a foot for a humanoid." Thesis, Högskolan i Skövde, Institutionen för teknik och samhälle, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-6523.
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The aim of this project is to design a new mechanism for a foot of a humanoid in order to use it as a toy with the possibility of using it also as a prosthesis or an orthopaedic robotic foot. This project has been done in collaboration with the research centre The Cognition & Interaction Lab (COIN) at the School of Humanities and Informatics of the University of Skövde. The mechanism should be able to have human-like movements. First of all, existing humanoid feet have been analysed in a market research in order to obtain an overview of existing mechanisms and how they work. Some interesting ideas have been developed taking into account the goals and the defined user requirements. Some concept evaluation methods have been used to choose the best idea taking into account the opinion of the research centre. This process leads to the final idea of creating a parallel actuator system using three pneumatic cylinders and it is designed in 3D using Pro/Engineer. To create the model, actuators have been chosen from the pneumatic manufacturer Parker. The 3D model was tested in Pro/E mechanism to verify that the cylinders are powerful enough to create the motion of walking. The conclusion is that most of the goals have been achieved. However, the cover of the foot has not been designed yet due to time constraints. For further work it would be interesting creating a plastic prototype too for testing the mechanism before creating the metallic prototype. Moreover it has to be mentioned that the opinion of the research centre has been of a substantial important for the project.
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Nayak, Arabinda. "Foot and mouth disease virus RNA replication." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2005. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/842873/.
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Infection of susceptible cells with foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV) results in multiplication of the RNA genome and assembly of mature virions. The entire process of genome replication is completed in a few hours and encompasses many intracellular events. Like other picornaviruses, FMDV uses a peptide primed RNA replication mechanism. The factors that are required to uridylylate each of the three FMDV VPg peptides and the role of the FMDV cis-acting replication element (cre) or 3B Uridylylation Site (bus) in VPg uridylylation have been determined. The native N-terminus of the FMDV 3Dpol enzyme is a pre-requisite for VPg uridylylation in vitro and the effects of mutations in the RNA template are consistent with a slide-back mechanism. The role of the poly(A) tail in uridylylating VPg was insignificant using full-length FMDV RNA transcripts suggesting the possibility of an alternative mechanism of VPg incorporation into negative strand RNA. The optimal RNA sequences required for VPg uridylylation were found to be within the 5' non-coding region (NCR). Furthermore, the results also showed evidence for RNA-RNA interactions between distinct structures from within the 5' NCR that influence VPg uridylylation. The polymerase precursor 3CDpro is also a prerequisite for uridylylation of each of the FMDV VPg peptides. However BCpro alone can substitute for 3 CD, but is much less efficient. It also appeared that the overall charge of the VPg peptides determines their recognition by the FMDV 3Dpol. The RNA binding activity of the 3C was found to be required for its stimulatory effects on VPg uridylylation. Unlike the poliovirus cloverleaf, the FMDV S-fragment (at the 5' end of the genome) does not interact with the FMDV 3CD precursor protein; however it binds specifically to a cellular factor p48. The crude replication complexes (CRCs) isolated from FMDV-infected cells were found to synthesize viral RNA very efficiently and an in vitro RNA replication system developed using these CRCs can be used to study the complete RNA replication events of FMDV.
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Dang, Cuong Nguyen. "Aetiopathogenesis and Management of Diabetic Foot Problems." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.512177.
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Edmonds, Michael Edwin. "The complications of the diabetic neuropathic foot." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.537799.
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Anders, Judith. "Understanding perceptions of foot health in diabetes." Thesis, Lancaster University, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.659171.
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Having spent several years working as part of a multi-disciplinary team treating people with diabetes who had severe foot problems and, subsequently, in a more peripheral role establishing a strategy to implement a preventative diabetic foot health awareness programme, it became apparent that there was a gap in the literature with regard to individual perspectives, understanding and lay knowledge of . diabetes and foot health. Whist the development, complications, economic burden and treatment of diabetes has been well researched, the effect of diabetes on patients' lives and patients' perceptions of their illness are areas of research that are still in their infancy (Williams and Airey, 2000). This is particularly the case for those who are classified as currently being at low risk of ulceration: they are almost invisible in the current body of literature on foot care and prevention of complications. This gap is the impetus behind this qualitative study that explores the accounts and perspectives that people with diabetes (and low risk of developing ulcers) hold with regard to their foot health. The research, based on 23 semi-structured interviews, investigates the factors which affect an individual's capacity to act with regard to foot health and foot self-care. It reveals that people negotiate and shape their diabetes self management priorities through their experiences of the health care system, interactions with healthcare professionals, and their concerns about living with diabetes on a day-to-day basis. These experiences, in turn , influence their attitudes towards foot health and foot self-care. A better understanding of individual needs and expectations of foot health advice and care is required in order to enhance the available provision, education and guidance in this field. A truly collaborative approach between healthcare professionals and people with diabetes is required if foot health outcomes and preventative foot care practices are to be improved
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Singh, Simrat Sagar. "Aetio-pathology of foot lameness in cattle." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.240893.
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Marshall, Joanna. "The microbial ecology of the human foot." Thesis, University of Leeds, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.328884.
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Foster-Cuevas, Mildred. "Immunodeterminants of foot-and-mouth disease virus." Thesis, University of Hertfordshire, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.338562.
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Puig, Arturo. "Lipopeptide vaccines against foot and mouth disease." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.428103.
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Arnold, Mark Andrew. "Finite element analysis of ankle foot orthoses." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1999. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/393597/.
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Tabansi, V. S. "Laser surgery in treatment diabetic foot syndrome." Thesis, Видавництво СумДУ, 2012. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/27510.
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Scientific supervisor: V.P. Shevchenko<br>Treatment of purulent-necrotic wounds against diabetes is particularly complicated, due to violation of intra-cellular metabolism, low regenerative potential and tendency to spread. Unsatisfactory results leads to the search for new factors of modern treatment. Experimental and clinical studies proved the effectiveness of high-power CO2 laser with purulent necrotic wounds in diabetics, due to strong bactericidal and coagulating action, minimal trauma surrounding tissue, and local immune-modulating effect. Aim:To improve results of surgical treatment of purulent necrotic wounds in diabetic foot syndrome (DFS) by using high-CO2 laser.
When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/27510
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Kwiek, Armando, and Haj Hassen Rayén Bel. "Foot Gesture Interface for LoRa Emergency Systems." Thesis, KTH, Hälsoinformatik och logistik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-278042.
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Abstract A prototype for a smart shoe has been developed at the Royal Institute ofTechnology. It consisted of an Internet of Things (IoT) device which was builtand integrated with a radio module to wirelessly transmit packets. With thissmart-shoe as a base, this thesis attempts to create a system that has the ability torecognize certain foot gestures, and utilizing them to trigger a radio transmissionwhen faced with a danger to hopefully receive the aid that is necessary. Thedangers could for instance be in the event of abuse, kidnapping or robbery. Inorder to accomplish this, machine learning (ML) models were used to predictwhat activity or gesture was executed. For the radio communication, LoRa(Long Range) was utilized as the modulation technique and enabled wirelesstransmissions. A system was developed that can detect two gestures with a high accuracy.Whenever a gesture is performed, the radio module is activated and generatesa transmission to another unit. Keywords Internet of Things, embedded systems, radio communication, LoRa, machinelearning, foot gestures, recognitioniv<br>SammanfattningEn prototyp för en smartsko har utvecklats på KTH. Den bestod av en Internetof Things (IoT) enhet som var utvecklad och integrerad med en radiomodul föratt trådlöst sända paket. Med denna smartsko som bas ska denna avhandlingbeskriva skapandet av ett system som kan detektera vissa fotgester. Dessa skallanvändas för att trigga en radiosändning när man står inför en fara, i hoppom att få den hjälp som behövs. Dessa faror kan exempelvis vara misshandel,kidnappning eller rån. För att uppnå detta användes maskininlärningsmodellerför att förutsäga vilken aktivitet eller gest som utfördes. Radiokommunikationenbestod utav moduleringstekniken LoRa (Long Range) och möjliggjorde en trådlöskommunikation.Ett system har utvecklats som kan detektera två gester med en hög noggrannhet.När en gest upptäcks aktiveras radiomodulen och en signal genereras till en annanenhet.NyckelordSakernas Internet, inbyggda system, radiokommunikation, LoRa,maskininlärning, fotgester, igenkänningvi
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Du, Toit Leon Lourens. "Form and function of the rheumatoid foot." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/25632.
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Chen, Yu-Chun, and 陳又群. "Effects of Foot Orthosis on Foot Pressure and Foot Stability." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/04544663411971316482.
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碩士<br>國立陽明大學<br>醫學工程研究所<br>100<br>Most of adults have foot pain or discomfort in Taiwan. If foot has problems, the body will naturally use other parts of the compensatory. And long-term wrong standing and walking posture will lead ankle, knee, hip and spine hurt.
Many kinds of commercial insoles have the same purpose to improve foot problems, such that reducing foot plantar pressure and wrong standing posture. In this study was to investigate that normal foot person using insoles with arch support at the walking movement, to find the pressure difference in each foot area, and the correlation of the stability. It could provide a different perspective to assess that using insoles in anytime might be a method to prevent foot injuries in normal foot populations.
The result show that using insoles could increase the foot contact area, so the offset area will increase, however the offset area was lower than barefoot, it could said have good stability. In transvers plane was decreased by using insoles with arch support. Eight pressure difference formula show that using insoles were reduced the pressure difference. This express that using insoles leaded medial foot and lateral foot plantar pressure were similar to enhance foot stability.
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Wen, Yan-Kai, and 溫雁凱. "Foot orthosis for long distance runners with pronated foot." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/5q77k2.
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碩士<br>國立陽明大學<br>物理治療暨輔助科技學系<br>97<br>Background: Lower extremity injury and pain are common among long distance runners. One of the major contributing factors for these problems is pronated foot. Pronated foot is defined as excessive compensatory pronation of subtalar joint or midtarsal joint during walking, running, or other weight-bearing tasks. Conservative managements for the pronated foot often involve exercise, taping, and foot orthotics. It has been shown that the use of foot orthoses significantly reduced lower extremity pain during activities and increased functional level. In addition, the changes in joint motion were identified with the use of foot orthotics. However, there is still no experimental study examing the effect of orthosis intervention on lower extremity dysfunction in long distance runners. Purpose of the study: This study was designed to evaluate the effects of orthoses in runners with pronated foot related lower extremity dysfunction. Study design: Randomized control trail design. Method: Twenty-four long distance runners with pronated foot and associated anterior knee pain or foot pain during running were included in this study. After the evaluation of the basic data, including lower extremity alignment, flexibility, musculoskeletal characteristics, and running habits, all subjects performed the first 60 minutes treadmill test to record the baseline data. The subjects were then randomized into the treatment group or the control group. After one week, the subjects had the second visit, and the orthosis was applied. The 2nd treadmill test was administered right after the orthosis application to examine the immediate effect of the foot orthosis. A soft insole with a semi-rigid rearfoot medial wedge was given to the treatment group, and a soft insole was to the control group. The short term effect was examined at the 3rd treadmill test after two weeks of orthosis application. Pain intensity (VAS, visual analog scale) and onset time were recorded during the treadmill test. Statistical Analysis: Descriptive statistics were used to express individual basic data, and the independent t test was performed for the comparison of running habits, lower extremity alignment, and flexibility between two groups. Chi-square test was used to determine the between-group differences of the presence of the symptom during the running test. Two-way repeated measures analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used to determine the between- and within-group differences in pain intensity and onset time. The level of statistical significance was set at 0.05 for t test and Chi-square test, and the adjusted level of statistical significance was set at 0.02 for repeated measures analysis. Results: The results of chi-square showed a statically significant pain reduction at the immediate (p=0.04) and short-term (p=0.01) effect of foot orthosis in the treatment group as compared to the control group. The result of ANCOVA showed a significant difference in the pain intensity between the baseline and the 3rd test (short-term effect). Conclusion: The use of the rearfoot medial-wedged insole in long distance runners with pronated foot related anterior knee pain or foot pain effectively decreased the pain. Further research should focus on the exploration of the mechanism of the orthotic effect and its relation to the performance outcome.
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Lai, Hung-Jen, and 賴弘仁. "Ankle-foot simulator development for testing ankle-foot orthoses." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/25481858341400066357.
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博士<br>國立陽明大學<br>醫學工程研究所<br>98<br>The fatigue failure of low-temperature thermoplastic ankle-foot orthoses (AFOs) was commonly observed in clinics. However, there was no standard evaluation for the AFOs to enhance the understanding of how AFOs become more readily acceptable to patients. Therefore, this study aimed to develop an ankle-foot simulator (AFS) as a testing apparatus for AFOs, and performed a pilot test to investigate the failure mechanism of anterior ankle-foot orthosis (AAFO). The accuracy and repeatability of the AFS during cyclic walking, cyclic stepping and cyclic stepping with the AAFO in sagittal plane were measured. The root mean square errors (RMSE) of cyclic walking of AFS compared to a target gait data were less than 80.52N and 2.55° in the vertical ground reaction force and in the kinematics, respectively. The RMSE of ankle plantarflexion and dorsiflexion of AFS in the cyclic stepping tests were less than 1.25°. The repeatability was assessed by standard deviation, which were less than 9.46N and 0.72° in all testing conditions. A typical failure progression of five AAFOs was observed and graded for four phases under cyclic stepping test. Failure always initiated at the junction of anterior tarsal bar and lateral (or medial) bar of the AAFOs, from which the rest failures were extended. It is suggested that this junction must be reinforced or prevented the stress concentration to elongate the endurance of AAFO.
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Chen, Shie-Hung, and 陳協鴻. "Man's normal foot and flat foot rearfoot movement and foot pressure analysis in walking and running." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/84361082748204935451.
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碩士<br>國立體育學院<br>運動科學研究所<br>94<br>Abstract
The flat foot lacks the shockproof and balanced function, the main reason is that the arch of foot of sport course is apt to collapse. And in the evolution of the foot, the bone of the foot probably wants until 18 years old while developing riply. This research by 20 flat foot male(172.65±4.35cm，75.05±17.02kg，22.05±2.63years，AI=0.34±0.03) and 20 normal foot male(175.65±7.36cm，68.95±9.96kg，22.15±2.90years，AI=0.25±0.02). And use EMED-PADER insole pressure measuring system, and VICON motion capture system in step to collect dynamics and kinematics data. We calculate rear foot motion by Euler angle, and the insole pressure parameter of every fen area to discussion. With independent sample t-test(P＜.05), sample in pairs t-test(P＜.05), and Pearson product moment correlation(P＜.05) to statistic. The following of the result:(1) Flat foot (MF) and (PP) will with increase of the speed increase, and (PTI) and (FTI) will increase with the time of foot and ground touch.(2) The flat foot’s rear foot movement will increase with the speed increase.(3) While walking and running, the flat foot’s (MF) and (FTI) will get great loading in inboard of foot and outboard of foot, and the flat foot’s (PP) and (PTI) will to skew outside of the foot.(4) The rear foot angle when static standing, the maximum of eversion angle, and the value of eversion of the rear foot are greater then normal foot, and that will increase with speed increase. (5) The area got correlation significantly between insole pressure parameter and rear foot angle will increase, when increase in speed.
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Lin, Chen-Zhe, and 林承哲. "Using 3D Foot Scanner to Establish Foot Shape Sizing System." Thesis, 2002. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/94389898456225489459.
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碩士<br>國立清華大學<br>工業工程與工程管理學系<br>90<br>For improving the fitness of footwear and providing references of shoe last design, this study proposes a feasible method to build a foot shape database of adult male from 18 to 25 years old in Taiwan. With 3-D non-contact foot scanner, we can acquire the 3-D surface data of foot and extract 19 essential 1-D dimensions, 3 2-D styling curves and 3 cross-sections that presented the characteristic of fore foot shape through the foot shape analysis. After that the foot shape data is classified according to 2 key dimensions- foot length and ball girth. Then we process differential analysis of foot shape in each size category to find the standard foot that has the minimum total differences between the other feet in the same size category. Finally the dimensions of the standard foot can be used in design of model size shoe last. The shoe last that made in accordance with the real standard foot shape can improve the fitness of footwear because it adapts to most of foot shape of the users in the size category.
Recognizing significant points automatically is the main principle of our foot shape analysis method. Through the assistance of foot print outline and arch curve, in this study we can obtain the position of the significant points that are difficult to determine on foot surface. These significant points define the foot dimensions, including the 2 key dimensions- foot length and ball girth. We can size the foot shape data according to the 2 key dimensions with optimizing the size coverage and determine the size categories. In each size category we compare the projected-area on coronal and traverse plane of ball cross-section, waist cross-section and instep cross-section between each 2 feet. Through this differential analysis method the standard foot that has the minimum total differences can be picked out and its dimensions can be mapped to the model size shoe last design specification.
We believe that the footwear made from this shoe last should be fitter than the footwear made from replicate last of other countries. And we can also expect the applicable potential of the 3D foot shape data in custom-made service and E-business.
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chung, li-mine, and 鍾麗民. "The MRI parameters Analysis in adultFlat foot and normal foot." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/79168604659586994899.
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碩士<br>國立體育學院<br>運動科學研究所<br>93<br>All kinds of leisure activities are important parts in human’s life. It is foot that takes all of the strength from any kind of activity, like walking, staining and jumping. And they adapt to different environments. There are some differences between every one’s foot shape, like high arch, low arch and normal arch. Some people have wider front foot and others have narrow ones. It shows the variations of each one’s foot shape. That is the reason why we need various shoes shape to help our foot satisfy each one’s needs. There is little research about foot internal structure in Taiwan. This thesis used the data which according to fifty paired feet, using the resonance image technique to produce sequences of slice to observe the internal structure of feet clearly. And rebuild the three dimension image of the structure of the feet bone by image process software. By analyzing the images to discuss the following points: (1) The angle variations of high arch feet. (2) The angle variations of the calcaneus and front feet. (3) The cross angle variations of the two lowest points of calcaneus and the first Metatarsus. (4) The cross angle variations of the two lowest points of calcaneus and the fifth Metatarsus. (5) The angle variations of the calcaneus and talus. To find out the differences between regular and flat feet, building u the parameter database of foot segmental parameters to provide more useful reference information for various research field.
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Liang-chien, Chen, and 陳良乾. "Rugby Foot-Ball." Thesis, 2001. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/p43q7n.
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Cai, Sheng-Ping, and 蔡勝平. "Biomechanical Evaluation of Combining Carbon Foot Plate with Functional Foot Orthoses." Thesis, 2003. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/prmwe2.
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碩士<br>中原大學<br>醫學工程研究所<br>91<br>This research utilized plantar pressure measurement and finite element analysis to the biomechanical effects of orthoses with carbon foot plate for patients with partial foot amputation.The material properties of several commonly used orthosis materials were measured using a material testing machine and then input into a finite element software for nonlinear material simulation. From the pressure measurement results we found: When carbon foot plate was added into the orthosis, the propulsive time was shortened and the propulsive force was increased. This result indicated that the carbon foot plate has the benefit of enhancing the push-off capability for patients with partial foot amputation. The effects of different orthosis material combinations on the plantar pressure distributions of a patient with partial foot amputation were then investigated using finite element analysis. Based on the finite element analysis results, we found that: When harder material was used for the bottom layer of the orthosis the plantar pressure was increased. When harder material was used for the filler of the orthosis, the stress at the anterior portion of the amputation foot was increased. Therefore, in order to reduce the stresses in the foot during push-off phase, material combination of softer upper layer (and filler), and harder bottom layer may be a better choice for the orthosis and can avoid the possible harmful high stress in the foot for patients with partial foot amputation.
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Chao, Tsui-Chiao, and 趙翠皎. "The effect of improving postural stability in normal foot and flat foot." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/w84wwu.
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博士<br>元智大學<br>工業工程與管理學系<br>106<br>Foot can be regarded as a sign of human aging process. Due to modern technological development, decreasing chances of walking and exercise resulted in degenerative development of foot muscles that easily leads to falls, also making the increase in the percentage of population with flatfeet. The longitudinal arch of a flatfoot is not obvious, causing poor foot balance control during aging.
The purpose of this study was to verify the balance-improvement strategy through changes in gait balance and static balance indicators: (1) normal foot with regular exercise and (2) flat foot with correction insoles. This study involved four commonly-used gait function test items used for balance measurement in relevant clinical research: 30 second seat test (30-sec CST), six-minute walk (6MW), time up and go (TUG) and one-leg standing (OLS) test with eyes closed. Static balance has been commonly used in recent years as a verification method by examining center of pressure (COP) data collected from the subject while standing upright on a force plate. The analyzed COP sway time-series in the anterior (AP) and mediallateral (ML) directions were derived from signals that were used to investigate the quantitative postural stability of the subjects when standing upright in each trial. These time-series signals of COP were quantized with the use of traditional measures and entropy-based measures used to assess postural stability. A total of 26 measure indicators include 23 items of traditional COP indicators and 3 items of complexity multi-scale entropy analysis MMSE, MSE_AP, MSE_ML. To verify the effect of improving postural stability through the observation for more than six months with two strategies by two different types of balance indicators: (1) regular exercise with normal feet and (2) orthopedic insole with flatfeet.
All patients in this study signed institutional review board (IRB) agreements before participation (IRB approval no.: NTU-REC 201206HS011).Sixty-five (mean age: 27.39±7.83 years) healthy adults aged 20–50 years participated in this study. These were categorized into two groups: normal (43 subjects, mean age: 27.28±7.66 years) and flatfooted (22 subjects, mean age: 27.59±8.32 years). Eighteen subjects with normal feet were tested in a regular exercise mode, while 14 subjects with flat feet were tested with orthopedic insole, in other control groups did not change their living habits. Six-month observation was conducted to monitor the changes in balance of the subjects. The changes in collection gait balance and static balance force were verified by the statistical method paired-t test, with a significant level of 0.05.
This study observes changes in balance of adults over six months. Through the static balance observed, no indicators show improvement of the balance for normal foot with regular exercise and flat foot with correction insoles. The improvement was seen in the gait balance indicators: (1) normal feet with regular exerciser: average number of pre-test (20.39±5.38) to post-test (27.94±6.58) increase of 7.56 (p-vlue=0.000) of 30-sec CST mean time (seconds) before the experiment (5.68± 0.88) 0.51 second (5.18±0.66) reduction (p-vlue=0.009) after the experiment of TUG, (2) flat feett with correction insoles: average number of pre-test (15.14±3.37) to post-test (24.86±5.52) increase of 9.71 times (p-vlue=0.000) of 30-sec CST and mean time (seconds) before the experiment (6.50±0.84) to post-experimental (5.47±1.06) decrease of 1.03 seconds (p-vlue =0.001) of TUG. The results of the study showed that the balance improvement strategies for normal foot with regular exercise and flat foot with correction insoles are effective. The results of the study suggest that further research might include more samples. The 30-sec CST and TUG test adopted in this study can be used to validate more studies on balance improvement of young adults.
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Marques, Ana Rita Soares. "Diabetic foot thermophisiology characterization." Master's thesis, 2014. https://repositorio-aberto.up.pt/handle/10216/73680.
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Marques, Ana Rita Soares. "Diabetic foot thermophisiology characterization." Dissertação, 2014. https://repositorio-aberto.up.pt/handle/10216/73680.
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