Relevant bibliographies by topics / Foot Score

Academic literature on the topic 'Foot Score'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Foot Score"

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&NA;. "Maryland Foot Score." Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma 20, Supplement (September 2006): S96—S97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005131-200609001-00022.

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Barnett, Sue, Rona Campbell, and Ian Harvey. "The Bristol Foot Score." Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association 95, no. 3 (May 1, 2005): 264–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.7547/0950264.

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We sought to develop a patient-centered foot-health assessment tool by conducting in-depth interviews, focus groups, and surveys of relevant patient groups. A total of 400 hospital- and community-based podiatric patients took part in the development of the Bristol Foot Score, which was refined from a 41-item self-administered questionnaire to one containing 15 items. Podiatric patients easily understood the final questionnaire, and rates of completion were excellent. Overall reliability was high (Cronbach α = .9036), and application of the Bland and Altman technique suggested that the foot score produced stable measurements over time. Statistically significant differences were detected in scores before and after toenail surgery, indicating that the Bristol Foot Score is sensitive to change. A poor level of concordance was found between the Bristol Foot Score and a Chiropody Assessment Criteria Score routinely used by podiatrists to assess the need for podiatric care. The Bristol Foot Score reflects patients’ perceptions of their own foot health, providing a useful additional tool for evaluating the efficacy of interventions and describing foot health within populations. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 95(3): 264–272, 2005)
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Kranzl, A., B. Dumphart, and B. Pobatschnig. "O 058 – The Foot – Gait Profile Score (Foot – GPS (OFM))." Gait & Posture 65 (September 2018): 120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2018.06.085.

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McCahill, Jennifer, Julie Stebbins, Andrew Lewis, Robin Prescott, Jaap Harlaar, and Tim Theologis. "Validation of the foot profile score." Gait & Posture 71 (June 2019): 120–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2019.03.034.

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MOON, MARY ANN. "Severity Score Simplifies Foot Ulcer Management." Family Practice News 36, no. 13 (July 2006): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0300-7073(06)73438-7.

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Sieradzki, James P., Nicholas Larsen, Ivan Wong, and Richard D. Ferkel. "Symptom and Disability Measurement by Common Foot and Ankle–Specific Outcome Rating Scales." Foot & Ankle International 41, no. 7 (May 28, 2020): 849–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1071100720920635.

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Background: Well-designed foot and ankle clinical outcomes research requires region-specific subjective outcome measures. Many foot and ankle–specific instruments are now available. Determining which instruments to choose is daunting. We present a patient survey to determine the most relevant questions pertaining to them. Methods: Sixteen foot and ankle–specific outcome instruments were chosen based on popularity, emphasizing valid, reliable, responsive scores. Subjective portions were consolidated and given to 109 patients with osteochondral lesion of the talus (OLT) (39), ankle instability (35), and ankle arthritis (35). Outcome instruments were measured according to 4 criteria: number of questions endorsed by 51%, number with high mean importance, number with low mean importance, and number with the highest-ranking frequency importance product. Instruments were then ranked based on relative score, with the highest scores indicating the instrument was the most useful for that sample. Results: The Foot and Ankle Outcome Score (FAOS) achieved the highest score in all 4 categories for OLT, followed by Foot and Ankle Ability Measure (FAAM) and American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS) Foot and Ankle Score. The FAOS achieved the highest score in all 4 categories for ankle instability, followed by FAAM and AAOS. For osteoarthritis, the FAOS achieved the highest relative score followed by FAAM and AAOS. The AOF, Ankle Osteoarthritis Score, and AAS are instruments commonly used that had lower relative scores. Conclusion: The FAOS, FAAM, and AAOS Foot and Ankle Score contain several items important to patients with osteochondral lesions of the talus, ankle instability, and ankle osteoarthritis. Level of Evidence: Level II, prospective comparative study.
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Waller, Rosemary, Peter Manuel, and Lyn Williamson. "The Swindon Foot and Ankle Questionnaire: Is a Picture Worth a Thousand Words?" ISRN Rheumatology 2012 (September 26, 2012): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2012/105479.

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Objectives. Despite increased awareness of the high prevalence and significance of foot and ankle problems in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), feet remain neglected. Reasons may include the perception that feet are difficult to assess, they are not included in the DAS28, and lack of freely available foot screening tools specific for RA. Methods. The Swindon Foot and Ankle Questionnaire (SFAQ) is a simply worded 10-point foot and ankle screening questionnaire with diagrams of feet and ankles for use in general rheumatology outpatients. All RA patients on our electronic database were invited to complete the questionnaire and attend clinic for assessment. Patients assessed clinically were scored out of 10 using the parameters from the questionnaire. The SFAQ was compared to the Manchester Foot Pain and Disability Index (MFPDI), DAS28, HAQ, HAD, and OSRA scores. Results. 597 questionnaires were sent, 301 (50%) returned, and 137 seen in clinic. There was good correlation between the postal SFAQ score, clinic score (), and the MFPDI (). Neither of the foot scores correlated with other RA disease outcome measures. 75% patients completed the picture. 73% corresponded to clinical findings. 45% of patients required an intervention following clinical review and trended towards higher scores. Conclusions. The SFAQ was quick to complete and correlated with the MFPDI. Lack of association with standard RA outcome measures suggests that relying on these scores alone may miss foot pathology. The diagrams were a useful complement. This simple screening tool could aid identification of RA foot and ankle problems.
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P. M, Mohamed Shameem, and Vineeth Rao. "RISK FACTOR DIAGNOSTIC SCORE IN DIABETIC FOOT." Journal of Evidence Based Medicine and Healthcare 3, no. 72 (September 8, 2016): 3922–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.18410/jebmh/2016/838.

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Leese, G., C. Schofield, B. McMurray, G. Libby, J. Golden, R. MacAlpine, S. Cunningham, A. Morris, M. Flett, and G. Griffiths. "Scottish Foot Ulcer Risk Score Predicts Foot Ulcer Healing in a Regional Specialist Foot Clinic." Diabetes Care 30, no. 8 (May 22, 2007): 2064–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/dc07-0553.

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Eiguren, Nick M., Katie Peterson, and Zach D. McFarlane. "PSI-35 Foot and hair shedding scores of crossbred cattle grazing native rangeland differ by age group." Journal of Animal Science 98, Supplement_4 (November 3, 2020): 475. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa278.829.

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Abstract Structural soundness is crucial to improve productivity and longevity of beef cattle in rangeland landscapes. In addition, hair shedding scores are utilized to select for heat tolerant cattle. Thus, the objective of this study was to collect data indicative of cattle adaptability to extensive rangeland landscapes in the Cal Poly beef cattle herd. Three trained technicians assigned claw set, foot angle and hair shedding scores. All data were collected over a 2-day period (n = 3 ranch locations) and foot scores were only collected from females (n = 211) that were at least 1 year of age. Each female was assigned a score for foot angle and claw set (1–9, 5 being ideal). A hair shedding score was also allocated (1–5, 1 = 0% winter coat, 5 = 100% winter coat) to both cows and calves of dams assigned to different age groups. Cattle were retrospectively assigned to a group based on age (Young = 2–3 years of age, Moderate = 4–7 years of age, Old = 8+ years of age) and data were analyzed with the main effects of ranch location and cow age group. Ranch location had no impact (P > 0.05) on foot score or hair shedding score. Cow age group had a significant impact (P < 0.01) on claw set, with young cows exhibiting a lower and more ideal foot score. However, cow age had no effect on hoof angle (P = 0.23). Young cows had a greater (P < 0.001) hair shedding score than their counterparts. Calf hair shedding score was not different (P ≥ 0.23) among dam age groups or ranch locations. Thus, these data indicate that feet and leg structure is compromised as cows age, and younger cows with higher hair shedding scores may lack adaptability to heat stress.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Foot Score"

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Stevenson, Alexander Graham. "A comparison of the accuracy of various methods of postnatal gestational age estimation; including Ballard score, foot length, vascularity of the anterior lens, last menstrual period and also a clinician's non-structured assessment." Master's thesis, Faculty of Health Sciences, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/33997.

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Rationale Gestational age is a strong determinant of neonatal mortality and morbidity. Early obstetric ultrasound is the clinical reference standard, but is not widely available in many developing countries. There is a well recognised need to identify reliable and simple methods of postnatal gestational age estimation. Methods A prospectively designed methods comparison study in a tertiary referral hospital in a developing country. Early ultrasound (<20 weeks) was the clinical reference standard. Methods evaluated included anthropometric measurements (including foot-length), vascularity of the anterior lens, the New Ballard Score and Last Menstrual Period. Clinicians' non-structured global impression “End of Bed” Assessment was also evaluated. Results 106 babies were included in the study. Median age at birth was 34 weeks (IQR 29-36). Ballard Score and “End of Bed” Assessment had a mean bias of -0.14 and 0.06 weeks respectively but wide 95% limits of agreement. The physical component of the Ballard score, the total Ballard score and Foot-length's ability to discriminate between term and preterm infants gave an AUROC of 0.97, 0.96 and 0.95 respectively. Discussion Although “End of Bed” Assessment and Ballard score had small mean biases, the wide confidence intervals render the methods irrelevant in clinical practice. Foot-length was particularly poor in Small for Gestational Age infants. None of the methods studied were superior to a non-structured clinician's informal “End of Bed” Assessment. Conclusion None of the methods studied met the a priori definition of clinical usefulness. Improving access to early ultrasound remains a priority. Instead of focusing on chronological accuracy, future research should compare the ability of early ultrasound and Ballard score to predict morbidity and mortality.
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Hammar, Clausen Adrian. "Follow-up of Patients Treated with Sclerosing Therapy and/or Surgery for Achilles Tendinopathy." Thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för medicinska vetenskaper, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-72993.

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Introduction: Achilles tendinopathy can be a chronic disabling condition. Sclerosing injections under ultrasonographic guidance is one method to treat Achilles tendinopathy. Initially good results have later been questioned. Surgery is another treatment option that has been questioned because of varying reported success rate. Aim: We aimed to assess patient- reported outcome in patients suffering from Achilles tendinopathy, treated with sclerosing injections and/or surgery during a 6 ½ year- period. Method: After review of patient records, the Self-reported foot and ankle score (SEFAS) together with an in-house satisfaction questionnaire were mailed to the patients. A SEFAS score of 48 represents normal foot/ankle function. Results: 97 patients (53 women, 44 men, 104 tendons) were included. 69 patients (41 women, 28 men, 75 tendons) returned the questionnaires. The SEFAS values (median and range) were 37.5 (13-48) in patients treated with sclerosing therapy, 42 (15-48) in patients treated surgically and 47 (19-48) in patients that received both treatments. A greater proportion of surgically treated patients were satisfied (90% vs 50%), experienced symptom improvement and were able to return to the previous level of activity. Complications following surgery were wound infections (n=3) and deep vein thrombosis (n=3), two with pulmonary embolism. Following sclerosing injection, there was one complete Achilles tendon rupture. Conclusion: Sclerosing injections seems to be a safe treatment and a positive outcome in 50% of patients might be sufficient to use this therapy in selected patients with Achilles tendinopathy. However, surgical treatments seem more effective but are associated with more severe complications.
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Johanzon, Annica. "Fokuserad shock wave behandling vid kronisk plantar fasciit : en 12 månaders uppföljning av en randomiserad jämförande klinisk studie." Thesis, Gymnastik- och idrottshögskolan, GIH, Institutionen för idrotts- och hälsovetenskap, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:gih:diva-4499.

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Ryan, Suzanne Marie. "Prediction of Japanese color score." Thesis, Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/508.

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Baker, Charles E. 1957. "The Angoff Method and Rater Analysis: Enhancing Cutoff Score Reliability and Accuracy." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1993. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc500345/.

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At times called a philosophy and other times called a process, cutting score methodology is an issue routinely encountered by Industrial/Organizational (I/0) psychologists. Published literature on cutting score methodology appears much more frequently in academic settings than it does in personnel settings where the potential for lawsuits typically occurs more often. With the passage of the 1991 Civil Rights Act, it is no longer legal to use within-group scoring. It has now become necessary for personnel psychologists to develop more acceptable selection methods that fall within established guidelines. Designating cutoff scores with the Angoff method appears to suit many requirements of personnel departments. Several procedures have evolved that suggest enhancing the accuracy and reliability of the Angoff method is possible. The current experiment investigated several such procedures, and found that rater accuracy methods significantly enhance cutoff score reliability and accuracy.
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Leuer, Debora Kim. "A comparison study of food facility inspection scores and consumer complaints." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 1999. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/1711.

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Peng, Liying. "DIETARY ACCULTURATION OF CHINESE STUDENTS IN THE UNITED STATES." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1134770987.

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Bandstein, Marcus. "The role of genetics in regulation of weight loss and food intake." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Funktionell farmakologi, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-297729.

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While obesity is a world leading health problem, the most efficient treatment option for severely obese patients is Roux-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery. However, there are large inter-individual differences in weight loss after RYGB surgery. The reasons for this are not yet elucidated and the role of genetics in weight loss-regulation is still not fully understood. The main aim for this thesis was to investigate the effects of common obesity-associated genetic variants and their effect on weight loss and food intake. We examined if the weight loss two years following RYGB surgery depends on the  FTO genotype, as well as pre-surgery vitamin D status. For FTO AA-carriers, the surgery resulted in a 3% per-allele increased excess BMI loss (EBMIL; P=0.02). When split by vitamin D baseline status, the EBMIL of vitamin D deficient patients carrying AA exceeded that of vitamin D deficient patients carrying TT by 14% (P=0.03). No such genotypic differences were found in patients without pre-surgery vitamin D deficiency. As the influence of individual single nucleotide polymorphisms may be small, we identified a novel method to combine SNPs into a genetic risk score (GRS). Using the random forest model, SNPs with high impact on weight loss after RYGB surgery were filtered out. An up to 11% lower EBMIL with higher risk score was estimated for the GRS model (p=0.026) composed of seven BMI-associated SNPs (closest genes: MC4R, TMEM160, PTBP2, NUDT3, TFAP2B, ZNF608 and MAP2K5). Pre-surgical hunger feelings were found to be associated with EBMIL and the SNP rs4846567. Before surgery, patients filled out the Three Factor Eating Questionnaire and were genotyped for known BMI and waist-hip ratio (WHR) associated SNPs. Patients with the lowest hunger scores had up to 32% greater EBMIL compared to the highest scoring patients (P=0.002). TT-allele carriers of rs4846567 showed a 58% lower hunger feelings. TT- carriers also showed a 51% decrease in disinhibition, but no significant impact on cognitive restraint was observed. Due to the association of eating behaviour and weight loss, acute effects on DNA methylation in response to a food intake intervention of a standardized meal were also investigated. After food intake, 1832 CpG sites were differentially methylated compared to the baseline after multiple testing correction. When adjusted for white blood cell fractions, 541 CpG sites remained. This may be interpreted as that the immune system is playing an active role in the response to food intake and highlights the dynamic nature of DNA-methylation. These findings will contribute to a better care for morbidly obese patients. Post-surgical treatment may be optimized so that patients with a less favourable genetic profile may receive additional support for weight loss and weight management. This may be considered as a step in the transition towards personalized medicine.
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Feenstra, Carla. "The possible effect of food supplements in the early grades on intelligence scores." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/27240.

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The purpose of this study was to investigate whether a meal supplement fortified with micronutrients would, statistically, significantly improve the intelligence scores of Grade 3 and 4 learners. The data collection procedures in this study took the form of a pre-test – post-test control group design. The Paper and Pencil Games (PPG) Level 3, a standardised psychological test, was administered before and after the respondents were exposed to the meal supplements. For a treatment period of 16 weeks the experimental group received the meal supplement fortified with micronutrients and the control group the meal supplement without any added micronutrients. Data analysis took the form of statistical analysis to determine whether the meal supplements consumed by those in the experimental group could significantly contribute to improving their intelligence scores. The results indicated statistically significant increases in scores, between the pretest and post-test on the various scales of the PPG, of both the experimental and control group on the one hand, but no statistically significant differences between the two treatment groups on the post-test on the other. The null hypothesis that there are no (statistically significant) differences between the average post-test scores (V, NV, and T) of the experimental and control groups could not be rejected. However, the increase between the pre-test and post-test stanine scores of the two treatment groups has led to recommendations for further research. Copyright
Dissertation (MEd)--University of Pretoria, 2011.
Educational Psychology
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Smith, Brandon Wayne. "Constructing a supplier score card to evaluate the performance of export suppliers in the food & beverage industry." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/22001.

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Books on the topic "Foot Score"

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Butler, Betty. Chicken Foot Dominoes Score Sheets: 100 chicken foot score pads. Independently Published, 2019.

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Washburn, Shane. Hand and Foot Score Sheets: Hand and Foot Score Pads. Independently Published, 2019.

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NKL, Mehdi. Chicken Foot Dominoes Score Sheets: 130 Chicken Foot Dominoes Score Pads 6x9 Inches - Chicken Foot Dominoes Score Cards. Independently Published, 2021.

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Chicken Foot Dominoes Score Pads. Chicken Foot Score Pads: 120 Sheets for Chicken Foot Dominoes - Chicken Foot Game Score Sheet Book - Chicken Foot Score Pad - Perfect Score Sheets for Scorekeeping. Independently Published, 2019.

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Chicken Foot Dominoes Score Pads. Chicken Foot Score Sheets for Chicken Foot Dominoes: 120 Sheets for Chicken Foot Dominoes - Chicken Foot Game Score Sheet Book - Chicken Foot Score Pad - Perfect Score Sheets for Scorekeeping. Independently Published, 2019.

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Washburn, Shane. Chicken Foot Sheets: Chicken Foot Score Pad. Independently Published, 2019.

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publishing, koooka. Hand and Foot Score Sheets: Hand and Foot Score Pad / Large Hand and Foot Score Sheets / Hand and Foot Score Cards / 8. 5 X 11 Inches. Independently Published, 2022.

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Chicken Foot Dominoes Score Pads. Chicken Foot Dominoes Score Cards: 120 Sheets for Chicken Foot Dominoes - Chicken Foot Game Score Sheet Book - Chicken Foot Score Pad - Perfect Score Sheets for Scorekeeping. Independently Published, 2019.

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gifts, ELPunto Studio. Hand and Foot Score Sheets: Hand and Foot Score Pads, 100 Pages. Independently Published, 2020.

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Hand and Foot Score Sheets: 130 Large Hand and Foot Score Pad. Independently Published, 2020.

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Book chapters on the topic "Foot Score"

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Kaur, Gagandeep, and Shivani Sharma. "Nanotechnology and Food Microbiology." In Microbial Diversity, Interventions and Scope, 109–14. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-4099-8_7.

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Nain, Neegam, Katoch Gunjan Kumari, Hridya Haridasan, and Shiwani Guleria Sharma. "Microbes in Food and Beverage Industry." In Microbial Diversity, Interventions and Scope, 249–58. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-4099-8_15.

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Kaur, Manpreet, and Vijay Kumar. "Microorganisms Improving Food Quality and Safety." In Microbial Diversity, Interventions and Scope, 75–83. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-4099-8_4.

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Sharma, Harish Kumar, and Navneet Kumar. "Agro Processing: Scope and Importance." In Agro-Processing and Food Engineering, 1–22. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-7289-7_1.

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Sharma, Nitya, Aastha Bhardwaj, Prashant Said, Sukirti Joshi, Amrita Poonia, and J. K. Sahu. "Scope, Functions, and Novelty of Packaging Edibles." In Edible Food Packaging, 87–101. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-2383-7_4.

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Patel, Rutvi, and K. Sornalakshmi. "Sentiment Analysis of Food Reviews Using User Rating Score." In Artificial Intelligence Techniques for Advanced Computing Applications, 415–31. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5329-5_39.

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Bruce, Janine S., Deepak Palakshappa, and Hans B. Kersten. "Scope of Interventions to Address Food Insecurity." In SpringerBriefs in Public Health, 43–67. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-76048-3_3.

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Gupta, Shreya, Anujit Ghosal, Ayanava Goswami, Bhawana, Ashok Kumar Nadda, and Swati Sharma. "The Scope of Biopolymers in Food Industry." In Biopolymers, 173–98. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-98392-5_9.

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Bricas, Nicolas. "The scope of the analysis: food systems." In Food systems at risk. New trends and challenges, 15–18. Rome, Italie: CIRAD; FAO, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.19182/agritrop/00085.

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Seneweera, S., Kiruba Shankari Arun-Chinnappa, and Naoki Hirotsu. "Scope, Options and Approaches to Climate Change." In Food Security and Climate Change, 119–30. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119180661.ch6.

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Conference papers on the topic "Foot Score"

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Gaino, J. Z., M. B. Bertolo, C. S. Nunes, C. M. Barbosa, Z. Sachetto, M. Davitt, and E. D. P. Magalhães. "AB0367 “the structural index score – sis” for rheumatoid foot and its relation to foot function, disability and physical performance tests." In Annual European Congress of Rheumatology, EULAR 2018, Amsterdam, 13–16 June 2018. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and European League Against Rheumatism, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2018-eular.3792.

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Rosati, S., V. Agostini, G. Balestra, and M. Knaflitz. "Basographic gait impairment score: A fuzzy classifier based on foot-floor contact parameters." In 2014 IEEE International Symposium on Medical Measurements and Applications (MeMeA). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/memea.2014.6860121.

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Patuwondatu, Martini Heniastaty, and icilya Candi. "Effects of Foot Reflexology Massage on Reducing Blood Pressure in Elderly with Hypertension at Sekupang Public Health Center, Batam." In The 7th International Conference on Public Health 2020. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.05.21.

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ABSTRACT Background: Hypertension is significantly associated with increased morbidity and mortality of cerebrovascular diseases, myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure and renal insufficiency. Hypertension is a major public health problem and an important research area due to its high prevalence and a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease and other complications. This study aimed to determine the effect of foot reflexology therapy on lowering blood pressure in elderly people suffering from hypertension in the working area of Sekupang community health center, Batam City. Subjects and Method: This study was an experiment with a pretest – posttest control group design. A sample of 15 elderlies was selected by simple random probability sampling. The dependent variable was elderly with hypertension. The independent variable was foot reflexology therapy. The data obtained from this study were the values of pre and post therapy blood pressure between the control group and the treatment group. The data was analyzed by Wilcoxon test. Results: After the intervention of foot reflexology was carried out, foot reflexology affected reducing headache intensity (Mean= 2; SD= 0.52) and it was statistically significant (p= 0.002). When compared to the control group that was not given therapy, indicating that pain intensity tended to increase with statistical results (Mean = 2.33; SD= 0.69) obtained (Z score = -2.64) with p = 0.008. Conclusion: Reducing the intensity of headaches and able to lower blood pressure in older people with hypertension. Keywords: Hypertension, Foot Reflexology, Elderly, Headache Correspondence: Martini Heniastaty Patuwondatu. Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Indonesia. Email : martha.imbuh@gmail.com. 081277466363 DOI: https://doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.05.21
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Farias, Frederico Arriaga Criscuoli de, Carolina Matté Dagostini, Carolina Dalla Santa Dal Moro, Carolina Odorizzi Magno Nunes, Mariana Moreira Rizzolli, and Marcelo R. Roxo. "Beneficial effects of combined rTMS and physical rehabilitation for spasticity in multiple sclerosis." In XIII Congresso Paulista de Neurologia. Zeppelini Editorial e Comunicação, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5327/1516-3180.450.

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Background: spasticity affects up to 90% of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients, being a major cause of disability. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) appears to be a potential treatment, but literature is scarce. Objectives: to evaluate the effects of combined rTMS and physical therapy for spasticity in MS patients. Methods: relapsing-remitting MS patients suffering from lower limb spasticity were included. The rTMS protocol consisted of 20 sessions of 18 trains of 50 stimuli at 5Hz and at 100% of rest potential threshold, with 10 seconds per train and 40 second pauses, amounting for 900 pulses (15 minutes) with a Neurosoft- MS/D double coil. Optimal coil positioning was determined by motor responses in the contralateral soleus muscle. The physical therapy protocol included active exercising – stationary bicycle, step climbing with partial weight suspension – followed by mild gradual resistance exercising for knee extension and hip and foot flexion, proprioceptive exercises and active stretching. The primary outcome was improvement on the Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS) score at baseline and 4 weeks after treatment. Results: five female patients were recruited. At the 4-week follow-up, 4 out the 5 patients had a significant improvement regarding spasticity. There was a reduction in mean MAS score from 2.30 to 1.42. Patient 1 had a MAS score reduction from 2 to 1 (50%). Patient 2 from 3 to 1 (66%), patient 3 from 4 to 3 (25%) and patient 4 from 0.5 to 0.125 (75%). Conclusion: combined rTMS and physical therapy protocols presents as a beneficial treatment modality for MS spasticity.
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Parker, C. J., D. E. Huber, A. R. Hedges, and V. V. Kakkar. "ARE THE SYMPTOMS OF THE POST PHLEBITIC LIMB ALWAYS POST THROMBOTIC." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1644200.

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The term ‘post phlebitic syndrome’ implies a previous history of deep venous thrombosis. To test the validity of this assumption, 106 patients who had routine post-operative bilateral ascending venography following total hip replacement were reviewed five years later.Patients were assessed clinically for symptoms and signs of the ‘post phlebitic syndrome’ (pain, swelling, induration, pigmentation, ulceration and varicose veins). Haemodynamic changes were assessed by foot volumetry and an objective score was derived by computer analysisThirty patients (28%) had post-operative DVT. 50% of all patients had at least one symptom or sign of the post phlebitic limb. Pain was present in 9 limbs; swelling in 13; induration in 18; pigmentation in 55, and varicose veins in 53 limbs.At five years there was no significant difference in the incidence of symptoms, signs or haemadynamic changes of the post phlebitic syndrome between limbs with or without a previous DVT. We conclude that deep vein thrombosis is not the only factor involved in the aetiology of the post phlebitic limb.
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Zahavi, J., S. Zaltzman, E. Firsteter, and E. Avrahami. "SEMI-QUANTITATIVE RADIONUCLIDE PHLEBOGRAPHIC (RNP) ASSESSMENT OF DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS (DVT) AND CHRONIC VENOUS INSUFFICIENCY (CVI)." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1642895.

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A semi-quantitative RNP using 99Technetium macroaggregated albumin for the evaluation and follow-up of DVT and CVI has been developed. Values were assigned to the deep veins of the calf, knee, tigh and pelvis based upon the localization and the characteristics of the images obtained: stasis, hot spots and collateral circulation. A maximum score of 18 reflected complete thrombosis of all 4 segments. 208 patients (mean age 53.7 years, range 18-92), 161 of whom had a proven risk factor for DVT were studied. 99Technetium was injected into the dorsal foot vein of 407 limbs with appropriate tourniquets and early and late imaging of the limbs, pelvis and lungs was performed. In 48 patients, 83 limbs, X-ray contrast phlebography (CP) was also done. The mean RNP score was 4.1 units (range 0.4-18) and higher in the left than the right lower limb. It was mostly high in patients with proximal recurrent DVT or in DVT superimposed on CVI. The score was easy to follow and helpful in the assessment of the extent of DVT. It was particularly helpful in 3 instances. 1) Assessment of venous patency following anticoagulant therapy. 2) Estimation of recurrent DVT. 3) Differentiation of recent DVT from venous insufficiency. Overall RNP method had a sensitivity of 87.6%, a specificity of 54% and an accuracy of 64.8%. The sensitivity was similar in above & below-knee thrombi. Yet the specificity was higher in above-knee thrombi. The highest accuracy (87.3%) was observed in pelvic and groin thrombi. The distribution of thrombi on CP was 19% below the knee, 31% above it and 50% both above and below the knee. Pulmonary embolism (PE) was initially observed in 54 patients (26%) with no clinical evidence of DVT and therefore untreated. This high level is most probably related to the high incidence of proximal DVT in the patients. 181 patients were treated with heparin & coumadin and the RNP score was decreased to 3.6 units (range 0.4-8.8). PE occurred during treatment in 11 (6.1%) and recurrent DVT in 16 (8.8%) patients. CVI was observed in 23 patients before treatment and in another 24 patients (13.2%) after treatment. These results indicate that the RNP method is a simple, semi-quantitative and useful technique for the evaluation and follow-up of DVT and CVI. It is most helpful in the assessment of the extent of DVT. It is also a rapid, noninvasive and cost effective techniaue.
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Abe, A., and H. Ishikawa. "THU0079 Evaluation of synovitis in the foot and the ankle not included in the 28-joint disease activity score using ultrasonography and histological findings in the patients with rheumatoid arthritis." In Annual European Congress of Rheumatology, 14–17 June, 2017. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and European League Against Rheumatism, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2017-eular.2011.

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Mohd Hafizi, Nur Asma, Abdul Wahab Mohamad Rahijan, Fathilah Ismail, and Wan Zainal Shukri Wan Hafiz. "FOOD NEOPHOBIA, FAMILIARITY, AND WILLINGNESS-TO-TRY MALAYSIA LOCAL FOODS AMONG SOJOURNERS IN TERENGGANU." In GLOBAL TOURISM CONFERENCE 2021. PENERBIT UMT, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46754/gtc.2021.11.032.

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Nowadays, Malaysia has gained more popularity among sojourners either as a destination to continue their study or as a good place to work. However, there are few studies regarding food neophobia among sojourners and information on the subject is limited. The objectives of this study are to determine the level of food neophobia among sojourners in Terengganu, to compared between food neophobia score and social-demographic profile, to examine association of familiarity and willingness-to-try local foods among people with different levels of food neophobia and to examine the relationship between the food neophobia scores and the willingness-to-try new foods and same food neophobia score with familiar foods. A total of 152 questionnaires were distributed to international students from Middle east. The findings reported average food neophobia scale among sojourners in Terengganu was 40.15 ±12.21. There were no significant differences between food neophobia and gender but a significant difference between residential area (urban and rural), and the length of stay in Malaysia. Moreover, there were significant associations between food neophobia and familiarity towards Malaysia’s local cuisines. A significant association between food neophobia and willingness-to-try Malaysia local foods was also recorded. The impact of the findings on respondents was also discussed.
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Wu, Yiwei, Zhili Zhou, Zhiqiang Xi, and Jishun Li. "Tractor Cab Virtual Modeling and Ergonomic Evaluation Based on JACK." In ASME 2018 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2018-85673.

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Aimed at the drawbacks of traditional method of spot evaluation for tractor cabs, such as low effectiveness and high expense, this paper established a new method of tractor cab design and evaluation, which included formulating ergonomic evaluation process, creating virtual models of tractor cab and operators, building virtual environment of tractor cab man-machine system and conducting ergonomic evaluation. The YTO-1604 wheeled tractor has been taken as the analysis object, the layouts of its seat, accelerator pedal, clutch pedal, brake pedal, gear shift lever, steering wheel and other major parts were optimized. The optimized model was created by UG, then it was imported into JACK, thus the object for analysis was created. To accommodate the Chinese tractor operator population, the 95th, 50th and 5th percentile virtual operator models which respectively stands for the big figure, medium figure and small figure of Chinese adult males for ergonomic evaluation were created in JACK, and the angular comfort range for human body joints were determined. The 50th percentile operator was adjusted to a cozy posture through human control module, with hands holding steering wheel, left foot naturally put on clutch pedal, while right foot flat placed on the floor. The operator was located to the h point of seat in the optimized cab model, thus the man-machine virtual environment was completely built. Then the reach zone of the 5th percentile operator and the visual field of the 95th percentile operator were generated, the 95th percentile operator’s comfort was evaluated and the forces of the 95th percentile operator’s spinal L4/L5 were calculated. The results showed that the gear shift lever, steering wheel and control panel were located in the accessible reach zones, conforming to manipulation requirements. Control panel and windshield (except for part of the side windshield which could be observed by moving head) were contained in the visual field, according with vision design standard. The overall comfort score of the 95th percentile operator’s different body parts was 24.5, which indicated that the operator was in good condition and the design conformed to physiological requirements. The lower back compression force of the 95th percentile operator was 742, representing a nominal risk of lower back injury for operators. Thus, the rationality of cab layout scheme was well verified. This paper provides a method for the ergonomic design and evaluation of tractor cabs.
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DeVogel, Nicholas, Anjishnu Banerjee, Frank A. Pintar, and Narayan Yoganandan. "Ranking of Biomechanical Metrics to Describe Human Response to Impact-Induced Damage." In ASME 2018 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2018-88007.

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Determination of human tolerance to impact-induced damage or injury is needed to assess and improve safety in military, automotive, and sport environments. Impact biomechanics experiments using post mortem human surrogates (PMHS) are routinely used to this objective. Risk curves representing the damage of the tested components of the PMHS are developed using the metrics gathered from the experimental process. To determine the metric that best explains the underlying response to the observed damage, statistical analysis is required of all the output response metrics (such as peak force to injury) along with the examination of potential covariates. This is conducted by parametric survival analysis. The objective of this study is to present a robust statistical methodology that can be effectively used to achieve these goals by choosing the best metric explaining injury and provide a ranking of the metrics. Previously published data from foot-ankle-lower leg experiments were used with two possible forms of censoring: right and left censoring or right and exact censoring, representing the no injury and injury data points in a different manner. The statistical process and scoring scheme were based on the predictive ability assessed by the Brier Score Metric (BSM) which was used to rank the metrics. Response metrics were force, time to peak, and rate. The analysis showed that BSM is effective in incorporating different covariates: age, posture, stature, device used to deliver the impact load, and the personal protective equipment (PPE), i.e., military boot. The BSM-based analysis indicated that the peak force was the highest ranked metric for the exact censoring scheme and the age was a significant covariate, and that peak force was also the highest ranked metric for the left censored scheme and the PPE covariate was statistically significant. IRCs are presented for the best metric.
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Reports on the topic "Foot Score"

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Mwebe, Robert, Chester Kalinda, Ekwaro A. Obuku, Eve Namisango, Alison A. Kinengyere, Moses Ocan, Ann Nanteza, Savino Biryomumaisho, and Lawrence Mugisha. Epidemiology and effectiveness of interventions for Foot and Mouth Disease in Africa: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.11.0039.

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Review question / Objective: What is the epidemiology and effectiveness of control measures for foot and mouth disease in African countries?’ PICOS: Description of elements Population/ problem/Setting: Artiodactyla (cloven ungulates), domestic (cattle, sheep, goats, and pigs), camels and wildlife (buffaloes, deer, antelope, wild pigs, elephant, giraffe, and camelids) affected by Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) or Hoof and Mouth Disease (HMD) caused by the Foot and Mouth Disease Virus (FMDV) in Africa. Intervention: Prevention measures: vaccination, ‘biosafety and biosecurity’, sensitization of the public. Control measures: quarantine, movement control, closure of markets and stock routes, mouth swabbing of animals with infected materials (old technique that is no long applicable), culling, mass slaughter, stamping out and any other interventions or control measures generally accepted by the ‘community of practice’ of animal health practitioners. Comparator: areas that did not have any control activities for FMD, in head-to-head comparisons in the same study. Outcome: epidemiological outcomes: incidence, prevalence, patterns or trends, clinical symptoms, and risk factors. Effectiveness outcomes: success, and usefulness of the interventions measured as averted deaths, illness and infections, and costs associated with the interventions (cost–effectiveness). Study design: epidemiological designs include cohort design for incidence, cross sectional for prevalence and case-control for clinical symptoms and risk factors. Interventional designs include randomized controlled trials, cluster randomized trials, quasi-experimental designs – controlled before and after, interrupted time series, [regression discontinuity design, difference-in-difference, and propensity score matching]. Timelines: 1900 – 2022.
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Kurtz, Michael, Karen Conway, and Robert Mohr. "BackPack" Food Programs Linked to Higher Test Scores for School Children. University of New Hampshire Libraries, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.34051/p/2021.35.

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Cordey, F., and L. C. Struik. Scope and preliminary results of radiolarian biostratigraphic studies, Fort Fraser and Prince George map areas, central British Columbia. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/207413.

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Wiecha, Jean L., and Mary K. Muth. Agreements Between Public Health Organizations and Food and Beverage Companies: Approaches to Improving Evaluation. RTI Press, January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3768/rtipress.2021.op.0067.2101.

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Efforts in the United States and abroad to address the chronic disease epidemic have led to the emergence of voluntary industry agreements as a substitute for regulatory approaches to improve the healthfulness of foods and beverages. Because of the lack of access to data and limited budgets, evaluations of these agreements have often been limited to process evaluation with less focus on outcomes and impact. Increasing scientific scope and rigor in evaluating voluntary food and beverage industry agreements would improve potential public health benefits and understanding of the effects of these agreements. We describe how evaluators can provide formative, process, and outcome assessment and discuss challenges and opportunities for impact assessment. We explain how logic models, industry profiles, quasi-experimental designs, mixed-methods approaches, and third-party data can improve the effectiveness of agreement design and evaluation. These methods could result in more comprehensive and rigorous evaluation of voluntary industry agreements, thus providing data to bolster the public health impacts of future agreements. However, improved access to data and larger evaluation budgets will be needed to support improvements in evaluation.
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McPhedran, R., K. Patel, B. Toombs, P. Menon, M. Patel, J. Disson, K. Porter, A. John, and A. Rayner. Food allergen communication in businesses feasibility trial. Food Standards Agency, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.tpf160.

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Background: Clear allergen communication in food business operators (FBOs) has been shown to have a positive impact on customers’ perceptions of businesses (Barnett et al., 2013). However, the precise size and nature of this effect is not known: there is a paucity of quantitative evidence in this area, particularly in the form of randomised controlled trials (RCTs). The Food Standards Agency (FSA), in collaboration with Kantar’s Behavioural Practice, conducted a feasibility trial to investigate whether a randomised cluster trial – involving the proactive communication of allergen information at the point of sale in FBOs – is feasible in the United Kingdom (UK). Objectives: The trial sought to establish: ease of recruitments of businesses into trials; customer response rates for in-store outcome surveys; fidelity of intervention delivery by FBO staff; sensitivity of outcome survey measures to change; and appropriateness of the chosen analytical approach. Method: Following a recruitment phase – in which one of fourteen multinational FBOs was successfully recruited – the execution of the feasibility trial involved a quasi-randomised matched-pairs clustered experiment. Each of the FBO’s ten participating branches underwent pair-wise matching, with similarity of branches judged according to four criteria: Food Hygiene Rating Scheme (FHRS) score, average weekly footfall, number of staff and customer satisfaction rating. The allocation ratio for this trial was 1:1: one branch in each pair was assigned to the treatment group by a representative from the FBO, while the other continued to operate in accordance with their standard operating procedure. As a business-based feasibility trial, customers at participating branches throughout the fieldwork period were automatically enrolled in the trial. The trial was single-blind: customers at treatment branches were not aware that they were receiving an intervention. All customers who visited participating branches throughout the fieldwork period were asked to complete a short in-store survey on a tablet affixed in branches. This survey contained four outcome measures which operationalised customers’: perceptions of food safety in the FBO; trust in the FBO; self-reported confidence to ask for allergen information in future visits; and overall satisfaction with their visit. Results: Fieldwork was conducted from the 3 – 20 March 2020, with cessation occurring prematurely due to the closure of outlets following the proliferation of COVID-19. n=177 participants took part in the trial across the ten branches; however, response rates (which ranged between 0.1 - 0.8%) were likely also adversely affected by COVID-19. Intervention fidelity was an issue in this study: while compliance with delivery of the intervention was relatively high in treatment branches (78.9%), erroneous delivery in control branches was also common (46.2%). Survey data were analysed using random-intercept multilevel linear regression models (due to the nesting of customers within branches). Despite the trial’s modest sample size, there was some evidence to suggest that the intervention had a positive effect for those suffering from allergies/intolerances for the ‘trust’ (β = 1.288, p<0.01) and ‘satisfaction’ (β = 0.945, p<0.01) outcome variables. Due to singularity within the fitted linear models, hierarchical Bayes models were used to corroborate the size of these interactions. Conclusions: The results of this trial suggest that a fully powered clustered RCT would likely be feasible in the UK. In this case, the primary challenge in the execution of the trial was the recruitment of FBOs: despite high levels of initial interest from four chains, only one took part. However, it is likely that the proliferation of COVID-19 adversely impacted chain participation – two other FBOs withdrew during branch eligibility assessment and selection, citing COVID-19 as a barrier. COVID-19 also likely lowered the on-site survey response rate: a significant negative Pearson correlation was observed between daily survey completions and COVID-19 cases in the UK, highlighting a likely relationship between the two. Limitations: The trial was quasi-random: selection of branches, pair matching and allocation to treatment/control groups were not systematically conducted. These processes were undertaken by a representative from the FBO’s Safety and Quality Assurance team (with oversight from Kantar representatives on pair matching), as a result of the chain’s internal operational restrictions.
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Lehotay, Steven J., and Aviv Amirav. Ultra-Fast Methods and Instrumentation for the Analysis of Hazardous Chemicals in the Food Supply. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7699852.bard.

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Original proposal objectives: Our main original goal was to develop ultra-fast methods and instrumentation for the analysis of hazardous chemicals in the food supply. We proposed to extend the QuEChERS approach to veterinary drugs and other contaminants, and conduct fast and ultra-fast analyses using novel 5MB-MS instrumentation, ideally with real samples. Background to the topic: The international trade of agricultural food products is a $1.2 trill ion annual market and growing. Food safety is essential to human health, and chemical residue limits are legislated nationally and internationally. Analytical testing for residues is needed to conduct risk assessments and regulatory enforcement actions to ensure food safety and environmental health, among other important needs. Current monitoring methods are better than ever, but they are still too time-consuming, laborious, and expensive to meet the broad food testing needs of consumers, government, and industry. As a result, costs are high and only a tiny fraction of the food is tested for a limited number of contaminants. We need affordable, ultra-fast methods that attain high quality results for a wide range of chemicals. Major conclusions, solutions and achievements: This is the third BARD grant shared between Prof. Amirav and Dr. Lehotay since 2000, and continual analytical improvements have been made in terms of speed, sample throughput, chemical scope, ease-of-use, and quality of results with respect to qualitative (screening and identification) and quantitative factors. The QuEChERS sample preparation approach, which was developed in conjunction with the BARD grant in 2002, has grown to currently become the most common pesticide residue method in the world. BARD funding has been instrumental to help Dr. Lehotay make refinements and expand QuEChERS concepts to additional applications, which has led to the commercialization of QuEChERS products by more than 20 companies worldwide. During the past 3 years, QuEChERS has been applied to multiclass, multiresidue analysis of veterinary drug residues in food animals, and it has been validated and implemented by USDA-FSIS. QuEChERS was also modified and validated for faster, easier, and better analysis of traditional and emerging environmental contaminants in food. Meanwhile, Prof. Amirav has commercialized the GC-MS with 5MB technology and other independent inventions, including the ChromatoProbe with Agilent, Bruker, and FUR Systems. A new method was developed for obtaining truly universal pesticide analysis, based on the use of GC-MS with 5MB. This method and instrument enables faster analysis with lower LaDs for extended range of pesticides and hazardous compounds. A new approach and device of Open Probe Fast GC-MS with 5MB was also developed that enable real time screening of limited number of target pesticides. Implications, both scientific and agricultural: We succeeded in achieving significant improvements in the analysis of hazardous chemicals in the food supply, from easy sample preparation approaches, through sample analysis by advanced new types of GC-MS and LCMS techniques, all the way to improved data analysis by lowering LaD and providing greater confidence in chemical identification. As a result, the combination of the QuEChERS approach, new and superior instrumentation, and the novel monitoring methods that were developed will enable vastly reduced time and cost of analysis, increased analytical scope. and a higher monitoring rate. This provides better enforcement, an added impetus for farmers to use good agricultural practices, improved food safety and security, increased trade. and greater consumer confidence in the food supply.
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Nicholson, Claire, Jonathan Wastling, Peter Gregory, and Paul Nunn. FSA Science Council Working Group 6 Food Safety and Net Zero Carbon July 2022 Interim Report. Food Standards Agency, July 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sac.fsa.vxz377.

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The UK has a legal commitment to reach net zero carbon (NZC) emissions by 2050. This is a topic that has recently been building momentum, with clean growth being one of the four Grand Challenges set out by the UK Government. The ways we grow, process and transport food are major contributors to climate change, accounting for more than a quarter of all greenhouse gas emissions. Reducing this will require substantial changes in agriculture, manufacturing, and transport. Consequently, the Science Council and FSA Chief Scientific Adviser (CSA) agreed that a deeper understanding of the potential implications of achieving net zero on food systems, together with identification of areas of uncertainty, would be of considerable value to FSA in pre-empting future policy and evidence needs in this area. In early discussions to scope the work required, Defra indicated to the FSA Science Council Secretariat that there are many new developments and changes to activity in primary production aimed at achieving net zero. The Science Council agreed, therefore, to concentrate its first investigations on changes expected in primary food production. Primary production is the production of chemical energy in organic forms by living organisms. The main source of this energy is sunlight. For the purposes of this review, primary food production includes the growing and harvesting of plants as food for humans or feed for animals, and the rearing and slaughter of animals including livestock, fish and a wide variety of aquatic and marine organisms. A Science Council Working Group 6 (WG6) began work in summer 2021, led by Science Council members Mrs Claire Nicholson (WG6 Chair) and Prof Jonathan Wastling (WG6 Deputy Chair). The brief for WG6 is to investigate the potential food safety implications arising from changes to primary food production practices and technologies that reduce carbon emissions in the next 10 years. The work programme (described in this report) covers 4 phases, with phases 1 and 2 now complete. The work so far has drawn diverse, wide-ranging, sometimes slightly conflicting, views and opinions from across academia, the FSA, Defra, industry bodies and individual food producers. This interim report summarises: The work undertaken to date (phases 1 and 2) What has been learnt including changes to practice already underway or imminent Issues arising from the changes that the FSA should be aware of Further work planned by WG6 to understand the nature of the risks in more depth (phases 3 and 4) The Science Council aims to complete its investigations by the end of 2022 and present its findings to the FSA Board as soon as possible afterwards.
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Price, Roz. Climate Change Risks and Opportunities in Yemen. Institute of Development Studies, May 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2022.096.

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This rapid review provides insight into the effects of climate change in the Republic of Yemen (Yemen), with particular attention on key sectors of concern, including food security, water, energy and health. Many contextual and background factors are relevant when discussing climate-related impacts and potential priorities in Yemen. Limited studies and tools that provide climate data for Yemen exist, and there is a clear lack of recent and reliable climate data and statistics for past and future climates in Yemen, both at the national and more local levels (downscaled). Country-level information in this report is drawn mostly from information reported in Yemen’s UNFCCC reporting (Republic of Yemen, 2013, 2015) and other sources, which tend to be donor climate change country profiles, such as a USAID (2017) climate change risk profile for Yemen and a Climate Service Center Germany (GERICS) (2015) climate fact sheet on Yemen. Many of these are based on projections from older sources. Studies more commonly tend to look at water scarcity or food insecurity issues in relation to Yemen, with climate change mentioned as a factor (one of many) but not the main focus. Regional information is taken from the latest Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Sixth Assessment Report (AR6) report in relation to the Arabian Peninsula (and hence Yemen). Academic sources as well as donor, research institutes and intergovernmental organisations sources are also included. It was outside the scope of this report to review literature in the Arabic language.
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Lehotay, Steven J., and Aviv Amirav. Fast, practical, and effective approach for the analysis of hazardous chemicals in the food supply. United States Department of Agriculture, April 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2007.7695587.bard.

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Background to the topic: For food safety and security reasons, hundreds of pesticides, veterinary drugs, and environmental pollutants should be monitored in the food supply, but current methods are too time-consuming, laborious, and expensive. As a result, only a tiny fraction of the food is tested for a limited number of contaminants. Original proposal objectives: Our main original goal was to develop fast, practical, and effective new approaches for the analysis of hazardous chemicals in the food supply. We proposed to extend the QuEChERS approach to more pesticides, veterinary drugs and pollutants, further develop GC-MS and LC-MS with SMB and combine QuEChERS with GC-SMB-MS and LC-SMB-EI-MS to provide the “ultimate” approach for the analysis of hazardous chemicals in food. Major conclusions, solutions and achievements: The original QuEChERS method was validated for more than 200 pesticide residues in a variety of food crops. For the few basic pesticides for which the method gave lower recoveries, an extensive solvent suitability study was conducted, and a buffering modification was made to improve results for difficult analytes. Furthermore, evaluation of the QuEChERS approach for fatty matrices, including olives and its oil, was performed. The QuEChERS concept was also extended to acrylamide analysis in foods. Other advanced techniques to improve speed, ease, and effectiveness of chemical residue analysis were also successfully developed and/or evaluated, which include: a simple and inexpensive solvent-in-silicone-tube extraction approach for highly sensitive detection of nonpolar pesticides in GC; ruggedness testing of low-pressure GC-MS for 3-fold faster separations; optimization and extensive evaluation of analyte protectants in GC-MS; and use of prototypical commercial automated direct sample introduction devices for GC-MS. GC-MS with SMB was further developed and combined with the Varian 1200 GCMS/ MS system, resulting in a new type of GC-MS with advanced capabilities. Careful attention was given to the subject of GC-MS sensitivity and its LOD for difficult to analyze samples such as thermally labile pesticides or those with weak or no molecular ions, and record low LOD were demonstrated and discussed. The new approach of electron ionization LC-MS with SMB was developed, its key components of sample vaporization nozzle and flythrough ion source were improved and was evaluated with a range of samples, including carbamate pesticides. A new method and software based on IAA were developed and tested on a range of pesticides in agricultural matrices. This IAA method and software in combination with GC-MS and SMB provide extremely high confidence in sample identification. A new type of comprehensive GCxGC (based on flow modulation) was uniquely combined with GC-MS with SMB, and we demonstrated improved pesticide separation and identification in complex agricultural matrices using this novel approach. An improved device for aroma sample collection and introduction (SnifProbe) was further developed and favorably compared with SPME for coffee aroma sampling. Implications, both scientific and agricultural: We succeeded in achieving significant improvements in the analysis of hazardous chemicals in the food supply, from easy sample preparation approaches, through sample analysis by advanced new types of GC-MS and LCMS techniques, all the way to improved data analysis by lowering LOD and providing greater confidence in chemical identification. As a result, the combination of the QuEChERS approach, new and superior instrumentation, and the novel monitoring methods that were developed will enable vastly reduced time and cost of analysis, increased analytical scope, and a higher monitoring rate. This provides better enforcement, an added impetus for farmers to use good agricultural practices, improved food safety and security, increased trade, and greater consumer confidence in the food supply.
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Amirav, Aviv, and Steven Lehotay. Fast Analysis of Pesticide Residues in Agricultural Products. United States Department of Agriculture, November 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7695851.bard.

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The overall theme of this project was to increase the speed of analysis for monitoring pesticide residues in food. Traditionally, analytical methods for multiple pesticides are time-consuming, expensive, laborious, wasteful, and ineffective to meet critical needs related to food safety. Faster and better methods were needed to provide more cost-effective detection of chemical contaminants, and thus provide a variety of benefits to agriculture. This overarching goal to speed and improve pesticide analysis was successfully accomplished even beyond what was originally proposed by the investigators in 1998. At that time, the main objectives of this project were: 1) to further develop a direct sample introduction (DSI) device that enables fast sampling and introduction of blended-only agricultural products for analysis by gas chromatography (GC); 2) to evaluate, establish, and further develop the method of simultaneous pulsed flame photometric detector (PFPD) and mass spectrometry (MS) detection for enhanced pesticide identification capabilities; and 3) to develop a new and novel MS pesticide analysis method, based on the use of supersonic molecular beams (SMB) for sampling and ionization. The first and third objectives were successfully accomplished as proposed, and the feasibility of the second objective was already demonstrated. The capabilities of the GC/SMB-MS approach alone were so useful for pesticide analysis that the simultaneous use of a PFPD was considered superfluous. Instead, the PFPD was investigated in combination with an electron-capture detector for low-cost, simultaneous analysis of organophosphorus and organochlorine pesticides in fatty foods. Three important, novel research projects not originally described in the proposal were also accomplished: 1) development of the quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) method for pesticides in foods; 2) development and optimization of a method using low-pressure (LP) GC/MS to speed pesticide residue analysis; and 3) innovative application of analyte protectants to improve the GC analysis of important problematic pesticides. All of the accomplishments from this project are expected to have strong impact to the analytical community and implications to agriculture and food safety. For one, an automated DSI approach has become commercially available in combination with GC/MS for the analysis of pesticide residues. Meanwhile, the PFPD has become the selective detector of choice for the analysis of organophosphorus pesticides. Great strides were made in SMB-MS through the manufacture of a prototype "Supersonic GC/MS" instrument, which displayed many advantages over commercial GC/MS instruments. Most notably, the QuEChERS method is already being disseminated to routine monitoring labs and has shown great promise to improve pesticide analytical capabilities and increase lab productivity. The implications of these developments to agriculture will be to increase the percentage of food monitored and the scope of residues detected in the food, which will serve to improve food safety. Developed and developing countries alike will be able to use these methods to lower costs and improve results, thus imported/exported food products will have better quality without affecting price or availability. This will help increase trade between nations and mitigate certain disputes over residue levels in imported foods. The improved enforcement of permissible residue levels provided by these methods will have the effect to promote good agricultural practices among previously obstinate farmers who felt no repercussions from illegal or harmful practices. Furthermore, the methods developed can be used in the field to analyze samples quickly and effectively, or to screen for high levels of dangerous chemicals that may intentionally or accidentally appear in the food supply.
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