Academic literature on the topic 'Foodborne bacterial'
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Journal articles on the topic "Foodborne bacterial"
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SMITH, JAMES L. "Arthritis and Foodborne Bacteria." Journal of Food Protection 57, no. 10 (October 1, 1994): 935–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-57.10.935.
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Diarrheic episodes caused by the foodborne pathogens Campylobacter, Salmonella, Shigella or Yersinia may lead to a sterile arthritis such as reactive arthritis, Reiter's syndrome or ankylosing spondylitis. Reiter's syndrome and reactive arthritis have been shown to be sequelae in a few well-studied bacterial food poisoning outbreaks. Reactive arthritis, Reiter's syndrome and ankylosing spondylitis show strong familial association related to the gene for HLA-B27 (HLA = human leucocyte antigen) antigen. Why HLA-B27-positive individuals are more susceptible to arthritis is not known, but molecular mimicry between the HLA-B27 antigen and antigens of triggering bacteria has been demonstrated and this mimicry has been proposed as a mechanism involved in etiology of the arthritides. Antigens from bacteria that triggered the arthritis are present in arthritic joints but bacterial cells are not found. Antibodies and T-cells specific for the triggering bacteria have been demonstrated in arthritic patients. T-cells present in synovial joints respond specifically to the particular arthritic triggering pathogen. The cells that respond to bacterial antigens belong to the T-cell subset TH1 that secrete a limited number of cytokines but it is not known if cytokines are involved in arthritis. A few studies have demonstrated that T-cells from the joints of arthritic patients respond to both bacterial and human heat shock proteins indicating that autoimmunity may be involved in causation of arthritis. While only about 2% of a population exposed to a triggering infection will acquire arthritis, these individuals undergo pain and suffering as well as economic hardships as a result of their disease.
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Aladhadh, Mohammed. "A Review of Modern Methods for the Detection of Foodborne Pathogens." Microorganisms 11, no. 5 (April 24, 2023): 1111. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11051111.
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Despite the recent advances in food preservation techniques and food safety, significant disease outbreaks linked to foodborne pathogens such as bacteria, fungi, and viruses still occur worldwide indicating that these pathogens still constitute significant risks to public health. Although extensive reviews of methods for foodborne pathogens detection exist, most are skewed towards bacteria despite the increasing relevance of other pathogens such as viruses. Therefore, this review of foodborne pathogen detection methods is holistic, focusing on pathogenic bacteria, fungi, and viruses. This review has shown that culture-based methods allied with new approaches are beneficial for the detection of foodborne pathogens. The current application of immunoassay methods, especially for bacterial and fungal toxins detection in foods, are reviewed. The use and benefits of nucleic acid-based PCR methods and next-generation sequencing-based methods for bacterial, fungal, and viral pathogens’ detection and their toxins in foods are also reviewed. This review has, therefore, shown that different modern methods exist for the detection of current and emerging foodborne bacterial, fungal, and viral pathogens. It provides further evidence that the full utilization of these tools can lead to early detection and control of foodborne diseases, enhancing public health and reducing the frequency of disease outbreaks.
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RANGEL-VARGAS, ESMERALDA, ANAIS M. LUNA-ROJO, ARTURO CADENA-RAMÍREZ, REFUGIO TORRES-VITELA, CARLOS A. GÓMEZ-ALDAPA, ANGÉLICA VILLARRUEL-LÓPEZ, ALEJANDRO TÉLLEZ-JURADO, JOSÉ R. VILLAGÓMEZ-IBARRA, ROSALÍA REYNOSO-CAMACHO, and JAVIER CASTRO-ROSAS. "Behavior of 11 Foodborne Bacteria on Whole and Cut Mangoes var. Ataulfo and Kent and Antibacterial Activities of Hibiscus sabdariffa Extracts and Chemical Sanitizers Directly onto Mangoes Contaminated with Foodborne Bacteria." Journal of Food Protection 81, no. 5 (April 5, 2018): 743–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-17-258.
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ABSTRACT The behavior of foodborne bacteria on whole and cut mangoes and the antibacterial effect of Hibiscus sabdariffa calyx extracts and chemical sanitizers against foodborne bacteria on contaminated mangoes were investigated. Mangoes var. Ataulfo and Kent were used in the study. Mangoes were inoculated with Listeria monocytogenes, Shigella flexneri, Salmonella Typhimurium, Salmonella Typhi, Salmonella Montevideo, Escherichia coli strains (O157:H7, non-O157:H7 Shiga toxin–producing, enteropathogenic, enterotoxigenic, enteroinvasive, and enteroaggregative). The antibacterial effect of five roselle calyx extracts (water, ethanol, methanol, acetone, and ethyl acetate), sodium hypochlorite, colloidal silver, and acetic acid against foodborne bacteria were evaluated on contaminated mangoes. The dry extracts obtained with ethanol, methanol, acetone, and ethyl acetate were analyzed by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to determine solvent residues. Separately, contaminated whole mangoes were immersed in five hibiscus extracts and in sanitizers for 5 min. All foodborne bacteria attached to mangoes. After 20 days at 25 ± 2°C, all foodborne bacterial strains on whole Ataulfo mangoes had decreased by approximately 2.5 log, and on Kent mangoes by approximately 2 log; at 3 ± 2°C, they had decreased to approximately 1.9 and 1.5 log, respectively, on Ataulfo and Kent. All foodborne bacterial strains grew on cut mangoes at 25 ± 2°C; however, at 3 ± 2°C, bacterial growth was inhibited. Residual solvents were not detected in any of the dry extracts by nuclear magnetic resonance. Acetonic, ethanolic, and methanolic roselle calyx extracts caused a greater reduction in concentration (2 to 2.6 log CFU/g) of all foodborne bacteria on contaminated whole mangoes than the sodium hypochlorite, colloidal silver, and acetic acid. Dry roselle calyx extracts may be a potentially useful addition to disinfection procedures of mangoes.
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Chen, Lili, Jikai Wang, Ronghua Zhang, Hexiang Zhang, Xiaojuan Qi, Yue He, and Jiang Chen. "An 11-Year Analysis of Bacterial Foodborne Disease Outbreaks in Zhejiang Province, China." Foods 11, no. 16 (August 9, 2022): 2382. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11162382.
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Background: Foodborne diseases are a growing public health problem and contribute significantly to the global burden of disease and mortality. Bacteria are the most common foodborne pathogens. We aimed to explore characteristics of bacterial foodborne disease outbreaks (FBDOs) in Zhejiang Province and to provide data support for foodborne disease prevention and control. Methods: Descriptive statistical methods were used to analyze the data reported by centers for disease control (CDCs) at all levels in Zhejiang Province through Foodborne Disease Outbreaks Surveillance System (FDOSS) during 2010–2020. Results: CDCs in Zhejiang Province reported 517 bacterial FBDOs in 11 years, resulting in 7031 cases, 911 hospitalizations, and 3 deaths. Vibrio parahaemolyticus had the highest number of outbreaks, accounting for 58.41% of the total bacterial outbreaks, followed by Salmonella (18.38%). In all settings, restaurants (37.14%), staff canteens (11.99%), and households (11.80%) were responsible for the large number of outbreaks. Aquatic products (42.08%), meat and meat products (23.56%), cereals (10.81%), and flour products (9.27%) were the most common single foods reported. Further analysis showed that the settings and food vehicles of outbreaks caused by different pathogens were different. Conclusions: Bacterial outbreaks are the most common type of FBDOs in Zhejiang Province. By analyzing the epidemiological characteristics of common pathogenic bacteria, we can identify the etiology, food, and setting that the government needs to focus on, and issue relevant targeted policies to reduce the number of FBDOs.
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Mira Miralles, Marina, Lucia Maestre-Carballa, Monica Lluesma-Gomez, and Manuel Martinez-Garcia. "High-Throughput 16S rRNA Sequencing to Assess Potentially Active Bacteria and Foodborne Pathogens: A Case Example in Ready-to-Eat Food." Foods 8, no. 10 (October 11, 2019): 480. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods8100480.
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Technologies to detect the entire bacterial diversity spectra and foodborne pathogens in food represent a fundamental advantage in the control of foodborne illness. Here, we applied high-throughput 16S rRNA sequencing of amplicons obtained by PCR and RT-PCR from extracted DNA and RNA targeting the entire bacterial community and the active bacterial fraction present in some of the most consumed and distributed ready-to-eat (RTE) salad brands in Europe. Customer demands for RTE food are increasing worldwide along with the number of associated foodborne illness and outbreaks. The total aerobic bacterial count in the analyzed samples was in the range of 2–4 × 106 CFU/g (SD ± 1.54 × 106). Culture validated methods did not detect Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli, and other fecal coliforms. 16S rRNA gene Illumina next-generation sequencing (NGS) data were congruent with these culture-based results and confirmed that these and other well-known foodborne bacterial pathogens, such as Listeria, were not detected. However, the fine-resolution of the NGS method unveiled the presence of the opportunistic pathogens Aeromonas hydrophyla and Rahnella aquatilis (relative frequency of 1.33–7.33%) that were metabolically active in addition to non-pathogenic, active members of Yersinia spp. (relative frequency of 0.0015–0.003%). The common ail and foxA marker genes of Yersinia enterocolitica were not detected by qPCR. Finally, our NGS data identified to non-pathogenic Pseudomonas spp. as the most abundant and metabolically active bacteria in the analyzed RTE salads (53–75% of bacterial abundance). Our data demonstrate the power of sequencing, in parallel, both 16S rRNA and rDNA to identify and discriminate those potentially and metabolically active bacteria and pathogens to provide a more complete view that facilitates the control of foodborne diseases, although further work should be conducted to determine the sensitivity of this method for targeting bacteria
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Harris, J. B. "Foodborne and Waterborne Bacterial Pathogens." Clinical Infectious Diseases 56, no. 12 (March 13, 2013): 1849–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/cit138.
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D.V.M., Martin Wiedmann. "Subtyping of Bacterial Foodborne Pathogens." Nutrition Reviews 60, no. 7 (July 1, 2002): 201–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1301/00296640260184273.
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Allen, Kevin J. "Genomics of Foodborne Bacterial Pathogens." Food Microbiology 28, no. 8 (December 2011): 1415–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fm.2011.07.012.
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GREER, G. GORDON. "Bacteriophage Control of Foodborne Bacteria†." Journal of Food Protection 68, no. 5 (May 1, 2005): 1102–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-68.5.1102.
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Bacteriophages are measurable components of the natural microflora in the food production continuum from the farm to the retail outlet. Phages are remarkably stable in these environments and are readily recovered from soil, sewage, water, farm and processing plant effluents, feces, and retail foods. Purified high-titer phage lysates have been used for the species-specific control of bacteria during the pre- and postharvest phases of food production and storage. For example, the inhibition of the phytopathogens Erwinia amylovara and Xanthomonas campestris has reduced the incidence of diseases such as fire blight in apples and bacterial spot of tomato and peaches. Research on preslaughter treatment of food animals has demonstrated phage control of salmonellosis in chickens, enteropathogenic Escherichia coli infections in calves, piglets, and lambs, and E. coli O157:H7 shedding by beef cattle. Phages have also been applied to control the growth of pathogens such as Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella, and Campylobacter jejuni in a variety of refrigerated foods such as fruit, dairy products, poultry, and red meats. Phage control of spoilage bacteria (e.g., Pseudomonas spp. and Brochothrix thermosphacta) in raw chilled meats can result in a significant extension of storage life. Phage biocontrol strategies for food preservation have the advantages of being self-perpetuating, highly discriminatory, natural, and cost-effective. Some of the drawbacks of biopreservation with phages are a limited host range, the requirement for threshold numbers of the bacterial targets, phage-resistant mutants, and the potential for the transduction of undesirable characteristics from one bacterial strain to another. Most research to date has involved experimentally infected plants and animals or artificially inoculated foods. This technology must be transferred to the field and to commercial environments to assess the possibility of controlling natural contaminants under more realistic production and processing conditions.
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Wu, Tailin, Ajay Kumar Yagati, and Junhong Min. "Electrochemical Detection of Different Foodborne Bacteria for Point-of-Care Applications." Biosensors 13, no. 6 (June 12, 2023): 641. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios13060641.
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Bacterial infections resulting from foodborne pathogenic bacteria cause millions of infections that greatly threaten human health and are one of the leading causes of mortality around the world. To counter this, the early, rapid, and accurate detection of bacterial infections is very important to address serious health issue concerns. We, therefore, present an electrochemical biosensor based on aptamers that selectively bind with the DNA of specific bacteria for the accurate and rapid detection of various foodborne bacteria for the selective determination of bacterial infection types. Different aptamers were synthesized and immobilized on Au electrodes for selective bindings of different types of bacterial DNA (Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica, and Staphylococcus aureus) for the accurate detection and quantification of bacterial concentrations from 101 to 107 CFU/mL without using any labeling methods. Under optimized conditions, the sensor showed a good response to the various concentrations of bacteria, and a robust calibration curve was obtained. The sensor could detect the bacterial concentration at meager quantities and possessed an LOD of 4.2 × 101, 6.1 × 101, and 4.4 × 101 CFU/mL for S. Typhimurium, E. Coli, and S. aureus, respectively, with a linear range from 100 to 104 CFU/mL for the total bacteria probe and 100 to 103 CFU/mL for individual probes, respectively. The proposed biosensor is simple and rapid and has shown a good response to bacterial DNA detections and thus can be applied in clinical applications and food safety monitoring.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Foodborne bacterial"
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Favrin, Stacy Jane. "The use of bacteriophage in detecting foodborne bacterial pathogens." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/MQ40410.pdf.
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Banerjee, Mousumi. "Occurrence and behaviour of foodborne bacterial pathogens in Indian retail spices." Thesis, University of North Bengal, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/1071.
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Rakshit, Mousumi. "Survivability and Growth of food borne bacterial pathogens as influenced by processing technologies during the production and storage of some legume - based traditional foods of India." Thesis, University of North Bengal, 2014. http://ir.nbu.ac.in/hdl.handle.net/123456789/1844.
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Roy, Arindam. "Occurrence and behaviour of foodborne bacterial pathogens in some lagume-based traditional fermented foods marketed in West Bengal, India." Thesis, University of North Bengal, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/1050.
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Huff, Karleigh Rose. "Association of foodborne pathogens with Capsicum annuum fruit and evaluation of the fruit for antimicrobial compounds." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/77213.
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Hot peppers are gaining popularity in the United States as both a vegetable and a spice. In 2008, jalapeño peppers were involved in a multistate outbreak of Salmonella Saintpaul. This is the first outbreak implicating jalapeño as a vehicle for foodborne illness. Hot peppers contain many compounds thought to possess antimicrobial characteristics. This research was conducted to provide more information on the interactions of pathogenic bacteria and jalapeño peppers, as well as to identify properties of Capsicum annuum that affect bacterial survival, growth, and inhibition.
Behavior of pathogens associated with jalapeños was investigated by inoculating jalapeño fruits with a cocktail of Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella enterica, or Escherichia coli O157:H7 on the intact external surface, injured external surface, or intact internal cavity and storing the jalapeños at 7°C or 12°C. Intact external jalapeñosurfaces did not support the growth of the bacteria tested under storage conditions of 7°C. However, L. monocytogenes populations remained detectable throughout the 2 week study. At 7°C, pathogenic bacteria were able to survive but not grow on injured and internally inoculated jalapeño, but populations increased at 12°C (p=0.05). The most supportive growth environment for the pathogenic bacteria was the internal cavity of jalapeño held at 12°C. This study demonstrated the importance of intact uninjured produce and proper storage temperatures for food microbial safety.
Inhibitory properties of jalapeños were studied by making extracts from fresh jalapeño peppers to test for antimicrobial activity. A disk diffusion assay determined that the extracts were capable of inhibiting the growth of the pathogenic bacteria tested. Listeria monocytogenes was especially sensitive to the extracts. jalapeño extracts were fractionated using HPLC and used for inhibition assays using disk diffusion and growth curve generation. Two fractions stimulated bacterial growth (p=0.05), while two other fractions inhibited bacterial growth. The inhibitory fractions were separated further using HPLC and tested for antimicrobial activity. Fraction E1 suppressed the growth of L. monocytogenes. HPLC-MS analysis revealed that Fraction E1 contained compounds known as capsianosides. To prove that inhibition is caused by capsianoside(s) and determine minimum inhibitory concentrations, a method to isolate the pure compound should be developed.Ph. D.
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Moreirinha, Ana Catarina Fernandes. "Development of infrared spectroscopy for assessing bacterial quality in foods." Doctoral thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/15278.
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Doutoramento em BiologiaRapid and specific detection of foodborne bacteria that can cause food spoilage or illness associated to its consumption is an increasingly important task in food industry. Bacterial detection, identification, and classification are generally performed using traditional methods based on biochemical or serological tests and the molecular methods based on DNA or RNA fingerprints. However, these methodologies are expensive, time consuming and laborious. Infrared spectroscopy is a reliable, rapid, and economic technique which could be explored as a tool for bacterial analysis in the food industry. In this thesis it was evaluated the potential of IR spectroscopy to study the bacterial quality of foods. In Chapter 2, it was developed a calibration model that successfully allowed to predict the bacterial concentration of naturally contaminated cooked ham samples kept at refrigeration temperature during 8 days. In this part, it was developed the methodology that allowed the best reproducibility of spectra from bacteria colonies with minimal sample preparation, which was used in the subsequent work. Several attempts trying different resolutions and number of scans in the IR were made. A spectral resolution of 4 cm-1, with 32 scans were the settings that allowed the best results. Subsequently, in Chapter 3, it was made an attempt to identify 22 different foodborne bacterial genera/species using IR spectroscopy coupled with multivariate analysis. The principal component analysis, used as an exploratory technique, allowed to form distinct groups, each one corresponding to a different genus, in most of the cases. Then, a hierarchical cluster analysis was performed to further analyse the group formation and the possibility of distinction between species of the same bacterial genus. It was observed that IR spectroscopy not only is suitable to the distinction of the different genera, but also to differentiate species of the same genus, with the simultaneous use of principal component analysis and cluster analysis techniques. The utilization of IR spectroscopy and multivariate statistical analysis were also investigated in Chapter 4, in order to confirm the presence of Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella spp. isolated from contaminated foods, after growth in selective medium. This would allow to substitute the traditional biochemical and serological methods that are used to confirm these pathogens and that delay the obtainment of the results up to 2 days. The obtained results allowed the distinction of 3 different Listeria species and the distinction of Salmonella spp. from other bacteria that can be mistaken with them. Finally, in chapter 5, high pressure processing, an emerging methodology that permits to produce microbiologically safe foods and extend their shelf-life, was applied to 12 foodborne bacteria to determine their resistance and the effects of pressure in cells. A treatment of 300 MPa, during 15 minutes at room temperature was applied. Gram-negative bacteria were inactivated to undetectable levels and Gram-positive showed different resistances. Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus decreased only 2 logs and Listeria innocua decreased about 5 logs. IR spectroscopy was performed in bacterial colonies before and after HPP in order to investigate the alterations of the cellular compounds. It was found that high pressure alters bands assigned to some cellular components as proteins, lipids, oligopolysaccharides, phosphate groups from the cell wall and nucleic acids, suggesting disruption of the cell envelopes. In this work, bacterial quantification and classification, as well as assessment of cellular compounds modification with high pressure processing were successfully performed. Taking this into account, it was showed that IR spectroscopy is a very promising technique to analyse bacteria in a simple and inexpensive manner.
A deteção rápida e específica de bactérias que podem provocar deterioração de alimentos ou doenças associadas ao seu consumo é cada vez mais importante na indústria alimentar. A deteção, identificação e classificação de bactérias são geralmente realizadas utilizando métodos tradicionais baseados em testes bioquímicos e/ou serológicos e em métodos moleculares baseados em análise de DNA ou RNA. Contudo, estas metodologias são dispendiosas, demoradas e trabalhosas. A espectroscopia de infravermelho é uma técnica confiável, rápida e económica, que pode ser explorada como ferramenta para a indústria alimentar. Nesta tese foi avaliado o potencial da espectroscopia de infravermelho para estudar a qualidade bacteriana de alimentos. No capítulo 2, foi desenvolvido um modelo de calibração que permitiu prever com sucesso a concentração bacteriana de fiambre naturalmente contaminado, mantido em refrigeração durante 8 dias. Nesta parte, foi desenvolvida a metodologia que permitiu obter a melhor reprodutibilidade dos espectros das colónias de bactérias, com preparação mínima das amostras, que foi utilizada no trabalho subsequente. Foram realizadas várias tentativas para a obtenção de espectros de infravermelho, testando diferentes resoluções e número de scans. Os melhores resultados foram obtidos utilizando uma resolução espectral de 4 cm-1 e 32 varrimentos. De seguida, no capítulo 3, foi feita uma tentativa de identificar 22 bactérias provenientes de alimentos usando a espectroscopia de infravermelho associada a análise multivariada. A análise de componentes principais, utilizada como método exploratório, permitiu a formação de grupos distintos, cada um correspondendo a um género diferente, na grande maioria dos casos. Posteriormente, foi realizada uma análise hierárquica por clusters de forma a investigar a formação de grupos e a possibilidade de distinção de espécies dentro de um mesmo género de bactérias. Observou-se que a espectroscopia de infravermelho é adequada não só para a distinção de diferentes géneros, mas também para diferenciar espécies dentro de um mesmo género, com o uso simultâneo de análise de componentes principais e análise hierárquica por clusters. A utilização de espectroscopia de infravermelho e análise estatística multivariada foram também investigadas no capítulo 4 para confirmação da presença de Listeria monocytogenes e Salmonella spp., isoladas a partir de alimentos contaminados, após crescimento em meio selectivo. Isto permitiria a substituição dos métodos bioquímicos e serológicos que são usados para confirmar a presença destas bactérias patogénicas e que podem atrasar a obtenção de resultados por 2 dias. Os resultados obtidos permitiram a distinção de Salmonella spp. de outras bactérias que se possam confundir com elas. Por fim, no capítulo 5, o processamento por alta pressão, uma metodologia emergente que permite produzir alimentos microbiologicamente seguros e aumentar o seu tempo de prateleira, foi aplicada a 12 bactérias alimentares, de forma a determinar a sua resistência e os efeitos da pressão a nível das células. Foi aplicado um tratamento de 300 MPa, à temperatura ambiente e durante 15 minutos. As bactérias de Gram-negativo foram inativadas até níveis não detetáveis, enquanto as de Gram-positivo mostraram diferentes níveis de resistência. As espécies Bacillus cereus e Staphyloccus aureus decresceram apenas 2 unidades logarítmicas enquanto a espécie Listeria innocua diminuiu cerca de 5 unidades logarítmicas. A espectroscopia de infravermelho foi utilizada na análise das colónias bacterianas antes e após o tratamento por alta pressão, de forma a investigar as alterações que são provocadas nos componentes celulares com este tipo de processamento. Descobriu-se que a alta pressão altera bandas espectrais correspondentes a alguns componentes celulares, de entre os quais proteínas, lípidos, oligopolissacarídeos, grupos fosfato da parede celular e ácidos nucleicos, podendo indicar rutura da parede/membrana celular. Neste trabalho, a quantificação de bactérias e a sua classificação, bem como a análise de modificação nos componentes celulares após processamento por alta pressão foram realizados com sucesso. Assim, a espectroscopia de infravermelho demonstrou ser uma técnica bastante promissora para analisar bactérias provenientes de alimentos de uma forma simples e pouco dispendiosa.
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Shane, Sharon L. "Reported bacterial foodborne outbreaks occurring in institutional settings and group gatherings : United States, 2000 through 2004 /." abstract and full text PDF (free order & download UNR users only), 2006. http://0-gateway.proquest.com.innopac.library.unr.edu/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:1440932.
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Thesis (M.P.H.)--University of Nevada, Reno, 2006."December, 2006." Includes bibliographical references (leaves 90-117). Online version available on the World Wide Web. Library also has microfilm. Ann Arbor, Mich. : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [2006]. 1 microfilm reel ; 35 mm.
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Friedriczewski, Anelise Bravo. "Efeito da formação de biofilme por Staphylococcus coagulase positiva isolados de queijo mussarela elaborado com leite de búfala sobre a sensibilidade a sanitizantes." Universidade Federal de Pelotas, 2017. http://guaiaca.ufpel.edu.br:8080/handle/prefix/3943.
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A mussarela de leite de búfala, principal tipo de queijo obtido a partir desse leite no Brasil, é um produto novo no mercado, com alta aceitação pelos consumidores e excelentes perspectivas de comércio. O queijo é um alimento rico em nutrientes, o que favorece a proliferação de micro-organismos que podem provocar toxi-infecções ou intoxicações nos consumidores. A gastrenterite estafilocócica é causada pela ingestão de alimentos que contenham enterotoxinas produzidas por Staphylococcus coagulase positiva. Um problema que pode dificultar a eliminação de microorganismos indesejáveis na indústria de alimentos é a formação de biofilme. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar o efeito da formação de biofilme por Staphylococcus coagulase positiva (SCP) isolados de queijo mussarela de búfala sobre a sensibilidade a sanitizantes. A partir de contagens de SCP realizadas em 50 amostras de queijo mussarela de búfala foram obtidos isolados, que foram comparados entre si por rep-PCR e identificados bioquimicamente e por multiplex PCR. As cepas distintas foram testadas quanto a formação de biofilme em placas de microtitulação. As cepas forte formadoras e uma não formadora de biofilme foram testadas em superfícies de polietileno de alta densidade, aço inoxidável e vidro. Também foram testadas quanto à sensibilidade ao hipoclorito de sódio e ao iodo após a formação do biofilme. Vinte amostras de queijo albergavam SCP, entretanto as contagens estavam dentro dos limites estabelecidos pela legislação brasileira. A rep-PCR mostrou que cada uma das amostras que estavam contaminadas apresentava uma única cepa, as quais foram identificadas como S. aureus. Dois isolados foram classificados como forte formadores de biofilme, sete como moderados formadores, dez fracos formadores e um como não formador de biofilme. As duas cepas forte formadoras produziram biofilme nas três superfícies testadas. A aplicação dos sanitizantes hipoclorito de sódio e iodo promoveu uma redução das populações bacterianas de aproximadamente 2 log em todas as superfícies, tanto das cepas formadoras de biofilme como da não formadora. Embora as cepas formadoras de biofilme não sejam mais resistentes aos sanitizantes hipoclorito de sódio e iodo do que as não formadoras, elas atingem maiores concentrações no biofilme, o que resulta em maiores populações bacterianas remanescentes após a aplicação dos sanitizantes.
The Buffalo milk mozzarella cheese, main type of chesse obtained from this milk in Brazil, is a new product in the market, with high consumer acceptance and excellent prospects for trade. The cheese is rich in nutrients, which favors the proliferation of microorganisms that can cause food toxi-infections in the consumer. The staphylococcal gastro-enteritis is caused by ingestion of food containing enterotoxins produced by coagulase-positive Staphylococcus. One problem that may hinder the elimination of undesirable microorganisms in the food industry is the formation of biofilms. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of biofilm formation by coagulase-positive (CPS) Staphylococcus isolated from buffalo mozzarella cheese on sensitivity to sanitizers. From CPS counts carried out on 50 samples of buffalo mozzarella cheese were obtained isolates, which were compared by rep-PCR and biochemically identified and by multiplex PCR. The distinct strains were tested for biofilm formation in microtiter plates. Strong forming and non-biofilm forming strains were tested on high density polyethylene, stainless steel and glass surfaces. They were also tested for sensitivity to sodium hypochlorite and iodine after biofilm formation. Twenty samples of cheese harbor CPS, however the counts were within the limits established by Brazilian legislation. Rep-PCR showed that each of the samples that were contaminated had a single strain, which was identified as S. aureus. Two isolates were classified as strong biofilm formers, seven as moderate formers, ten weak formers and one as non-biofilm builder. The two strong forming strains produced biofilm on the three surfaces tested. The application of sodium hypochlorite and iodine sanitizers promoted a reduction of approximately 2 log bacterial populations on all surfaces of both the biofilm and non-forming strains. Although biofilm forming strains are no longer resistant to sanitizers sodium hypochlorite and iodine than non-forming sanitizers, they reach higher concentrations in the biofilm, resulting in larger bacterial populations remaining after application of the sanitizers.
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Abong'o, Benard Omondi. "Prevalence of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in water and meat and meat products and vegetables sold in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa and its impact on the diarrhoeic conditions of HIV/AIDS patients." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/87.
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Water and food borne Escherichia coli O157:H7 could be one of the pathogens posing high health risk to patients suffering from Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) because of its incrimination in diarrhoea cases in AIDS patients. The present study, which was conducted between March 2005 and August 2006, investigated the prevalence of E. coli O157:H7 in water, meat and meat products and vegetables and its impact on diarrhoeic conditions of confirmed and non-confirmed HIV/AIDS patients in the Amathole District in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. The water samples used in the study were obtained from stand pipes supplying treated drinking water to communities residing in Fort Beaufort, Alice, Dimbaza and Mdantsane whereas borehole waters were sampled from Ngwenya and Kwasaki. The meat and meat products and vegetable samples were purchased from shops, butcheries, supermarkets and open air markets in Fort Beaufort, Alice and Mdantsane. The stool swabs used in the study were obtained from HIV/AIDS and outpatient clinics at Frere Hospital in East London. A total of 180 each of water, meat and meat products and vegetable samples and another 360 stool samples were analyzed for E. coli O157:H7. Presumptive E. coli O157 was isolated from the samples by culture-based methods and confirmed using Polymerase Chain Reaction techniques. Anti-biogram as well as risk assessment were also carried out using standard methods. The viable counts of presumptive E. coli O157 for water samples ranged between 3.3 × 104 and 1.71 × 105 CFU/ml, and between 1.8 × 104 and 5.04 × 106 CFU/g for meat and meat products, whereas those for vegetables ranged between 1.3 × 103 and 1.6 × 106 CFU/g. The counts of presumptive E. coli O157 for the water and vegetable samples were not significantly different whereas those for meat and meat products were found to be significantly different (P ≤ 0.05). The prevalence rates of presumptive E coli O157 in meat and meat products was 35.55 percent (64/180), and 25.55 percent (46/180) and 21.66 percent (39/180) for water and vegetables respectively. Prevalence of presumptive E. coli O157 in the stool samples of HIV/AIDS patients was 36.39 percent (131/360), of which 56.5 percent (74/131) and 43.5 percent (57/131) were from stools of confirmed and non-confirmed HIV/AIDS patients, respectively. Molecular analysis of representative presumptive E. coli O157 indicated that 10.29 percent (4/39) of vegetables; 14.81 percent (4/27) of water and 38.46 percent (5/13) of meat and meat products carried E. coli O157:H7. Also 36 percent (9/25) and 17.24 percent (5/29) of the stool samples were positive for E. coli O157:H7. Antimicrobial susceptibility profile revealed that all of the E. coli O157:H7 isolated from water, meat and meat products and vegetables as well as those isolated from stools of confirmed and non-confirmed HIV/AIDS patients were resistant (R) to gentamycin and erythromycin. However, 75 percent (20/27) of these isolates were resistant (R) to ampicillin and tetracycline whereas approximately 25 percent (6/27) were resistant (R) to nalidixic acid, ceftriaxone, and chloramphenicol. All the isolates (27/27) were susceptible (S) to amikacin. Probability of risk of E. coli O157:H7 infection was high for confirmed HIV/AIDS patients than for the non-confirmed HIV/AIDS patients. Estimated probability of risk of E. coli O157:H7 due to ingestion of water was 1.00 for 100 confirmed and non-confirmed HIV/AIDS patients. Risk due to meat and meat products was estimated at 0.27 and 0.20 and for vegetables at 0.21 and 0.15 per 100 confirmed and non-confirmed HIV/AIDS patients. The findings of this study predicted a possible link between E. coli O157:H7 isolated from drinking water, meat and meat products and vegetables and diarrhoeic conditions in both confirmed and non-confirmed HIV/AIDS patients, and concludes that confirmed HIV/AIDS patients can be at higher risk of contracting water and food borne E. coli O157:H7 than nonconfirmed HIV/AIDS patients. It is thus recommended that proper water treatment and food handling, maximum food and water safety and sanitation as well as personal body hygiene should be maintained, in order to prevent E. coli O157:H7 infections. Education initiatives and active surveillance of E. coli O157:H7 should be taken by all the stake-holders working directly or indirectly towards ensuring enduring sound public health.
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Olivier, Dedré. "The influence of thermal and nonthermal food preservation methodologies on the liberation and ultrastructure of bacterial endotoxins." Thesis, Bloemfontein : Central University of Technology, Free State, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11462/123.
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Thesis (D. Tech. (Biomed. Tech.)) -- Central University of Technology free State, 2010Consumer demands for fresh, microbiologically safe foods with high organoleptical and nutritional quality has led to the development of novel food preservation technologies as alternatives or enhancements to traditional preservation techniques. An example of these novel preservation technologies is high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) processing. It involves the applications of static pressure of 50 to 1 000 mega Pascals (MPa) to solid or packaged liquid foods, with varying holding times. The combination of factors to enhance preservation is increasingly being used in industry, e.g. the use of different temperatures and additives (hurdles) can enhance the preservative effect of HHP. In this study the influence of HHP on organism viability and growth response was assessed. The organisms evaluated included Escherichia coli O111, Listeria monocytogenes (UAFSBCC) and Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), in peptone water, which was subjected to HHP of 200 MPa for 15 minutes at 8 and 50 ºC respectively. Subsequent to the mentioned pressurisation, sub-culturing was performed and growth responses were evaluated at 0, 6, 18, 24, 30, 42 and 48 hours. Bacterial survival and growth response was measured by means of intact cell count, colony forming units and optical density. From the results it was eminent that bacterial cells were only sublethally injured and were able to repair within 48 hours of enriched sub-culturing. E. coli O111 proved to be most sensitive to HHP with Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) most resistant. This study also proved that bacterial concentration and inactivation rate are inversely proportionate to each other. Subsequent to growth and cell repair assessments, E. coli O111 was selected as a model to evaluate the effect of sublethal HHP on the liberation and toxicity of bacterial endotoxins (free and cell wall bound). It is also known that different extraction procedures extract different lipopolysaccharides (LPS) fractions and therefore LPS was extracted from the test broth by a combination method of Folch, Lees & Sloane-Stanley, and Venter and Ivanov. The extraction yielded a biphasic system, LPS with reduced lipid content in the upper phase (aqueous) and LPS with increased lipid content in the lower phase (organic). Following extraction the Limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) test was performed to quantify the concentration (assumed) of LPS in the aqueous and organic phases. Free LPS was detected within six hours in the supernatant in the high and low bacterial loads, moreover the toxicity response of post HHP cell damage was more pronounced at 50 ºC (hurdle) than that observed for the treatments at 8 ºC (hurdle) and more so in the organic phases. The latter implied that HHP not only resulted in quantity LPS variation but also in structural change. However membrane repair was apparently complete after 48 hours, as differences in toxicity were no longer evident. Furthermore, the use of a porcine IL-6 ELISA assay was evaluated as an alternative for the customary LAL as a biomarker for pyrogenic substances in matrixes. Porcine whole blood was challenged for IL-6 production by LPS in the samples from the organic and aqueous systems. A porcine IL-6 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to assess IL-6 expression in whole blood after being challenged with LPS. From the results it emanated that HHP caused in a change in LPS structure which resulted in a decreased IL-6 expression in whole blood, indicating that structural adaptation of the cell membrane in response to HHP influenced the ability of LPS to stimulate macrophages and monocytes. Therefore, further research and development would be required to evaluate the influence of post HHP LPS on human IL-6 expression. When comparing the porcine IL-6 with the LAL no correlation in toxicity could be established in any of the treatment parameters. Finally it can be concluded that HHP had an influence in the structural morphology of LPS. These structural changes could result in LPS being more toxic, it could also have an effect on the accuracy of immunological assessments, the ability to form biofilm, and susceptibility to phages.
Books on the topic "Foodborne bacterial"
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Bridier, Arnaud, ed. Foodborne Bacterial Pathogens. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-9000-9.
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1949-, Doyle Michael P., ed. Foodborne bacterial pathogens. New York: M. Dekker, 1989.
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Wiedmann, Martin, and Wei Zhang. Genomics of foodborne bacterial pathogens. New York: Springer, 2011.
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Wiedmann, Martin, and Wei Zhang, eds. Genomics of Foodborne Bacterial Pathogens. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-7686-4.
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A, Lee H., and Morgan M. R. A, eds. Immunoassays for food-poisoning bacteria and bacterial toxins. London: Chapman & Hall, 1992.
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C, Buzby Jean, and United States. Dept. of Agriculture. Economic Research Service., eds. Bacterial foodborne disease: Medical costs & productivity losses. Washington, D.C: Food and Consumer Economics Division, Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1996.
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Foodborne microbial pathogens: Mechanisms and pathogenesis. New York: Springer, 2008.
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V, Martínez-Suárez Joaquín, Aguado-Urda Mónica, López-Alonso Victoria, and SpringerLink (Online service), eds. Microarray Detection and Characterization of Bacterial Foodborne Pathogens. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2012.
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López-Campos, Guillermo, Joaquín V. Martínez-Suárez, Mónica Aguado-Urda, and Victoria López-Alonso. Microarray Detection and Characterization of Bacterial Foodborne Pathogens. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-3250-0.
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D, Pierson Merle, Stern Norman J, Institute of Food Technologists, and International Union of Food Science and Technology., eds. Foodborne microorganisms and their toxins: Developing methodology. New York: Dekker, 1986.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Foodborne bacterial"
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Armstrong, Gregory L., Jill Hollingsworth, and J. Glenn Morris. "Bacterial Foodborne Disease." In Bacterial Infections of Humans, 109–38. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-5327-4_6.
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Green, Heather, Jon Furuno, Amy Horneman, and J. Glenn Morris. "Bacterial Foodborne Disease." In Bacterial Infections of Humans, 121–58. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-09843-2_6.
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Wareing, Peter. "Foodborne Bacterial Pathogens." In Micro-facts, 8–192. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/9781849732130-00008.
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Narayan, Krishna Gopal, Dharmendra Kumar Sinha, and Dhirendra Kumar Singh. "Foodborne Bacterial Infections." In Veterinary Public Health & Epidemiology, 253–73. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-7800-5_28.
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Lv, Ruiling, and Donghong Liu. "Bacterial Spores." In Stress Responses of Foodborne Pathogens, 499–516. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-90578-1_17.
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Fagerquist, Clifton K. "Proteomics of Foodborne Bacterial Pathogens." In Genomics of Foodborne Bacterial Pathogens, 343–402. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-7686-4_11.
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Chen, Yi, Eric Brown, and Stephen J. Knabel. "Molecular Epidemiology of Foodborne Pathogens." In Genomics of Foodborne Bacterial Pathogens, 403–53. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-7686-4_12.
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Abu-Ali, Galeb S., and Shannon D. Manning. "The Evolution of Foodborne Pathogens." In Genomics of Foodborne Bacterial Pathogens, 455–87. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-7686-4_13.
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Li, Jiao, Xiangzhao Mao, Xiaonan Lu, and Jinsong Feng. "Bacterial Programmed Cell Death." In Stress Responses of Foodborne Pathogens, 537–47. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-90578-1_19.
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Milillo, Sara R., Martin Wiedmann, and Karin Hoelzer. "Overview: The Impact of Microbial Genomics on Food Safety." In Genomics of Foodborne Bacterial Pathogens, 1–27. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-7686-4_1.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Foodborne bacterial"
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Arenas, Yaxal, Arkady Mandel, and Lothar Lilge. "Kynetic resazurin assay (KRA) for bacterial quantification of foodborne pathogens." In SPIE BiOS, edited by Daniel L. Farkas, Dan V. Nicolau, and Robert C. Leif. SPIE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.912177.
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Garneau, P., O. Labrecque, C. Maynard, S. Messier, M. Archambault, and J. Harel. "Diagnostic microarrays for antimicrobial resistance bacterial gene (ABG) identification." In Eighth International Symposium on the Epidemiology and Control of Foodborne Pathogens in Pork. Iowa State University, Digital Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/safepork-180809-826.
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Gebreyes, Wondwossen A., Siddhartha Thakur, S. Zhao, P. McDermott, D. G. White, and H. Harbottle. "Development of a Microarray system for the Rapid and Simultaneous Detection of Bacterial and Viral Foodborne Pathogens." In Seventh International Symposium on the Epidemiology and Control of Foodborne Pathogens in Pork. Iowa State University, Digital Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/safepork-180809-121.
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Burkhart, K. B., A. Oppedahl, M. Roof, J. Kolb, and Bent Nielsen. "Correlation of salmonella spp. In pigs at slaugther as determined by bacterial culture and salmonella ELISA." In Seventh International Symposium on the Epidemiology and Control of Foodborne Pathogens in Pork. Iowa State University, Digital Press, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/safepork-180809-191.
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Augustin, J. C., A. le Roux, B. Minvielle, and P. Garry. "Efficiency of sampling methods to monitor the bacterial contamination of pork carcasses before and after chilling." In Eighth International Symposium on the Epidemiology and Control of Foodborne Pathogens in Pork. Iowa State University, Digital Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/safepork-180809-869.
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Rihayat, Teuku, and Nurhanifa Aidy. "Food packaging materials: Increasing anti-bacterial properties using chitosan and turmeric essential oil (TEO) for reducing foodborne pathogens." In THE 2ND NATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MATHEMATICS EDUCATION (NACOME) 2021: Mathematical Proof as a Tool for Learning Mathematics. AIP Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0118256.
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Thoriqoh, Hanifatun Nisa Ath, Budi Haryanto, and Ela Laelasari. "The Association between Food Hygiene and the Escherichia Coli Contamination on School Snack at Elementary School in Cakung Subdistrict, East Jakarta." In The 7th International Conference on Public Health 2020. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.02.13.
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Background: Unsafe food hygiene poses threats for becoming disease transmission. The most common of foodborne pathogenic bacteria is Escherichia coli. The purpose of this study was to examine the association between food hygiene and the contamination of escherichia coli bacteria on school snack. Subejcts and Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Cakung, East Jakarta from December 2016 to January 2017. A sample of 60 food handlers from a total of 147 foods handlers’ population was selected by cluster sampling. The dependent variable was E. coli bateria. The independent variables were proper hand washing, food serving aids, proper equipment washing, types of selling facilities, sanitation facilities, the placement of cooked food, and food preparation. The data were collected by laboratory test result and questionnaire. The data were analyzed by multiple logistic regressions. Results: As many as 45% of the positive snacks were contaminated with E. coli bacteria. E. coli bacterial contamination on food was related to the practice of using food serving aids (OR= 5.00; 95% CI= 1.19 to 20.92; p= 0.044), a place to store cooked food (OR= 6.11; 95% CI = 1.73 to 21.59; p = 0.007) and method of presentation (OR = 7.14; 95% CI = 1.43 to 35.57; p = 0.002). Conclusion: The incidence of Escherichia coli contamination on food is related to the practice of using food serving aids, the placement of cooked food and food serving. Keywords: Escherichia coli, school snack Corresponden: Hanifatun Nisa Ath Thoriqoh. Public Health Postgraduate Study Program, Faculty of Public Health, University of Indonesia, Depok, West Java. Email: hanifatunnisa10@gmail.com. Mobile: 081808157745. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.02.13
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Isa, Shu’aibu, Hana Kadum Shanan, Lawal Garba, Hamza A. Jabir, Mustapha Yakasai Kabiru, Gurama Abubakar Gurama, Maryam Ahmad Abubakar, Muhd Tukur Adamu, Ahmad Mani Mallam, and Tasiu Mahmud. "Evaluation of bactericidal and bacteriostatic potentials of leaves and stem bark of Diospyros mespiliformis against clinical and foodborne bacterial pathogens." In PROCEEDING OF THE 1ST INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ADVANCED RESEARCH IN PURE AND APPLIED SCIENCE (ICARPAS2021): Third Annual Conference of Al-Muthanna University/College of Science. AIP Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0094240.
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Wilkins, Wendy, C. Waldner, Andrijana Rajic, J. Sanchez, S. Parker, L. Waddell, and J. Sargeant. "A systematic review/meta-regression approach: factors influencing the diagnostic accuracy of bacterial culture and serology used to determine Salmonella status in swine." In Eighth International Symposium on the Epidemiology and Control of Foodborne Pathogens in Pork. Iowa State University, Digital Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/safepork-180809-828.
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Bearson, B. L., and S. M. D. Bearson. "Differences in Pathogenesis for Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium in the Mouse Versus the Swine Model Identifies Bacterial Gene Products Required for Systemic but not Gastrointestinal Disease." In Eighth International Symposium on the Epidemiology and Control of Foodborne Pathogens in Pork. Iowa State University, Digital Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/safepork-180809-812.
Full textReports on the topic "Foodborne bacterial"
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Goddard, Alan, and Rachel Pateman. Exploring the chopping board microbiome – lessons learned. Food Standards Agency, November 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.eaf949.
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Household surfaces are a well-known source of bacterial contamination, with ~40% of outbreaks of foodborne infections in Europe occurring at home. Whilst disease-causing bacteria may arrive in the home in contaminated food, it is also likely that many disease outbreaks are caused by poor hygiene and cross-contamination from raw food. A key site of such microbial contamination is chopping boards.
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Cohen, Victoria, Svetlozara Chobanova, and Iulia Iulia Gherman. Risk assessment for vulnerable consumers from Listeria monocytogenes in blue cheese. Food Standards Agency, November 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.tqb580.
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Listeria monocytogenes are bacteria that cause listeriosis, a disease which is very severe in vulnerable people. Vulnerable people include pregnant women, people over 65 years of age, infants, and those with a weakened immune system. While most semi-soft cheeses do not let L. monocytogenes grow, blue cheeses may be an exception, and pose a risk to vulnerable groups. L. monocytogenes is widespread in the environment and can grow at refrigeration temperatures. This makes it a particular problem in ready-to-eat foods such as cheese. It can also remain in the environment in food factories for several years as it can be difficult to remove. Foodborne listeriosis is a relatively rare illness in comparison to other foodborne diseases. A search found two potential listeriosis outbreaks and one individual case may have been caused by blue cheese worldwide. No listeriosis illnesses due to blue cheese were identified in the UK. Blue cheese is not frequently consumed by vulnerable consumers. When consumed, it is usually in low amounts. Published data from Scottish local authorities and the Food Standards Agency suggest that overall percentage of blue cheeses contaminated with L. monocytogenes in the UK is low. A search of the scientific literature on contamination in blue cheese from European countries found that most of these studies examined Gorgonzola cheese. The rinds of Gorgonzola were much more likely to be contaminated than the centre of the cheese. Research also shows that the acidic levels and levels of moisture in blue cheese can support L. monocytogenes growth. Most of these studies showed only a small amount of bacterial growth in the centre of the cheese.
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Jorgensen, Frieda, Michelle Kesby, Craig Swift, Anais Painset, Amy Douglas, and Nicolae Corcionivoschi. A microbiological survey of campylobacter contamination in fresh whole UK-produced chilled chickens at retail sale (Y6). Food Standards Agency, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.xxz973.
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Campylobacter spp. are the most common bacterial cause of foodborne illness in the UK, with chicken considered to be the most important vehicle for this organism. The FSA agreed with industry to reduce campylobacter spp. contamination in raw chicken and issued a target to reduce the prevalence of the most contaminated chickens (those with more than 1000 cfu per gram chicken neck skin) to below 10% at the end of the slaughter process, initially by 2016. To help monitor progress, a series of UK-wide surveys were undertaken to determine the levels of campylobacter spp. on whole UK-produced, fresh chicken at retail sale in the UK. The data obtained for the first five years was reported in FSA projects FS241044 – year 1 (2014/15) and FS102121- year 2 to 5 (2015 to 2019). This new survey represents year 6 of sampling, carried out from August 2019 to October 2020.
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Chen, Yuxiang. Pathogen Light: Fluorescent Probe for Rapid Foodborne Bacteria Detection. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1507303.
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Brandl, Maria T., Shlomo Sela, Craig T. Parker, and Victor Rodov. Salmonella enterica Interactions with Fresh Produce. United States Department of Agriculture, September 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2010.7592642.bard.
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The emergence of food-borne illness outbreaks linked to the contamination of fruits and vegetables is a great concern in industrialized countries. The current lack of control measures and effective sanitization methods prompt the need for new strategies to reduce contamination of produce. Our ability to assess the risk associated with produce contamination and to devise innovative control strategies depends on the identification of critical determinants that affect the growth and the persistence of human pathogens on plants. Salmonella enterica, a common causal agent of illness linked to produce, has the ability to colonize and persist on plants. Thus, our main objective was to identify plant-inducible genes that have a role in the growth and/or persistence of S. enterica on postharvest lettuce. Our findings suggest that in-vitro biofilm formation tests may provide a suitable model to predict the initial attachment of Salmonella to cut-romaine lettuce leaves and confirm that Salmonella could persist on lettuce during shelf-life storage. Importantly, we found that Salmonella association with lettuce increases its acid-tolerance, a trait which might be correlated with an enhanced ability of the pathogen to pass through the acidic barrier of the stomach. We have demonstrated that Salmonella can internalize leaves of iceberg lettuce through open stomata. We found for the first time that internalization is an active bacterial process mediated by chemotaxis and motility toward nutrient produced in the leaf by photosynthesis. These findings may provide a partial explanation for the failure of sanitizers to efficiently eradicate foodborne pathogens in leafy greens and may point to a novel mechanism utilized by foodborne and perhaps plant pathogens to colonize leaves. Using resolvase in vivo expression technology (RIVET) we have managed to identify multiple Salmonella genes, some of which with no assigned function, which are involved in attachment to and persistence of Salmonella on lettuce leaves. The precise function of these genes in Salmonella-leaf interactions is yet to be elucidated. Taken together, our findings have advanced the understanding of how Salmonella persist in the plant environment, as well as the potential consequences upon ingestion by human. The emerging knowledge opens new research directions which should ultimately be useful in developing new strategies and approaches to reduce leaf contamination and enhance the safety of fresh produce.
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Kantar Public UK, Behavioural Practice. The effect of timers and precommitments on handwashing: a randomised controlled trial in a kitchen laboratory. Food Standards Agency, February 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.jjl844.
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Foodborne illnesses are caused by eating food contaminated with bacteria, viruses, other parasites, or chemical contaminants like heavy metals. Recent estimates put the number of yearly cases of foodborne illness at 2.4 million in the UK, imposing an estimated total burden of £9 billion (Daniel et al., 2018). Many foodborne illness outbreaks originate in food service establishments, for example, eating out accounts for an estimated 37% of all foodborne norovirus cases, and takeaways account for 26% (Food Standards Agency, 2022).
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Gherman, Iulia, Victoria Cohen, Daniel Lloyd, Wioleta Trzaska, Niall Grieve, Johanna Jackson, Elaine Pegg, and Anthony Wilson. Risk of campylobacteriosis from low-throughput poultry slaughterhouses. Food Standards Agency, July 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.xkw971.
Full textAbstract:
Campylobacter is the most common cause of bacterial foodborne illness in the UK. Every year there are an estimated 300,000 foodborne cases in the UK, of which more than half are related to poultry meat. Campylobacter naturally lives in the guts of poultry. Undercooked chicken meat is the main source of exposure to Campylobacter. Thorough cooking kills Campylobacter. Cross-contamination of other food or work surfaces during preparation or storage of chicken can also cause illness. Campylobacter levels are routinely monitored in chicken carcases that are processed in high-throughput slaughterhouses, but this testing is not currently carried out in some low-throughput slaughterhouses. Each high-throughput slaughterhouse processes more than 7.5 million birds per year and each low-throughput slaughterhouse processes less than 7.5 million birds per year. Of the 1 billion birds that are slaughtered annually in the UK, around 5% come from low-throughout slaughterhouses. This report estimates the difference in risk of campylobacteriosis for products from low-throughput and high-throughput poultry slaughterhouses in the UK. This was necessary work to assist the FSA in establishing an appropriate level of sampling for low-throughput slaughterhouses. We considered the whole pathway of the chicken from farm to fork using the scientific literature, data from our own survey of Campylobacter in slaughterhouses (FS9990010), and business data and information on UK levels of infection. Campylobacter levels over a 3-month period (September to December 2021) from chicken processed by low and high-throughput slaughterhouses were the main data used for our comparison. We could find no data on differences in the supply of birds to low- versus high-throughput abattoirs, and no data on differences in the use of the meat after leaving the slaughterhouses. Based on analysis of the limited survey data available, we could not detect a significant difference between the proportion of highly contaminated samples from low- and high-throughput slaughterhouses. We also could not detect a significant difference in Campylobacter levels in slaughterhouses that perform religious slaughter versus those that do not. Based on the number of chickens per year that are processed by low and high-throughput slaughterhouses, we estimated the number of Campylobacter cases in the UK annually that are likely linked to low- and high-throughput slaughterhouses respectively. Based on the evidence available, we conclude that the frequency of occurrence of campylobacteriosis in the total UK population from chicken produced in low-throughput slaughterhouses is medium and for high-throughput slaughterhouses is high, with a medium uncertainty, as a direct consequence of the relative volume of chicken produced by each type of plant. The severity of campylobacteriosis is low, with low uncertainty. This assumes that the proportion of the total domestic consumption of chicken meat originating from low-throughput slaughterhouses does not change. The current sampling regime requires samples to be taken once a week. If more than 15 out of 50 of samples have high levels of Campylobacter, this is considered a failure and mitigations need to be put in place. We predicted that if samples are taken once every two weeks or once every four weeks instead, that would still allow us to identify some slaughterhouses failing to comply with the 15/50 exceedance rate. However, identifying issues will take longer and may not detect some failing slaughterhouses. Sampling requirements are not consistently applied in low-throughput slaughterhouses, and we did not have access to data on the steps taken when slaughterhouses recorded high levels of Campylobacter. Therefore, it was not possible to state the effect of changes in sampling requirements on per-portion risk. However, due to the small proportion of total poultry meat consumed in the UK that is produced at low-throughput slaughterhouses, changes to the official sampling requirements at low-throughput slaughterhouses are unlikely to result in a large difference in the frequency of occurrence of campylobacteriosis in the UK population.
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Jorgensen, Frieda, John Rodgers, Daisy Duncan, Joanna Lawes, Charles Byrne, and Craig Swift. Levels and trends of antimicrobial resistance in Campylobacter spp. from chicken in the UK. Food Standards Agency, September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.dud728.
Full textAbstract:
Campylobacter spp. are the most common bacterial cause of foodborne illness in the UK, with chicken considered to be the most important vehicle of transmission for this organism. It is estimated there are 500,000 cases of campylobacteriosis in the UK annually, with Campylobacter jejuni (C. jejuni) and Campylobacter coli (C. coli) accounting for approximately 91% and 8 % of infections, respectively. Although severe infection in humans is uncommon, treatment is seldom needed for human infection but usually involves the administration of a macrolide (e.g., azithromycin) or a fluoroquinolone (e.g., ciprofloxacin). An increased rate of resistance in Campylobacter in chicken to such antimicrobials could limit effective treatment options for human infections and it is therefore important to monitor changes in rates of resistance over time. In this report we analysed trends in antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in C. jejuni and C. coli isolated from chicken in the UK. The chicken samples were from chicken reared for meat (ie. broiler chicken as opposed to layer chicken (ie. egg-laying chicken)) and included chicken sampled at slaughterhouses as well as from retail stores in the UK. Datasets included AMR results from retail surveys of Campylobacter spp. on chicken sampled in the UK from various projects in the time period from 2001 to 2020. In the retail surveys, samples were obtained from stores including major and minor retail stores throughout the UK (in proportion to the population size of each nation) and Campylobacter spp. testing was performed using standard methods with the majority of isolates obtained from direct culture on standard media (mCCDA). Data from national scale surveys of broiler chicken, sampling caecal contents and carcase neckskins at slaughterhouses, undertaken by APHA in 2007/2008, and between 2012 and 2018 were also included in the study. In the APHA-led surveys, Campylobacter were isolated using standard culture methods (culture onto mCCDA) and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by a standard microbroth dilution method to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of isolates. Care was taken when comparing data from different studies as there had been changes to the threshold used to determine if an isolate was susceptible or resistant to an antimicrobial in a small number of scenarios. Harmonised thresholds (using epidemiological cut-off (ECOFF) values) were employed to assess AMR with appropriate adjustments made where required to allow meaningful comparisons of resistance prevalence over time. Data from additional isolates where resistance to antimicrobials were predicted from genome sequence data were also considered.
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Sela, Shlomo, and Michael McClelland. Investigation of a new mechanism of desiccation-stress tolerance in Salmonella. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7598155.bard.
Full textAbstract:
Low-moisture foods (LMF) are increasingly involved in foodborne illness. While bacteria cannot grow in LMF due to the low water content, pathogens such as Salmonella can still survive in dry foods and pose health risks to consumer. We recently found that Salmonella secretes a proteinaceous compound during desiccation, which we identified as OsmY, an osmotic stress response protein of 177 amino acids. To elucidate the role of OsmY in conferring tolerance against desiccation and other stresses in Salmonella entericaserovarTyphimurium (STm), our specific objectives were: (1) Characterize the involvement of OsmY in desiccation tolerance; (2) Perform structure-function analysis of OsmY; (3) Study OsmY expression under various growth- and environmental conditions of relevance to agriculture; (4) Examine the involvement of OsmY in response to other stresses of relevance to agriculture; and (5) Elucidate regulatory pathways involved in controlling osmY expression. We demonstrated that an osmY-mutant strain is impaired in both desiccation tolerance (DT) and in long-term persistence during cold storage (LTP). Genetic complementation and addition of a recombinantOsmY (rOsmY) restored the mutant survival back to that of the wild type (wt). To analyze the function of specific domains we have generated a recombinantOsmY (rOsmY) protein. A dose-response DT study showed that rOsmY has the highest protection at a concentration of 0.5 nM. This effect was protein- specific as a comparable amount of bovine serum albumin, an unrelated protein, had a three-time lower protection level. Further characterization of OsmY revealed that the protein has a surfactant activity and is involved in swarming motility. OsmY was shown to facilitate biofilm formation during dehydration but not during bacterial growth under optimal growth conditions. This finding suggests that expression and secretion of OsmY under stress conditions was potentially associated with facilitating biofilm production. OsmY contains two conserved BON domains. To better understand the role of the BON sites in OsmY-mediated dehydration tolerance, we have generated two additional rOsmY constructs, lacking either BON1 or BON2 sites. BON1-minus (but not BON2) protein has decreased dehydration tolerance compared to intact rOsmY, suggesting that BON1 is required for maximal OsmY-mediated activity. Addition of BON1-peptide at concentration below 0.4 µM did not affect STm survival. Interestingly, a toxic effect of BON1 peptide was observed in concentration as low as 0.4 µM. Higher concentrations resulted in complete abrogation of the rOsmY effect, supporting the notion that BON-mediated interaction is essential for rOsmY activity. We performed extensive analysis of RNA expression of STm undergoing desiccation after exponential and stationary growth, identifying all categories of genes that are differentially expressed during this process. We also performed massively in-parallel screening of all genes in which mutation caused changes in fitness during drying, identifying over 400 such genes, which are now undergoing confirmation. As expected OsmY is one of these genes. In conclusion, this is the first study to identify that OsmY protein secreted during dehydration contributes to desiccation tolerance in Salmonella by facilitating dehydration- mediated biofilm formation. Expression of OsmY also enhances swarming motility, apparently through its surfactant activity. The BON1 domain is required for full OsmY activity, demonstrating a potential intervention to reduce pathogen survival in food processing. Expression and fitness screens have begun to elucidate the processes of desiccation, with the potential to uncover additional specific targets for efforts to mitigate pathogen survival in desiccation.
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Jorgensen, Frieda, Andre Charlett, Craig Swift, Anais Painset, and Nicolae Corcionivoschi. A survey of the levels of Campylobacter spp. contamination and prevalence of selected antimicrobial resistance determinants in fresh whole UK-produced chilled chickens at retail sale (non-major retailers). Food Standards Agency, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.xls618.
Full textAbstract:
Campylobacter spp. are the most common bacterial cause of foodborne illness in the UK, with chicken considered to be the most important vehicle for this organism. The UK Food Standards Agency (FSA) agreed with industry to reduce Campylobacter spp. contamination in raw chicken and issued a target to reduce the prevalence of the most contaminated chickens (those with more than 1000 cfu per g chicken neck skin) to below 10 % at the end of the slaughter process, initially by 2016. To help monitor progress, a series of UK-wide surveys were undertaken to determine the levels of Campylobacter spp. on whole UK-produced, fresh chicken at retail sale in the UK. The data obtained for the first four years was reported in FSA projects FS241044 (2014/15) and FS102121 (2015 to 2018). The FSA has indicated that the retail proxy target for the percentage of highly contaminated raw whole retail chickens should be less than 7% and while continued monitoring has demonstrated a sustained decline for chickens from major retailer stores, chicken on sale in other stores have yet to meet this target. This report presents results from testing chickens from non-major retailer stores (only) in a fifth survey year from 2018 to 2019. In line with previous practise, samples were collected from stores distributed throughout the UK (in proportion to the population size of each country). Testing was performed by two laboratories - a Public Health England (PHE) laboratory or the Agri-Food & Biosciences Institute (AFBI), Belfast. Enumeration of Campylobacter spp. was performed using the ISO 10272-2 standard enumeration method applied with a detection limit of 10 colony forming units (cfu) per gram (g) of neck skin. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) to selected antimicrobials in accordance with those advised in the EU harmonised monitoring protocol was predicted from genome sequence data in Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli isolates The percentage (10.8%) of fresh, whole chicken at retail sale in stores of smaller chains (for example, Iceland, McColl’s, Budgens, Nisa, Costcutter, One Stop), independents and butchers (collectively referred to as non-major retailer stores in this report) in the UK that are highly contaminated (at more than 1000 cfu per g) with Campylobacter spp. has decreased since the previous survey year but is still higher than that found in samples from major retailers. 8 whole fresh raw chickens from non-major retailer stores were collected from August 2018 to July 2019 (n = 1009). Campylobacter spp. were detected in 55.8% of the chicken skin samples obtained from non-major retailer shops, and 10.8% of the samples had counts above 1000 cfu per g chicken skin. Comparison among production plant approval codes showed significant differences of the percentages of chicken samples with more than 1000 cfu per g, ranging from 0% to 28.1%. The percentage of samples with more than 1000 cfu of Campylobacter spp. per g was significantly higher in the period May, June and July than in the period November to April. The percentage of highly contaminated samples was significantly higher for samples taken from larger compared to smaller chickens. There was no statistical difference in the percentage of highly contaminated samples between those obtained from chicken reared with access to range (for example, free-range and organic birds) and those reared under standard regime (for example, no access to range) but the small sample size for organic and to a lesser extent free-range chickens, may have limited the ability to detect important differences should they exist. Campylobacter species was determined for isolates from 93.4% of the positive samples. C. jejuni was isolated from the majority (72.6%) of samples while C. coli was identified in 22.1% of samples. A combination of both species was found in 5.3% of samples. C. coli was more frequently isolated from samples obtained from chicken reared with access to range in comparison to those reared as standard birds. C. jejuni was less prevalent during the summer months of June, July and August compared to the remaining months of the year. Resistance to ciprofloxacin (fluoroquinolone), erythromycin (macrolide), tetracycline, (tetracyclines), gentamicin and streptomycin (aminoglycosides) was predicted from WGS data by the detection of known antimicrobial resistance determinants. Resistance to ciprofloxacin was detected in 185 (51.7%) isolates of C. jejuni and 49 (42.1%) isolates of C. coli; while 220 (61.1%) isolates of C. jejuni and 73 (62.9%) isolates of C. coli isolates were resistant to tetracycline. Three C. coli (2.6%) but none of the C. jejuni isolates harboured 23S mutations predicting reduced susceptibility to erythromycin. Multidrug resistance (MDR), defined as harbouring genetic determinants for resistance to at least three unrelated antimicrobial classes, was found in 10 (8.6%) C. coli isolates but not in any C. jejuni isolates. Co-resistance to ciprofloxacin and erythromycin was predicted in 1.7% of C. coli isolates. 9 Overall, the percentages of isolates with genetic AMR determinants found in this study were similar to those reported in the previous survey year (August 2016 to July 2017) where testing was based on phenotypic break-point testing. Multi-drug resistance was similar to that found in the previous survey years. It is recommended that trends in AMR in Campylobacter spp. isolates from retail chickens continue to be monitored to realise any increasing resistance of concern, particulary to erythromycin (macrolide). Considering that the percentage of fresh, whole chicken from non-major retailer stores in the UK that are highly contaminated (at more than 1000 cfu per g) with Campylobacter spp. continues to be above that in samples from major retailers more action including consideration of interventions such as improved biosecurity and slaughterhouse measures is needed to achieve better control of Campylobacter spp. for this section of the industry. The FSA has indicated that the retail proxy target for the percentage of highly contaminated retail chickens should be less than 7% and while continued monitoring has demonstrated a sustained decline for chickens from major retailer stores, chicken on sale in other stores have yet to meet this target.