Journal articles: 'Food sciences, n.e.c'

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Klingenberg, P. "Biosurfactans and Biotechnology. Herausgegeben von N. Kosaric, W. L. Cairns und N. C. C. Gray. 342 Seiten, zahlr. Abb. und Tab. Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, Basel 1987. Preis: 89,75 $." Food / Nahrung 32, no. 10 (1988): 1002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/food.19880321024.

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Fujii, Saori, Takashi F. Haraguchi, and Ichiro Tayasu. "Radiocarbon signature reveals that most springtails depend on carbon from living plants." Biology Letters 17, no. 9 (September 2021): 20210353. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2021.0353.

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Terrestrial carbon cycling is largely mediated by soil food webs. Identifying the carbon source for soil animals has been desired to distinguish their roles in carbon cycling, but it is challenging for small invertebrates at low trophic levels because of methodological limitations. Here, we combined radiocarbon ( 14 C) analysis with stable isotope analyses ( 13 C and 15 N) to understand feeding habits of soil microarthropods, especially focusing on springtail (Collembola). Most Collembola species exhibited lower Δ 14 C values than litter regardless of their δ 13 C and δ 15 N signatures, indicating their dependence on young carbon. In contrast with general patterns across all taxonomic groups, we found a significant negative correlation between δ 15 N and Δ 14 C values among the edaphic Collembola. This means that the species with higher δ 15 N values depend on C from more recent photosynthate, which suggests that soil-dwelling species generally feed on mycorrhizae to obtain root-derived C. Many predatory taxa exhibited higher Δ 14 C values than Collembola but lower than litter, indicating non-negligible effects of collembolan feeding habits on the soil food web. Our study demonstrated the usefulness of radiocarbon analysis, which can untangle the confounding factors that change collembolan δ 15 N values, clarify animal feeding habits and define the roles of organisms in soil food webs.

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Hasan, Md Mahbub, Michael J. Aikins, Rizana M. Mahroof, and Thomas W. Phillips. "Effects of Diet and Temperature on the Life History of the Redlegged Ham Beetle (Coleoptera: Cleridae)." Environmental Entomology 51, no. 1 (November 3, 2021): 278–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ee/nvab116.

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Abstract We investigated the effects of various foods and different rearing temperatures on the survival and development of the redlegged ham beetle Necrobia rufipes (De Geer) (Coleoptera: Cleridae), a serious pest of dry-cured hams. The diets tested were dried pet food, finely shredded copra, shredded cheese, dry-cured ham, ground fish meal, and mature larvae of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). As indicated by the growth index and k-values, N. rufipes populations grew fastest on the pet food and slowest on the copra. On the other hand, N. rufipes fed both ham and T. castaneum larvae produced significantly heavier larvae. The adult beetles lived significantly longer on cheese compared to other foods. Studies conducted to determine the developmental rates of N. rufipes fed pet food at temperatures of 22, 25, 28, and 31°C showed that the total developmental time and longevity of N. rufipes significantly varied at different temperatures tested. The shortest developmental time (93.32 d) was observed at 28°C. Oviposition rate was highest for females reared at 25°C while lowest at 22°C. Based on the development, reproduction, and thermal requirements, the most suitable temperature for N. rufipes was between 28 and 31°C. The results also revealed that larval cannibalism prevailed among adult beetles.

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Syntsya, A., J. Čpíková, M. Marounek, P. Mlčochová, L. Sihelková, P. Blafková, M. Tkadlecová, and J. Havlíček. " Preparation of N-alkylamides of highly methylated (HM) citrus pectin." Czech Journal of Food Sciences 21, No. 5 (November 18, 2011): 162–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/3494-cjfs.

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N-Alkylamides of highly methylated (HM) citrus pectin (DM = 73%) were prepared using heterogeneous amino-de-alkoxylation (aminolysis) with five selected n-alkylamines. The reaction was carried out in N,N-dimethylformamide at 8°C (n-butylamine), 25°C (n-hexylamine), and 45°C (n-octylamine, n-dodecylamine and n-octadecylamine). All the derivatives were converted into acid forms by washing with acidic water-ethanol mixture. The products were analysed by organic elemental analysis, diffusion reflection FT-IR spectroscopy and by 13C CP/MAS NMR. Both FT-IR and NMR spectra indicate the presence of alkylamide substituents bound to pectin. The degrees of amidation (DA) of the derivatives and molar and mass reaction yields (Ymand Yn) were calculated based on the results of elemental analysis. The DA values of the N-alkylamides were 39–55% that corresponded to Ynof 54–75%.

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Masite, Nonkululeko S., Somandla Ncube, Lawrence M. Madikizela, Fanyana M. Mtunzi, and Vusumzi E. Pakade. "Trace Metals, Crude Protein, and TGA-FTIR Analysis of Evolved Gas Products in the Thermal Decomposition of Roasted Mopane Worms, Sweet Corn, and Peanuts." International Journal of Food Science 2022 (October 25, 2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/1509569.

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The thermal behavior of mopane worms (Imbrasia belina), roasted peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.), and sweet corn (Zea mays L. saccharata) was investigated under inert conditions using the TGA-FTIR analytical technique heated from 64 to 844°C at a heating rate of 20°C/min. The degradation patterns of the food samples differed as sweet corn and peanuts exhibited four degradation stages 188, 248, 315, and 432°C and 145, 249, 322, and 435°C, respectively. Mopane worms displayed three (106, 398, and 403°C). The different decomposition patterns together with the types of evolved gases shown by FTIR analysis justified the varied biochemical and chemical composition of foods. The common evolved gas species between the food samples were H2O, CO2, P=O, CO, and CH4 but mopane worms showed two extra different bands of C-N and N-H. Higher volumes of evolved gases were recorded at temperatures between 276 and 450°C, which are higher than the usual cooking temperature of 150°C. This means that the food maintained its nutritional value at the cooking temperature. Mopane worms were found to contain twice and four times crude protein content than peanuts and corn, respectively. Only total arsenic metal was reported to be above threshold limits.

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Salarzadeh, Alireza, and Elham Nahidi. "Evaluation of Growth and Survival of Artemia franciscana fed with Nannochloropsis oculata and Chlorella capsulata." International Journal of Life Sciences 10, no. 1 (February 10, 2016): 35–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijls.v10i1.14507.

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Artemia franciscana was fed for seven days with 11.7, 23.4 and 46.8 mg l-1. d-1 (ash-free dry weight) of Nannochloropsis oculata and Chlorella capsulata, to evaluate the food value of these two microalgae. Survival was similar, close to or greater than 90% in all cases, but there were significant differences in growth beginning on the third day. The final ash-free dry weight of A. franciscana fed with N. oculata was seven times greater than with C. capsulata and the respective developmental stages were between instar 14 and 16 and from 8 to 9. Food ingestion was similar with the two diets, but the mean gross growth efficiencies were 80% with N. oculata and 7% with C. capsulata, indicating a poor assimilation of C. capsulata. Therefore, C. capsulata cannot be considered as a suitable diet for A. franciscana, because the amount of energy obtained is not sufficient to sustain normal growth.International Journal of Life Sciences 10 (1) : 2016; 35-39

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Gupta, Charlotte C., Sally A. Ferguson, Brad Aisbett, Michelle Dominiak, Stephanie E. Chappel, Madeline Sprajcer, Hugh H. K. Fullagar, Saman Khalesi, Joshua H. Guy, and Grace E. Vincent. "Hot, Tired and Hungry: The Snacking Behaviour and Food Cravings of Firefighters during Multi-Day Simulated Wildfire Suppression." Nutrients 12, no. 4 (April 21, 2020): 1160. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12041160.

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Firefighters are exposed to numerous stressors during wildfire suppression, including working in hot temperatures and sleep restricted conditions. Research has shown that when sleep restricted, individuals choose foods higher in carbohydrates, fat, and sugar, and have increased cravings for calorie dense foods. However, there is currently no research on the combined effect of heat and sleep restriction on snacking behaviour. Conducting secondary analyses from a larger study, the current study aimed to investigate the impact of heat and sleep restriction on snacking behaviour and food cravings. Sixty-six firefighters completed three days of simulated physically demanding firefighting work and were randomly allocated to either the control (n = 18, CON; 19 °C, 8 h sleep opportunity), sleep restricted (n = 16, SR; 19 °C, 4-h sleep opportunity), hot (n = 18, HOT; 33 °C, 8 h sleep opportunity), or hot and sleep restricted (n = 14 HOT + SR; 33 °C, 4-h sleep opportunity) condition. During rest periods firefighters were able to self-select sweet, savoury, or healthy snacks from a ration pack and were asked to rate their hunger, fullness, and cravings every two hours (eating block). Mixed model analyses revealed no difference in total energy intake between conditions, however there was a significant interaction between eating block and condition, with those in the CON, HOT, and HOT + SR condition consuming significantly more energy between 1230 and 1430 compared to the SR condition (p = 0.002). Sleep restriction and heat did not impact feelings of hunger and fullness across the day, and did not lead to greater cravings for snacks, with no differences between conditions. These findings suggest that under various simulated firefighting conditions, it is not the amount of food that differs but the timing of food intake, with those that are required to work in hot conditions while sleep restricted more likely to consume food between 1230 and 1430. This has potential implications for the time of day in which a greater amount of food should be available for firefighters.

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Ramsaha, Srishti, Vidushi S. Neergheen-Bhujun, Shalini Verma, Ashok Kumar, Rahul Kumar Bharty, Amit Kumar Chaudhary, Poornima Sharma, et al. "Modulation of hepatocarcinogenesis in N-methyl-N-nitrosourea treated Balb/c mice by mushroom extracts." Food & Function 7, no. 1 (2016): 594–609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5fo00870k.

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Rutherford, P. M., and N. G. Juma. "Simulation of protozoa-induced mineralization of bacterial carbon and nitrogen." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 72, no. 3 (August 1, 1992): 201–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss92-020.

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Modelling in soil ecological research is a means of linking the dynamics of microbial and faunal populations to soil processes. The objectives of this study were (i) to simulate bacterial-protozoan interactions and flows of C and N in clay loam Orthic Black Chernozemic soil under laboratory condtions; and (ii) to quantify the flux of C and N (inputs and outputs) through various pools using the simulation model. The unique features of this model are: (i) it combines the food chain with specific soil C and N pools, and (ii) it simultaneously traces the flows of C, 14C, N and 15N. It was possible to produce a model that fitted the data observed for the soil. The simulated CO2-C evolved during the first 12 d was due mainly to glucose addition (171 μg C g−1 soil) and cycling of C in the soil (160 μg C g−1 soil). During this interval, bacterial C uptake was 5.5-fold greater than the initial bacterial C pool size. In the first 12 d protozoa directly increased total CO2-C evolution by 11% and increased NH4-N mineralization 3-fold, compared to soil containing only bacteria. Mineralization of C and N was rapid when bacterial numbers were increased as a result of glucose addition. Key words: Acanthamoeba sp., modelling, N mineralization-immobilization, organic matter, Pseudomonas sp., Typic Cryoboroll

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Gannett, P. M., C. Garrett, T. Lawson, and B. Toth. "Chemical oxidation and metabolism of N-methyl-N-formylhydrazine. Evidence for diazenium and radical intermediates." Food and Chemical Toxicology 29, no. 1 (January 1991): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0278-6915(91)90062-c.

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Mendoza-Velázquez, Alfonso, Jonathan Lara-Arévalo, Kennya Beatriz Siqueira, Mariano Guzmán-Rodríguez, and Adam Drewnowski. "Affordable Nutrient Density in Brazil: Nutrient Profiling in Relation to Food Cost and NOVA Category Assignments." Nutrients 14, no. 20 (October 12, 2022): 4256. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14204256.

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Affordable nutrient density is provided by low-cost and nutrient-rich foods. We explored nutrient density, cost, and NOVA category assignments within and across food groups in Brazil. The nutrient density of the foods (n = 591) was assessed using the Nutrient Rich Food Index (NRF9.3) based on protein, fiber, vitamin A (RAE), vitamin C, vitamin E (mg), Ca, Fe, K and Mg; and NRF6.3 score for priority nutrients: Ca, Fe, Zn, vitamin A, vitamin B12, and folate. Nutrients to limit (LIM) were saturated fat, added sugar, and sodium. Affordability was defined as the ratio of energy and/or nutrient density of foods and retail price per 100 kcal. Foods were classified as minimally processed (n = 106), processed (n = 188), ultra-processed (n = 286), and culinary ingredients (n = 11). Nutrient density was positively linked to per 100 kcal food cost. Ultra-processed foods (UPF) contained more energy, fat, sugar, and salt and had lower NRF scores compared to minimally processed (MPF) foods. UPF was also less expensive than MPF foods. Nutrient-rich foods below the median per 100 kcal costs included MPF foods, but also processed foods (PF) and UPF. Affordable nutrient-rich foods can be found in the different categories of the NOVA classification.

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Larned, Scott T., Peter M. Eldridge, and Robert A. Kinzie. "Modeling C and N flows through a stream food web: an inverse approach*." Journal of the North American Benthological Society 27, no. 3 (September 2008): 674–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1899/07-134.1.

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van Utrech, W. L., C. N. van Utrecht-Cock, and A. M. J. de Graaf. "Growth and Seasonal Variations in Distribution of Chauliodus Sloani and C. Danae (Pisces) from the mid North Atlantic." Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde 57, no. 2 (1987): 164–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/26660644-05702002.

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In the mid North Atlantic Chauliodus sloani is caught mainly between 55° and 29° N, while the majority is caught north of 35° N. The greatest density is found around 40° N. Chauliodus danae has the northern limit of its distribution at about 45° N. C. danae, in particular the smaller specimens, shows clear vertical migration and has food preference, while C. sloani does not show such migration and is most probably a random feeder. In both species there is a significant increase in length from south to north.

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Narita, Kohei, Tada-aki Kudo, Guang Hong, Kanako Tominami, Satoshi Izumi, Yohei Hayashi, and Junichi Nakai. "Effect of Beta 2-Adrenergic Receptor Gly16Arg Polymorphism on Taste Preferences in Healthy Young Japanese Adults." Nutrients 14, no. 7 (March 29, 2022): 1430. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14071430.

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The Gly16Arg polymorphism results in a G to C nucleotide mutation in the human beta 2-adrenergic receptor (ADRB2) gene and has a relationship with obesity; however, this substitution’s effects on food preferences are unclear. Therefore, we determined this relationship among healthy young adults (mean age, 23.4; n = 52). To evaluate food preferences, four categories of food (sweet, salty, sour, and bitter) along with high-fat foods were evaluated using a self-reporting questionnaire. Male (n = 26) and female subjects (n = 26) were genotyped for the polymorphism and further divided into three groups (two homozygous groups, GG, CC; and a heterozygous group, GC). Preference for sour foods in the GG group was higher compared with that in the CC group in females (p < 0.05). When sweet foods were classified into low- and high-fat subgroups, preference for high-fat sweet foods in the GG group was higher than that for low-fat sweet foods in all subjects (p < 0.05). The degree of preference for high-fat foods in the GG group was higher than other groups for males (p < 0.05). These results suggest that ADRB2 polymorphism is associated with food preference. Understanding the relationship of ADRB2 substitution to food preference will be valuable for designing individualized anti-obesity strategies.

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THITARAM, S. N., J. F. FRANK, S. A. LYON, G. R. SIRAGUSA, J. S. BAILEY, J. E. LOMBARD, C. A. HALEY, B. A. WAGNER, D. A. DARGATZ, and P. J. FEDORKA-CRAY. "Clostridium difficile from Healthy Food Animals: Optimized Isolation and Prevalence†." Journal of Food Protection 74, no. 1 (January 1, 2011): 130–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-10-229.

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Two isolation methods were compared for isolation of Clostridium difficile from food animal feces. The single alcohol shock method (SS) used selective enrichment in cycloserine-cefoxitin fructose broth supplemented with 0.1% sodium taurocholate, followed by alcohol shock and isolation on tryptic soy agar supplemented with 5% sheep blood, and cycloserine-cefoxitin fructose agar. The double alcohol shock method (DS) used alcohol shock prior to and after selective enrichment in cycloserinecefoxitin fructose broth supplemented with 0.1% sodium taurocholate, followed by isolation on tryptic soy agar supplemented with 5% sheep blood and cycloserine-cefoxitin fructose agar. A total of 55 (15.9%, n = 345) swine fecal samples, 32 (2.4%, n = 1,325) dairy cattle fecal samples, and 188 (6.3%, n = 2,965) beef cattle fecal samples were positive for C. difficile by either method. However, the DS was significantly better than the SS for the recovery of C. difficile from swine feces, while the SS was significantly better than the DS for the recovery of C. difficile from beef cattle feces. There was no significant difference between methods for the recovery of C. difficile from dairy cattle feces. This study suggests that food animals might harbor C. difficile and it provides critical information that isolation methods might not have universal application across animal species.

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Kim, Won-Young, Jae-Woo Jung, Jae Chol Choi, Jong Wook Shin, and Jae Yeol Kim. "Subphenotypes in Patients with Septic Shock Receiving Vitamin C, Hydrocortisone, and Thiamine: A Retrospective Cohort Analysis." Nutrients 11, no. 12 (December 5, 2019): 2976. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11122976.

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This study aimed to identify septic phenotypes in patients receiving vitamin C, hydrocortisone, and thiamine using temperature and white blood cell count. Data were obtained from septic shock patients who were also treated using a vitamin C protocol in a medical intensive care unit. Patients were divided into groups according to the temperature measurements as well as white blood cell counts within 24 h before starting the vitamin C protocol. In the study, 127 patients included who met the inclusion criteria. In the cohort, four groups were identified: “Temperature ≥37.1 °C, white blood cell count ≥15.0 1000/mm3” (group A; n = 27), “≥37.1 °C, <15.0 1000/mm3” (group B; n = 30), “<37.1 °C, ≥15.0 1000/mm3” (group C; n = 35) and “<37.1 °C, <15.0 1000/mm3” (group D; n = 35). The intensive care unit mortality rates were 15% for group A, 33% for group B, 34% for group C, and 49% for group D (p = 0.051). The temporal improvement in organ dysfunction and vasopressor dose seemed more apparent in group A patients. Our results suggest that different subphenotypes exist among sepsis patients treated using a vitamin C protocol, and clinical outcomes might be better for patients with the hyperinflammatory subphenotype.

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Fry, Brian. "Food web structure on Georges Bank from stable C, N, and S isotopic compositions." Limnology and Oceanography 33, no. 5 (September 1988): 1182–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4319/lo.1988.33.5.1182.

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Penick, Clint A., Amy M. Savage, and Robert R. Dunn. "Stable isotopes reveal links between human food inputs and urban ant diets." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 282, no. 1806 (May 7, 2015): 20142608. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.2608.

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The amount of energy consumed within an average city block is an order of magnitude higher than that consumed in any other ecosystem over a similar area. This is driven by human food inputs, but the consequence of these resources for urban animal populations is poorly understood. We investigated the role of human foods in ant diets across an urbanization gradient in Manhattan using carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes. We found that some—but not all—ant species living in Manhattan's most urbanized habitats had δ 13 C signatures associated with processed human foods. In particular, pavement ants ( Tetramorium sp. E) had increased levels of δ 13 C similar to δ 13 C levels in human fast foods. The magnitude of this effect was positively correlated with urbanization. By contrast, we detected no differences in δ 15 N, suggesting Tetramorium feeds at the same trophic level despite shifting to human foods. This pattern persisted across the broader ant community; species in traffic islands used human resources more than park species. Our results demonstrate that the degree urban ants exploit human resources changes across the city and among species, and this variation could play a key role in community structure and ecosystem processes where human and animal food webs intersect.

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Motloung, L., S. De Saeger, M. De Boevre, C. Detavernier, K. Audenaert, O. A. Adebo, and P. B. Njobeh. "Study on mycotoxin contamination in South African food spices." World Mycotoxin Journal 11, no. 3 (September 18, 2018): 401–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/wmj2017.2191.

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A validated QuEChERS-based method was used to investigate the occurrence of mycotoxins in 70 South African food spices [coarse chilli (n=14), ground chilli (n=4), paprika (n=7), ginger (n=5), chicken spices (n=8), onion spices (n=8), beef spices (n=5), Mexican chilli (n=9), vegetable spice (n=1), fruit chutney spices (n=4), and cheese spices (n=5)]. Mycotoxins were quantified using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Results revealed that 40% of the samples were contaminated with aflatoxin B1, aflatoxin G1, ochratoxin A, sterigmatocystin, 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol, fumonisin B1, fumonisin B2 and/or roquefortine C. The contamination levels for aflatoxin B1 ranged from 3-19 μg/kg; aflatoxin G1, 10-11 μg/kg; ochratoxin A, 4-20 μg/kg; fumonisin B1 104-591 μg/kg; fumonisin B2, 64-5,897 μg/kg; sterigmatocystin, 11-18 μg/kg; 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol, 42-46 μg/kg; and roquefortine C, 17-57 μg/kg. Mycotoxins co-occurred in 11% of the spice samples. Amongst the samples analysed in this study, paprika had the highest positives (100%) for the determined mycotoxins. Previous reports on mycotoxin contamination in spices, focused on the incidence of aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, but not on the multi-mycotoxin profile in South African spices. This study thus provides a comprehensive assessment of mycotoxin contamination of spices in South Africa.

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Karst, H. "W. N. Schofield, C. Schofield und W. P. T. James: Basal metabolic rate—Review and prediction, together with an annotated bibliography of source material. Suppl. 1/1985 in Human Nutrition: Clinical Nutrition Vol. 39 C. 96 Seiten, John Libbey, London 1985." Food / Nahrung 31, no. 2 (1987): 188. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/food.19870310224.

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Maier, Sandra R., Carin Jantzen, Jürgen Laudien, Verena Häussermann, Günter Försterra, Astrid Cornils, Jutta Niggemann, Thorsten Dittmar, and Claudio Richter. "The carbon and nitrogen budget of Desmophyllum dianthus—a voracious cold-water coral thriving in an acidified Patagonian fjord." PeerJ 9 (December 9, 2021): e12609. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.12609.

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In the North Patagonian fjord region, the cold-water coral (CWC) Desmophyllum dianthus occurs in high densities, in spite of low pH and aragonite saturation. If and how these conditions affect the energy demand of the corals is so far unknown. In a laboratory experiment, we investigated the carbon and nitrogen (C, N) budget of D. dianthus from Comau Fjord under three feeding scenarios: (1) live fjord zooplankton (100–2,300 µm), (2) live fjord zooplankton plus krill (>7 mm), and (3) four-day food deprivation. In closed incubations, C and N budgets were derived from the difference between C and N uptake during feeding and subsequent C and N loss through respiration, ammonium excretion, release of particulate organic carbon and nitrogen (POC, PON). Additional feeding with krill significantly increased coral respiration (35%), excretion (131%), and POC release (67%) compared to feeding on zooplankton only. Nevertheless, the higher C and N losses were overcompensated by the threefold higher C and N uptake, indicating a high assimilation and growth efficiency for the krill plus zooplankton diet. In contrast, short food deprivation caused a substantial reduction in respiration (59%), excretion (54%), release of POC (73%) and PON (87%) compared to feeding on zooplankton, suggesting a high potential to acclimatize to food scarcity (e.g., in winter). Notwithstanding, unfed corals ‘lost’ 2% of their tissue-C and 1.2% of their tissue-N per day in terms of metabolism and released particulate organic matter (likely mucus). To balance the C (N) losses, each D. dianthus polyp has to consume around 700 (400) zooplankters per day. The capture of a single, large krill individual, however, provides enough C and N to compensate daily C and N losses and grow tissue reserves, suggesting that krill plays an important nutritional role for the fjord corals. Efficient krill and zooplankton capture, as well as dietary and metabolic flexibility, may enable D. dianthus to thrive under adverse environmental conditions in its fjord habitat; however, it is not known how combined anthropogenic warming, acidification and eutrophication jeopardize the energy balance of this important habitat-building species.

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Roy, Gabrielle, Anykim Boucher, Patrick Couture, and Jean-Philippe Drouin-Chartier. "Impact of Diet on Plasma Lipids in Individuals with Heterozygous Familial Hypercholesterolemia: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Nutritional Studies." Nutrients 13, no. 1 (January 15, 2021): 235. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13010235.

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Background: Conclusive data on the effectiveness of dietary interventions in heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (HeFH) management are unavailable. Whether this is due to a true lack of effects or biases in intervention designs remains unsettled. We systematically assessed the impact on LDL-C of published dietary randomized controlled trials (RCTs) conducted among individuals with HeFH in relation to their design and risk of bias. Methods: We systematically searched PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase in November 2020 to identify RCTs that assessed the impact of: (1) food-based interventions; (2) dietary counseling interventions; or (3) dietary supplements on LDL-C in individuals with HeFH. We evaluated the risk of bias of each study using the Cochrane Risk of Bias 2 method. Results: A total of 19 RCTs comprising 837 individuals with HeFH were included. Of those, five were food-based interventions, three were dietary counseling interventions and 12 were dietary supplement-based interventions (omega-3, n = 3; phytosterols, n = 7; guar gum, n = 1; policosanol, n = 1). One study qualified both as a food-based intervention and as a dietary supplement intervention due to its factorial design. A significant reduction in LDL-C levels was reported in 10 RCTs, including eight dietary supplement interventions (phytosterols, n = 6, omega-3, n = 1; guar gum, n = 1), one food-based intervention and one dietary counseling intervention. A total of 13 studies were judged to have some methodological biases in a way that substantially lowers confidence in the results. Studies at low risk of biases were more likely to report significant reductions in LDL-C concentrations, compared with studies at risk of bias (chi-square statistic: 5.49; p = 0.02). Conclusion: This systemic review shows that the apparent lack of effectiveness of diet manipulation in modulating plasma levels of LDL-C among individuals with HeFH is likely due to biases in study designs, rather than a true lack of effects. The likelihood of reporting significant reductions in LDL-C was associated with the concurrent risk of bias.

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Gerber, Suzannah, Jillian Price, Lynn Gerber, Ali Weinstein, and Zobair Younossi. "Diet Satisfaction and Adequate Food Intake in Patients with Chronic Liver Diseases." Current Developments in Nutrition 6, Supplement_1 (June 2022): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzac047.021.

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Abstract Objectives To describe relationships between diet satisfaction, ability to eat, and CLD. Methods Data collected from 354 patients with CLD was used for this analysis, including 2 items from the validated Chronic Liver Disease Questionnaire (CLDQ): item 7 “ability to eat as much as you like” (EA), and item 14 “bothered by a limitation of your diet” (SWD). Results were stratified by existing diagnosis (Cirrhosis and all-type Hepatitis) and severity of disease [Childs-Pugh score (CP-A, mild; CP-B, moderate; CP-C, severe)]; AST (abnormal > 40 U/L) and ALT (abnormal > 55 U/L). Ordinal Logistic Regression, with odds and likelihood ratios, modeled disease severity CP A-C; general linear models examined EA and SWD. All models adjusted for age and sex. Results 354 CLD patients were included [mean age 50.4y (±11.2); 51% male; 222 cirrhosis; 145 hepatitis; 135 with abnormal AST; 131 abnormal ALT; 100 had CP score A; 83 CP-B; 38 CP-C] Of those included, 31% (n = 110) reported low EA (EA-L), and 25% (n = 88) reported low SWD (SWD-L). In patients with cirrhosis, 36% (n = 80) reported EA-L, and 33% (n = 73) SWD-L. 30% (n = 43) of patients with hepatitis reported EA-L, and 22% SWD-L. 33% (n = 45) of patients with abnormal AST reported EA-L, 30% (n = 41) SWD-L; 40% (n = 52) of those with abnormal ALT reported EA-L, 35% (n = 46) SWD-L. 50% (n = 19) with CP-C had EA-L, 63% (n = 24) SWD-L. 43% (n = 36) with CP-B had EA-L, 39% (n = 32) SWD-L. 25% (n = 25) with CP-A had EA-L, 17% (n = 17) SWD-L. Worsening CP scores were 22.68x (p = .0004) more likely associated with EA-L; the odds of patients with CP-C reporting EA-L was 3.3x greater compared normal CP. Similarly, worse CP scores were 56.99x (p < .0001) more likely associated with SWD-L; odds of patients with CP-C reporting SWD-L were 16.2x greater compared to normal. EA described 23% of variance in SWD (p < .0001), and SWD explained 25% of the variance in EA (p < .0001). Sex was significantly associated with SWD (0.55 ± 0.2, p < .0001), age was not. Neither were significant for EA. Conclusions EA-L and SWD-L strongly relate to worsening disease severity as documented by CP scores. Diet satisfaction and ability to eat as much as you like should be monitored closely for patients with CLD, especially those with cirrhosis because these symptoms signal loss of lean mass– a health risk, and one that may preclude eligibility for life-saving liver transplantation. Funding Sources NIFA National Needs Fellowship

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Jin, Ning, Yanxia Liu, Shouyu Zhang, Shibo Sun, Minghuo Wu, Xiaoying Dong, Huiyan Tong, et al. "C/N-Dependent Element Bioconversion Efficiency and Antimicrobial Protein Expression in Food Waste Treatment by Black Soldier Fly Larvae." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 9 (May 1, 2022): 5036. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23095036.

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The black soldier fly (BSF), Hermetia illucens, has emerged as a promising species for waste bioconversion and source of antimicrobial proteins (AMPs). However, there is a scarcity of research on the element transformation efficiency and molecular characterization of AMPs derived from waste management. Here, food waste treatment was performed using BSF larvae (BSFL) in a C/N ratio of 21:1–10:1, with a focus on the C/N-dependent element bioconversion, AMP antimicrobial activity, and transcriptome profiling. The C-larvae transformation rates were found to be similar among C/Ns (27.0–35.5%, p = 0.109), while the N-larvae rates were different (p = 0.001), with C/N 21:1–16:1 (63.5–75.0%) being higher than C/N 14:1–10:1 (35.0–45.7%). The C/N ratio did not alter the antimicrobial spectrum of AMPs, but did affect the activities, with C/N 21:1 being significantly lower than C/N 18:1–10:1. The lysozyme genes were found to be significantly more highly expressed than the cecropin, defensin, and attacin genes in the AMP gene family. Out of 51 lysozyme genes, C/N 18:1 and C/N 16:1 up-regulated (p < 0.05) 14 and 12 genes compared with C/N 21:1, respectively, corresponding to the higher activity of AMPs. Overall, the element bioconversion efficiency and AMP expression can be enhanced through C/N ratio manipulation, and the C/N-dependent transcriptome regulation is the driving force of the AMP difference.

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Carbonneau, Elise, Benoît Lamarche, Julie Robitaille, Véronique Provencher, Sophie Desroches, Marie-Claude Vohl, Catherine Bégin, et al. "Social Support, but Not Perceived Food Environment, Is Associated with Diet Quality in French-Speaking Canadians from the PREDISE Study." Nutrients 11, no. 12 (December 12, 2019): 3030. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11123030.

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The objectives were to assess whether social support for healthy eating and perceived food environment are associated with diet quality, and to investigate if sociodemographic characteristics moderate these associations. A probability sample of French-speaking adults from the Province of Québec, Canada, was recruited in the context of the PREDISE study. Participants reported their perceptions of supportive and non-supportive actions related to healthy eating from close others at home and outside of home (n = 952), and of the accessibility to healthy foods (n = 1035). The Canadian Healthy Eating Index (C-HEI) was calculated based on three Web-based 24 h food recalls. Multiple linear regression models showed that supportive (B = 1.50 (95% CI 0.46, 2.54)) and non-supportive (B = −3.06 (95% CI −4.94, −1.18)) actions related to healthy eating from close others at home were positively and negatively associated with C-HEI, respectively, whereas actions from close others outside of home were not. The negative association between non-supportive actions occurring at home and C-HEI was stronger among participants with lower (vs. higher) levels of education (p interaction = 0.03). Perceived accessibility to healthy foods was not associated with C-HEI (p > 0.05). These results suggest that the social environment may have a stronger influence on healthy eating than the perceived physical environment. This adds support for healthy eating promotion programs involving entire families, especially for more socioeconomically disadvantaged individuals, whose efforts to eat healthily may be more easily thwarted by non-supportive households.

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Doi, Hideyuki, Kwang-Hyeon Chang, and Shin-ichi Nakano. "Nitrogen and carbon isotope fractionations of zooplankton consumers in ponds: potential effects of seston C:N stoichiometry." Marine and Freshwater Research 62, no. 1 (2011): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf10090.

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C : N stoichiometry in food sources is known to influence nitrogen isotope fractionation of consumers, but the relationship between C : N stoichiometry and isotope fractionation has never been tested in the field. In this study, we investigated the effects of the C : N ratio of food sources on nitrogen and carbon isotope fractionation (Δδ15N and Δδ13C) of consumers, using zooplankton communities in 15 ponds in Japan. The fractionation variations we found contradicted the assumption of a 3.4‰ enrichment in δ15N of consumers per trophic level. However, the negative relationships between Δδ15N of filter-feeding zooplankton and the C : N ratio of seston supported the isotope homeostasis hypothesis, which predicts isotopic homeostasis of consumers to vary with respect to their body nutrient composition. The Δδ15N of Eodiaptomus sp. and cyclopoid copepods did not correlate with the C : N ratio of the seston. Further studies should pay attention to the isotope fractionation of consumers in the field, especially given the increased use of isotope fractionation to elucidate the structure of natural food webs.

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Board, Editorial. "Editorial Board." Journal of Natural Sciences Engineering and Technology 14, no. 1 (March 2, 2016): i—ii. http://dx.doi.org/10.51406/jnset.v14i1.1472.

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Professor C.F.I. Onwuka, Ph.D., M.Sc., B.Sc. FASN, FNSAPDepartment of Animal Nutrition, Federal University of Agriculture,ª¤? Abeokuta, Nigeria.ª¤?Professor M. Kadiri, Ph.D., M.Sc., B.Sc., FIIAª¤?ª¤?Department of Biological Sciences, FederalUniversity of Agriculture,ª¤? Abeokuta, Nigeria.ª¤?Professor A.B. Adewumi, Ph.D., M.Sc., B.Sc.ª¤?ª¤?Department of Agricultural Engineering, Federal University of Agriculture,ª¤? Abeokuta, Nigeria.ª¤?Professor M.O. Iwe, Ph.D., M.Sc., B.Sc.Department of Food Science and Technology,Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Nigeria.ª¤?Professor (Mrs.) C. O. Eromosele, Ph.D., M.Sc., B.Sc.ª¤?ª¤?Department of Chemistry, Federal University ofAgriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria.ª¤?Professor L.O. Sanni, Ph.D., M.Sc., B.Sc.Department of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria.ª¤?Professor I. Funtua, Ph.D., M.Sc. B.Sc.Centre for Energy Research and Training, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.ª¤?ª¤?Professor Zibokeri, Ph.D., M.Sc., B.Sc.Niger Delta University, Wilberforce Island, Bayelsa State, Nigeriaª¤?Editorial OfficersMr. A. A.ª¤? Jibokuª¤?ª¤?ª¤?ª¤?ª¤?ª¤? -ª¤?ª¤? {Admin. Secretary}Mrs. N. O. Azeezª¤?ª¤?ª¤?ª¤?ª¤? -ª¤?ª¤?ª¤? HND, ND, Secretaryª¤?ª¤?

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Kantola, Ilsa B., Michael D. Masters, David J. Beerling, Stephen P. Long, and Evan H. DeLucia. "Potential of global croplands and bioenergy crops for climate change mitigation through deployment for enhanced weathering." Biology Letters 13, no. 4 (April 2017): 20160714. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2016.0714.

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Conventional row crop agriculture for both food and fuel is a source of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and nitrous oxide (N 2 O) to the atmosphere, and intensifying production on agricultural land increases the potential for soil C loss and soil acidification due to fertilizer use. Enhanced weathering (EW) in agricultural soils—applying crushed silicate rock as a soil amendment—is a method for combating global climate change while increasing nutrient availability to plants. EW uses land that is already producing food and fuel to sequester carbon (C), and reduces N 2 O loss through pH buffering. As biofuel use increases, EW in bioenergy crops offers the opportunity to sequester CO 2 while reducing fossil fuel combustion. Uncertainties remain in the long-term effects and global implications of large-scale efforts to directly manipulate Earth's atmospheric CO 2 composition, but EW in agricultural lands is an opportunity to employ these soils to sequester atmospheric C while benefitting crop production and the global climate.

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Verdenal, Thibaut, Ágnes Dienes-Nagy, Vivian Zufferey, Jean-Laurent Spring, Jorge E. Spangenberg, Olivier Viret, and Cornelis Van Leeuwen. "Carryover effects of crop thinning and foliar N fertilisation on grape amino N composition." OENO One 56, no. 2 (June 24, 2022): 291–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.2022.56.2.5412.

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Nitrogen (N) is an essential element for vine development and yield; it is also involved in the winemaking process and significantly affects wine composition. It is therefore essential to control and optimise plant N use to ensure an adequate N composition of the grapes at harvest. An improved understanding of the impact of cultivation practices on plant N metabolism would allow a better orientation of technical choices with the objective of quality and sustainability (i.e., fewer inputs, more efficiency).Our trial focused on the impacts of fertilisation and crop thinning on grape N composition. A wide crop load gradient was set up in a homogeneous plot of Chasselas (Vitis vinifera L.) in an experimental vineyard in Switzerland. Foliar urea was applied at veraison in order to compare it with an unfertilised control. Vine development and grape composition were evaluated over two years, with particular attention to the carryover effects of both fertilisation and crop thinning.Foliar N fertilisation effectively increased the amount of N in grapes at harvest in the same year, but had no impact on grape ripeness or carryover effect on year n + 1. Conversely, crop thinning improved grape maturity by reducing fruit N and C demand. Interestingly, amino N proportions could be distinguished according to crop load, while the global grape N concentration at harvest remained unchanged. Some amino acids were more affected by crop thinning than others. The concentrations of alanine, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), serine and threonine were reduced by crop thinning. Crop thinning had a strong carryover effect on year n + 1. The carryover impact of crop thinning on grapes in terms of both maturation index and N composition could be observed at the onset of grape ripening on year n + 1.This experiment highlighted the influence of the previous year’s agricultural practices on grape C and N accumulation before and during the ripening phase. Consequently, the modulation of grape composition at harvest should be considered over two consecutive years. These results will contribute to the improvement of predictive models and sustainable agronomic practices in perennial crops.

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CHEN, CHEE-SHAN, WAN-YU LIAU, and GUO-JANE TSAI. "Antibacterial Effects of N-Sulfonated and N-Sulfobenzoyl Chitosan and Application to Oyster Preservation." Journal of Food Protection 61, no. 9 (September 1, 1998): 1124–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-61.9.1124.

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The antibacterial effects of sulfonated and sulfobenzoyl chitosans were evaluated and compared with that of 69% deacetylated chitosan (DD69 chitosan). Minimal inhibitory concentrations of sulfonated chitosan (SC1, 0.63% sulfur content) against Shigella dysenteriae, Aeromonas hydrophila, Salmonella typhimurium, and Bacillus cereus were found to be lower than those of DD69 chitosan. A high sulfur content in sulfonated chitosan adversely influenced its antibacterial effect. Sulfobenzoyl chitosan (SBC) has excellent water solubility and an antibacterial effect comparable to that of SC1. SBC at 1,000 and 2,000 ppm extended the shelf life of oysters at 5°C by 4 days at the former or by 7 days at least at the latter concentration. The growth of coliforms and Pseudomonas, Aeromonas, and Vibrio species on oysters was retarded by the addition of DD69 chitosan or SBC.

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MEDINA, GERARDO, HARSHITA CHAUDHARY, YANG QIU, YUCHEN NAN, ARGENIS RODAS-GONZÁLEZ, XIANQIN YANG, and CLAUDIA NARVAEZ-BRAVO. "Effectiveness of a Novel Rechargeable Polycationic N-Halamine Antibacterial Coating on Listeria monocytogenes Survival in Food Processing Environments." Journal of Food Protection 83, no. 11 (July 7, 2020): 1974–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/jfp-20-084.

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ABSTRACT The goal of this research was to evaluate the efficacy of a novel rechargeable nonleaching polycationic N-halamine coating applied to stainless steel food contact surfaces to reduce Listeria monocytogenes contamination on ready-to-eat (RTE) foods. Four L. monocytogenes strains were inoculated onto the charged (C; chlorine activated) or noncharged (NC) N-halamine–coated steel coupon surfaces that were either intact or scratched. After inoculation, test surfaces were incubated at 2, 10, and 25°C for 0, 48, and 72 h. L. monocytogenes transfer from coated adulterated surfaces to RTE meat (beef sausages and roast beef) was also tested at 2°C. L. monocytogenes on both intact-C and scratched-C surfaces was significantly reduced at all temperatures; however, in the presence of organic material, these coatings were more effective for reducing L. monocytogenes at 2 and 10°C than at 25°C (P < 0.05). In contrast, on NC intact and scratched surfaces, reduction at 25°C increased (P < 0.05), decreasing the difference in L. monocytogenes levels between charged and noncharged intact and scratched surfaces at this temperature. Overall, greater L. monocytogenes reduction was achieved on intact-C and scratched-C (4.1 ± 0.19 log CFU/cm2) than on intact-NC and scratched-NC (2.3 ± 0.19 log CFU/cm2) surfaces at all temperatures (P < 0.05). The combination of surface condition and chlorine with coupons exposed for 2 h at 2°C in the presence of an organic load (50% meat purge) did not significantly affect the bactericidal efficacy of the N-halamine coating. Regarding transfer to RTE meat, an overall 3.7-log reduction in L. monocytogenes was observed in sausages and roast beef. These findings suggest that a novel rechargeable N-halamine coating on stainless steel surfaces can inactivate L. monocytogenes. HIGHLIGHTS

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HELKE, DAVID M., and AMY C. L. WONG. "Survival and Growth Characteristics of Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella typhimurium on Stainless Steel and Buna-N Rubber." Journal of Food Protection 57, no. 11 (November 1, 1994): 963–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-57.11.963.

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Microorganisms harbored on food-contact surfaces are part of a complex ecosystem. The interactions of temperature, relative humidity (RH), soil and surface on the survival of Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella typhimurium were studied. Survival and growth were monitored at 25°C and 6°C and 32.5% RH and 75.5% RH. Survival in phosphate-buffered saline and dilute pasteurized whole milk on both stainless steel and buna-n was highest at 6°C and 75.5% RH. Both organisms were recoverable on the two surfaces after 10 days storage at 6°C and 75.5% RH. Survival of L. monocytogenes and S. typhimurium at 25°C and 75.5% RH was increased in dilute pasteurized whole milk on stainless steel, but not on buna-n. Organisms grew in pasteurized whole milk on stainless steel at 25°C and 75.5% RH, but failed to grow on buna-n. At 25°C and 75.5% RH, S. typhimurium was not recoverable on buna-n after 10 days in whole milk; however, L. monocytogenes remained close to initial levels. The survival and growth of both organisms in raw milk soil was similar to that in pasteurized whole milk soil. Buna-n was not bacteriostatic towards all organisms, as the total viable count in raw milk increased by more than a factor of 10 after 1 day storage at 25°C and 75.5% RH. Unlike other soils tested, survival of S. typhimurium at in conditions and L. monocytogenes at 25°C and both RHs in whey was higher on buna-n than on stainless steel. At 6°C and both RHs, L. monocytogenes levels remained constant on both surfaces in whey. The bacteriostatic effect of buna-n was not affected significantly by exposure to 20 cycles of a simulated clean-in-place (CIP) process.

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Liu, Honglin, Yitao Zeng, Jingna Yan, Rui Huang, Xin Zhao, Xiaoling Zheng, Min Mo, Siyun Tan, and Huarong Tong. "C N H O and mineral element stable isotope ratio analysis for authentication in tea." Journal of Food Composition and Analysis 91 (August 2020): 103513. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2020.103513.

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Cao, R., Ch H. Xue, Q. Liu, and Y. Xue. "Microbiological, chemical, and sensory assessment of Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas) stored at different temperatures." Czech Journal of Food Sciences 27, No. 2 (May 25, 2009): 102–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/166/2008-cjfs.

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The changes were studied in microbiological, chemical, and sensory properties of Pacific oysters stored at 10°C, 5°C, and 0°C. Pseudomonas (22%) and Vibrionaceae (20%) species were dominant in raw oysters. The dominant bacteria found in the spoiled samples were Pseudomonas regardless of the storage temperature. During storage, rapid increases in aerobic plate count (APC) values of the samples stored at 10°C and 5°C were observed, while no obvious lag phases were detected. With the samples stored at 0°C, a decrease in APC value during the first 4 days and a lag phase of about 6 days were observed. The APC values of the samples stored at 10°C, 5°C, and 0°C reached the level of 107 CFU/g on day 6, 10, and 18, respectively. All the tested samples stored at different temperatures revealed a slight decrease in pH and a significant increase of total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N) during storage. The average TVB-N concentration of about 22.0 mg N/100 g was observed at the end of the shelf-life as determined by APC. Combined with the sensory assessments, the shelf-life of 6–7, 10–11, and 17–18 days for oysters stored at 10°C, 5°C, and 0°C, respectively, was determined.

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de Menezes, Alexandre B., Miranda T. Prendergast-Miller, Pabhon Poonpatana, Mark Farrell, Andrew Bissett, Lynne M. Macdonald, Peter Toscas, Alan E. Richardson, and Peter H. Thrall. "C/N Ratio Drives Soil Actinobacterial Cellobiohydrolase Gene Diversity." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 81, no. 9 (February 20, 2015): 3016–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00067-15.

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ABSTRACTCellulose accounts for approximately half of photosynthesis-fixed carbon; however, the ecology of its degradation in soil is still relatively poorly understood. The role of actinobacteria in cellulose degradation has not been extensively investigated despite their abundance in soil and known cellulose degradation capability. Here, the diversity and abundance of the actinobacterial glycoside hydrolase family 48 (cellobiohydrolase) gene in soils from three paired pasture-woodland sites were determined by using terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis and clone libraries with gene-specific primers. For comparison, the diversity and abundance of general bacteria and fungi were also assessed. Phylogenetic analysis of the nucleotide sequences of 80 clones revealed significant new diversity of actinobacterial GH48 genes, and analysis of translated protein sequences showed that these enzymes are likely to represent functional cellobiohydrolases. The soil C/N ratio was the primary environmental driver of GH48 community compositions across sites and land uses, demonstrating the importance of substrate quality in their ecology. Furthermore, mid-infrared (MIR) spectrometry-predicted humic organic carbon was distinctly more important to GH48 diversity than to total bacterial and fungal diversity. This suggests a link between the actinobacterial GH48 community and soil organic carbon dynamics and highlights the potential importance of actinobacteria in the terrestrial carbon cycle.

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Alpas, H., N. Kalchayanand, F. Bozoglu, A. Sikes, C. P. Dunne, and B. Ray. "Variation in Resistance to Hydrostatic Pressure among Strains of Food-Borne Pathogens." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 65, no. 9 (September 1, 1999): 4248–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.65.9.4248-4251.1999.

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ABSTRACT Among food-borne pathogens, some strains could be resistant to hydrostatic pressure treatment. This information is necessary to establish processing parameters to ensure safety of pressure-pasteurized foods (N. Kalchayanand, A. Sikes, C. P. Dunne, and B. Ray, J. Food Prot. 61:425–431, 1998). We studied variation in pressure resistance among strains of Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus,Escherichia coli O157:H7, and Salmonellaspecies at two temperatures of pressurization. Early-stationary-phase cells in 1% peptone solution were pressurized at 345 MPa either for 5 min at 25°C or for 5, 10, or 15 min at 50°C. The viability loss (in log cycles) following pressurization at 25°C ranged from 0.9 to 3.5 among nine L. monocytogenes strains, 0.7 to 7.8 among sevenS. aureus strains, 2.8 to 5.6 among six E. coliO157:H7 strains, and 5.5 to 8.3 among six Salmonellastrains. The results show that at 25°C some strains of each species are more resistant to pressure than the others. However, when one resistant and one sensitive strain from each species were pressurized at 345 MPa and 50°C, the population of all except the resistantS. aureus strain was reduced by more than 8 log cycles within 5 min. Viability loss of the resistant S. aureusstrain was 6.3 log cycles even after 15 min of pressurization. This shows that strains of food-borne pathogens differ in resistance to hydrostatic pressure (345 MPa) at 25°C, but this difference is greatly reduced at 50°C. Pressurization at 50°C, in place of 25°C, will ensure greater safety of foods.

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Lu, Yan, Shouyu Zhang, Shibo Sun, Minghuo Wu, Yongming Bao, Huiyan Tong, Miaomiao Ren, et al. "Effects of Different Nitrogen Sources and Ratios to Carbon on Larval Development and Bioconversion Efficiency in Food Waste Treatment by Black Soldier Fly Larvae (Hermetia illucens)." Insects 12, no. 6 (May 31, 2021): 507. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12060507.

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Biowaste treatment by black soldier fly larvae (BSFL, Hermetia illucens) has received global research interest and growing industrial application. Larvae farming conditions, such as temperature, pH, and moisture, have been critically examined. However, the substrate carbon to nitrogen ratio (C/N), one of the key parameters that may affect larval survival and bioconversion efficiency, is significantly less studied. The current study aimed to compare the nitrogen supplying effects of 9 nitrogen species (i.e., NH4Cl, NaNO3, urea, uric acid, Gly, L-Glu, L-Glu:L-Asp (1:1, w/w), soybean flour, and fish meal) during food waste larval treatment, and further examine the C/N effects on the larval development and bioconversion process, using the C/N adjustment with urea from the initial 21:1 to 18:1, 16:1, 14:1, 12:1, and 10:1, respectively. The food wastes were supplied with the same amount of nitrogen element (1 g N/100 g dry wt) in the nitrogen source trial and different amount of urea in the C/N adjustment trial following larvae treatment. The results showed that NH4Cl and NaNO3 caused significant harmful impacts on the larval survival and bioconversion process, while the 7 organic nitrogen species resulted in no significant negative effect. Further adjustment of C/N with urea showed that the C/N range between 18:1 and 14:1 was optimal for a high waste reduction performance (73.5–84.8%, p < 0.001) and a high larvae yield (25.3–26.6%, p = 0.015), while the C/N range of 18:1 to 16:1 was further optimal for an efficient larval protein yield (10.1–11.1%, p = 0.003) and lipid yield (7.6–8.1%, p = 0.002). The adjustment of C/N influenced the activity of antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD, p = 0.015), whereas exerted no obvious impact on the larval amino acid composition. Altogether, organic nitrogen is more suitable than NH4Cl and NaNO3 as the nitrogen amendment during larval food waste treatment, addition of small amounts of urea, targeting C/N of 18:1–14:1, would improve the waste reduction performance, and application of C/N at 18:1–16:1 would facilitate the larval protein and lipid bioconversion process.

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Zanden, M. Jake Vander, and Joseph B. Rasmussen. "Variation in δ15 N and δ13 C trophic fractionation: Implications for aquatic food web studies." Limnology and Oceanography 46, no. 8 (November 2001): 2061–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4319/lo.2001.46.8.2061.

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IVY, REID A., JEFFREY M. FARBER, FRANCO PAGOTTO, and MARTIN WIEDMANN. "International Life Science Institute North America Cronobacter (Formerly Enterobacter sakazakii) Isolate Set." Journal of Food Protection 76, no. 1 (January 1, 2013): 40–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-11-546.

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Foodborne pathogen isolate collections are important for the development of detection methods, for validation of intervention strategies, and to develop an understanding of pathogenesis and virulence. We have assembled a publicly available Cronobacter (formerly Enterobacter sakazakii) isolate set that consists of (i) 25 Cronobacter sakazakii isolates, (ii) two Cronobacter malonaticus isolates, (iii) one Cronobacter muytjensii isolate, which displays some atypical phenotypic characteristics, biochemical profiles, and colony color on selected differential media, and (iv) two nonclinical Enterobacter asburiae isolates, which show some phenotypic characteristics similar to those of Cronobacter spp. The set consists of human (n = 10), food (n = 11), and environmental (n = 9) isolates. Analysis of partial 16S rDNA sequence and seven-gene multilocus sequence typing data allowed for reliable identification of these isolates to species and identification of 14 isolates as sequence type 4, which had previously been shown to be the most common C. sakazakii sequence type associated with neonatal meningitis. Phenotypic characterization was carried out with API 20E and API 32E test strips and streaking on two selective chromogenic agars; isolates were also assessed for sorbitol fermentation and growth at 45°C. Although these strategies typically produced the same classification as sequence-based strategies, based on a panel of four biochemical tests, one C. sakazakii isolate yielded inconclusive data and one was classified as C. malonaticus. EcoRI automated ribotyping and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) with XbaI separated the set into 23 unique ribotypes and 30 unique PFGE types, respectively, indicating subtype diversity within the set. Subtype and source data for the collection are publicly available in the PathogenTracker database (www.pathogentracker.net), which allows for continuous updating of information on the set, including links to publications that include information on isolates from this collection.

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Jeremiah, L. E., L. L. Gibson, and G. Argonosa. "The influence of inherent muscle quality upon the storage life of chilled pork stored in CO2 at −1.5 °C." Food Research International 28, no. 1 (January 1995): 51–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0963-9969(95)93331-n.

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Ramlan, N. N. F., Z. Mohd Zin, N. H. Juhari, K. L. Smedley, and M. K. Zainol. "Physicochemical properties and sensory attributes of herbal pastilles affected by the inclusion of Clitoria ternatea (L.) leaves." Food Research 5, no. 1 (February 13, 2021): 478–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.26656/fr.2017.5(1).463.

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Clitoria ternatea (L.) (Bunga Telang), is a well-known plant used as food colouring through its flowers. The plant’s leaves are also being used as medicinal ingredients to cure several diseases. However, the medicinal properties were not being explored extensively which could diversify the plant’s usage. The research was conducted on the inclusion of C. ternatea leaves to enhance the physicochemical properties and sensory acceptability of herbal pastille. Five different formulations of C. ternatea leaves pastille were developed with different percentages of C. ternatea leaves namely 2.5%, 5.0%, 7.5%, 10.0% and 12.5%. Physicochemical properties (antioxidant properties, colour profile, texture, moisture, sugar, fat, protein, ash, calorie and texture profile) and the sensory acceptability of C. ternatea leaves pastille was observed. The results show that the highest °Brix value was observed in sample D (74.20°) while water activity was higher in sample B (0.73). The analysis showed that the control sample exhibited a high hardness value (2641.70 N), springiness and cohesion values (0.87 N), gumminess value (2338.75 N), chewiness value (2089.71 N) and resilience value (0.44 N) to that of C. ternatea leaves herbal pastille. Sample E was found to contain a high TFA value (1.45), TPC value (23.32 GAE mg/g), and DPPH value (27.72%). Based on overall acceptance, the sensory analysis showed that the products were accepted by the panellists. Thus, the study revealed that the physicochemical properties of developed herbal pastille were being enhanced and found to be rich in antioxidants and accepted by the panellists.

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Franco-Ramos, Raúl S., Carlos A. López-Romero, Hugo Torres-Ortega, Darío Oseguera-Herrera, Jose P. Lamoreaux-Aguayo, Daniel Molina-Noyola, Clara I. Juárez-Vázquez, and Olivia Torres-Bugarín. "Evaluation of Anti-Cytotoxic and Anti-Genotoxic Effects of Nigella sativa through a Micronucleus Test in BALB/c Mice." Nutrients 12, no. 5 (May 6, 2020): 1317. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12051317.

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Nigella sativa (N. sativa) is a medicinal plant used for its therapeutic pharmacological effects such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer, antidiabetic, and immunomodulation. This study explored the anti-cytotoxic and anti-genotoxic effect of N. sativa through a micronucleus test (MNT) of BALB/c mice peripheral blood. Using 6-to-8-week-old healthy male BALB/c mice, four groups were formed: (1) Control (sterile water), single-dose 2 mg/kg/intraperitoneal (i.p); (2) N. sativa oil, 500 mg/kg/24 h/7 days/i.p; (3) Cisplatin (CP), single-dose 2 mg/kg/subcutaneous (s.c); (4) N. sativa + CP with their respective dosage. When evaluating polychromatic erythrocytes (PCE), a biomarker of cytotoxicity, the group treated with N. sativa + CP experienced an increase in the frequency of PCE, which demonstrated the recovery of bone marrow and modulation of cell proliferation. The analysis of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MNPCE), an acute genotoxicity biomarker, showed similar frequency of MNPCE within the groups except in CP, but, in the N. sativa + CP group, the frequency of MNPCE decreased and then regulated. Finally, the frequency of micronucleated erythrocytes (MNE), a biomarker of genotoxicity, the supplementation of N. sativa oil did not induce genotoxic damage in this model. Thus, we conclude that N. sativa has both cytoprotective, genoprotective effects and modulates cell proliferation in BALB/c mice.

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LeKieffre, Charlotte, Howard J. Spero, Jennifer S. Fehrenbacher, Ann D. Russell, Haojia Ren, Emmanuelle Geslin, and Anders Meibom. "Ammonium is the preferred source of nitrogen for planktonic foraminifer and their dinoflagellate symbionts." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 287, no. 1929 (June 17, 2020): 20200620. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.0620.

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The symbiotic planktonic foraminifera Orbulina universa inhabits open ocean oligotrophic ecosystems where dissolved nutrients are scarce and often limit biological productivity. It has previously been proposed that O. universa meets its nitrogen (N) requirements by preying on zooplankton, and that its symbiotic dinoflagellates recycle metabolic ‘waste ammonium’ for their N pool. However, these conclusions were derived from bulk 15 N-enrichment experiments and model calculations, and our understanding of N assimilation and exchange between the foraminifer host cell and its symbiotic dinoflagellates remains poorly constrained. Here, we present data from pulse-chase experiments with 13 C-enriched inorganic carbon, 15 N-nitrate, and 15 N-ammonium, as well as a 13 C- and 15 N- enriched heterotrophic food source, followed by TEM (transmission electron microscopy) coupled to NanoSIMS (nanoscale secondary ion mass spectrometry) isotopic imaging to visualize and quantify C and N assimilation and translocation in the symbiotic system. High levels of 15 N-labelling were observed in the dinoflagellates and in foraminiferal organelles and cytoplasm after incubation with 15 N-ammonium, indicating efficient ammonium assimilation. Only weak 15 N-assimilation was observed after incubation with 15 N-nitrate. Feeding foraminifers with 13 C- and 15 N-labelled food resulted in dinoflagellates that were labelled with 15 N, thereby confirming the transfer of 15 N-compounds from the digestive vacuoles of the foraminifer to the symbiotic dinoflagellates, likely through recycling of ammonium. These observations are important for N isotope-based palaeoceanographic reconstructions, as they show that δ 15 N values recorded in the organic matrix in symbiotic species likely reflect ammonium recycling rather than alternative N sources, such as nitrates.

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KOBATAKE, MICHIKO, YASUHIDE TONOGAI, and YOSHIO ITO. "Time Courses for Viable Counts, pH and Total Volatile Basic Nitrogen in Squid Homogenates (Ommastraphes bartrami) Inoculated with Spoilage Yeast or Bacteria." Journal of Food Protection 51, no. 12 (December 1, 1988): 971–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-51.12.971.

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The spoilage patterns of Candida lipolytica, Pseudomonas fluorescens and Staphylococcus epidermidis in sterile squid homogenates were compared. The three species were inoculated singly or as a mixture, incubated for up to 7 d, and analyzed for viable counts, pH values and the amounts of total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N) produced. Incubation temperatures were 5, 15 and 25°C. When each species was separately inoculated, C. lipolytica showed slower growth than that of the two bacterial species, but TVB-N production in the homogenates increased to level that indicated spoilage. The TVB-N exceeded the concentration corresponding to the threshold value of spoilage on d 4 at 15°C or on d 2 at 25°C. The TVB-N values in the C. lipolytica inoculated homogenates reached 112 and 215 mg per 100 g of homogenate on d 7 at 15 and 25°C, respectively. On these occasions the respective pH values were 7.9 and 8.1, and the homogenates inoculated with the yeast showed spoilage emitting an ammoniacal odor. In general, TVB-N production by C. lipolytica was slightly less than that by P. fluorescens, but much more than that by S. epidermidis. The TVB-N curves obtained from the mixed cultures containing the three species were very similar to those obtained from the single cultures of P. fluorescens. Viable counts of the individual strains in the mixed cultures showed that the yeast strain grew independently without being suppressed by the growth of the two bacterial strains, and even 3 weeks after incubation the survival counts of the yeast strain were higher than those of the bacterial strain at 15 and 25°C, respectively.

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Ondrušíková, Sylvie, Šárka Nedomová, Alžbeta Jarošová, and Vojtěch Kumbár. "Qualitative parameters of protein gels from albumen base." Potravinarstvo Slovak Journal of Food Sciences 13, no. 1 (March 25, 2019): 182–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5219/1049.

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The aim of this research was to monitor strength of egg albumen gels depending on addition additives - salt, sugar, corn syrup, citric acid, citric acid in combination with sugar, whey protein and apple fiber. The egg albumen gel was prepared under two temperature limits at 70 and 90 °C. The highest strengths of egg albumen gel were achieved at 90 °C in the albumen gel with the addition of 1% citric acid and 3.5% sugar with a strength of 7.38 N, with the lowest strength of 1.61 N being achieved with the albumen gel with 0.1% salt. For an egg albumen gel prepared at 70 °C, the strength ranged from 1.34 N (0.1% salt) to 6.63 N (1% citric acid + 3.5% sugar). On average, the pH of egg albumen gels ranged from 4.67 (1% citric acid + 3.5% sugar) to 9.05 (0.1% salt). For the strength of egg albumen gel and pH with additives of various additives at a given concentration, a statistically significant difference was found.

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Hogsden, Kristy L., Michael J. Winterbourn, and Jon S. Harding. "Do food quantity and quality affect food webs in streams polluted by acid mine drainage?" Marine and Freshwater Research 64, no. 12 (2013): 1112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf13016.

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Food influences the structure of consumer communities; however, in polluted streams food resources may be severely reduced and act as an additional stressor. We examined the quantity and quality of basal resources and prey items for invertebrate consumers in 12 streams along an acid mine drainage (AMD) gradient (pH range: 2.7–7.1) and characterised their diets using stable isotope and gut content analyses. Algal and detrital resource quantity (biomass) and quality (C : N ratio) did not differ significantly along the gradient, except algal C : N, which was lower in highly stressed and circumneutral streams. Furthermore, availability, size and diversity of animal prey decreased significantly with increasing stress. Most primary consumers were generalist feeders, but algae became increasingly common in their diets as pH increased. Predators were opportunistic and consumed prey that reflected locally abundant taxa. Generally, these were small-bodied chironomids in highly stressed streams and larger-bodied prey (mayflies, caddisflies, stoneflies) in moderately stressed and circumneutral streams. Our results indicated that acidity and metal toxicity were the primary stressors of communities in streams affected by AMD and that food quantity was unlikely to be limiting for primary consumers. However, food availability may be an additional stressor affecting predators in streams receiving AMD.

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PEPE, TIZIANA, ROSARIA DE DOMINICIS, GIUSEPPINA ESPOSITO, IOLE VENTRONE, PINA M. FRATAMICO, and MARIA LUISA CORTESI. "Detection of Campylobacter from Poultry Carcass Skin Samples at Slaughter in Southern Italy." Journal of Food Protection 72, no. 8 (August 1, 2009): 1718–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-72.8.1718.

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Campylobacter is a major foodborne pathogen responsible for acute gastroenteritis characterized by diarrhea that is sometimes bloody, fever, cramps, and vomiting. Campylobacter species are carried in the intestinal tracts of mammals and birds, and sources of human infection include raw milk, contaminated water, direct contact with pets, and foods, particularly poultry. Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli are the species that account for the majority of human infections. The aim of this work was to determine the prevalence of Campylobacter in 190 poultry carcasses sampled at slaughter and to use a multiplex PCR assay to determine if the isolates were C. jejuni or C. coli. C. coli was not isolated, while C. jejuni was recovered from 52 (37.1%) of 140 carcasses for which pools of four sampling sites (neck, cloaca, breast, and back) were examined. In the remaining 50 carcasses, the four sites were analyzed separately, and C. jejuni was recovered from the samples in the following order: neck (n = 20), cloaca (n = 16), breast (n = 14), and back (n = 11). The results are in agreement with those of other studies, which showed that C. jejuni is more commonly associated with poultry than is C. coli. Control strategies for Campylobacter should include interventions to eliminate C. jejuni in poultry at various stages of production and processing, including at slaughter.

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Mayr, CC, G. Försterra, V. Häussermann, A. Wunderlich, J. Grau, M. Zieringer, and AV Altenbach. "Stable isotope variability in a Chilean fjord food web: implications for N- and C-cycles." Marine Ecology Progress Series 428 (May 3, 2011): 89–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps09015.

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Chalk, Phillip Michael. "From production to consumption: tracing C, N, and S dynamics in Brazilian agroecosystems using stable isotopes." Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira 51, no. 9 (September 2016): 1039–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-204x2016000900003.

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Abstract Brazilian scientists have played a pioneering role in developing and applying stable isotope methodologies, in terms of natural abundance and enriched levels, to trace carbon and nutrient flows in terrestrial ecosystems, including natural and agroecosystems. Significant contributions have been made in the areas of biological N2 fixation, carbon dynamics in soil, synthesis and evaluation of labeled fertilizers, and food science. These contributions have originated from several decentralized units of Embrapa, from research institutions, and from federal or state universities. In order to capitalize the existing Brazilian expertise, it is necessary to provide, at an institutional level, analytical facilities for stable isotope research, aiming to strengthen national capacity and to maintain the international competitiveness of the research.

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Ramezani, Houra, Khadijeh Abhari, Zahra Pilevar, Hosseini Hedayat, and Abdorreza Mohammadi. "Volatile N-nitrosamine, residual nitrite, and ascorbic acid levels in sausages during storage." Foods and Raw Materials 8, no. 1 (February 26, 2020): 107–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/2308-4057-2020-1-107-114.

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Introduction. The increasing global consumption of processed meat products has led to certain concerns. For instance, processed meat products are known to contain carcinogen precursor compounds, thus creating the risk of chronic diseases. The present study was performed to estimate the food safety status of processed meat products available in Iran and evaluate the related effective factors. Study objects and methods. 140 samples of seven most popular commercial types of cooked sausages were obtained from four major meat factories (A, B, C and D) in 140 samples were collected from seven most popular commercial types of cooked sausages as follows: beef salami 90%, chicken salami 90%, dry cured sausage 70%, dry cured salami 60%, beef sausages 55%, chicken sausages 55% and Frankfurt sausage 40% (n = 5) from four major meat factories (A, B, C and D) in Tehran. The samples were screened for residual nitrite, ascorbic acid, and nitrosamine contents on days 0, 7, 14, 21, and 28. The results indicated that products from meat factory B had lower residual nitrite content in the samples with high content of meat. Beef salami (90% of meat) and Frankfurt sausage (40% of meat) contained the lowest and highest amounts of residual nitrite on day 0 – 73.99 and 177.42 mg of nitrite per 1 kg of meat, respectively. Results and discussion. Beef salami contained 90% of meat, chicken salami – 90%, dry cured sausage –70%, dry cured salami – 60%, beef sausages – 55%, chicken sausages – 55%, and Frankfurt sausage – 40% (n = 5). Nitrite reduction rates in sausages with a smaller diameter, e.g. Frankfurt sausage, were significantly lower (P < 0.05), compared to salami samples. The difference can be explained by the shorter cooking time. Nitrosamine formation increased during refrigerated storage; however, it was not significant in all samples. During refrigerated storage, nitrosamine formation depended on the level of added nitrite, the amount of residual nitrite, ascorbic acid, pH, and cooking temperature. Ascorbic acid content decreased significantly (P < 0.05) during refrigerated storage. Conclusion. The findings demonstrate significant correlation between the meat content, cooking time, nitrite content, and nitrosamine formation.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Food sciences, n.e.c'

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