Academic literature on the topic 'Food security – Canada – Databases'
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Journal articles on the topic "Food security – Canada – Databases"
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Tarasuk, Valerie, Craig Gundersen, Xuesong Wang, Daniel E. Roth, and Marcelo L. Urquia. "Maternal Food Insecurity is Positively Associated with Postpartum Mental Disorders in Ontario, Canada." Journal of Nutrition 150, no. 11 (August 28, 2020): 3033–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxaa240.
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ABSTRACT Background Household food insecurity has been associated with pregnancy complications and poorer birth outcomes in the United States and with maternal mental disorders in the United Kingdom, but there has been little investigation of the effects of food insecurity during this life stage in Canada. Objectives Our objective was to examine the relationship between the food insecurity status of women during pregnancy and maternal and birth outcomes and health in infancy in Canada. Methods We drew on data from 1998 women in Ontario, Canada, whose food insecurity was assessed using the Household Food Security Survey Module on the Canadian Community Health Survey, cycles 2005 to 2011–2012. These records were linked to multiple health administrative databases to identify indications of adverse health outcomes during pregnancy, at birth, and during children's first year of life. We included women who gave birth between 9 months prior and 6 months after their interview date, and for whom infant outcome data were available. Multivariable Poisson regression models were used to compare outcomes by maternal food security status, expressed as adjusted relative risks (aRR) with 95% CIs. Results While pregnant, 5.6% of women were marginally food insecure and 10.0% were moderately or severely food insecure. Food insecurity was unrelated to pregnancy complications and adverse birth outcomes, but 26.8% of women with moderate or severe food insecurity had treatment for postpartum mental disorders in the 6-month postpartum period, compared to 13.9% of food-secure women (aRR, 1.86; 95% CI, 1.40–2.46). Children born to food-insecure mothers were at elevated risk of being treated in an emergency department in the first year of life (aRR, 1.18; 95% CI, 1.01–1.38). Conclusions Maternal food insecurity during pregnancy in Ontario, Canada, is associated with postpartum mental disorders and a greater likelihood of infants being treated in an emergency department.
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Engler-Stringer, Rachel, and Shawna Berenbaum. "Collective Kitchens in Canada: A Review of the Literature." Canadian Journal of Dietetic Practice and Research 66, no. 4 (December 2005): 246–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3148/66.4.2005.246.
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Purpose: Collective kitchens are community-based cooking programs in which small groups of people cook large quantities of food. They have developed over the past 20 years, and hundreds of groups have been formed across the country. However, collective kitchens described in the literature vary considerably in structure, purpose, and format. The purpose of this review is to synthesize research on this topic. Methods: Articles and theses were collected through searches of major databases, and synthesized to improve understanding of current information, and of continuing gaps in the knowledge of collective kitchens in Canada. Results: The limited published research on collective kitchens suggests that social and learning benefits are associated with participation. Some indication exists that participants also find the food cooked to be high quality, culturally acceptable, and acquired in a manner that maintains personal dignity. Whether collective kitchens have an impact on food resources as a whole is unclear, as research has been limited in scale. Conclusions: The role of collective kitchens in community building and empowering participants often is noted, and bears further investigation. Dietitians and nutritionists have a unique opportunity to facilitate the health promotion and food security benefits of collective kitchens.
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Bowers, Renee, Gail Turner, Ian D. Graham, Chris Furgal, and Lise Dubois. "Piecing together the Inuit food security policy puzzle in Nunatsiavut, Labrador (Canada): protocol for a scoping review." BMJ Open 9, no. 11 (November 2019): e032601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-032601.
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IntroductionInuit Nunangat is the Inuit homeland in Canada. It is comprised of four Inuit regions. Inuit residing in these areas experience greater social and economic inequities than the general Canadian population. Food security exemplifies this inequity and is a distinct determinant of Inuit health. Policy can play an integral role in health equity. However, demonstrating this role can be a complex task, especially when there are both national and regionally specific policies pertaining to each of the Inuit regions. This scoping review will focus on Nunatsiavut, located in northern Labrador. This region is situated within a complex policy space due to the national, provincial and regional governance structures, geographical location and the breadth of factors pertaining to food security. This scoping review aims to identify the range of policies pertaining to food security in Nunatsiavut and complete a directed content analysis to code each policy against the applicable dimension of food security.Methods and analysisThe researchers will conduct a search strategy on the following four databases: MEDLINE (via Ovid), Embase (via Ovid), CINHAL and Scopus. A hand search of the relevant journals, conference abstracts and grey literature will be completed from April to October 2019. The following parameters will be extracted: a description of the policy, the organisation/institution that developed the policy, the definition of food security used or implied, and any stated intended targets or outcomes. The results will be compiled in a tabular form.Ethics and disseminationEthics approval is not required as primary data will not be collected. The findings from this scoping review will be disseminated through peer-reviewed journals and public presentations. The results of this scoping review will be validated by a Nunatsiavut Government Advisory Group.
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Shi, Yumeng, Alyse Davies, and Margaret Allman-Farinelli. "Food Insecurity Contributes to Poorer Dietary Outcomes in Higher Education Students: A Systematic Review." Current Developments in Nutrition 5, Supplement_2 (June 2021): 180. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzab035_088.
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Abstract Objectives Tertiary education students have been found to experience a higher prevalence of food insecurity than the general population. This systematic review aims to examine the existing evidence on the association between food insecurity and dietary outcomes among higher education students. Methods Nine electronic databases and gray literature were searched. Studies that reported dietary outcomes (e.g., nutritional intake and meal patterns) in students of differing food security status in tertiary education settings in any country were included. All primary study designs were eligible for inclusion, except for qualitative studies. Two reviewers completed the title/abstract and full-text screening, data extraction, and quality assessment independently. Results A total of 14 studies were included in the final qualitative synthesis of this review. The prevalence of food insecurity among higher education students ranged from 21% to 82% across the included studies from the United States, Canada, Australia and Greece. Lower intakes of healthy foods (e.g., fruits, vegetables, and whole grains) and higher intakes of unhealthy foods (e.g., fast foods, added sugars, and sugar-sweetened beverages) were observed in food-insecure students. Some students also consumed less breakfast and evening meal than food-secure students but the evidence was limited. The overall diet quality was not consistently measured in students with different food security status by using validated dietary assessment tools. Conclusions Poorer dietary outcomes were found in higher education students with food insecurity compared with food-secure students. More policy interventions, effective nutrition education, and food assistance programs should be provided by tertiary education institutions and governments to target the nutritional needs of food-insecure students. Funding Sources This review received no specific funding.
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Clemens, Kristin K., Britney Le, Alexandra M. Ouédraogo, Constance Mackenzie, Marlee Vinegar, and Salimah Z. Shariff. "Childhood food insecurity and incident asthma: A population-based cohort study of children in Ontario, Canada." PLOS ONE 16, no. 6 (June 9, 2021): e0252301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0252301.
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Background Childhood food insecurity has been associated with prevalent asthma in cross-sectional studies. Little is known about the relationship between food insecurity and incident asthma. Methods We used administrative databases linked with the Canadian Community Health Survey, to conduct a retrospective cohort study of children <18 years in Ontario, Canada. Children without a previous diagnosis of asthma who had a household response to the Household Food Security Survey Module (HFSSM) were followed until March 31, 2018 for new asthma diagnoses using a validated administrative coding algorithm. We used multivariable Cox proportional hazard models to examine the association between food insecurity and incident asthma, and adjusted models sequentially for clinical and clinical/socioeconomic risk factors. As additional analyses, we examined associations by HFSSM respondent type, severity of food insecurity, and age of asthma diagnosis. Moreover, we assessed for interaction between food security and child’s sex, household smoking status, and maternal asthma on the risk of incident asthma. Results Among the 27,746 included children, 5.1% lived in food insecure households. Over a median of 8.34 years, the incidence of asthma was 7.33/1000 person-years (PY) among food insecure children and 5.91/1000 PY among food secure children (unadjusted hazard ratio [HR] 1.24, 95% CI 1.00 to 1.54, p = 0.051). In adjusted analyses associations were similar (HR 1.16, 95% CI 0.91 to 1.47, p = 0.24 adjusted for clinical risk factors, HR 1.24, 95% CI 0.97 to 1.60, p = 0.09 adjusted for clinical/socioeconomic factors). Associations did not qualitatively change by HFSSM respondent type, severity of food insecurity, and age of asthma diagnosis. There was no evidence of interaction in our models. Conclusions Food insecure children have numerous medical and social challenges. However, in this large population-based study, we did not observe that childhood food insecurity was associated with an increased risk of incident asthma when adjusted for important clinical and socioeconomic confounders.
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Han, Jichong, Zhao Zhang, Yuchuan Luo, Juan Cao, Liangliang Zhang, Jing Zhang, and Ziyue Li. "The RapeseedMap10 database: annual maps of rapeseed at a spatial resolution of 10 m based on multi-source data." Earth System Science Data 13, no. 6 (June 16, 2021): 2857–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-2857-2021.
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Abstract. Large-scale, high-resolution maps of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.), a major oilseed crop, are critical for predicting annual production and ensuring global energy security, but such maps are still not freely available for many areas. In this study, we developed a new pixel- and phenology-based algorithm and produced a new data product for rapeseed planting areas (2017–2019) in 33 countries at 10 m spatial resolution based on multiple data. Our product is strongly consistent at the national level with official statistics of the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations. Our rapeseed maps achieved F1 spatial consistency scores of at least 0.81 when compared with the Cropland Data Layer in the United States, the Annual Crop Inventory in Canada, the Crop Map of England, and the Land Cover Map of France. Moreover, F1 scores based on independent validation samples ranged from 0.84 to 0.91, implying a good consistency with ground truth. In almost all countries covered in this study, the rapeseed crop rotation interval was at least 2 years. Our derived maps suggest, with reasonable accuracy, the robustness of the algorithm in identifying rapeseed over large regions with various climates and landscapes. Scientists and local growers can use the freely downloadable derived rapeseed planting areas to help predict rapeseed production and optimize planting structures. The product is publicly available at https://doi.org/10.17632/ydf3m7pd4j.3 (Han et al., 2021).
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MacGillivray, Iain C., and Lloyd W. Strachan. "Canada and World Food Security." Canadian Journal of Development Studies/Revue canadienne d'études du développement 19, no. 4 (January 1998): 97–121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02255189.1998.9669780.
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Bryula, I. V. "State information system “AITS”: features of formation and directions of development." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus. Agrarian Series 59, no. 3 (August 5, 2021): 340–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.29235/1817-7204-2021-59-3-340-349.
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Animal breeding is a strategic branch of agri-business in the Republic of Belarus, focused on solving social and economic issues and ensuring national food security. Currently, its development is innovations based, forming a high level of the country’s production and export potential. In the world ranking by the end of 2020, the Republic of Belarus took the 5th place in terms of milk exports (4.8 million tons). As world experience shows, the key direction is implementation of electronic identification of animals as an accounting system in agriculture, including assigning identification number to an animal by tagging, registering information about it in a database and issuing an appropriate passport. The paper summarizes and systematizes legal, organizational and financial conditions for creation and functioning of national information systems in Australia, Argentina, Brazil, Great Britain, the European Union, Canada, the Netherlands, the USA, Switzerland, and Japan. It has been determined that absence of a system for identifying the registration of farm animals leads to distortion of data on the number of livestock, and also creates obstacles for selection work and livestock breeding, decreases efficiency of antiepizootic measures, and inhibits international trade in animals and animal products. In development of this, the necessity of this process in the Republic of Belarus, feasibility of creating the state information system “AITS” (SIS AITS) and corresponding management structure – SI “Center for information systems in animal husbandry” are substantiated. With Gomel region as an example, peculiarities of planning and implementation of process of identification and registration of farm animals are disclosed, the main indicators of the efficiency of SIS AITS for 2013–2020 are analyzed. The advantages of commodity producers of the Republic of Belarus in the context of strengthening production and marketing and export potential and reducing risks in the domestic and foreign markets are substantiated. The issues presented in the article are of interest in determining measures for implementation of the State Program “Agrarian Business” for 2021-2025 and a strategy for the export of agricultural products and food products for the period up to 2025.
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Killeen, Rosemary. "Food Security and Insecurity in Canada." Canadian Pharmacists Journal / Revue des Pharmaciens du Canada 142, no. 2 (March 2009): 49–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3821/1913-701x-142.2.49.a.
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Stecyk, Karolina. "Good Governance of Food Security in Nunavut." Journal of Food Research 7, no. 4 (May 3, 2018): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jfr.v7n4p7.
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Food insecurity is not a new issue in Nunavut, Canada, but it is one that is not yet resolved. In Nunavut, the Government of Canada primarily through Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada manages food security. In 2011, to aid the issue of food insecurity, the Government of Canada created the program called Nutrition North Canada (NNC). This paper will identify the values and mandate of Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada and Government of Nunavut and state the current status, challenges, and health impact of food security in Nunavut. Lastly, it will determine if the Government of Canada is following the principles of good governance with the Nutrition North program, and suggest improving competencies like innovativeness, strategic thinking and building collaborative relationships by expanding agriculture and aquaculture in Nunavut to assist in tackling food insecurity.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Food security – Canada – Databases"
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Girard, Nicholas. "Regional-Scale Food Security Governance in Inuit Settlement Areas: Opportunities and Challenges in Northern Canada." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/37076.
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Food insecurity among northern Inuit communities represents a significant public health challenge that requires immediate and integrated responses. In the Inuvialuit Settlement Region (ISR), in the Northwest Territories (NWT), almost half of households experience some degree of food insecurity (33% moderate, 13% severe), and rates are even higher in Nunavut (35% moderate, 34% severe). Currently, food security issues in the Arctic are being addressed by multiple initiatives at different scales; however, the role that governance and policy plays in fostering or hampering Inuit food security remains under-evaluated. We took a participatory-qualitative approach to investigate how food security governance structures and processes are functioning in Inuit settlement areas, using case studies of the Inuvialuit Settlement Region (ISR) and Nunavut, the latter of which has already developed a food security strategy through significant community consultation. Using 18 semi-structured interviews, we examined the development and implementation of the Nunavut Food Security Strategy (NFSS) and Action Plan to identify challenges and lessons learned, identified governance challenges and opportunities in the current way food policy decisions are made in the ISR, and determined ways to improve governance arrangements to address Inuit food security more effectively at a regional scale. Participants implicated in the NFSS process identified a number of challenges, including high rates of employee turnover, coordinating work with member organizations, and lack of a proper evaluation framework to measure the Strategy’s outcomes. In terms of lessons learned, participants expressed the need to establish clear lines of accountability to achieve desired outcomes, and the importance of sufficient and sustained financial resources and organizational capacity to address food security in a meaningful way. Similar themes were identified in the ISR; however, top-down government decision-making at the territorial level and an absence of meaningful community engagement from program administrators during the conceptualization of food security interventions were specific issues identified in this context. In terms of opportunities for regional-scale food security governance, the Government of Northwest Territories (GNWT) is in the process of developing a Country Food Strategy that will engage with a range of stakeholders to develop a broader selection of country food programing.
These findings suggest that food security governance remains a key challenge for Inuit. First, sufficient resources are needed to address food security in a sustained manner. Second, existing and planned food security policies and programs should include an evaluation component to demonstrate greater accountability towards desired outcomes. Finally, findings point to the need to develop new collaborative, integrated, and inclusive food security governance arrangements that take into account local context, needs, and priorities. The NFSS is a useful model for collaborative food security governance from which other Inuit regions can learn and adapt.
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Guyot, Melissa. "Impacts of climate change on traditional food security in aboriginal communities in Northern Canada." Thesis, McGill University, 2007. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=18275.
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This thesis explores the impact of climate changes on the harvest of traditional foods and characterizes the implication of these changes on the diet of Aboriginal Peoples in northern Canada. Combinations of qualitative and quantitative methods were used to document and estimate the local harvest pattern of key species of traditional food. Overall results between the estimated amount of available food from the harvest and the estimated amount of dietary intake did not agree, however, strong agreements were seen in two species: moose and whitefish. The relationship of harvest data to dietary intake is complex and requires two accurate and complete data sets. If these exist, predicting the intake of traditional foods from harvest data is possible. Qualitative results portray that community members are witnessing variable changes in climate which are affecting their traditional food harvest and are altering their harvest mechanisms to adapt to these changes.Cette thèse regard l'impact des changements environmentales sur la récolte des aliments traditionnels et characterise l'implication de ses changements sur la diète des membres de la communauté. Une combinaison de méthode quantitative et qualitative ont été utilisé pour documenter et estimer la séquence de la récolte des animaux clées locales. En général, les résultats entre la nourriture disponible estimé provennant de la récolte et le montant estimé pour la consumption alimentaire n'étaient pas égaux, parcontre, la ratio entre aurignal et poisson blanc étaient bonne. La relation entre les résultats numériques concernent la récolte et la consumption alimentaire sont complèxes et requièrent deux coordonnées d'informations numériques completes. Si cela existe, il serait possible de prédir la consumption des aliments traditionalles provenant de la récolte. Les résultats qualitatifs dénoncent des changements climatiques affectant la récolte des aliments traditionnels et alterent la façon dont les membres de la communauté font leur récolte pour adapter à ces changements climatiques.
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Shepherd, Valerie. "Canadian Governmental Policy and Inuit Food (In)security: Community Concerns from Baffin Island." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/36436.
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This paper examines the impact of a government food subsidy program in different communities on Baffin Island, Nunavut, in order to understand their inefficiencies. It also reviews the concerns that are being expressed by community members via Facebook, the Aboriginal Peoples Television Network (APTN), and the blog website FeedingNunavut.com. The content and thematic analyses applied to this project derive information from established data sources, examined through the theoretical lens of political economy. These issues are framed by historical colonial influences of early European trading dynamics, and demonstrate the ongoing paternal influences of the Federal Government. The thesis argues that, in part because Inuit opinions were disregarded in the implementation of Federal subsidy programs, household food insecurity rates in Northern Canada remain at nearly 70%. With governmental restrictions put on hunting and fishing, Inuit are limited in the maintenance of traditional practices and are turning to store-bought food for sustenance. However, food prices are high and food quality is sometimes low. This study of Inuit food security within Baffin thus contributes to an understanding of power and inequalities in the North.
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Seed, Barbara. "Food security in Public Health and other government programs in British Columbia, Canada : a policy analysis." Thesis, City University London, 2011. http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/1173/.
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Public Health has re-emerged as a driver of food security in British Columbia. Food security policy, programs and infrastructure have been integrated into the Public Health sector and other areas of government, including the adoption of food security as a Core Public Health program. This policy analysis of the integration merges findings from forty-eight key informant interviews conducted with government, Civil Society, and food supply representatives involved in the initiatives, along with relevant documents and participant/direct observations. Findings were analyzed according to “contextual”, “diagnostic”, “evaluative” and “strategic” categories from the Ritchie and Spencer framework for Applied Policy Research. While Civil Society was the driver for food security in British Columbia, Public Health was the driver for the integration of food security into the government. Public Health held most of the power, and often determined the agenda and the players involved. While many interviewees heralded the accomplishments of the incorporation of food security into Public Health, stakeholders also acknowledged the relative insignificance of the food security agenda in relation to other “weightier”, competing agendas. Conflict between stakeholders over approaches to food insecurity/hunger existed, and it was only weakly included in the agenda. Looking to consequences of the integration, food security increased in legitimacy within the Public Health sector over the research period. Interviewees described a clash of cultures between Public Health and Civil Society occurring partly as a result of Public Health’s limited food security mandate and inherent top down approach. Marginalization of the Civil Society voice at the provincial level was one of the negative consequences resulting from this integration. A social policy movement toward a new political paradigm - “regulatory pluralism” - calls for greater engagement of Civil Society, and for all sectors to work together toward common goals. This integration of food security into the government exemplifies an undertaking on the cutting edge in progress toward this shift. Recommendations for stakeholders in furthering food security within the government were identified. These include the development of food security policy alternatives for current government agendas in British Columbia, with a focus on health care funding, Aboriginal health and climate change.
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Picotte, Heather. "Living with HIV and navigating the work of food security in Kelowna, Canada : an institutional ethnography." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/46486.
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Using institutional ethnographic methodology, this dissertation explores how 12 people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) go about maintaining food security in Kelowna, a small urban centre in southern British Columbia. Food acts as a lens through which a variety of issues are experienced; these include low income, poor health, and lack of mobility and social support. The paper is organized according to the “work” of being food secure, which encompasses obtaining food (by grocery shopping, visiting the food bank, or growing produce), affording food (by being employed or having income from a government program), being well enough to shop, prepare food and eat, and navigating institutional discourses around HIV and food security. Gregory Bateson’s notion of the double bind provides analytical grounding, as participants frequently encounter situations in which they are bound—physically, financially, socially, or discursively—by competing injunctions that hamper their overall health and food security. One of the main binds, which was experienced by most participants and found in nearly every act of the work of food security, existed in the dichotomy of affluence and invisibility. Kelowna is a very affluent city in which poverty and disease exist but are largely unseen. PLWHA are marginalized in this locale but simultaneously expected to look and act in ways that complement and contribute to the neoliberal capitalist marketplace. Findings build on the scant research on HIV and food security in the global north, and can be extrapolated to similar urban centres in North America, Europe, and Australia.
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Marushka, Lesya. "Fish Consumption and Nutritional Health among First Nations in Canada." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/38453.
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Traditional food is fundamental for the cultural identity, mental and spiritual well-being, and physical and nutritional health of First Nations in Canada. Rapid environment changes including environmental contamination and degradation, climate change, urbanization and industry growth reduce the availability and diversity of traditional foods. This is concomitant with changing lifestyle and an increased prevalence of malnutrition, obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases. The goal of this thesis is to investigate the roles of traditional fish consumption for First Nations’ health in the complex interplays between environmental contaminant exposure, climate change, and food and nutrition security. Data collected from the First Nations Food Nutrition and Environment Study were used. The thesis is comprised of seven chapters presented in three sections.
Section 1 addressed the importance of traditional fish consumption for food and nutritional security among First Nations in Canada. With increased income-related food insecurity, First Nations rely more on traditional foods including fish and participate more in fishing and other traditional practices. Nevertheless, many factors such as climate change, governmental restrictions, hydro and forestry operations continue to reduce the availability of traditional fish and access to traditional food sources, land and waterways.
Section 2 explored the associations between locally-harvested fish consumption, long chain omega-3 fatty acid (n-3 FA) intake and dietary exposure to persistent organic pollutants (POP) with type 2 diabetes in First Nations in Canada. Dietary POP exposure was positively associated with the prevalence of type 2 diabetes whereas fish consumption (n-3 FA) showed protective dose-response associations. Furthermore, we found that relatively high POP exposure from fish may outweigh the protective associations of fish on type 2 diabetes. Therefore, the balance of risks and benefits associated with fish consumption is highly dependent on the regional POP concentrations in fish.
Section 3 entailed studies on the nutritional benefits of seafood consumption and modelling potential impacts of the climate-related decline in seafood abundance on the nutritional quality of adult diets and cardiovascular health among coastal First Nations in British Columbia. We estimated that projected climate change may reduce the intakes of essential nutrients by 21%– 31% by 2050 relative to 2000. Moreover, hypothetical substitution of seafood with alternative non-traditional foods would not provide adequate amounts of nutrients. Reduced fish consumption and consequent n-3 FAs intake may increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases in First Nations.
Our findings provide important information for communities, fishery governance, local resource managers and public health professionals to promote traditional food systems, nutritional health, food security, and food sovereignty in Canadian First Nations.
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Thompson, Heather. "Beyond Subsistence: Understanding Local Food Procurement Efforts in the Wapekeka First Nation in Northern Ontario." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/38018.
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Abstract: Northern rural Indigenous communities in Canada are facing many challenges getting regular access to nutritious foods, primarily due to the high cost of market food, restricted availability of nutritious foods, and lack of government support for nutritious food programs. The consequences of food insecurity in this context are expressed in high rates of diabetes, heart disease, and childhood obesity. Many Indigenous communities are responding to issues around healthy food access by attempting to rebuild local food capacity in their specific regions. Important first steps have been taken in developing local food initiatives, yet it remains to be seen what impact these initiatives are having on improving northern food security. This paper explores this question by working with a remote fly in community in the sub-arctic region Ontario to construct a hoop house and develop a school based community gardening program. By using a community-based participatory approach, it was determined that hoop house and gardening initiatives in rural, northern settings have the potential to build up local food production; can develop the skills and knowledge of community members; can engage and involve youth in growing local food; and do align with land-based food teachings. We show that despite widespread and multidimensional community hardships, there was considerable community buy-in and support to the project, giving hope for future development, and providing important insight for those seeking to initiate similar gardening, hoop house, or greenhouse initiatives in northern Indigenous communities. Abstract 2: Indigenous peoples of what is now known as Canada have experienced rapid lifestyle changes as a result of European contact. Indigenous food systems were systematically eroded by the Canadian government, leading to extremely high rates of food insecurity, and diet related disease. The complicated dynamics and interventions contributing to the erosion of local knowledges have forced a dependence on a market-based food system in remote and northern Indigenous communities in Canada. Communities are experiencing a double burden of the unaffordability or inaccessibility of traditional foods from the land, and the exorbitantly high cost and reduced availability of quality market foods largely due to the cost of shipping to these regions. The entanglement of local practices and global food systems is multifaceted and complex, thus the solution to food insecurity challenges are met with the burden of navigating both the local and the global. The purpose of this article is to analyze local meanings around food in a remote sub-Arctic First Nation in Ontario within the context of “coloniality” and global food systems. Drawing from the work of Walter Mignolo, and his concept of “border thinking”, this article explains the complex subsistence practices in the Canadian north and how they are located within a larger global framework. We show that by pinpointing potential “cracks” in the dominant Western epistemic as border thinking, a more useful understanding of food procurement strategies can come to light and offer new direction for culturally appropriate and sustainable food initiatives in the North.
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Tarraf, Diana. "Prevalence and Determinants of Food Insecurity and Its Impact on Diet Quality in African and Caribbean School-Aged Children in Ottawa." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/35717.
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Purpose: Food insecurity is an important social determinant of health and is linked with higher health care costs. There is a high prevalence of food insecurity among recent immigrant households in Canada. The aim of the present project was to evaluate the prevalence of food insecurity in immigrant and non-immigrant households in Ottawa, to explore determinants of food insecurity in that population and to evaluate the link between food insecurity, diet quality and weight status.
Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted with a convenience sample of 258 Ottawa households having a child between 6 and 12 years old, with a mother born in Sub-Saharan Africa, the Caribbean or Canada. Health Canada’s Household Food Security Survey Module was used to evaluate participants’ food access in the past 12 months. Children’s dietary intake was evaluated with the use of a 24-hour recall and a modified Healthy Eating Index diet quality score was calculated. Chi-square and logistic and linear regression analyses were used to determine correlates of food insecurity and its link with diet quality and weight status (n=249).
Results: A high rate of food insecurity (39%) was found among participants. Household food insecurity was associated with low education attainment, lone motherhood, mother’s visible minority status, recent arrival to Canada, limited English fluency, reliance on social assistance, and subsidized/temporary/COOP housing. Food insecurity was associated with consumption of sweetened beverages, lower consumption of saturated fat among children, and with obesity among mothers.
Conclusion: These findings suggest that food insecurity is associated with certain indicators of poor diet quality among children and with obesity among mothers. The findings also highlight the need for food insecurity to be explicitly addressed in immigrant integration strategies in order to improve the financial power of new immigrants to purchase sufficient, nutritious, and culturally acceptable foods. Enhancing immigrants’ access to affordable child care and well-paid jobs, improving social assistance programs, and providing more subsidized housing programs would be beneficial to help reduce food insecurity and increase diet quality.
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Leibovitch, Randazzo Michael. "Land-Based Food Initiatives in Two Rural and Remote Indigenous Communities." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/35714.
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The purpose of this thesis is to describe the harvesting and dietary practices of two rural and remote Indigenous communities. The ethnographic methods of participant observations and semi-structured interviews availed an abundance of rich and detailed data that allowed for a clear understanding of the barriers these two communities face when accessing food. This is an articled-based thesis containing three parts. Part one is composed of a literature review that describes the barriers that have contributed to food insecurity problems in Indigenous communities. It finishes with a chapter dedicated to defining the postcolonial theoretical perspective and describing how and why it was employed during this research process. The postcolonial perspective was chosen to best understand the historical forces that caused food insecurity in Indigenous communities and justify my position as a non-indigenous researcher in the field of Indigenous health. The second part of the thesis is made up of two articles. Article one will describe the current situation of food access challenges and responses in Canada, more specifically in two rural and remote First Nations communities. The article illustrates how both First Nations are experiencing challenges obtaining healthy food from the market and from the land. The article describes what is involved in acquiring food in both communities, and the responses each community is taking to increase food access. The article concludes by pointing out how these initiatives are building more than just food capacity and why they deserve greater external support. The second article is focused solely in the community of Wapekeka, and is entitled The Cost of Local Food Procurement in One Northern Rural and Remote Indigenous Community. The purpose of the article is to provide a specific example of building local food capacity as strategy to address food insecurity. It documents the costs associated with traditional food procurement and compares these costs against the price of food available in the store. The final component of the thesis is the overall conclusion, highlighting the belief that the findings presented in this thesis will promote and emphasize the importance of land-based food initiatives as a way to foster positive health outcomes for all Indigenous peoples.
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Islam, Durdana. "Indigenous fisheries and food security: Norway House Cree Nation, Manitoba, Canada." 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/31952.
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This thesis addresses food insecurity from an Indigenous fisheries lens and presents a conceptual model by integrating three different but inter-related domains (ecological, cultural, and business) that impact Indigenous food security. Under the broader umbrella of fisheries and food security, the thesis addresses four objectives: (i) to investigate the co-existence of commercial and subsistence fisheries, (ii) to assess food security among commercial and subsistence fishing households, (iii) to explore the meaning of traditional food by engaging Indigenous youth with an objective to revitalize culture, and (iv) to examine the role of the fisherman’s co-operative as a social enterprise to address community economic development. The study was conducted over a period of 14 months (from September 2013 to December 2014) in Norway House Cree Nation, northern Manitoba, Canada.
Community members are engaged in both subsistence and commercial fishing. The two kinds of fisheries co-exist, and potential problems of overlap are handled by temporal separation; spatial separation; formal mechanism of monitoring of net ownership; and informal communication for conflict resolution consistent with Cree values. The study found that extensive sharing of fish and other traditional foods by commercial fishers reached almost half of the total population in the community and contributed to improving food security. I used a participatory research approach to engage Indigenous youth to explore the meaning of traditional food. Participants produced a collaborative artwork on the theme of “what traditional food means to you?” This art work functioned as a boundary object, initiating discussion about food security planning in the community. Norway House Fisherman’s Co-op operates as a social enterprise mainly because of fish sharing and its role in business diversification for community economic development. The Chief and Band Council requested an exploration of ways to add value to their existing commercial fisheries. Based on the findings, further development can rely on: (i) better use of existing fish resources, such as the by-catch, (ii) fishing related economic development, such as value-added fish products, and (iii) use of options regarding regulatory bodies, such as eco-certification.February 2017
Books on the topic "Food security – Canada – Databases"
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S, Olivier Martin, and Spooner David L, eds. Database and application security XV: IFIP TC11/WG11.3 Fifteenth Annual Working Conference on Database and Application security, July 15-18, 2001, Niagara on the Lake, Ontario, Canada. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2002.
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Ministerial, Meeting on World Food Security (1995 Québec Québec). Ministerial Meeting on World Food Security, Quebec City, Canada 14-16 October 1995: Report of the Ministerial Meeting on World Food Security. [Rome, Italy?]: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 1996.
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1955-, Koc Mustafa, MacRae Roderick John, and Ryerson Polytechnic University. Media Studies Working Group., eds. Working together: Civil society working for food security in Canada. Toronto: Media Studies Working Group, 2001.
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Canada. Office of Nutrition Policy and Promotion., ed. Canadian community health survey.: Income-related household food security in Canada. [Ottawa]: Office of Nutrition Policy and Promotion, Health Canada, 2007.
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Kirbyson, Anna Maria. Recipes for Success: A Celebration of Food Security Work in Canada. Fernwood Publishing Co., Ltd., 2006.
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Kirbyson, Anna Maria. Recipes for Success: A Celebration of Food Security Work in Canada. Fernwood Publishing Co., Ltd., 2006.
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Food security in northern Canada: A discussion paper on the future of the Northern Air Stage Program. Ottawa: [Dept. of Indian Affairs and Northern Development], 1994.
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Canada. Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development. Northern Air Stage Program., ed. Food security in Northern Canada: A discussion paper on the future of the Northern Air Stage Program. Ottawa: Minister of GovernmentServices Canada, 1994.
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(Editor), Christopher C. Parrish, Nancy J. Turner (Editor), and Shirley M. Solberg (Editor), eds. Resetting the Kitchen Table: Food Security, Culture, Health And Resilience in Coastal Communities. Nova Science Publishers, 2006.
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Land Not Forgotten: Indigenous Food Security and Land-Based Practices in Northern Ontario. University of Manitoba Press, 2017.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Food security – Canada – Databases"
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Alley-Young, Gordon. "First Nations’ Food Security in Canada." In The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Global Security Studies, 1–7. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74336-3_462-1.
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Tsuji, Leonard J. S., Meaghan Wilton, Nicole F. Spiegelaar, Maren Oelbermann, Christine D. Barbeau, Andrew Solomon, Christopher J. D. Tsuji, Eric N. Liberda, Richard Meldrum, and Jim D. Karagatzides. "Enhancing Food Security in Subarctic Canada in the Context of Climate Change: The Harmonization of Indigenous Harvesting Pursuits and Agroforestry Activities to Form a Sustainable Import-Substitution Strategy." In Sustainable Solutions for Food Security, 409–35. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77878-5_20.
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Mathew, Lovena. "A Meta-Analysis Study on Types of Seafood Mislabelling in Canada." In Impact of Climate Change on Hydrological Cycle, Ecosystem, Fisheries and Food Security, 407–23. London: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003299769-41.
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Schiff, Rebecca, and Victoria Schembri. "2 Food and Health: Food Security, Food Systems, and Health in Northern Canada." In Health and Healthcare in Northern Canada, 40–56. University of Toronto Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/9781487514600-008.
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Leroux, David, and Mark Lefsrud. "The Canadian Integrated Northern Greenhouse: A Hybrid Solution for Food Security." In Next-Generation Greenhouses for Food Security. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.96214.
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Food security has become a prominent issue in northern Canada. Many constraints, including environmental, cultural and economic barriers to cause food insecurity in northern Canada where local food production is one proposed solution to the northern food crisis. Initiated at McGill University by the Biomass Production Laboratory, the Canadian Integrative Northern Greenhouse (CING) unit provides a completely integrative design solution that could allow northern Canadian communities to grow their own fresh and nutritious food year-round. The CING unit is a hybrid between a northern greenhouse and a growth chamber housed in a shipping container, designed to be adaptive by functioning as a typical solar greenhouse when solar light provides considerable heat and light, and as a closed growth chamber during the night and when colder, darker winter conditions prevail. The CING was designed and prototyped by McGill students since 2013. Lettuce was grown during the four-season test of the CING, the greatest yield obtained was in March 2019, where the plants grown achieved 72% of the dry mass of the plants grown in the research greenhouse. The CING relied on supplemental heating to successfully grow plants but demonstrated the potential for northern and remote applications.
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"6. From Food Security to Food Sovereignty in Canada: Resistance and Authority in the Context of Neoliberalism." In Globalization and Food Sovereignty, 173–98. University of Toronto Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/9781442696860-010.
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Kenny, Tiff-Annie, Sonia D. Wesche, and Jullian MacLean. "Reflecting on the role of peer researchers in collaborative Indigenous food security research in the Inuvialuit Settlement Region, Canada." In Peer Research in Health and Social Development, 146–60. Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429316920-14.
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"A profile of the rural and remote older population." In Aging People, Aging Places, edited by Mark W. Rosenberg, 149–64. Policy Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447352563.003.0013.
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This chapter deals with the profile of the rural and remote older population, which is predicated on the assumptions of the diversity of the older population living in rural and remote Canada. It talks about the construction of the profile around several major themes, such as being older and living in rural and remote parts of Canada and the challenges and barriers to living in rural and remote areas. It also covers social inclusion, engagement, and ageism, and food and income security. The chapter examines the shared characteristics of the older population living in rural and remote communities that distinguish them from the urban population of Canada. It cites the higher proportions of low-income people and older people, and higher proportions of people and older people with less education, including the higher rates of smoking, obesity, and mortality.
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Massey, Kiran, Tara Morris, and Robert M. Liston. "Building Knowledge in Maternal and Infant Care." In Medical Informatics in Obstetrics and Gynecology, 106–29. IGI Global, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-60566-078-3.ch008.
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Our ultimate goal as obstetric and neonatal care providers is to optimize care for mothers and their babies. As such, we need to identify practices that are associated with good outcomes. Although the randomized controlled trial is the gold standard for establishing the benefits of interventions, trials are very expensive and must be reserved for the most important of clinical questions. As an alternative, continuous quality improvement involves iterative cycles of practice change and audit of ongoing clinical care. An obvious prerequisite to this is ongoing data collection about interventions and outcomes, as well as demographics, pregnancy characteristics, and neonatal care that may affect the intervention- outcome relationship. In Canada (as in some other developed countries), much of the country is covered by regional reproductive care databases. These collect information on maternal demographics, pregnancy characteristics, labour and delivery, and basic information on maternal and perinatal outcomes. The primary objective of these databases is to monitor geographical trends and disparities in health outcomes. As such, there is little information about interventions, especially outside the period of labour and delivery. Also, there is no standardization of definitions, and efforts to produce a “minimal dataset” have not yet yielded agreement, even after many years of work. A more comprehensive system is required. Moving in this direction would serve many purposes: efficiency, economy in the setting of shrinking budgets, standardization of definitions, collaboration, and creation of stable background data collection onto which researchers could “clip” extra data required for specific studies. These activities would lay the foundation for the electronic health record, which cannot build its foundation on the “Tower of Babel” that is our current definitional structure in women’s health and obstetrics, in particular. Continuous quality improvement efforts and interaction with regional reproductive care programmes will facilitate translation and transfer of knowledge to care-givers and patients. These efforts raise concerns about privacy and security which remain major barriers to the EHR. However, security must be balanced with the need for health information.
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"Population, Environment, and Women’s Issues." In Environmental Toxicology, edited by Sigmund F. Zakrzewski. Oxford University Press, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195148114.003.0019.
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Ultimately, the necessity to supply food, energy, habitat, infrastructure, and consumer goods for the ever-growing population is responsible for the demise of the environment. Remedial actions for pollution abatement, and further technological progress toward energy efficiency, development of new crops, and improvements in manufacturing processes may help to mitigate the severity of environmental deterioration. However, we can hardly hope for restoration of a clean environment, improvement in human health, and an end to poverty without arresting the continuous growth of the world population. According to the United Nations count, world population reached 6 billion in mid October 1999 (1). The rate of population growth and the fertility rates by continent, as well as in the United States and Canada, are presented in Table 14.1. It can be seen that the fastest population growth occurs in the poorest countries of the world. Despite the worldwide decrease in fertility rates between 1975–80 period and that of 1995–2000, the rate of population growth in most developing countries changed only slightly due to the demographic momentum, which means that because of the high fertility rates in the previous decades, the number of women of childbearing age had increased. Historically, the preference for large families in the developing nations was in part a result of either cultural or religious traditions. In some cases there were practical motivations, as children provided helping hands with farm chores and a security in old age. At present the situation is changing. A great majority of governments of the developing countries have recognized that no improvement of the living standard of their citizens will ever be possible without slowing the explosive population growth. By 1985, a total of 70 developing nations had either established national family planning programs, or provided support for such programs conducted by nongovernmental agencies; now only four of the world’s 170 countries limit access to family planning services. As result, 95% of the developing world population lives in countries supporting family planning. Consequently, the percentage of married couples using contraceptives increased from less than 10% in 1960 to 57% in 1997.
Conference papers on the topic "Food security – Canada – Databases"
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Maclachlan, Alan, Reg Pecen, and Nonhlanhla Joye. "Project education-based applied technologies for poverty alleviation, ending hunger, achieving food security and promoting sustainable Ag." In 2017 IEEE Canada International Humanitarian Technology Conference (IHTC). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ihtc.2017.8058170.
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Megersa Lenjiso, Birhanu, Jeroen Smits, and Ruerd Ruben. "Transforming dairy production and marketing: An essential step in ensuring food and nutritional security among smallholder farmers in rural Ethiopia." In 2015 IEEE Canada International Humanitarian Technology Conference (IHTC2015). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ihtc.2015.7238041.
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Kieffer, Jean-Claude, Sylvain Fourmaux, and Emil Hallin. "Laser wakefield driven x-ray sources in Canada: a brillant future for agriculture and global food security." In Advances in X-Ray/EUV Optics and Components XIII, edited by Christian Morawe, Ali M. Khounsary, and Shunji Goto. SPIE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2319887.
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MAMAI, Oksana, and Igor MAMAI. "OPTIMIZATION OF THE MANAGEMENT MECHANISM FOR THE INNOVATIVE DEVELOPMENT OF THE REGION’S AGRICULTURAL SECTOR." In RURAL DEVELOPMENT. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2017.054.
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The current trends in the development of innovative activities in Russia are far from fully meeting the expectations associated with improving the competitiveness of products and the quality of life of the population, with the provision of dynamic sustainable growth, and the formation of the innovative economy. The mixed nature of the Russian economy, the fundamentally different technological level and institutional conditions for the development of various sectors exclude the possibility of defining a single model of innovative development that is universal for all sectors. In the current conditions, the technical and technological level of the agrarian sector of the country's economy is the most catastrophically lagging behind the world's leading producers of agricultural products. Domestic agrarian production is 5 times more energy intensive and 4 times more metal consuming, and labor productivity is 8-10 times lower than in the USA, in the leading countries of the European Union and Canada. Not having eliminated this techno-technological backlog, without implementing the advanced development of certain specific areas of scientific research and technological developments in the field of agriculture, Russia's agrarian sector will finally lose its competitiveness and will not be able to ensure the country's food security. Thus, the need for a scientific justification of the theory, methodology and practice of the innovative development management of the agrarian sector of the regional economy in the context of large-scale economic and institutional transformations determines the urgency of the issue. Currently, most of the works of domestic researchers put emphasis on the problems of knowledge transfer, at the same time, the methodology for creating and commercializing competitive scientific knowledge through the formation of innovative agricultural clusters is beyond the scope of scientific research, and its management and economic mechanism has not been developed yet. Thus, the aim of this research is to develop proposals for optimization of the management mechanism for the innovative development of the region's agricultural sector (by the example of the Samara Region of the Russian Federation). The research used a set of methods of scientific knowledge used at both theoretical and empirical levels (conceptual modeling, synthesis and analysis, tabular and graphical interpretation of theoretical information and empirical data).
Reports on the topic "Food security – Canada – Databases"
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Banerjee, Onil, Martin Cicowiez, Ana Rios, and Cicero De Lima. Climate Change Impacts on Agriculture in Latin America and the Caribbean: An Application of the Integrated Economic-Environmental Modeling (IEEM) Platform. Inter-American Development Bank, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003794.
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In this paper, we assess the economy-wide impact of Climate Change (CC) on agriculture and food security in 20 Latin American and the Caribbean (LAC) countries. Specifically, we focus on the following three channels through which CC may affect agricultural and non-agricultural production: (i) agricultural yields; (ii) labor productivity in agriculture, and; (iii) economy-wide labor productivity. We implement the analysis using the Integrated Economic-Environmental Model (IEEM) and databases for 20 LAC available through the OPEN IEEM Platform. Our analysis identifies those countries most affected according to key indicators including Gross Domestic Product (GDP), international commerce, sectoral output, poverty, and emissions. Most countries experience negative impacts on GDP, with the exception of the major soybean producing countries, namely, Brazil, Argentina and Uruguay. We find that CC-induced crop productivity and labor productivity changes affect countries differently. The combined impact, however, indicates that Belize, Nicaragua, Guatemala and Paraguay would fare the worst. Early identification of these hardest hit countries can enable policy makers pre-empting these effects and beginning the design of adaptation strategies early on. In terms of greenhouse gas emissions, only Argentina, Chile and Uruguay would experience small increases in emissions.
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Caulfield, Laura E., Wendy L. Bennett, Susan M. Gross, Kristen M. Hurley, S. Michelle Ogunwole, Maya Venkataramani, Jennifer L. Lerman, Allen Zhang, Ritu Sharma, and Eric B. Bass. Maternal and Child Outcomes Associated With the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC). Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), April 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepccer253.
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Objectives. The Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) aims to safeguard the health of low-income, nutritionally at-risk pregnant and postpartum women and children less than 5 years old. This systematic review evaluates whether participation in WIC is associated with nutrition and health outcomes for women, infants, and children, and whether the associations vary by duration of participation or across subgroups. Because of major revisions to the WIC food package in 2009, we prioritized studies published since 2009 and included studies comparing outcomes before and after the 2009 food package change. Data sources. Using electronic publication databases, we conducted a literature search from January 2009 to September 2021 and a targeted search for selected outcomes from January 2000 to September 2021. Review methods. Paired team members independently screened search results, serially abstracted data, assessed risk of bias, and graded strength of evidence (SOE) using standard methods for observational studies. Results. We included 82 quantitative observational studies and 16 qualitative studies, with 49 studies comparing outcomes of WIC participants with WIC-eligible non-participants. WIC prenatal participation was associated with lower risk of three outcomes: preterm delivery (moderate SOE), low birth weight (moderate SOE), and infant mortality (moderate SOE). Prenatal WIC participation was associated with better maternal diet quality (low SOE), lower risk of inadequate gestational weight gain (low SOE), lower alcohol use in pregnancy (low SOE), and no difference in smoking (low SOE). Maternal WIC participation was associated with increased child preventive care and immunizations (each low SOE), and higher cognitive scores for children (low SOE). Child WIC participation was associated with better diet quality (moderate SOE), and greater intakes of 100 percent fruit juice, whole grain cereals, and age-appropriate milk (moderate SOE). Household WIC participation was associated with greater purchasing of healthy food groups (moderate SOE). Maternal WIC participation was not associated with breastfeeding initiation (moderate SOE). The evidence was insufficient for other outcomes related to maternal health and child growth. The evidence generally was insufficient on how WIC participation affects outcomes across subgroups. Conclusions. Maternal WIC participation was associated with improved birth outcomes, lower infant mortality, and better child cognitive development. WIC participation was associated with purchasing healthier foods and with improved diets for pregnant women and children. More research is needed on maternal health outcomes; food security; child growth, development, and academic achievement; and effectiveness of WIC in all segments of the eligible population.
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Friedman, Haya, Julia Vrebalov, James Giovannoni, and Edna Pesis. Unravelling the Mode of Action of Ripening-Specific MADS-box Genes for Development of Tools to Improve Banana Fruit Shelf-life and Quality. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2010.7592116.bard.
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Fruit deterioration is a consequence of a genetically-determined fruit ripening and senescence programs, in which developmental factors lead to a climacteric rise of ethylene production in ethylene-sensitive fruits such as tomato and banana. Breeding of tomato with extended fruit shelf life involves the incorporation of a mutation in RIN, a MADS-box transcription factor participating in developmental control signalling of ripening. The RIN mode of action is not fully understood, and it may be predicted to interact with other MADS-box genes to execute its effects. The overall goal of this study was to demonstrate conservation of ripening control functions between banana and tomato and thus, the potential to genetically extend shelf-life in banana based on tools developed in tomato. The specific objectives were: 1. To increase the collection of potential RIN-like genes from banana; 2. To verify their action as developmental regulators; 3. To elucidate MADS-box gene mode of action in ripening control; 4. To create transgenic banana plants that express low levels of endogenous Le-RIN- like, MaMADS- gene(s). We have conducted experiments in banana as well as in tomato. In tomato we have carried out the transformation of the tomato rin mutant with the MaMADS1 and MaMADS2 banana genes. We have also developed a number of domain swap constructs to functionally examine the ripening-specific aspects of the RIN gene. Our results show the RIN-C terminal region is essential for the gene to function in the ripening signalling pathway. We have further explored the tomato genome databases and recovered an additional MADS-box gene necessary for fruit ripening. This gene has been previously termed TAGL1 but has not been functionally characterized in transgenic plants. TAGL1 is induced during ripening and we have shown via RNAi repression that it is necessary for both fleshy fruit expansion and subsequent ripening. In banana we have cloned the full length of six MaMADS box genes from banana and determined their spatial and temporal expression patterns. We have created antibodies to MaMADS2 and initiated ChI assay. We have created four types of transgenic banana plants designed to reduce the levels of two of the MaMADS box genes. Our results show that the MaMADS-box genes expression in banana is dynamically changing after harvest and most of them are induced at the onset of the climacteric peak. Most likely, different MaMADS box genes are active in the pulp and peel and they are differently affected by ethylene. Only the MaMADS2 box gene expression is not affected by ethylene indicating that this gene might act upstream to the ethylene response pathway. The complementation analysis in tomato revealed that neither MaMADS1 nor MaMADS2 complement the rin mutation suggesting that they have functionally diverged sufficiently to not be able to interact in the context of the tomato ripening regulatory machinery. The developmental signalling pathways controlling ripening in banana and tomato are not identical and/or have diverged through evolution. Nevertheless, at least the genes MaMADS1 and MaMADS2 constitute part of the developmental control of ripening in banana, since transgenic banana plants with reduced levels of these genes are delayed in ripening. The detailed effect on peel and pulp, of these transgenic plants is underway. So far, these transgenic bananas can respond to exogenous ethylene, and they seem to ripen normally. The response to ethylene suggest that in banana the developmental pathway of ripening is different than that in tomato, because rin tomatoes do not ripen in response to exogenous ethylene, although they harbor the ethylene response capability This study has a major contribution both in scientific and agricultural aspects. Scientifically, it establishes the role of MaMADS box genes in a different crop-the banana. The developmental ripening pathway in banana is similar, but yet different from that of the model plant tomato and one of the major differences is related to ethylene effect on this pathway in banana. In addition, we have shown that different components of the MaMADS-box genes are employed in peel and pulp. The transgenic banana plants created can help to further study the ripening control in banana. An important and practical outcome of this project is that we have created several banana transgenic plants with fruit of extended shelf life. These bananas clearly demonstrate the potential of MaMADS gene control for extending shelf-life, enhancing fruit quality, increasing yield in export systems and for improving food security in areas where Musaspecies are staple food crops.