Relevant bibliographies by topics / Food safety control

Academic literature on the topic 'Food safety control'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 29 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Food safety control"

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V, Prathama, and Dr Thippeswamy G. "Food Safety Control Using Hyperspectral Imaging." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development Volume-2, Issue-3 (April 30, 2018): 796–806. http://dx.doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd10983.

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Huang, Yu. "Neoliberalizing Food Safety Control." Modern China 42, no. 5 (August 2016): 535–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0097700415605322.

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Dykiel, Magdalena, Bernadetta Bienia, Barbara Krochmal-Marczak, and Elżbieta Brągiel. "SAFETY AND QUALITY OF POLISH FOOD." Європейський вектор економічного розвитку 2, no. 31 (2021): 8–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.32342/2074-5362-2021-2-31-1.

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Food is a special good. It is special because of its place in the world economy and a set of products setting the latest trends in the economy. Nowadays, more and more attention is paid not only to food supply and availability but also to its quality and adulteration. It results, above all, from the more and more common phenomenon of food adulteration on a global scale. The phenomenon being a consequence of, first of all, liberalization of commodity exchange and development of food trade (Kowalczyk 2009), generally, therefore, a consequence of progressing globalization (Kowalczyk 2014). For these reasons, the problem of food safety and quality becomes an essential topic of consideration both at the national, regional (e.g. European Union - EU) and global (Codex Alimentarius) level. The aim of this article was to assess the level of quality and food safety in Poland during the last several years. Formation of quality and food safety requires precise control, which is possible thanks to the creation of quality and food safety management systems. These systems concern the control of food at all stages of its production, i.e. from the producer to the consumer. The analysis showed that it is difficult to assess unequivocally the level of food quality and safety in Poland. The study was based on the analysis of literature on the analyzed subject, including numerous, selected reports and post-inspection reports of various organizations studying the quality and safety of food in Poland. The level of food safety on the Polish market is good and comparable to other EU countries. However, it is not free from irregularities that may periodically increase. Minimizing these threats is possible, among others, by consistent controls, promotion of participation in voluntary quality systems and high requirements in terms of quality standards.
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Villers, Philippe. "Food Safety and Aflatoxin Control." Journal of Food Research 6, no. 2 (February 7, 2017): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jfr.v6n2p38.

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This paper examines the prevention of the exponential growth of aflatoxin occurring in multi-month, postharvest storage in tropical countries, with examples from field experience and scientific data. Four approaches to modern, safe, postharvest storage methods are described, the most successful being the use of flexible, UltraHermetic™ airtight structures that create an unbreatheable atmosphere (low oxygen, high carbon dioxide) through insect and microorganism respiration alone, without use of chemicals, fumigants, vacuum, or refrigeration.The increase in aflatoxin levels during multi-month, postharvest storage is a serious health hazard affecting several major crops. During postharvest crop storage by conventional methods in tropical conditions, molds existing within crops can produce aflatoxin levels many times greater than at harvest, often vastly exceeding the international safety standards of 20 ppb (parts per billion). For example, field data from Mali documents that during just two months of conventional peanut storage, average aflatoxin levels rose 200%. In Uganda, aflatoxin levels in conventionally stored maize rose 300% in three months. By contrast, laboratory and field data from Mali and Uganda show that the organically modified atmosphere created using various forms of sufficiently hermetic (airtight) storage containers (ranging from 25kg to 1000-tonne capacity) prevents the exponential growth of aflatoxin-producing molds in various grains, peanuts, and seeds.
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Yamamoto, Shigeki, and Kenneth A. Voss. "Risk control and food safety." Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A 30, no. 8 (August 2013): 1349–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2013.812440.

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Campbell-Platt, Geoffrey. "Food control and its impact on food safety." Food Control 8, no. 1 (February 1997): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0956-7135(96)00082-5.

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Dimitrijevic-Brankovic, Suzana. "Bioprotective agents in safety control." Chemical Industry 57, no. 10 (2003): 479–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/hemind0310479d.

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Food poisoning is the one of the main health hazards even today. More than 200 known diseases are transmitted through food. The causes of foodborne illness include viruses, bacteria, parasites, toxins, metals, and prions and the symptoms of foodborne illness range from mild gastroenteritis to life-threatening neurological, hepatic and renal syndromes.The prevention of food poisonings represents very serious task for food manufacturers. Beside food control according to the concept "from the farm to the table" there is increased need for the development of new technology for longer shelf lifes of food. Food fermented by lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and traditionally considered to be safe. There are many substances produced by LAB that affect the shelf life of fermented food, by active suppression of poisoning microorganisms growth. Because of that, the LAB is recently considered as bioprotective agents that have important role in food safety.
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KUDO, Haruyo. "Food Safety Control System in Germany." Journal of Food System Research 19, no. 2 (2012): 181–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5874/jfsr.19.181.

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Samatova, A. A., O. V. Shlyamina, G. S. Kashevarov, and А. R. Мakaeva. "Parasitical control of food products safety." "Veterinary Medicine" Journal 25, no. 6 (June 2022): 70–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.30896/0042-4846.2022.25.6.70-73.

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Green, David. "The Food Safety Control System Revolution." Journal of Aquatic Food Product Technology 18, no. 4 (October 6, 2009): 295–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10498850903228712.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Food safety control"

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Mavromatis, Panos. "Food safety and histamine : production, control and risk assessment in the food chain." Thesis, University of Lincoln, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.427519.

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Mancini, Roberto. "Food safety knowledge and attitudes: investigating the potential benefits of on-site food safety training for folklorama, a temporary food service event." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/13451.

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Master of Science
Department: Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology
Douglas Powell
Folklorama in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada is a 14-day temporary food service event that explores the many different cultural realms of food, food preparation, and entertainment. The ethnic nature and diversity of foods prepared within each pavilion presents a unique problem for food inspectors as each culture prepares food in their own very unique way. In 2010, the Russian pavilion at Folklorama was implicated in a foodborne outbreak of E.coli O157 causing 37 illnesses and 18 hospitalizations. Both the Department of Health and Folklorama Board of Directors realized a need for implementation of a food safety delivery program that would be more effective than a simple 2-hour food safety course delivered via PowerPoint slides. Until 2011, the 2-hour food safety course delivered to event co-ordinators and food operators for Folklorama pavilions was not mandatory. The course is now mandatory in 2011 for all Folklorama pavilions. Five randomly chosen pavilions were trained on-site, in their work environment, focusing on critical control points specific to their menu. A control group (five pavilions) did not receive on-site food safety training. Critical infractions noted on standardized food inspection reports were assessed. Results of the current study suggest no statistically significant difference in food inspection scores between the trained group and control group. Results imply that the 2-hour food safety course delivered via slides was sufficient to pass public health inspections.
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Burnett, Margaret J. "Enhanced food traceability: promoting food safety, quality and consumer choice." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2004. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31245146.

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Han, Youngsup. "Food, risk and changing food safety control systems : politics of food in four countries and the EU : a comparative perspective." Thesis, Nottingham Trent University, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.441464.

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This thesis explores the changes of food safety control system in the UK, the USA, Canada, the EU and South Korea over the last ten years to find lessons for the establishment of a food safety control system for Korea. The aim being to protect the consumer, for this purpose, we look at these changes at three levels: (1) Horizontal division of food safety responsibility at the central government, (2) The working relationship between scientists and policy makers, and (3) Vertical working relationship between central and local governments. This work is undertaken by comparative perspective with multiple case studies. The ideas and concepts of New Public Management and Risk Analysis help us to understand those changes. Research methods are semi-structured interviews, documentary analysis, participatory observation and literature survey and emailing. The main findings of the study are: At the central government level, fragmented, ill-coordinated, unclear responsibility, dual and multi roles of food authorities matters, therefore new single agency has been created in the UK, the EU and Canada. The division of food safety responsibility between central and local government varies but increasingly the partnership is required to cope with food risks. The changes of food safety control system have been motivated by various reasons and resulted in different organizational settings but the principles and values such as mission clarification, more accountability, independency, transparency, participatory decision making, and even and consistent food law enforcement are all emphasized in the reform of food safety control system. The similarities help us to find general principles in dealing with scientifically uncertain food risks and differences help us to build organizational and instrumental arrangements reflecting different political, administrative and historical situations for the establishment of more efficient and effective food safety control system.
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Van, Bibber Ashley M. "Monitoring Safety Process Performance with Leading Indicator Safety Audits." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1430422992.

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Anyanwu, Rosemary Chinyere. "A food safety control strategy for developing countries : (based on studies of Nigeria, Ghana, Cote d'Ivoire, United Kingdom and France)." Thesis, University of Reading, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.235924.

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Leitch, Ian S. "The development of a model for the control of peanut/nut allergens by the retail food trade." Thesis, University of Ulster, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.365926.

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Müller, Carina. "Assessment of hazard analysis and critical control points principles in primary school feeding schemes in the Western Region of Gauteng / Carina Müller." Thesis, North-West University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/5004.

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Assessment of Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points Principles in Primary School Feeding Schemes in the Western Region of Gauteng Objective: The objective of this study is to investigate the need for standard hygiene and safety practices for the National School Nutrition Program (NSNP). Food safety procedures and practices can be implemented as part of the Hazard Analysis of Critical Control Points (HACCP) program. Background: The National School Nutrition Program (NSNP) forms part of the Integrated Nutrition Program (INP) of South Africa and was implemented as a poverty alleviation strategy introduced in 1994 by government as part of the newly founded democratic Republic of South Africa. The NSNP is implemented in primary schools. Design: A questionnaire was designed to investigate, the hygiene and safety practices in primary schools in the Western Region of Gauteng. Both rural and urban schools using the NSNP were targeted. Research Project: The NSNP staff from 26 primary schools completed the research questionnaire focused on hygiene and safety practices. Results: Data collected indicated the need to implement a very basic HACCP program that include identifying the HACCP team, training for food handlers, standardized equipment and the implementation of hygiene and safety procedures. Conclusion: To implement HACCP in the NSNP, the role players from the managerial structures and food handlers at schools, the training needs of the target group and the equipment needed to comply with HACCP procedures, should to be identified. Documentation must be in place for monitoring, evaluation and verification procedures to implement the HACCP program.
Thesis (M.Sc. (Dietetics))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2009.
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Qiu, Xujian. "Use of Natural Ingredients to Control Foodborne Pathogens: Antimicrobial Effects and Inhibition Mechanisms." Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2007. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/QiuX2007.pdf.

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Wagude, Bethsheba Emily Akinyi. "Hazard analysis critical control point (HACCP) in a red meat abattoir." Diss., University of Pretoria, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/28615.

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Books on the topic "Food safety control"

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Bio-farms for nutraceuticals: Functional food and safety control by biosensors. Austin, Tex: Landes Bioscience, 2010.

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Organization, Asian Productivity. Food safety management manual. Tokyo, Japan: Asian Productivity Organization, 2009.

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International Workshop on Mycotoxins (2002 College Park, Md.). Mycotoxin contamination and control. Bloomingotn, IN: Author House, 2008.

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Lu, Xiaonan, ed. Sensing Techniques for Food Safety and Quality Control. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/9781788010528.

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Pathogenic vibrios and food safety. Hauppauge, N.Y: Nova Science Publishers, 2011.

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Nestle, Marion. Safe food: The politics of food safety. Berkeley, Calif: University of California Press, 2010.

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Food safety for the 21st century: Managing HACCP and food safety throughout the global supply chain. Aimes, Iowa: Blackwell Pub., 2011.

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Marcy, John A. Managing a food safety system. Chicago: Education Foundation of the National Restaurant Association, 1993.

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Great Britain. Department of Health. Guidance on the Food Safety (Temperature Control) Regulations 1995. London]: Department of Health, 1995.

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Cho, Yong-Jin. Emerging technologies for food quality and food safety evaluation. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2011.

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Book chapters on the topic "Food safety control"

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Baron, Florence, and Gérard Brulé. "Food Safety Control." In Handbook of Food Science and Technology 1, 195–204. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119268659.ch8.

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Feirtag, Joellen M., and Madeline Velázquez. "Food Safety Control Systems in Food Processing." In Food Safety Handbook, 403–9. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/047172159x.ch22.

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Kozak, G. K., Jackie Crichton, and Jeffrey Farber. "Control of Pathogens at Retail." In Retail Food Safety, 3–15. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-1550-7_2.

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Mustapha, Azlin, and Jee Hye Lee. "Food Preservation and Safety." In Microbial Control and Food Preservation, 1–15. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-7556-3_1.

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Newslow, Debby. "Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP)." In Food Safety Handbook, 363–79. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/047172159x.ch20.

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Tetro, Jason. "Control of Foodborne Viruses at Retail." In Retail Food Safety, 59–79. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-1550-7_6.

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Roberts, Tanya, and Johan Lindblad. "Sweden Led Salmonella Control in Broilers: Which Countries Are Following?" In Food Safety Economics, 231–49. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92138-9_12.

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Hill, Dolores E., and Jitender P. Dubey. "Toxoplasma gondii as a Parasite in Food: Analysis and Control." In Preharvest Food Safety, 227–47. Washington, DC, USA: ASM Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/9781555819644.ch12.

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Thakur, Dhruv, Anurag Singh, Rajat Suhag, and Atul Dhiman. "Application of Microorganism in Food Production and Control of Foodborne Illness." In Global Food Safety, 253–302. New York: Apple Academic Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003283140-15.

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Varghese, Suni Mary, Salvatore Parisi, Rajeev K. Singla, and A. S. Anitha Begum. "Food Safety and Quality Control in Food Industry." In Trends in Food Chemistry, Nutrition and Technology in Indian Sub-Continent, 31–44. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-06304-6_5.

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Conference papers on the topic "Food safety control"

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Lautner, Beth. "NPPC Perspective on Food Safety." In Seventh International Symposium on the Epidemiology and Control of Foodborne Pathogens in Pork. Iowa State University, Digital Press, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/safepork-180809-146.

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McKean, J., Paula J. Fedorka-Cray, I. Wesley, P. Holden, and Elsa Murano. "Segregated Early Weaning - Control of Food Safety Organisms." In Fourth International Symposium on the Epidemiology and Control of Salmonella and Other Food Borne Pathogens in Pork. Iowa State University, Digital Press, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/safepork-180809-214.

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Dushkova, Miglena. "ORGANIC FARMING AND FOOD SAFETY." In AGRIBUSINESS AND RURAL AREAS - ECONOMY, INNOVATION AND GROWTH 2021. University publishing house "Science and Economics", University of Economics - Varna, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36997/ara2021.270.

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The paper presents Food safety policy in European Union. Special attention is given to the "Farm to Fork" Strategy, which includes all operators in the food value chain. Institutions that control this food chain and at the same time, they should protect consumer interests in the field of food safety, are considered. Organic farming has an important role in ensuring safe food and sustainable food consumption. In this context, significance of organic farming is considered in two main directions. On the one hand, as a type of agriculture that develops its activities with environment care. On the other hand, as a main way of providing organic and healthy food to consumers.
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Chen, Miao-Sheng, Ching-Yi Lin, and Po-Yu Chen. "Model design to analyze food safety regulations on food adulteration in Taiwan." In The 2nd Annual 2016 International Conference on Mechanical Engineering and Control System (MECS2016). WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789813208414_0058.

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Baltazar, A., J. Figueiredo, and A. Ferreira. "Safety control evaluation of food storage in mass caterer." In Selected Contributions From the International Symposium Occupational Safety and Hygiene (Sho 2017). CRC Press/Balkema P.O. Box 11320, 2301 EH Leiden, The Netherlands: CRC Press/Balkema, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315164809-98.

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Xie, Weiyan. "Food Safety Control from the Perspective of Supply Chain." In 2015 International Conference on Education Technology and Economic Management. Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icetem-15.2015.60.

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Li, Jiapei, and Chun-jie Li. "Thinking about the relationship between IT and food safety." In 2016 Chinese Control and Decision Conference (CCDC). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ccdc.2016.7532174.

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Parham, G. L. "Food safety research initiatives in the United States." In Second International Symposium on Epidemiology and Control of Salmonella in Pork. Iowa State University, Digital Press, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/safepork-180809-433.

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Linh, Nguyen Quang, and Wiebe Koops. "Swine sustainable systems and food safety in Vietnam." In Sixth International Symposium on the Epidemiology and Control of Foodborne Pathogens in Pork. Iowa State University, Digital Press, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/safepork-180809-792.

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Parker, Sarah, Andrijana Rajic, and C. Dewey. "Food safety on the farm- a survey of Saskatchewan swine producers for their food safety knowledge and farm management practices." In Eighth International Symposium on the Epidemiology and Control of Foodborne Pathogens in Pork. Iowa State University, Digital Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/safepork-180809-849.

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Reports on the topic "Food safety control"

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Nguyen, Thi Dien, Thi Minh Hanh Nguyen, Thi Minh Khue Nguyen, and Ayako Ebata. Policies to Improve Migrant Workers’ Food Security in Vietnam. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ids.2022.019.

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Migrant workers in Vietnam make up 7.3 per cent of the population. Despite rapid economic growth, they suffer from precarious working conditions and food insecurity, which Covid-19 control measures have exacerbated. Urgent action is needed to improve migrant workers’ access to nutritious food during crises and increase resilience to future economic shocks through: (1) short-term responses that provide nutritious food; (2) improving living conditions through effective enforcement of existing policies; (3) expanding coverage of the government social safety net; and (4) progressive reform of labour law to reduce their vulnerability to job loss and increase their bargaining power.
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McPhedran, R., K. Patel, B. Toombs, P. Menon, M. Patel, J. Disson, K. Porter, A. John, and A. Rayner. Food allergen communication in businesses feasibility trial. Food Standards Agency, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.tpf160.

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Background: Clear allergen communication in food business operators (FBOs) has been shown to have a positive impact on customers’ perceptions of businesses (Barnett et al., 2013). However, the precise size and nature of this effect is not known: there is a paucity of quantitative evidence in this area, particularly in the form of randomised controlled trials (RCTs). The Food Standards Agency (FSA), in collaboration with Kantar’s Behavioural Practice, conducted a feasibility trial to investigate whether a randomised cluster trial – involving the proactive communication of allergen information at the point of sale in FBOs – is feasible in the United Kingdom (UK). Objectives: The trial sought to establish: ease of recruitments of businesses into trials; customer response rates for in-store outcome surveys; fidelity of intervention delivery by FBO staff; sensitivity of outcome survey measures to change; and appropriateness of the chosen analytical approach. Method: Following a recruitment phase – in which one of fourteen multinational FBOs was successfully recruited – the execution of the feasibility trial involved a quasi-randomised matched-pairs clustered experiment. Each of the FBO’s ten participating branches underwent pair-wise matching, with similarity of branches judged according to four criteria: Food Hygiene Rating Scheme (FHRS) score, average weekly footfall, number of staff and customer satisfaction rating. The allocation ratio for this trial was 1:1: one branch in each pair was assigned to the treatment group by a representative from the FBO, while the other continued to operate in accordance with their standard operating procedure. As a business-based feasibility trial, customers at participating branches throughout the fieldwork period were automatically enrolled in the trial. The trial was single-blind: customers at treatment branches were not aware that they were receiving an intervention. All customers who visited participating branches throughout the fieldwork period were asked to complete a short in-store survey on a tablet affixed in branches. This survey contained four outcome measures which operationalised customers’: perceptions of food safety in the FBO; trust in the FBO; self-reported confidence to ask for allergen information in future visits; and overall satisfaction with their visit. Results: Fieldwork was conducted from the 3 – 20 March 2020, with cessation occurring prematurely due to the closure of outlets following the proliferation of COVID-19. n=177 participants took part in the trial across the ten branches; however, response rates (which ranged between 0.1 - 0.8%) were likely also adversely affected by COVID-19. Intervention fidelity was an issue in this study: while compliance with delivery of the intervention was relatively high in treatment branches (78.9%), erroneous delivery in control branches was also common (46.2%). Survey data were analysed using random-intercept multilevel linear regression models (due to the nesting of customers within branches). Despite the trial’s modest sample size, there was some evidence to suggest that the intervention had a positive effect for those suffering from allergies/intolerances for the ‘trust’ (β = 1.288, p<0.01) and ‘satisfaction’ (β = 0.945, p<0.01) outcome variables. Due to singularity within the fitted linear models, hierarchical Bayes models were used to corroborate the size of these interactions. Conclusions: The results of this trial suggest that a fully powered clustered RCT would likely be feasible in the UK. In this case, the primary challenge in the execution of the trial was the recruitment of FBOs: despite high levels of initial interest from four chains, only one took part. However, it is likely that the proliferation of COVID-19 adversely impacted chain participation – two other FBOs withdrew during branch eligibility assessment and selection, citing COVID-19 as a barrier. COVID-19 also likely lowered the on-site survey response rate: a significant negative Pearson correlation was observed between daily survey completions and COVID-19 cases in the UK, highlighting a likely relationship between the two. Limitations: The trial was quasi-random: selection of branches, pair matching and allocation to treatment/control groups were not systematically conducted. These processes were undertaken by a representative from the FBO’s Safety and Quality Assurance team (with oversight from Kantar representatives on pair matching), as a result of the chain’s internal operational restrictions.
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Sela, Shlomo, and Michael McClelland. Desiccation Tolerance in Salmonella and its Implications. United States Department of Agriculture, May 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7594389.bard.

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Salmonella enterica is a worldwide food-borne pathogen, which regularly causes large outbreaks of food poisoning. Recent outbreaks linked to consumption of contaminated foods with low water-activity, have raised interest in understanding the factors that control fitness of this pathogen to dry environment. Consequently, the general objective of this study was to extend our knowledge on desiccation tolerance and long-term persistence of Salmonella. We discovered that dehydrated STm entered into a viable-but-nonculturable state, and that addition of chloramphenicol reduced bacterial survival. This finding implied that adaptation to desiccation stress requires de-novo protein synthesis. We also discovered that dried STm cells develop cross-tolerance to multiple stresses that the pathogen might encounter in the agriculture/food environment, such as high or low temperatures, salt, and various disinfectants. These findings have important implications for food safety because they demonstrate the limitations of chemical and physical treatments currently utilized by the food industry to completely inactivate Salmonella. In order to identify genes involved in desiccation stress tolerance, we employed transcriptomic analysis of dehydrated and wet cells and direct screening of knock-out mutant and transposon libraries. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that dehydration induced expression of ninety genes and down-regulated seven. Ribosomal structural genes represented the most abundant functional group with a relatively higher transcription during dehydration. Other large classes of induced functional groups included genes involved in amino acid metabolism, energy production, ion transport, transcription, and stress response. Initial genetic analysis of a number of up-regulated genes was carried out). It was found that mutations in rpoS, yahO, aceA, nifU, rpoE, ddg,fnr and kdpE significantly compromised desiccation tolerance, supporting their role in desiccation stress response.
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4

Poverenov, Elena, Tara McHugh, and Victor Rodov. Waste to Worth: Active antimicrobial and health-beneficial food coating from byproducts of mushroom industry. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7600015.bard.

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Background. In this proposal we suggest developing a common solution for three seemingly unrelated acute problems: (1) improving sustainability of fast-growing mushroom industry producing worldwide millions of tons of underutilized leftovers; (2) alleviating the epidemic of vitamin D deficiency adversely affecting the public health in both countries and in other regions; (3) reducing spoilage of perishable fruit and vegetable products leading to food wastage. Based on our previous experience we propose utilizing appropriately processed mushroom byproducts as a source of two valuable bioactive materials: antimicrobial and wholesome polysaccharide chitosan and health-strengthening nutrient ergocalciferol⁽ᵛⁱᵗᵃᵐⁱⁿ ᴰ2⁾. ᴬᵈᵈⁱᵗⁱᵒⁿᵃˡ ᵇᵉⁿᵉᶠⁱᵗ ᵒᶠ ᵗʰᵉˢᵉ ᵐᵃᵗᵉʳⁱᵃˡˢ ⁱˢ ᵗʰᵉⁱʳ ᵒʳⁱᵍⁱⁿ ᶠʳᵒᵐ ⁿᵒⁿ⁻ᵃⁿⁱᵐᵃˡ ᶠᵒᵒᵈ⁻ᵍʳᵃᵈᵉ source. We proposed using chitosan and vitamin D as ingredients in active edible coatings on two model foods: highly perishable fresh-cut melon and less perishable health bars. Objectives and work program. The general aim of the project is improving storability, safety and health value of foods by developing and applying a novel active edible coating based on utilization of mushroom industry leftovers. The work plan includes the following tasks: (a) optimizing the UV-B treatment of mushroom leftover stalks to enrich them with vitamin D without compromising chitosan quality - Done; (b) developing effective extraction procedures to yield chitosan and vitamin D from the stalks - Done; (c) utilizing LbL approach to prepare fungal chitosan-based edible coatings with optimal properties - Done; (d) enrichment of the coating matrix with fungal vitamin D utilizing molecular encapsulation and nano-encapsulation approaches - Done, it was found that no encapsulation methods are needed to enrich chitosan matrix with vitamin D; (e) testing the performance of the coating for controlling spoilage of fresh cut melons - Done; (f) testing the performance of the coating for nutritional enhancement and quality preservation of heath bars - Done. Achievements. In this study numerous results were achieved. Mushroom waste, leftover stalks, was treated ʷⁱᵗʰ ᵁⱽ⁻ᴮ ˡⁱᵍʰᵗ ᵃⁿᵈ ᵗʳᵉᵃᵗᵐᵉⁿᵗ ⁱⁿᵈᵘᶜᵉˢ ᵃ ᵛᵉʳʸ ʰⁱᵍʰ ᵃᶜᶜᵘᵐᵘˡᵃᵗⁱᵒⁿ ᵒᶠ ᵛⁱᵗᵃᵐⁱⁿ ᴰ2, ᶠᵃʳ ᵉˣᶜᵉᵉᵈⁱⁿᵍ any other dietary vitamin D source. The straightforward vitamin D extraction procedure and ᵃ ˢⁱᵐᵖˡⁱᶠⁱᵉᵈ ᵃⁿᵃˡʸᵗⁱᶜᵃˡ ᵖʳᵒᵗᵒᶜᵒˡ ᶠᵒʳ ᵗⁱᵐᵉ⁻ᵉᶠᶠⁱᶜⁱᵉⁿᵗ ᵈᵉᵗᵉʳᵐⁱⁿᵃᵗⁱᵒⁿ ᵒᶠ ᵗʰᵉ ᵛⁱᵗᵃᵐⁱⁿ ᴰ2 ᶜᵒⁿᵗᵉⁿᵗ suitable for routine product quality control were developed. Concerning the fungal chitosan extraction, new freeze-thawing protocol was developed, tested on three different mushroom sources and compared to the classic protocol. The new protocol resulted in up to 2-fold increase in the obtained chitosan yield, up to 3-fold increase in its deacetylation degree, high whitening index and good antimicrobial activity. The fungal chitosan films enriched with Vitamin D were prepared and compared to the films based on animal origin chitosan demonstrating similar density, porosity and water vapor permeability. Layer-by-layer chitosan-alginate electrostatic deposition was used to coat fruit bars. The coatings helped to preserve the quality and increase the shelf-life of fruit bars, delaying degradation of ascorbic acid and antioxidant capacity loss as well as reducing bar softening. Microbiological analyses also showed a delay in yeast and fungal growth when compared with single layer coatings of fungal or animal chitosan or alginate. Edible coatings were also applied on fresh-cut melons and provided significant improvement of physiological quality (firmness, weight ˡᵒˢˢ⁾, ᵐⁱᶜʳᵒᵇⁱᵃˡ ˢᵃᶠᵉᵗʸ ⁽ᵇᵃᶜᵗᵉʳⁱᵃ, ᵐᵒˡᵈ, ʸᵉᵃˢᵗ⁾, ⁿᵒʳᵐᵃˡ ʳᵉˢᵖⁱʳᵃᵗⁱᵒⁿ ᵖʳᵒᶜᵉˢˢ ⁽Cᴼ2, ᴼ²⁾ ᵃⁿᵈ ᵈⁱᵈ not cause off-flavor (EtOH). It was also found that the performance of edible coating from fungal stalk leftovers does not concede to the chitosan coatings sourced from animal or good quality mushrooms. Implications. The proposal helped attaining triple benefit: valorization of mushroom industry byproducts; improving public health by fortification of food products with vitamin D from natural non-animal source; and reducing food wastage by using shelf- life-extending antimicrobial edible coatings. New observations with scientific impact were found. The program resulted in 5 research papers. Several effective and straightforward procedures that can be adopted by mushroom growers and food industries were developed. BARD Report - Project 4784
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Cahaner, Avigdor, Susan J. Lamont, E. Dan Heller, and Jossi Hillel. Molecular Genetic Dissection of Complex Immunocompetence Traits in Broilers. United States Department of Agriculture, August 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2003.7586461.bard.

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Objectives: (1) Evaluate Immunocompetence-OTL-containing Chromosomal Regions (ICRs), marked by microsatellites or candidate genes, for magnitude of direct effect and for contribution to relationships among multiple immunocompetence, disease-resistance, and growth traits, in order to estimate epistatic and pleiotropic effects and to predict the potential breeding applications of such markers. (2) Evaluate the interaction of the ICRs with genetic backgrounds from multiple sources and of multiple levels of genetic variation, in order to predict the general applicability of molecular genetic markers across widely varied populations. Background: Diseases cause substantial economic losses to animal producers. Emerging pathogens, vaccine failures and intense management systems increase the impact of diseases on animal production. Moreover, zoonotic pathogens are a threat to human food safety when microbiological contamination of animal products occurs. Consumers are increasingly concerned about drug residues and antibiotic- resistant pathogens derived from animal products. The project used contemporary scientific technologies to investigate the genetics of chicken resistance to infectious disease. Genetic enhancement of the innate resistance of chicken populations provides a sustainable and ecologically sound approach to reduce microbial loads in agricultural populations. In turn, animals will be produced more efficiently with less need for drug treatment and will pose less of a potential food-safety hazard. Major achievements, conclusions and implications:. The PI and co-PIs had developed a refined research plan, aiming at the original but more focused objectives, that could be well-accomplished with the reduced awarded support. The successful conduct of that research over the past four years has yielded substantial new information about the genes and genetic markers that are associated with response to two important poultry pathogens, Salmonella enteritidis (SE) and Escherichia coli (EC), about variation of immunocompetence genes in poultry, about relationships of traits of immune response and production, and about interaction of genes with environment and with other genes and genetic background. The current BARD work has generated a base of knowledge and expertise regarding the genetic variation underlying the traits of immunocompetence and disease resistance. In addition, unique genetic resource populations of chickens have been established in the course of the current project, and they are essential for continued projects. The US laboratory has made considerable progress in studies of the genetics of resistance to SE. Microsatellite-marked chromosomal regions and several specific genes were linked to SE vaccine response or bacterial burden and the important phenomenon of gene interaction was identified in this system. In total, these studies demonstrate the role of genetics in SE response, the utility of the existing resource population, and the expertise of the research group in conducting such experiments. The Israeli laboratories had showed that the lines developed by selection for high or low level of antibody (Ab) response to EC differ similarly in Ab response to several other viral and bacterial pathogens, indicating the existence of a genetic control of general capacity of Ab response in young broilers. It was also found that the 10w-Ab line has developed, possibly via compensatory "natural" selection, higher cellular immune response. At the DNA levels, markers supposedly linked to immune response were identified, as well as SNP in the MHC, a candidate gene responsible for genetic differences in immunocompetence of chickens.
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Brandl, Maria T., Shlomo Sela, Craig T. Parker, and Victor Rodov. Salmonella enterica Interactions with Fresh Produce. United States Department of Agriculture, September 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2010.7592642.bard.

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The emergence of food-borne illness outbreaks linked to the contamination of fruits and vegetables is a great concern in industrialized countries. The current lack of control measures and effective sanitization methods prompt the need for new strategies to reduce contamination of produce. Our ability to assess the risk associated with produce contamination and to devise innovative control strategies depends on the identification of critical determinants that affect the growth and the persistence of human pathogens on plants. Salmonella enterica, a common causal agent of illness linked to produce, has the ability to colonize and persist on plants. Thus, our main objective was to identify plant-inducible genes that have a role in the growth and/or persistence of S. enterica on postharvest lettuce. Our findings suggest that in-vitro biofilm formation tests may provide a suitable model to predict the initial attachment of Salmonella to cut-romaine lettuce leaves and confirm that Salmonella could persist on lettuce during shelf-life storage. Importantly, we found that Salmonella association with lettuce increases its acid-tolerance, a trait which might be correlated with an enhanced ability of the pathogen to pass through the acidic barrier of the stomach. We have demonstrated that Salmonella can internalize leaves of iceberg lettuce through open stomata. We found for the first time that internalization is an active bacterial process mediated by chemotaxis and motility toward nutrient produced in the leaf by photosynthesis. These findings may provide a partial explanation for the failure of sanitizers to efficiently eradicate foodborne pathogens in leafy greens and may point to a novel mechanism utilized by foodborne and perhaps plant pathogens to colonize leaves. Using resolvase in vivo expression technology (RIVET) we have managed to identify multiple Salmonella genes, some of which with no assigned function, which are involved in attachment to and persistence of Salmonella on lettuce leaves. The precise function of these genes in Salmonella-leaf interactions is yet to be elucidated. Taken together, our findings have advanced the understanding of how Salmonella persist in the plant environment, as well as the potential consequences upon ingestion by human. The emerging knowledge opens new research directions which should ultimately be useful in developing new strategies and approaches to reduce leaf contamination and enhance the safety of fresh produce.
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Quak, Evert-jan. Russia’s Approach to Civilians in the Territories it Controls. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2022.041.

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This rapid review synthesises the literature from academic sources, knowledge institutions, non-governmental organisations (NGOs), and trusted independent media outlets on the approach used by the Russian government to provide any support or services to civilians in the territories it controls. The rapid review concludes that Russia provides economic, social, government, and military support to de facto states that it controls, such as Abkhazia, South Ossetia, Transnistria and the Donbas region. Russia covers large parts of the state’s budget of these separatist regions. This review uses the term aid referring to a wide range of support, such as humanitarian, social safety nets, basic services, infrastructure, state development, and security. Due to the lack of transparency on the Russian aid money that flows into the regions that are the subject of this review, it is impossible to show disaggregated data, but rather a broader overview of Russian aid to these regions. Russia used humanitarian aid and assistance to provide for civilians. During armed conflict it provided, to some extent, food, and medicines to the people. However, from the literature Russia has used humanitarian aid and assistance as an instrument to pursue broader policy goals that could not be defined as humanitarian in nature. Russia often relied on the language of humanitarianism to strengthen its credentials as a neutral and impartial actor and to justify its continued support for the residents and de facto authorities of Abkhazia, South Ossetia, and Transnistria, to secure its aim to strengthen the political and social ties with these regions while weakening their allegiance to Georgia and Moldova. As the humanitarian activities to the Donbas region in eastern Ukraine demonstrate, the Russian state is not willing to allow scrutiny of their humanitarian aid by independent organisations. Mistrust, corruption, and the use of aid for propaganda, even smuggling arms into the separatist region, are commonly mentioned by trusted sources. After a conflict becomes more stabilised, Russia’s humanitarian aid becomes more of a long-term strategic “friendship”, often sealed in a treaty to integrate the region into the Russian sphere, such as the cases of South Ossetia, Abkhazia, and Transnistria clearly show. Although all these separatist regions rely on Russia (economically, politically, and through Russia’s military presence), this does not mean that they always do exactly what Russia wants, which is particularly the case for Abkhazia and Transnistria.
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Tang, Jiqin, Gong Zhang, Jinxiao Xing, Ying Yu, and Tao Han. Network Meta-analysis of Heat-clearing and Detoxifying Oral Liquid of Chinese Medicines in Treatment of Children’s Hand-foot-mouth Disease：a protocol for systematic review. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, January 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.1.0032.

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Review question / Objective: The type of study was clinical randomized controlled trial (RCT). The object of study is the patients with HFMD. There is no limit to gender and race. In the case of clear diagnosis standard, curative effect judgment standard and consistent baseline treatment, the experimental group was treated with pure oral liquid of traditional Chinese medicine(A: Fuganlin oral liquid, B: huangzhihua oral liquid, C: Lanqin oral liquid, D: antiviral oral liquid, E: Huangqin oral liquid, F: Pudilan oral liquid, G: Shuanghuanglian oral liquid.)and the control group was treated with ribavirin or any oral liquid of traditional Chinese medicine. The data were extracted by two researchers independently, cross checked and reviewed according to the pre-determined tables. The data extraction content is (1) Basic information (including the first author, published journal and year, research topic). (2) Relevant information (including number of cases, total number of cases, gender, age, intervention measures, course of treatment of the experimental group and the control group in the literature). (3) Design type and quality evaluation information of the included literature. (4) Outcome measures (effective rate, healing time of oral ulcer, regression time of hand and foot rash, regression time of fever, adverse reactions.). The seven traditional Chinese medicine oral liquids are comparable in clinical practice, but their actual clinical efficacy is lack of evidence-based basis. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to use the network meta-analysis method to integrate the clinical relevant evidence of direct and indirect comparative relationship, to make quantitative comprehensive statistical analysis and sequencing of different oral liquid of traditional Chinese medicine with the same evidence body for the treatment of the disease, and then to explore the advantages and disadvantages of the efficacy and safety of different oral liquid of traditional Chinese medicine to get the best treatment plan, so as to provide reference value and evidence-based medicine evidence for clinical optimization of drug selection. Condition being studied: Hand foot mouth disease (HFMD) is a common infectious disease in pediatrics caused by a variety of enteroviruses. Its clinical manifestations are mainly characterized by persistent fever, hand foot rash, oral herpes, ulcers, etc. Because it is often found in preschool children, its immune system development is not perfect, so it is very vulnerable to infection by pathogens and epidemic diseases, resulting in rapid progress of the disease. A few patients will also have neurogenic pulmonary edema Meningitis, myocarditis and other serious complications even lead to death, so effectively improve the cure rate, shorten the course of disease, prevent the deterioration of the disease as the focus of the study. In recent years, traditional Chinese medicine has played an important role in the research of antiviral treatment. Many clinical practices have confirmed that oral liquid of traditional Chinese medicine can effectively play the role of antiviral and improve the body's immunity.
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Kotler, Moshe, Larry Hanson, and Shane Burgess. Replication Defective Cyprinid Herpes Virus-3 (CyHV-3) as a Combined Prophylactic Vaccine in Carps. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2010.7697104.bard.

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Aquacultured koi and common carp fish (Cyprinus carpio) are intensively bred as ornamental and food fish in many countries worldwide. Hatcheries of carp and koi have recently suffered massive financial damages due to two viral diseases caused by the Cyprinid herpesvirus-3 (CyHV-3), previously designated as Carp Interstitial Nephritis and Gill Necrosis Virus (CNGV) and Koi herpesvirus (KHV), and by the Spring Viremia of Carp Virus (SVCV). CyHV-3 is a large dsDNA virus, which is infectious mostly to koi and common carp, while SVCV is a rhabdovirus with a relatively broad host range. Both viruses induce contagious disease with mortality rate up to 90%. Strategies for the control of viral infection in fish are of limited use. While efforts to prevent introduction of infectious agents into culture facilities are desirable, such exclusion strategies are far from fail-safe. Extensive vaccination methods that are useful for use in aquaculture facilities produce weak immunity, when used with proteins or inactivated viruses. Methods to overcome this obstacle are to vaccinate the fish with large amounts of antigen and/or use adjuvant and immune modulators over a long period. These techniques usually require individual handling of the fish. On the other hand, live attenuated virus is efficient and economical when used as an immersionvaccine. However, this technique poses certain environmental risks and thus may be difficult to license and scale up. Another option is a vaccine based on the replication defective virus (RDV) (pseudovirus), which can infect cells, but is unable to produce infectious particles. This vaccine may circumvent many of the problems related to attenuated-live vaccine (e.g., inadvertent infection and reversion to the virulent strain).
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Rafaeli, Ada, Wendell Roelofs, and Anat Zada Byers. Identification and gene regulation of the desaturase enzymes involved in sex-pheromone biosynthesis of pest moths infesting grain. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7613880.bard.

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The original objectives of the approved proposal included: 1. Establishment of the biosynthetic pathways for pheromone production using labeled precursors and GC-MS. 2. The elucidation of a circadian regulation of key enzymes in the biosynthetic pathway. 3. The identification, characterization and confirmation of functional expression of the delta-desaturases. 4. The identification of gene regulatory processes involved in the expression of the key enzymes in the biosynthetic pathway. Background to the topic: Moths constitute one of the major groups of pest insects in agriculture and their reproductive behavior is dependent on chemical communication. Sex-pheromone blends are utilized by a variety of moth species to attract conspecific mates. The sex pheromones used are commonly composed of blends of aliphatic molecules that vary in chain length, geometry, degree and position of double bonds and functional groups. They are formed by various actions of specific delta-desaturases to which chain shortening, elongation, reduction, acetylation, and oxidation of a common fatty acyl precursor is coupled. In most of the moth species sex-pheromone biosynthesis is under circadian control by the neurohormone, PBAN (pheromone-biosynthesis-activating neuropeptide). The development of specific and safe insect control strategies utilizing pheromone systems depends on a clear knowledge of the molecular mechanisms involved. In this proposal we aimed at identifying and characterizing specific desaturases involved in the biosynthetic pathway of two moth pest-speciesof stored products, P. interpunctella and S. cerealella, and to elucidate the regulation of the enzymes involved in pheromone biosynthesis. Due to technical difficulties the second stored product pest was excluded from the study at an early phase of the research project. Major conclusions: Within the framework of the planned objectives we confirmed the pheromone biosynthetic pathway of P. interpunctella and H. armigera by using labeled precursor molecules. In addition, in conjunction with various inhibitors we determined the PBAN-stimulated rate-limiting step for these biosynthetic pathways. We thereby present conclusive evidence that the enzyme Acetyl Coenzyme A Carboxylase is activated as a result of PBAN stimulation. We also found that P. interpunctella produce the main pheromone component Z9, E12 Tetradecenyl acetate through the action of a D11 desaturase working on the 16:Acid precursor. This is evidenced by the high amount of incorporation of ²H-labeled 16:Acid into pheromone when compared to the incorporation of ²H-labeled 14:Acid. However, in contrast to reports on other moth species, P. interpunctella is also capable of utilizing the 14:Acid precursor, although to a much lesser extent than the 16:Acid precursor. Despite the discovery of nine different desaturase gene transcripts in this species, from the present study it is evident that although PCR detected all nine gene transcripts, specific to female pheromone glands, only two are highly expressed whereas the other 7 are expressed at levels of at least 10⁵ fold lower showing very low abundance. These two genes correspond to D11-like desaturases strengthening the hypothesis that the main biosynthetic pathway involves a D11 desaturase.
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