Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Food route'

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2007.
The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on January 2, 2008) Includes bibliographical references.

Background: Canada has seen a dramatic increase in the prevalence of childhood obesity in recent decades. Researchers have argued that this problem could be addressed through improvements to the “food environment”—the food vendors comprised in the built environment. Children's diets are poorer in nutritional quality during school hours, suggesting that the food environments surrounding schools may be an important area of inquiry. Objectives: This thesis sought (1) to identify the best available data set for assessing the distributions of food outlets in Vancouver, (2) to characterize the food environments surrounding Vancouver public schools, testing for demographic or socioeconomic disparities in access and (3) to examine the associations between school food environments and the dietary intakes of children and adolescents at- or en-route to school. Methods: Food outlet data were obtained from two municipal and two commercial sources and validated against primary data on the food outlets located within 800m of 26 schools. Outlet density and proximity to Vancouver schools (n=113) were evaluated with the best performing data set; negative binomial regression models examined whether disparities existed in environments according to % aboriginal students, % English Language Learners, and school poverty, controlling for neighbourhood-level factors. Multilevel logistic regression analyses evaluated the associations of school food environment measures and 950 children's odds of daily consumption, at or en-route to schools (n=26), of minimally nutritious foods. Results & Conclusions: The City of Vancouver Business Licenses data had the highest sensitivity (0.69) and positive predictive value (0.55). High-poverty schools had more convenience stores within 400m than low-poverty schools, even after controlling for commercial density and neighbourhood socioeconomic deprivation (IRR=1.74, 95% CI 1.003 - 3.032); no robust statistically significant relationships were identified between school food environments and school-level demographic factors. No consistent associations were identified between school food environment measures and students' intakes of minimally nutritious foods. The findings do not support policies to reduce student access to food outlets near schools.
Land and Food Systems, Faculty of
Graduate

Focusing on migration from Guinea-Bissau to Portugal, this thesis examines the role played by food and plants that grow in Guinean land in connecting life-worlds in both places. Using a phenomenological approach to transnationalism and multi-sited ethnography, I explore different ways in which local experiences related to food production, consumption and exchange in the two countries, as well as local meanings of foods and plants, are connected at a transnational level. One of my key objectives is to deconstruct some of the binaries commonly addressed in the literature, such as global processes and local lives, modernity and tradition or competition and solidarity, and to demonstrate how they are all contextually and relationally entwined in people's life-worlds. In order to do so I trace Guinean foodstuffs and plants from their origin sites in Guinea-Bissau to their final destination in Portugal. I examine, first, the significance of the Guinean land where they grow. Second, I look at the adaptations that take place in Guineans' relationship with that land when it ‘travels' – through its food and plants – to Portugal. Third, I explore food-related ways in which the past, present and future of a Guinean life-world that is ‘disrupted' by migration are brought together through memory practices and future projects of migration and return. Finally, I examine practices of food exchange as gifts and trade across borders. By starting with production and ending with exchange practices, this thesis emphasises that both are not necessarily alienated from each other, even when they are physically distanced by migration. The unique relationships they generate and the role played by Guinean land's special properties, as well as the fact that these are able to travel, through the food and plants that share its substance, to Portugal, enable Guineans' local life-worlds to be connected in a transnational context.

Inefficient road transportation causes unnecessary costs and polluting emissions. This problem is even more severe in refrigerated transportation, in which temperature control is used to guarantee the quality of the products. Organizing logistics cooperatively can help decrease both the environmental and the economic impacts. In Joint Route Planning (JRP) cooperation, suppliers and customers jointly optimize routing decisions so that cost and emissions are minimized. Vendor Managed Inventory (VMI) cooperation extends JRP cooperation by optimizing routing and inventory planning decisions simultaneously. However, in addition to their economic advantages, VMI and JRP may also yield environmental benefits. To test this assertion, we perform a case study on cooperation between a number of supermarket chains in the Netherlands. The data of this case study are analyzed to quantify both the economic and environmental benefits of implementing cooperation via JRP and VMI, using vehicle routing and an inventory routing models. We found that JRP cooperation can substantially reduce cost and emissions compared with uncooperative routing. In addition, VMI cooperation can further reduce cost and emissions, but minimizing cost and minimizing emissions no longer result in the same solution and there is a trade-off to be made.

Il lavoro di questa tesi mira ad analizzare alcune delle problematiche derivanti dalla pianificazione dei viaggi e dalla gestione delle volumetrie della merce passante per i magazzini della Società Unilog Group S.p.A. la cui sede risiede ad Anzola dell’Emilia (BO). Il suo principale obiettivo è quello di introdurre il software di pianificazione PTV Route Optimizer per la creazione automatica dei viaggi per il ritiro e consegne della merce affidata dalla Grade Distribuzione Organizzata ad Unilog. Alla base di questo, si è quindi resa necessaria una approfondita analisi dei processi direttamente o indirettamente correlati a quello di pianificazione in modo da individuare fin da subito sia altre aree di miglioramento slegate all'introduzione del nuovo software sia per effettuare una migliore progettazione del nuovo processo di pianificazione stesso. A questo si è affiancata anche un'attività di analisi delle volumetrie delle merci trasportate dai mezzi della società in modo da poter incrementare la precisione di dati di input del software e quindi anche quella dei risultati stessi in termini di saturazione dei mezzi e numero di questi generati. Sono infine riportati i risultati dei test fatti una volta personalizzato il software alle esigenze dell'azienda e le considerazioni finali sulle criticità da superare per iniziare ad utilizzarlo in produzione

Central place foragers, such as territorial hummingbirds, feed from resources that tend to be constant in space and to replenish with time (e.g. nectar in flowers). The ability to remember both where and when resources are available would allow these animals to forage efficiently. Animals that feed at multiple locations would also benefit from forming routes between these multiple locations. Hummingbirds are thought to forage by repeating the order in which they visit several locations following a route called a “trapline”, although there are no quantitative data describing this behaviour. As a first step to determining how and if wild free living hummingbirds forage by traplining, I decomposed this behaviour into some of its key components. Through five field experiments, where I trained free-living hummingbirds to feed from artificial flowers, I confirmed that territorial hummingbirds will, in fact, trapline. Birds will use the shortest routes to visit several locations and will prioritize those locations that are closest to a usual feeding site. Additionally, even though hummingbirds can learn to use temporal information when visiting several patches of flowers, the spatial location of those patches has a larger influence in how these birds forage in the wild. Since male and female hummingbirds were thought to forage differently I also tested whether there were sex differences in the types of cues they use when foraging. Contrary to expectation, female hummingbirds will also use spatial cues to relocate a rewarded site. Using the foraging ecology of rufous hummingbirds to formulate predictions as to what information these birds should use has lead me to discover that these birds forage in a completely different way than previously thought.

The class of ligands represented by [CpCo(P(O)(OR)2)3]-, L- , were first synthesized by W. Kläui in 1977. These ligands have been found to coordinate to a variety of low and high oxidation state metals through the use of its three P=O oxygen atoms as donors. The ligands act as mono-anionic six electron donors which make them similar to the more widely known cyclopentadienyl ligands, (C5H5-xRx)-, but have electronic properties like those of fluoride or oxide. Also, it has been found that the coordination chemistry of L- resembles the unsubstituted tris(pryrazolyl)hydroborato six electron ligand, (RB(pz)3)-. All three of these ligands can be modified by changing the substituent R. The Kläui ligand offers a good opportunity to synthesize a chiral derivative. In the process to obtain the chiral version, (cyclopentadienyl)tris(biphenyl-phosphito-P)cobaltate(1-), 18, was synthesized from 2,2'-biphenol. This was characterized through NMR, mass spectroscopy, and XPS. Next, a racemic version, (cyclopentadienyl)tris(biphenylphosphito-P)cobaltate(1-), 17, was synthesized from (±)1,1â -bi-2-naphthol. A one-pot synthesis for the rac-binaphthyl phosphite derivative was developed with an increased yield from the previously published synthesis. The racemic version of the ligand was characterized by NMR and mass spectroscopy. The chiral version has not yet been synthesized, however, by following the developed procedure for the non-chiral version, the ligand could be synthesized from optically active 1,1'-bi-2-naphthol.
Master of Science

Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 1991.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 267-273).
The growth and decline of manufacturing industries in the past century and the industrial landscape that this activity has produced has had profound physical, environmental, social and economic impact on the communities of which they are an integral part. Throughout the past century, industry has dominated the man-made environment in tenns of its size, frequency of occurrence and highly prominent position in the community. In America this is particularly true, as the history of urban industrialism has shaped our nation and the character of our urban environment over the last one hundred years. Because industrial sites have played a significant role in the physical form, social composition and environmental-both natural and man-made character of American communities - their obsolescence, whether creating a change in function or eliminating the function entirely, leaves a tremendous void, both physically and economically. The obsolete industrial landscape,whether abandoned or underutilized, leaves the public and private sectors, as well as the community with the task of "reconstructing"-the reintegration of large scale environments through reuse and reprogramming-the site, architecture and infrastructure that is left as obsolete. Reconstruction of obsolete or redundant industrial sites occurs in various ways, though efforts are generally of a fairly singular focus, with the private sector making decisions based largely on market and financial considerations. While the private sector has made some effort to retrofit existing facilities with new technology and processes, the conventional approach has been to leave them behind and start fresh. Existing infrastructure, environmental quality and employee relations are generally deemed too difficult to retrofit, and so new plants are developed on green fields elsewhere, while older facilities are abandoned, demolished or sold to other parties for redevelopment. Reuse strategies have focused on the subdivision of older industrial structures to accommodate incubator industries which require less square footage than traditional heavy industries. While examples of this conventional redevelopment approach dominate in the United States, a multidisciplinary, participatory approach has been used in both European countries and the United States. Over the last decade, increased interest in the industrial landscape and its reconstruction has spawned numerous efforts world wide. In Italy and France, private sector finns such as Fiat, Pirelli, and Schlumberger have joined forces with the public sector in order to develop planning and design directions for important pieces of the urban landscape. Programs range from institutional and mixed use development to industrial and commercial reuse. In the United States, planning efforts at the federal, state and local levels have produced various participatory approaches. In recent years, the Department of the Interior through the National Park Service, has developed and implemented a program of "heritage areas", focused on the country's transportation and industrial heritage. The objectives of the cultural development strategy are to preserve industrial heritage while catalyzing economic development in the surrounding community. A candidate for multidisciplinary reconstruction planning is the Ford Rouge Complex in Dearborn, Michigan. The Rouge Complex has served for its 75 years as the center piece of the regional automotive economy in Southeastern Michigan and the automotive manufacturing in the country as a whole. From its modest beginnings on remote farm and marshland in 1917, Henry Ford I and Albert Kahn's joint vision for the Rouge quickly eclipsed their revolutionary Highland Park facility, inherited its assembly line and grew to become the largest manufacturing complex in the world. Once, the self proclaimed "industrial city" was admired, imitated, portrayed and visited by industrialists, artists and designers and tourists from every comer of the world. Today, the complex is in a state of transition and uncertainty about the future. Poised for reconstruction, it is now at the center of an economy which has been wholly dependent on the cyclical nature of the automotive industry and tied to its convulsions, relocations and downsizing. The Rouge is also in the midst of the region's economic and social strife Based on these existing conditions, can a reconstruction approach for the site create new economic and social value? If a strategy which embraces a multidimensional notion of value, emphasizing "information value", is employed, the answer may be in the affirmative. Considered in this way, the Rouge represents a major redevelopment opportunity. Nowhere is there a more potent site for such a redevelopment; nowhere in the region does the confluence of these three notions of value occur in a more powerful way. The infrastructure that exists there could not be cost effectively reproduced today. There is no other location in the region which is better served by modal options or better positioned in relation to such options. Most importantly, there are few other sites in the world which are so charged with historic and cultural meaning which is of significance at a local, national and international level, and where the juxtaposition of 20th and 21st century industrial landscape and technology meet. The thesis concludes with a recommended scenario for the reconstruction of the Rouge, focusing on a master planning approach and recommended development program which draw from examples of industrial reconstruction precedents in the the European Community and the United States. The recommended scenario advocates a multidisciplinary, participatory master planning approach. The process identifies different notions of "value" that are inherent in the Rouge. The development concept consists of four development components, each embracing different notions of value, all of which hold economic potential: infrastructure value, which focuses on the value of the buildings and infrastructure to the market, location value, which focuses on the sites context, adjacencies and linkages; and the information value, which focuses on the symbolic, historic and cultural meaning of the site. In approaching the site with this combination, the results are enhanced economic value and a physical result which addresses the concerns and issues of the stakeholders in the process-the company, the union and the community.
by Constance Corinne Bodurow Rea.
M.S.

Thesis: S.M. in Management Studies, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management, 2016.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 86-88).
From sci-fi food-substituting floury drinks to lab-engineered, plant blood-based patties that grill and smell just like steak, food innovation is blossoming. The modern food movement is challenging the assumptions at the root of our current food system in the face of an appalling health and environmental bill; and all of the voices in the system are implicated in this resounding trial. On the one hand, 40% of the food we grow goes to waste in a country in which two thirds of eaters are overweight or obese, prisoners outnumber farmers and all the cattle aligned head to tail could circle the earth up to 35 times. On the other hand, 2.3 billion dollars were injected in food tech in 2015 in the United States alone, to tackle these problems on the private front. But where do dollars meet flaws? What sparks innovation in food and agriculture today and what would a food innovation map look like for the United States? The hereby report presents a selective, subjective and dynamic representation of food and agriculture innovation, after eight months of immersion in the American food system as a buyer, an eater, an investigator and a narrator; all of Netflix and TED's food repertoire; thousands of pages from food, agriculture, agronomy and system thinking literature; days of cumulated conversations with prominent food thinkers and fast-food queuers alike; and 10,000+ kilometers walked, driven and flown to food talks and conferences across Boston, Cambridge, New York and San Francisco. This report explores the root causes behind the problematic symptoms of our broken food system, and the current and prospective pathways to spur innovation-driven systemic and behavioral change, in a collective effort to build a more sustainable food system.
by Marie Chkaiban.
S.M. in Management Studies

The development of novel bio-based materials with antimicrobial properties for active packaging applications is a topic of significant interest. The current PhD thesis deals with the development of biotechnologically derived polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) based on nanometals for antimicrobial active food packaging applications. Initially, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were produced by chemical reduction and stabilized in situ within unpurified poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate), PHBV18 (18 mol% valerate) suspensions previously obtained from mixed microbial cultures. The stabilized AgNPs were subsequently used to develop PHAs-AgNPs nanocomposites following two different strategies: 1) a direct melt-blending process where the AgNPs were added to the PHBV3 (3% mol valerate) from a highly dispersed and distributed enriched masterbatch form and, 2) as an annealed electrospun coating of PHBV3/PHBV18/AgNPs over compression molded PHBV3. The implementation of both strategies resulted in active nanocomposites with strong antimicrobial activity against food-borne pathogens, being the electrospinning coating technique the most efficient one in reducing the bacterial and virus population, even at very low AgNPs loading (from 0.002 to 0.04% wt.). As an alternative route, an integrated bioprocess for the biological synthesis of AgNPs and polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) from the fermentation process with Cupriavidus necator was also carried out. Interestingly, this work demonstrated for the first time, the inherent capacity of C. necator to reduce silver nitrate and produce AgNPs without the need for adding a reducing agent. The process was successfully optimized and scaled-up to a fully automated 10 liters bioreactor. Finally, because of the limitations of the use of AgNPs in food applications, antimicrobial PHAs films based on zinc oxide (ZnO) and copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles were prepared according to the previously developed strategies but in this case, a melt-mixing process of preincorporated ZnO into unpurified PHBV18 fiber mats made by electrospinning was also carried out to stabilize the metal nanoparticles. The effect of ZnO nanoparticles morphology and the method of ZnO/CuO incorporation on the morphological, optical, thermal, mechanical and barrier properties of the resulting active films as well as their influence on the antimicrobial (bactericide and virucidal) performance were studied. Thus, this PhD thesis represents a significant step forward in the understanding of the antimicrobial efficacy of highly dispersed and distributed nanometals and highlights the suitability of the developed PHAs/nanometals materials for antimicrobial applications and in particular for antimicrobial active food packaging applications.
El desarrollo de nuevos biomateriales con propiedades antimicrobianas para aplicaciones de envasado activo resulta un tema de gran interés en la actualidad. La presente tesis doctoral estudia el desarrollo por vía biotecnológica de polihidroxialcanoatos (PHAs) conteniendo nanometales para aplicaciones de envasado activo antimicrobiano de alimentos. En primer lugar, se produjeron nanopartículas de plata (AgNPs) por reducción química y se estabilizaron in situ en una suspensión de poli (hidroxibutirato-co-hidroxivalerato) no purificado, PHBV18 (18% en moles de valerato), obtenido previamente a partir de cultivos mixtos microbianos. Posteriormente, las AgNPs estabilizadas se utilizaron para desarrollar nanocompuestos de PHAs-AgNPs siguiendo dos estrategias diferentes: 1) un proceso de mezclado-fundido en donde las AgNPs se añadieron al PHBV3 (3% mol de valerato) a partir de un masterbatch de nanopartículas altamente dispersas y distribuidas y, 2) como una estructura bicapa formada por un recubrimiento a base de PHBV/PHBV18/AgNPs depositado sobre un film de PHBV3 obtenido por moldeo por compresión. La aplicación de ambas estrategias dio lugar a nanocompuestos activos con una fuerte actividad antimicrobiana frente a patógenos transmitidos por los alimentos, siendo la estructura bicapa la más eficaz en la reducción de la población bacteriana y viral, incluso a una carga muy baja de AgNPs (de 0.002 a 0.04% en peso). Como ruta alternativa, también se llevó a cabo un proceso integrado de fermentación con Cupriavidus necator para la síntesis biológica de AgNPs y polihidroxibutirato (PHB). En este trabajo se demostró, por primera vez, la capacidad inherente de C. necator para reducir nitrato de plata y producir AgNPs sin la necesidad de añadir un agente reductor. El proceso fue optimizado y escalado satisfactoriamente a un biorreactor automatizado de 10 litros. Finalmente, debido a las limitaciones del uso de AgNPs en aplicaciones alimentarias, se prepararon films antimicrobianos de PHAs basados en nanopartículas de óxido de zinc (ZnO) y óxido de cobre (CuO) de acuerdo con las estrategias previamente desarrolladas. Adicionalmente, ambas estrategias se compararon con una tercera basada en la preincorporación de ZnO en fibras de PHBV18 no purificado y su posterior mezclado-fundido con polímero virgen. Se estudió el efecto de la morfología de las nanopartículas de ZnO y del método de incorporación de ZnO/CuO sobre las propiedades morfológicas, ópticas, térmicas, mecánicas y de barrera de los films activos resultantes, así como su influencia en el comportamiento antimicrobiano (bactericida y virucida). Por lo tanto, esta tesis doctoral representa un avance significativo en la comprensión de la eficacia antimicrobiana de nanometales altamente dispersos y distribuidos y destaca la idoneidad de los materiales desarrollados a base de PHAs y nanometales para aplicaciones antimicrobianas y, en particular, para aplicaciones de envasado de alimentos activos antimicrobianos.
El desenvolupament de nous materials d'origen biològic amb propietats antimicrobianes per a aplicacions d'envasament actiu és un tema d'interès significatiu. La tesi doctoral actual s'ocupa del desenvolupament de polihidroxialcanoats (PHA) reforçats amb nanometals per via biotecnològicament per a aplicacions d'envasat actiu antimicrobià d'aliments. Inicialment, les nanopartícules de plata (AgNPs) van ser produïdes per reducció química i estabilitzades in situ dins en suspensions de poli (hidroxibutirato-co-hidroxivalerato) sense purificar, PHBV18 (18 mol% de valerat), prèviament obtinguts a partir de cultius mixtes microbians. Las AgNPs estabilitzades es van usar posteriorment per a desenvolupar nanocompostos de PHA's- AgNPs seguint dues estratègies diferents: 1) Procés directe de barreja en fusió que no utilitza dissolvents orgànics o estabilitzants addicionals i on es van afegir les AgNPs al PHBV3 (3% mol valerato) a partir d¿un masterbath on estaven perfectament disperses i distribuïdes 2) com una estructura bicapa formada per un recobriment de PHBV3 / PHBV18/AgNPS que es deposita sobre un film de PHBV3 obtingut per modelat per compressió. L'aplicació d'ambdues estratègies va donar lloc a nanocompostos actius amb una forta activitat antibacteriana enfront de patògens transmesos pels aliments, sent l'estructura de doble capa la més eficaç en la reducció de la població bacteriana i viral, fins i tot a una càrrega molt baixa de AgNPs (de 0.002-0.04% en pes). Com ruta alternativa, també es va dur a terme un procés integrat de fermentació amb Cupriavidus necator per a la síntesi biològica de AgNPs i polihidroxibutirato (PHB). En aquest treball es demostra, per primera vegada, la capacitat inherent de C. necator per reduir la sal de plata i produir AgNPs sense la necessitat d'afegir un agent reductor. El procés va ser optimitzat i escalat satisfactòriament a un bioreactor de 10 litres. Finalment, a causa de les limitacions de l'ús de nanopartícules de plata en aplicacions alimentàries, es van preparar films antimicrobians de PHA que incorporessin nanopartícules d'òxid de zinc (ZnO) i òxid de coure (CuO) d'acord amb les estratègies prèviament desenvolupades. Les dues estratègies es van comparar amb una tercera basada en la preincorporació de ZnO en fibres de PHBV18 no purificat i aquestes fibres es van barrejar posteriorment amb polímer verge. Es va estudiar l'efecte de la morfologia de les nanopartícules de ZnO i el mètode de la incorporació de ZnO/CuO sobre les propietats morfològiques, òptiques, tèrmiques, mecàniques i de barrera dels films actius resultants, així com la seva influència en el comportament antimicrobià (bactericida i virucida). Per tant, aquesta tesi doctoral representa un pas endavant significatiu en la comprensió de l'eficàcia antimicrobiana de nanometales altament dispersos i distribuïts i posa en relleu la idoneïtat dels materials desenvolupats basats en PHAs i nanometals per a aplicacions antimicrobianes i, en particular, per a aplicacions d'envasat d'aliments actius antimicrobians.
Castro Mayorga, JL. (2017). Biotechnological routes for the development of antimicrobial nano-metal based polyhydroxyalkanoates for active food packaging applications [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/85678
TESIS

Salmonella and Campylobacter are common causes of human gastroenteritis. Their epidemiology is complex and a multi-tiered approach to control is needed, taking into account the different reservoirs, pathways and risk factors. In this thesis, trends in human gastroenteritis and food-borne outbreak notifications in Italy were explored. Moreover, the improved sensitivity of two recently-implemented regional surveillance systems in Lombardy and Piedmont was evidenced, providing a basis for improving notification at the national level. Trends in human Salmonella serovars were explored: serovars Enteritidis and Infantis decreased, Typhimurium remained stable and 4,[5],12:i:-, Derby and Napoli increased, suggesting that sources of infection have changed over time. Attribution analysis identified pigs as the main source of human salmonellosis in Italy, accounting for 43–60% of infections, followed by Gallus gallus (18–34%). Attributions to pigs and Gallus gallus showed increasing and decreasing trends, respectively. Potential bias and sampling issues related to the use of non-local/non-recent multilocus sequence typing (MLST) data in Campylobacter jejuni/coli source attribution using the Asymmetric Island (AI) model were investigated. As MLST data become increasingly dissimilar with increasing geographical/temporal distance, attributions to sources not sampled close to human cases can be underestimated. A combined case-control and source attribution analysis was developed to investigate risk factors for human Campylobacter jejuni/coli infection of chicken, ruminant, environmental, pet and exotic origin in The Netherlands. Most infections (~87%) were attributed to chicken and cattle. Individuals infected from different reservoirs had different associated risk factors: chicken consumption increased the risk for chicken-attributed infections; animal contact, barbecuing, tripe consumption, and never/seldom chicken consumption increased that for ruminant-attributed infections; game consumption and attending swimming pools increased that for environment-attributed infections; and dog ownership increased that for environment- and pet-attributed infections. Person-to-person contacts around holiday periods were risk factors for infections with exotic strains, putatively introduced by returning travellers.

La Croix-Rouge française est une association (loi 1901) et une entreprise à but non lucratif, reconnue d’utilité publique, et auxiliaire des pouvoirs publics. Engagée dans une « lutte contre toutes les souffrances humaines », depuis plus de 150 ans, la Croix-Rouge française œuvre dans quatre domaines d’intervention nationaux : le secours, la santé, la formation et les actions sociales, ainsi que dans un domaine international. La Croix-Rouge française fait aussi partie d’un réseau, le Mouvement international Croix-Rouge et Croissant-Rouge, composé du CICR, de la Fédération internationale et de Sociétés nationales, la Croix-Rouge française étant l’une d’elles. Les actions sociales Croix-Rouge française dispensées par les organes de proximité, les délégations locales, doivent parvenir à relever le défi humanitaire dans une conception d’aide d’urgence. Basé sur l’engagement bénévole, tout le système d’aide humanitaire repose sur le don. Ce qui fait vivre chaque délégation c’est à la fois les dons matériels reçus, notamment des particuliers et de l’Etat, les dons immatériels perçus, de temps, de compétences, des bénévoles et des volontaires, et enfin des dons transmis de l’association aux bénéficiaires tels que nourriture, vêtements, adresse postale... Le travail ethnologique présenté ici sous forme d’une monographie s’attache à étudier le système d’aide philanthropique développé par la délégation locale d’Orange (Vaucluse) dans sa dimension matérielle et symbolique. Pour cela l’étude va se centrer sur deux thèmes en particulier : l’aide alimentaire et les bénévoles, et proposer ainsi une analyse ethnologique du don alimentaire et de la dynamique relationnelle du bénévolat
The French Red Cross is an association (law 1901) and a non-profit organization, recognized as a public benefit and a wellness and auxiliary to the government. Engaged in a "fight against all human suffering," for over 150 years, the French Red Cross works in four areas of national intervention: relief, health, education and social action, and in an international field. The French Red Cross is also part of a network, the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, consisting of the International Committee of the Red Cross, the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent and in National Societies including the French Red Cross. Social actions of the French Red Cross provided by local bodies, local delegations, must complete the challenge to design a humanitarian emergency assistance. Based on the volunteer, all the humanitarian aid system is based on gifts. What keeps alive every delegation is both material donations received, from individuals and the state, intangible donations received such as time, expertise, volunteers, and finally donations passed from the association to beneficiaries such as food, clothing, mailing address ... The ethnological study presented here as a monograph seeks to examine the system of philanthropy developed by the local delegation of Orange (Vaucluse) in its material and symbolic dimension. Thus, the study will focus on two particular themes : food aid and volunteers, and offer an ethnological analysis, of the gift of food and the relational dynamics of volunteerism

Esta pesquisa busca, tendo como eixo principal Chris Marker e o filme Le fond de lair est rouge, fazer uma retrospectiva histórica dos principais debates na experiência do cinema-militante francês. Com um caráter introdutório e a partir daí construir alguns apontamentos iniciais para uma interpretação crítica do filme. Através desta aventura político-cinematográfica comentar um fragmento do que se oculta atrás das barricadas da memória.
This research aims, having as an leit-motif Chris Marker and the film Le fond de l\'air est rouge, making a historical retrospective of the major debates on the experience of French militant cinema, introductory in nature and serving as first notes to a critical interpretation of the film. Through this cinematics and politics adventure it trys to make a comment on a fragment of what is hidden behind the barricades of memory.

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To determine the nutritional value of corn, millet and sorghum in different sizes for broiler chickens, Label Rouge, animal performance and development of the digestive organs, experiments were performed in the areas of Poultry, Federal University of Goiás (UFG) and the Federal University of Tocantins (UFT). We evaluated the values of apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and apparent metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen balance (AME) in the dry and natural, the coefficients metabolism of nutrients, animal performance up to 28 days and the biometrics of the digestive organs of broiler type rustic Red Label line with diets based on corn, millet and sorghum in different sizes For the determination of AME and AME of grains, we used the method of excreta collection of chickens 14 days old were distributed in a completely randomized in two experimental trials, using 60% reference diet and 40% of food test. The AME values of dry matter of coarsely ground corn, finely ground corn, millet grain, finely ground millet, sorghum grain, sorghum grain sorghum thick and finely ground, were 3530, 3445, 3617, 3586, 3295, 3156 and 3024 kcal / kg, respectively and the values of the AME 3273, 3200, 3352, 3372, 3137, 3147 and 2.967kcal/kg natural matter, respectively. The coefficient of metabolism of nutrients improved with increased particle size, except for sorghum integer that showed the worst. The metabolizable energy was higher for sorghum grain and did not change for maize and millet for broilers Label Rouge. For the performance parameters, we used 300 animals during the early stage of development (1 to 28 days) in a completely randomized design and for morphometric measurements so sacrificed at 28 days, one animal per repetition, totaling 30 animals. Except for finely ground corn that showed the worst performance results, all other treatments were satisfactory, with millet grain made the best economic feasibility of its use. The rations provided in different sizes, showed that particle size influenced the consumption, the balance of dry matter and nitrogen and the coefficient of metabolism of nutrients and energy from seven to ten days of maize and sorghum and improved the AME values of millet. 17 to 24 days old animals fed grain sorghum had greater retention of dry matter and nitrogen. It is recommended that the pearl millet grain for chickens like hillbilly Label Rouge until 28 days old, as the treatments used showed little effect of particle size on performance and organ development and grain millet showed the best economic indicators proved to be a grain that can be delivered worldwide from day-old chicks for Label Rouge
Para determinar os valores nutricionais do milho, milheto e sorgo em diferentes granulometrias para frangos da linhagem Label Rouge, o desempenho dos animais e o desenvolvimento dos órgãos digestivos, foram realizados experimentos nos setores de Avicultura da Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG) e na Universidade Federal do Tocantins (UFT). Avaliou-se os valores de energia metabolizável aparente (EMA) e energia metabolizável aparente corrigida para balanço de nitrogênio (EMAn) na matéria seca e natural, os coeficientes de metabolização dos nutrientes, o desempenho dos animais até os 28 dias e a biometria dos órgãos digestivos de frango de corte tipo caipira da linhagem Label Rouge com dietas a base de milho, milheto e sorgo em diferentes granulometrias Para a determinação da EMA e EMAn dos grãos, foi utilizado o método de coleta total de excretas em frangos de 14 dias de idade distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em dois ensaios experimentais, usando 60% de ração-referencia e 40% do alimento-teste. Os valores de EMAn na matéria seca do milho moído grosso, milho moído fino, milheto grão, milheto moído fino, sorgo em grão, sorgo moído grosso e sorgo moído fino, foram 3.530, 3.445, 3.617, 3.586, 3.295, 3.156 e 3.024 kcal/kg, respectivamente e os valores de EMAn de 3.273, 3.200, 3.352, 3.372, 3.137, 3.147 e 2.967kcal/kg na matéria natural, respectivamente. O coeficiente de metabolização dos nutrientes melhorou com o aumento da granulometria, exceto para o sorgo inteiro que apresentou os piores valores. Os valores de energia metabolizável foram maiores para o sorgo em grão e não variaram para o milho e para o milheto para frangos de corte Label Rouge. Para os parâmetros de desempenho, foram utilizados 300 animais durante a fase inicial de desenvolvimento (1 aos 28 dias de vida), em delineamento inteiramente casualizado e para as medidas morfométricas forma sacrificados aos 28 dias, um animal por repetição, totalizando 30 animais. Exceto o milho finamente moído que apresentou os piores resultados de desempenho, todos os demais tratamentos mostraram-se satisfatórios, tendo o milheto em grão apresentado a melhor viabilidade econômica com seu uso. As rações fornecidas nas diferentes granulometrias,demonstraram que a granulometria influenciou o consumo, o balanço da matéria seca e do nitrogênio e o coeficiente de metabolização desses nutrientes e da energia dos sete aos dez dias do milho e do sorgo e melhorou os valores de EMAn do milheto moído. Dos 17 aos 24 dias de idade os animais alimentados com sorgo em grão tiveram maior retenção de matéria seca e nitrogênio. Recomenda-se a utilização do milheto em grão para frangos do tipo caipira Label Rouge até os 28 dias de idade, já os tratamentos utilizados mostraram pouco efeito do tamanho da partícula no desempenho e desenvolvimento dos órgãos e o milheto em grão mostrou os melhores índices econômicos demonstrando ser um grão que pode ser fornecido inteiro desde o primeiro dia de idade para pintos Label Rouge

Les TMAs (Terminal Maneuvering Areas) sont aujourd'hui un goulot d'étranglement de l'espace aérien, dans lequel les avions quittent leur phase de croisière pour atterrir à un aéroport, ou au contraire effectuent leur montée pour rejoindre leur route de croisière. Afin d'éviter la congestion de ces zones, il est nécessaire de construire des routes de départ et d'arrivée efficaces. Dans ce travail, une solution pour la création de routes de départ et d'arrivée est proposée, prenant en compte la configuration des pistes, les environs de l'aéroport, ainsi qu'un ensemble de contraintes opérationnelles telles que les angles de montée ou de virages limités. Les routes sont en deux parties : un chemin horizontal construit dans un graphe discrétisant la TMA, auquel est associé un cône d'altitudes. L'ensemble des routes est optimisé à l'aide d'un algorithme de recuit simulé. Dans ce processus, à chaque itération, chaque route est construite en valuant les arcs du graphe, puis en effectuant une recherche de chemin dans celui-ci. Les coûts des arcs sont choisis de manière à éviter autant que possible les phénomènes de zigzag. Plusieurs tests ont été effectués : un sur un cas artificiel créé spécifiquement pour cette approche, et trois autres sur des cas tirés de la littérature. Les résultats obtenus sont satisfaisants au regard de l'état actuel de la gestion du trafic aérien et des contraintes afférentes
The bottleneck of today's airspace is the Terminal Maneuvering Areas (TMA), where aircraft leave their routes to descend to an airport or take off and reach the en-route sector. To avoid congestion in these areas, an efficient design of departure and arrival routes is necessary. In this work, a solution for designing departure and arrival routes is proposed, which takes into account the runway configuration, the surroundings of the airport and operational constraints such as limited slopes or turn angles. The routes consist of two parts: a horizontal path in a graph constructed by sampling the TMA around the runway, to which is associated a cone of altitudes. The set of all routes is optimized by the Simulated Annealing metaheuristic. In the process and at each iteration, each route is computed by defining adequately the cost of the arcs in the graph and then searching a path on it. The costs are chosen so as to avoid zigzag behaviors as much as possible. Several tests were performed, one on an artificial problem designed specifically to test this approach and the three others on instances taken from the literature. The obtained results are satisfying with regard to the current state of air operations management and constraints

En un mundo en el que la globalización representa una puerta abierta para las exigencias del público consumidor, respecto a los niveles de servicio, y las formas en que estas se satisfacen, se han descuidado aspectos fundamentales que se convierten en obstáculos para alcanzar los niveles de servicios esperados. Esto se convierte en uno de los principales problemas dentro de la logística. Es por eso, que el sistema de información de gestión de despacho de pedidos tiene como principal objetivo ser una herramienta de gestión sostenible en el tiempo, que permita optimizar la administración de los procesos involucrados en la atención de pedidos, a fin de satisfacer las necesidades de los clientes. El actual documento abarca el fundamento teórico, que permite ubicar la solución propuesta dentro de un marco conceptual, también se detalla el objeto de estudio y campo de acción, en el que se detallan los procesos que involucra el sistema propuesto, un análisis a la problemática de la empresa, los objetivos y beneficios que tiene el proyecto. También se presenta el modelado de negocio, requerimientos funcionales y no funcionales, modelado de casos de uso del sistema, modelo conceptual, arquitectura del software, calidad y pruebas del software, y su construcción. Por último, se desarrolla el capítulo de la gestión del proyecto, donde se detallan la lista de interesados, la EDT, la gestión de riesgos, las actas de aceptación y el cronograma de ejecución. Finalmente, se presentan conclusiones, glosario, siglario, referencias y anexos que respaldan el desarrollo del presente proyecto.
In a world in which globalization represents an open door for the demands of the consumer, regarding service levels and the ways in which they get satisfied, fundamental aspects that become obstacles to reaching the expected levels of service have been neglected. This becomes one of the main problems within logistics. That is why; the order delivery management information system has as its main objective to be a sustainable management tool over time, which allows optimizing the administration of the processes involved in order service, to meet customer needs. The current document covers the theoretical basis, which allows locating the proposed solution within a conceptual framework, also the object of study and field of action, which details the processes involved in the proposed system, an analysis of the company's problems, the objectives, and benefits of the project. We also present a Business modeling, functional and non-functional requirements, conceptual model, software architecture, software quality, testing, and its construction. Finally, we develop the chapter on project management, detailing the list of stakeholders, the EDT, risk management, acceptance certificates and the execution schedule. Finally, it is also including conclusions, glossary, signatures, references, and annexes that support the development of this project.
Tesis

Esta investigación titulada “Ingreso de aerolíneas low cost al mercado peruano y su impacto en las aerolíneas comerciales tradicionales de rutas nacionales, años 2015-2018” tiene como objetivo analizar el efecto de las aerolíneas low cost con respecto a las tradicionales. Actualmente, estas últimas están ingresando al Perú con varias rutas nacionales, lo cual tiene como finalidad obtener una mayor participación en el mercado. Sin embargo, las aerolíneas tradicionales se mantienen en constantes cambios con su modelo de negocio para seguir compitiendo. La investigación se divide en cinco capítulos: En el Capítulo I se presenta el marco teórico y se explican los conceptos básicos, tales como las estructuras de mercado; las estrategias de fijación de precios; conceptos aeronáuticos; concepto de low cost; principales aerolíneas del Perú; ingreso de low cost (caso Perú) y costeo y tarifas de low cost. En el Capítulo II del plan de investigación se formula la problemática de la investigación, hipótesis y objetivos. En el Capítulo III que corresponde a la metodología de investigación, se detallan los tipos de investigación e instrumentos a utilizar. En el Capítulo IV del desarrollo de la investigación, se analiza la información cualitativa y cuantitativa. En el Capítulo V se presentan los análisis de resultados y se realiza el análisis de los instrumentos, concluyendo con la validación de la hipótesis general y específicas basados en los resultados obtenidos del análisis de correlación y entrevistas a especialistas. Finalmente, las conclusiones para todos aquellos que deseen analizar el impacto de las aerolíneas low cost.
This research entitled “Entry of low-cost controls to the Peruvian market and its impact on traditional commercial regulations of national routes, years 2015-2018” aims to analyze the effect that low-cost regulations have on traditional traditional ones. Currently, low-cost airlines are entering Peru with a wide variety of national routes, which has as obtaining a greater market share. However, traditional practices remain in constant changes with their business model to continue competing. The present work is divided into five chapters: Chapter I Theoretical framework, where the basic concepts will be explained, stories such as: Market Structures, according to Estevan (2013); Pricing strategies; Aeronautical concepts; Low cost concept; Main Airlines of Peru; Low cost income (case Peru) and Costing and low cost rates. Chapter II Research plan, the research problem, hypothesis and objectives are formulated. Chapter III Research methodology, which details the types of research and instruments to be used for the population. Chapter IV Research development, where qualitative and quantitative information is analyzed. Chapter V Analysis of results, the analysis of the instruments was carried out, concluding with the validation of the general and specific hypotheses based on the specific results of the correlation analysis and interviews with specialists. Finally, the conclusions for all those who wish to analyze the impact of low costs in the last year in Perú are detailed.
Tesis

A lo largo de la historia en la cuidad de Arequipa, el sillar ha sido un material importante para los pobladores como medio de expresión. Los habitantes de esta ciudad inician utilizándolo como lienzo para dejar grabado su testimonio mediante símbolos con gran significado para ellos. Posteriormente, los artesanos y cortadores de la ciudad empiezan a utilizarlo como elemento para la consturcción de diferentes monumentos arquitectónicos, logrando con ello crear un espacio tan único que se convirerte en una característica importante para la ciudad de Arequipa. Debido al rol significativo que tiene el sillar en la historia de la ciudad, se decidió implementar dentro de la Cantera de Añashuayco un espacio turístico que muestra esculturas hechas por la Asociación Turística de Cortadores y Artesanos Ruta del Sillar Canteras Arequipa. La realización de este proyecto pretende abordar la investigación y análisis del espacio turístico Ruta del Sillar, para estudiar el funcionamiento de la señalética y wayfinding del lugar. En base a ello, la investigación se ha centrado en el estudio de los beneficios que tiene la implementación de este tipo de elementos en un espacio turístico abierto, para generar resultados positivos en la percepción del público objetivo frente a su visita y analizar su experiencia al realizar este recorrido lleno de historia. De igual manera se hace un estudio sobre la importancia que tiene la creación de una idetidad gráfica para un espacio turístico específico como método de diferenciación de su imagen .
Over the years the history in the city of Arequipa, ashlar has been an important material for the people as a means of expression. The population of this city began using it as a canvas to record their testimony through symbols with great meaning for them. Subsequently, the artisans and cutters of the city began to use it as an element for the construction of different architectural monuments, creating a space so unique that it became an important feature for the city of Arequipa. Due to the significant role that ashlar has in the history of the city, it was decided to implement within the Añashuayco Quarry a tourist space that shows sculptures made by the Asociación Turística de Cortadores y Artesanos Ruta del Sillar Canteras Arequipa. The realization of this project aims to approach the investigation and analysis of the Ruta del Sillar tourist space, to study the operation of the signage and wayfinding of the place. Based on this, the research has focused on the study of the benefits of the implementation of this type of elements in an open tourist space, to generate positive results in the perception of the target public regarding their visit and analyze their experience when take this tour full of history. In the same way, a study is made on the importance of creating a graphic identity for a specific tourist space as a method of differentiating its image
Trabajo de Suficiencia Profesional

El cacao peruano se ha convertido en uno de los productos nacionales más importantes del país, ya que gracias a su alta producción y a sus atributos ha logrado posicionarse como el tercer mayor productor de la región y octavo a nivel mundial. Por ello, el Estado peruano ha buscado promover su consumo e internacionalización mediante diversas acciones como el Programa “Ruta Exportadora”, el cual cuenta con una línea especializada de cacao. Ante esto, la presente tesis tiene como objetivo principal determinar si la participación en el Programa Ruta Exportadora está asociada con el desempeño exportador de las empresas PYMES del sector cacao de las Regiones San Martín y Junín entre el periodo de 2016-2019, considerando como dimensiones el (i) Compromiso Exportador, (ii) Conocimiento Exportador, (iii) Asistencia Financiera y (iv) Redes Internacionales basado en investigaciones predecederas. Para ello, se aplicó una investigación mixta con diseño transversal correlacional. Para la información cualitativa se entrevistaron a 8 expertos de PROMPERÚ y consultores externos, analizados mediante el programa Atlas Ti. Asimismo, para la fase cuantitativa se diseñó una encuesta cerrada a escala de Likert, obteniendo 14 respuestas de representantes de PYMES cacaoteras participantes del programa y analizados a través del software SPSS. Con relación a los resultados, mediante el análisis de Rho Spearman, se obtuvo que el Programa “Ruta Exportadora” está relacionado con el desempeño exportador de las empresas PYMES del sector cacao de las Regiones San Martín y Junín entre el periodo de 2016-2019. Además, se pudo determinar que las dimensiones de (ii) conocimiento exportador y (iv) redes internacionales están relacionadas con el desempeño exportador; mientras que (i) el compromiso exportador y (iii) asistencia financiera no se encuentran asociadas.
Peruvian cocoa has become one of the most important national products in the country, as thanks to its high production and attributes it´s highly demanded internationally, managing to position as the third largest producer in the region and eighth worldwide. For this reason, the Peruvian State has been establishing various actions to promote its consumption and commercialization, such as the "Export Route" Program, which has a specialized cocoa line. Given this, the present research work aims to determine if the “Export Route” Program is associated on the export performance of SMEs companies in the cocoa sector of the San Martín and Junín Regions between the period 2016-2019, considering as dimensions of the program the Export Commitment, Export of Knowledge, Financial Assistance and International Networks. For this, a mixed investigation was applied, with a correlational cross-sectional design. For the qualitative information, 8 experts from PROMPERU and external consultants were interviewed, analyzed through the Atlas Ti program. Also, for the quantitative phase, a closed Likert scale survey was designed, obtaining 14 responses from representatives of cocoa SMEs participating in the program and analyzed through the SPSS software. Regarding the results, through the Rho Spearman analysis, it was obtained that the "Export Route" Program is related to the export performance of SMEs in the cocoa sector of the San Martin and Junín Regions between the period 2016-2019. In addition, it was found that the dimensions of (ii) export knowledge and (iv) international networks are related to export performance; while (i) the export commitment and (iii) financial assistance are not associated.
Tesis

La presente tesis realiza el modelado, comparación y evaluación del desempeño de la evacuación de peatones en municipalidad de Pueblo Libre-Lima-Perú, mediante la aplicación de un factor de pánico y un análisis descriptivo macroscópico. Estos indicadores fueron empleados y comparados con situaciones ideales (simulacros) para mostrar la relación y diferencia entre distintas formas de evaluar el desempeño usuario-estructura, puesto que estos indicadores permiten observar la diferencia que hay en la toma de decisiones y cambios de parámetros como los tiempos de despeje, velocidades y densidades. Primero se describe el entorno nacional, haciendo énfasis en situaciones fatídicas en recintos de gran aforo. Se plantea la problemática, se establece el objetivo general y los objetivos específicos de la presente tesis, así como la justificación, los alcances y los límites de la misma. El primer capítulo refiere al marco teórico y las características que afectan en el desarrollo de la evacuación como la infraestructura y el factor psicológico. Además, se presentan los métodos empleados para evaluar los parámetros a estudiar. En el segundo capítulo se expone el tipo de diseño y los procedimientos para obtener la información necesaria. En el tercer capítulo se exponen los resultados de la investigación. Se presentan los resultados obtenidos acorde a los objetivos planteados. En el cuarto y último capítulo se presentan las conclusiones a las que se llegaron con el estudio y se responde al objetivo general y los específicos de la tesis; y se enuncian las recomendaciones.
This thesis performs the modeling, comparison and evaluation of the performance of pedestrian evacuation in the municipality of Pueblo Libre-Lima-Peru, through the application of a panic factor and a macroscopic descriptive analysis. These indicators were used and compared with ideal situations (simulations) to show the relationship and difference between different ways of evaluating user-structure performance, since these indicators allow us to observe the difference in decision making and parameter changes such as clear times, speeds and densities. First, the national environment is described, with an emphasis on fateful situations in large spaces. The problem is posed, the general objective and the specific objectives of this thesis are established, as well as the justification, the scope and the limits of it. The first chapter refers to the theoretical framework and the characteristics that affect the development of evacuation such as infrastructure and the psychological factor. In addition, the methods used to evaluate the parameters to be studied are presented. The second chapter describes the type of design and the procedures to obtain the necessary information. The results of the investigation are presented in the third chapter. The results obtained are presented according to the objectives set. In the fourth and final chapter, the conclusions reached with the study are presented and the general objective and the specific ones of the thesis are answered; and the recommendations are stated.
Tesis

La Direction générale responsable de l’aide humanitaire de la Commission européenne(DG ECHO) est un acteur particulier des relations internationales. Sa singularité est marquée par une institutionnalisation progressive et par un fonctionnement distinct au sein des institutions européennes.L’étude de la stratégie qu’elle a élaborée pour lutter contre la malnutrition au Sahel révèle tout particulièrement les forces, les faiblesses, mais aussi les opportunités et les contraintes de l’aide humanitaire de la Commission européenne. À la lumière de cette stratégie, la DG ECHO est parvenue à promouvoir une approche crédible et reconnue afin de combattre la malnutrition. Néanmoins, l’enjeu sécuritaire que représente ce phénomène expose les vulnérabilités de la Commission européenne, à plus forte raison dans le contexte volatil du Sahel. Le manque de cohérence des actions extérieures et l’administration de l’Union européenne se révèlent particulièrement contraignants.Pourtant, l’autorité et la maturité dont fait preuve la DG ECHO, notamment dans la dimension nutritionnelle de l’aide, lui offrent la légitimité d’exister et le privilège d’être devenu un acte urfondamental, voire incontournable, du système humanitaire. La plus-value qu’elle apporte repose sur l’expertise de son personnel mais aussi sur un partenariat original avec des opérateurs spécialisés. Au terme de deux décennies d’existence, la DG ECHO s’affirme et exerce une influence croissante sur la scène européenne, où elle contribue à la construction de l’identité de l’Union, mais aussi internationale
The European Commission Directorate-General for Humanitarian Aid (ECHO) has become a unique actor in international relations. Its singularity is defined by a progressive institutionalisation and a proper functioning within the European institutions. In particular, the study of the strategy ECHO has developed to fight malnutrition in the Sahel reveals the strengths, the weaknesses, the opportunities and the constraints of the European Commission humanitarian aid system. Indeed, ECHO has succeeded in promoting a credible and recognized policy to combat malnutrition. However, the security challenge posed by malnutrition exposes the European Commission’s vulnerabilities, which are heightened in the volatile environment of the Sahel. The lack of coherence of the EuropeanUnion external actions and administration are particularly constraining. Though, the authority and maturity displayed by ECHO, specifically in the nutritional dimensions of aid, has increased its legitimacy to exist and to be a key player in the humanitarian aid system. The added value it provides is based on the expertise of its staff,but also on a unique system of partnerships with specialized operators. Twenty years after its creation, ECHO has asserted itself and has a growing influence on the international and European scene, where it contributes to the construction of the EU identity

Les anthocyanes sont des pigments d’origine végétale exprimant des couleurs vives allant du rouge au bleu. Ce sont donc de bons candidats pour remplacer les colorants alimentaires artificiels. Cependant, leur faible stabilité est un frein à ces applications, tout particulièrement en milieu neutre requis pour l’expression de la couleur bleue. Une perspective prometteuse est le recours aux anthocyanes acylées par les acides phydroxycinnamiques, car ces pigments développent des mécanismes protecteurs de la couleur (copigmentation intramoléculaire, auto-association) basés sur de fortes interactions d’empilement entre le chromophore et les résidus acyl. Ce travail étudie donc les transformations structurales d’anthocyanes acylées (transferts de proton, addition d’eau), leur affinité pour les ions métalliques et leur stabilité au cours d’un traitement thermique. Dans ce but, des études cinétiques et thermodynamiques par spectroscopie UV-visible sont combinées à l’identification de produits de dégradation par UPLC-DAD/MS. L’impact des groupements acyl (nombre, position, type) a été étudié grâce à une gamme de pigments isolés du chou rouge et de la patate douce pourpre. Pour les premiers, les groupements acyl sur le sucre externe du groupement sophorose confèrent a) une protection optimale contre les attaques par H2O, H2O2 and SO32-, b) une plus grande affinité pour les ions métalliques, c) une plus grande stabilité thermique (pour les pigments et leurs complexes). En revanche, l’acide caféique, qu’il soit libre ou bien sous forme de résidu acyl (cas des anthocyanes de la patate douce violette), accélère la dégradation des anthocyanes, bien qu’il stabilise la couleur. Un traitement thermique modéré à pH 7 a converti les anthocyanes du chou rouge en acylsophoroses, phloroglucinaldéhyde-2-O-glucoside, acide protocatéchuique, dérivés de la 3,5,7-trihydroxycoumarine et de l’acide 2,4,6-trihydroxyphenylacétique. Un phénomène de migration intramoléculaire de résidus acyl a également été mis en évidence. La base anionique, une forme colorée majeure à pH 7, apparaît comme la plus vulnérable à l’autoxydation. Le peroxyde d’hydrogène ainsi formé est également impliqué dans la dégradation des anthocyanes. Globalement, nos résultats montrent que la forte association des anthocyanes acylées avec les ions du fer et de l’aluminium, voire l’ajout d’antioxydants naturels (par ex., la Nacétylcystéine), constituent des voies d’avenir pour le développement de colorants bleus naturels stables
Anthocyanins are ubiquitous plant pigments that exhibit bright colors from red to blue. Thus, they are good candidates to replace the synthetic food colors. However, the low stability of anthocyanin colors is a real hurdle to their industrial applications, especially under near neutral conditions required to express the blue color. A promising perspective is to resort to anthocyanins acylated by p-hydroxycinnamic acids, as these pigments develop colorstabilizing mechanisms (intramolecular copigmentation, self-association) based on strong stacking interactions between the anthocyanidin chromophore and the acyl residues. Therefore, this work investigates the structural transformations of acylated anthocyanins (proton transfer, water addition), their affinity to metal ions and their resistance to thermal degradation in the presence or absence of added metal ions. To that purpose, kinetic and thermodynamic studies by UV-visible spectroscopy are combined with the identification of degradation products by UPLC-DAD/MS. The impact of the acyl residues (number, location, type) was deciphered from a series of isolated pigments from red cabbage and purple sweet potato. With the former, the acyl residue bound to the external glucose of the sophorose moiety provides a) optimal protection against attacks by H2O, H2O2 and sulfite, b) improved affinity for metal ions, c) enhanced resistance against thermal degradation (for anthocyanins and their metal complexes). By contrast, caffeic acid, whether free or as an acyl residue (in purple sweet potato), accelerates the degradation of anthocyanins in spite of stabilizing the color. Under moderate heating at pH 7, red cabbage anthocyanins were degraded into acylsophoroses, phloroglucinaldehyde-2-O-glucoside, protocatechuic acid, 3,5,7trihydroxycoumarin derivatives, and 2,4,6-trihydroxyphenylacetic acid derivatives. Intramolecular acyl migration was also evidenced. The anionic base, a major colored form at pH 7, appears most vulnerable to autoxidation. The hydrogen peroxide thus produced is further involved in anthocyanin degradation. Overall, the tight binding of acylated anthocyanins to iron and aluminum ions and possibly the addition of natural antioxidants (e.g., N-acetylcysteine) are promising perspectives for the development of stable natural blue colors

La propagation des oscillations acoustiques baryoniques a laissé une empreinte dans la répartition de la matière de l’univers, visible sous la forme d’un excès de probabilité pour deux objets d’être séparés par une distance égale à l’échelle acoustique. La mesure de l’échelle acoustique dans la fonction de corrélation à deux points de la matière au redshift z, parallèlement et perpendiculairement à la ligne de visée donne accès, respectivement, aux rapports DH(z)/rd et DM(z)/rd où DH est la distance de Hubble, DM la distance angulaire comobile et rd l’horizon acoustique. On peut suivre la répartition de la matière en utilisant les absorptions Lyman-alpha visibles, sous la forme de forêts, dans les spectres des quasars à haut redshift. Puisque chaque spectre donne accès une centaine d’absorptions, cela permet de mesurer l’échelle acoustique même quand la densité de quasars observés est faible. Dans cette thèse, je décris le processus d’analyse qui, en utilisant environ 200 000 spectres de quasars du relevé eBOSS-SDSS IV, aboutit aux mesures DH(2.34)/rd = 8.86+/-0.29 et DM(2.34)/rd = 37.41+/-1.86. En combinant ces résultats avec les mesures de l’échelle acoustique à d’autres redshifts, j’obtiens la plus forte contrainte actuelle, à bas redshift, sur les paramètres Omega-m et Omega-Lambda dans le cadre du modèle Lambda-CDM
The propagation of the baryonic acoustic oscillations has been unprinted in the matter distribution in the Universe as a probability excess for two objets to be separated by the acoustic scale. Measuring the acoustic scale in the matter 2 point correlation function at redshift z, along and transversally to the line-of-sight, gives access to the DH(z)/rd et DM(z)/rd ratios, with DH the Hubble distance, DM the comoving angular distance and rd the acoustic horizon. We are able to trace the matter in the Universe by using the Lyman-alpha absorptions which shape the spectra of the high redshift quasars. Since each spectrum contain hundreds of absorption, this allow us to measure the acoustic scale even if the observed quasar density is low. In this thesis, I describe the analysis of about 200,000 spectra from the eBOSS-SDSS IV survey which conducts to the measurements DH(2.34)/rd = 8.86 0.29 et DM(2.34)/rd = 37.41 1.86. By combining these results with measurements of the acoustic scale at other redshifts, I obtain the strongest current constraints at low redshift on the Omega-m and Omega-Lambda Lambda-CDM parameters

L'activité volcanique Cénozoïque de la plaque arabique offre l’exemple d’un volcanisme intra-plaque développé dans un contexte géodynamique complexe. Après la construction des trapps basaltiques du plateau yémeno-ethiopien, vers 31 Ma, à partir de l’Oligocène terminal, une importante activité volcanique se développe, liée à la déchirure du bouclier arabo-nubien (l’ouverture de la Mer Rouge) et la convergence des plaques Arabique et Eurasienne (zone de suture du Bitlis-Zagros). Au nord de la plate-forme arabique, le volcanisme syrien s’implante dans un contexte général de compression, autour de la ceinture de plissement des Palmyrides et des zones de déformation adjacentes (graben de l'Euphrate et système de faille de la Mer Morte). Cette thèse porte sur l'évolution volcano-tectonique de la partie nord de la plaque Arabique, en particulier celle de la Syrie, combinant des études géochronologiques, géochimiques et morpho-structurales et modélisation géophysique. Notre analyse morpho-structurale de la province volcaniques de Harrat Ash Shaam (HASV), au sud des Palmyrides, a permis de caractériser numériquement plus de 800 cônes volcaniques monogéniques répartis entre le Sud Syrien, la Jordanie et le Nord de l’Arabie Saoudite. Cette étude de la distribution des cônes volcaniques, jointe aux données existantes sur l’épaisseur de la couverture sédimentaire traversée démontre que la corrélation négative constante entre l’intensité des éruptions volcaniques et la profondeur au socle est, de fait, influencée par le contexte tectonique. L’analyse normative de la distribution des cônes volcaniques, comparée à l'épaisseur des sédiments, est essentielle pour caractériser la tectonique d'extension dans des différentes zones. La télédétection, les observations sur le terrain, et notre base de données de plus de 40 nouvelles datations potassium-argon, entre 50 ka et 18 Ma, nous permettent de préciser l’évolution volcano-tectonique de la Syrie. Cette approche pluri-disciplinaire, appliquée au plateau du Al-Lajat, le champ volcanique le plus récent de HASV, nous a permis, d’abord, de proposer un modèle chronologique pour le processus d'altération en relation aux changements paléoclimatiques du Quaternaire. Elle a surtout permis de reconstituer l'évolution volcano-tectoniques du Nord de la plaque arabique, au cours du Cénozoïque et de situer différents styles d’extension responsables de l’activité volcanique. Le volcanisme commence à la fin de l’Oligocène et au Miocène inférieur, entre ~ 26 Ma et ~ 16 Ma, au sud des Palmyrides, dans la province de HASV, dans un contexte tectonique extensif. Du Miocène au Quaternaire, entre ~ 19 Ma et ~ 0,08 Ma, des champs volcaniques se développe au nord des Palmyrides, conséquence d’extensions tectoniques de second ordre. A partir du milieu du Miocène, la compression augmente et le développement magmatique se poursuit potentiellement dans une ambiance tectonique de rotation antihoraire. Au sud des Palmyrides cela correspond à l’activité volcanique constante au cours des 13 derniers millions d’années. Au nord, cette phase d’activité liée à la tectonique de rotation est concentrée dans l’espace et le temps ; elle correspond au Plateau d’Homs, dans le NW Palmyre, entre 6,3 et 4,3 Ma.Nous proposons un nouveau modèle d'évolution volcano-tectoniques pour la province volcanique de HASV. Il souligne le rôle essentiel joué par l'hétérogénéité de la lithosphère (sous les chaînes du Liban – anti-Liban et la zone de plissement des Palmyrides) dans la formation du volcanisme à partir du milieu du Miocène. Nos modèles géophysiques permettent d’estimer à ~150 km la profondeur moyenne de la limite lithosphère-asthénosphère. A l’analyse des données géochimiques des laves, la zone à l’ouest de HASV où cette limite apparaît moins profonde, à ~ 110 km, s’expliquerait par une anomalie thermique plutôt que par une remontée asthénosphérique. Géochimiquement, les laves Cénozoïques syriennes sont alcalines et sub-alcalines et présentent les caractères de magma émis dans un contexte continental intra-plaque. Ce sont des basanites et des téphrites, des basaltes, des andésites et des trachy-andésites basaltiques et des trachybasaltes. 30 échantillons des différentes provinces volcaniques syriennes montrent une variation significative des signatures des éléments traces incompatibles. Le processus de genèse de ces magmas montre une influence négligeable de la contamination crustale, et un effet de la cristallisation fractionnée limité à l'olivine et au clinopyroxène. Nos résultats montrent que les laves syriennes ont été produites par des taux variables de fusion partielle à partir de niveaux différents dans le manteau lithosphériques présentant localement des hétérogénéités. Le rapport LREE / MREE nous permet de montrer non seulement comment le degré de fusion partielle varie spatialement et temporellement au cours des derniers 18 Ma, mais encore d’illustrer comment varie le degré et le style de la tectonique au cours de cette période. L’une des conséquences de ce contexte tectonique pourrait être la migration d’hydrocarbures vers l’ouest du fait de l’extension crustale au Plio-Quaternaire dans la zone du graben de l’Euphrate à l’Est ; cette migration pourrait être guidée vers une zone de la croûte préalablement fracturée située au NW de la Syrie.En conclusion, le volcanisme cénozoïque de la Syrie résulte d’une tectonique extensive, influencée périodiquement par la convergence arabo-eurasienne, au nord et à l’est, convergence qui provoque des styles tectoniques de rotation ; cette tectonique contrôle la fusion partielle à différents niveaux dans le manteau. Le volcanisme du Nord de la plaque arabique se développe dans le cadre de l’ouverture de la Mer Rouge et débute en même temps que l’activité au sud de la mer Rouge. Il se poursuit jusqu’à la période historique, progressivement amorti vers le nord, l’extension étant contrariée par le cadre compressif à la marge Arabie-Eurasie
The Cainozoic volcanic activity in the Arabian plate offers an excellent opportunity to study the intra-plate volcanism related to a complex tectonic setting. After the emplacement of the Yemeni-Ethiopian continental flood basalt plateau, ~ 31 Ma, since the Late Oligocene, widespread volcanic activity has erupted, accompanying the separation of the Arabian-Nubian Shield (development of Red Sea rifting) and the convergence between the Arabian and Eurasian plates (building of the Bitlis-Zagros thrust belts). In the northern part of the Arabian platform, the Syrian volcanism has taken place in a general compressional context, surrounding the Palmyride fold belt and adjacent to other deformation zones (e.g. the Euphrates graben and Dead Sea fault system). This thesis focuses on the volcano-tectonic evolution of the northern part of the Arabia plate, particularly in Syria, and essentially combines geochronological, geochemical, and morpho-structural studies, in addition to supplementary geophysical models. Our morpho-structural analyses of the Harrat Ash Shaam volcanic province (HASV) to the south of Palmyride, digitally characterise more than 800 monogenic volcanic cones placed in Syria, Jordan, and Saudi Arabia. These new data, together with the availability of sediment thickness data, give rise to a new volcano-tectonic approach. This study shows that the consistent negative correlation between the intensity of volcanism and basement depth is influenced by the tectonic setting. The normative analysis of the distribution of volcanic cones in relation to sediment thicknesses is critical when comparing the extension of tectonics in different zones. Remote sensing imagery, field work and our > 40 new K-Ar ages dataset ranging from ~0.05 million years (Ma) to ~18 Ma allow us to precise the Syria volcano-tectonic evolution through time. Regarding the youngest lava flows of HASV, the integration of the results makes it possible to suggest a chronological model for the alteration processes in relation to Quaternary palaeoclimatic changes. We reconstruct the volcano-tectonic evolution in Syria during the Cainozoic, and suggest different extension styles to explain the volcanism. It started during the Late Oligocene and the Early Miocene, between ~26 Ma and ~16 Ma to the South of Palmyride at HASV in an extensional tectonic context. From the Miocene to the Quaternary, between ~19 Ma and ~0.08 Ma, the volcanism developed to the North under second order extension tectonic conditions. Since the Mid-Miocene, the compression has increased and the magma erupted in relation with a possible counter-clockwise rotation tectonic relative motion. South of Palmyride it corresponds to the widespread eruptive phase during the last 13 Ma. To the North, this phase, linked to rotational tectonics appears concentrated in superficies and time; it corresponds to the Homs plateau, NW Palmyride, between 6.3 and 4.3 Ma. We suggest a new volcano-tectonic evolution model for the HASV. It highlights the essential role of lithosphere heterogeneity beneath Lebanon, in particular the anti Lebanon Mountains and Palmyride thrust belts, in triggering the Mid-Miocene volcanism. Our geophysical models estimate mean lithosphere – asthenosphere boundaries at about 150 km depth. According to geochemical data, the zone of shallowest depth ~110 km, W of HASV, could be the result of a thermal anomaly, instead of an asthenospheric upwelling. Geochemically, the Cainozoic Syrian lavas are alkaline and subalkaline rocks, typical of magma emitted in continental intraplate contexts. They are basanites and tephrites, basalts, basaltic andesites, basaltic trachyandesites, and trachybasalts. Thirty samples from different Syrian volcanic provinces show significant variation in terms of incompatible trace element signatures. Crustal contamination plays a negligible role in the process of magma genesis, as does crystal fractionation, essentially restricted to olivine and clinopyroxene. Our results show that the Syrian lava has been generated by variable rates of partial melting from different levels of a locally heterogeneous lithospheric mantle. The LREE/MREE ratio not only illustrates how the degree of partial melting was changed spatially and temporally during the last ~18 Ma, but it also illustrates how the degree and style of extension tectonics changed through time

L'agressivite des souches de colletotrichum manihotis varie d'une souche a une autre et les cultivars de manioc inocules sont plus ou moins sensibles au champignon. La temperature et la lumiere exercent une action sur l'infection des tiges. In vitro la lumiere stimule ou inhibe, selon les temperatures la croissance en longeur des hyphes et la conidiogenese. Les radiations bleues, vertes et jaunes inhibent la croissance a 32 non=c. , les radiations rouges stimulent la croissance a des temperatures comprises entre 20 et 28 non=c. La conidiogenese est inhibee a 20 non=c. Et stimulee a partir de 24 non=c, par des radiations bleues et jaunes. Les radiations rouges stimulent la condiogenese a partir de 24 non=c jusqu'a 28 non=c. Le vert est toujours stimulateur quelle que soit la temperature

Les premiers photons libérés par la matière constituent le fond diffus cosmologique (CMB) observé aujourd'hui à T=2.725K. C'est l'image électro-magnétique de notre Univers la plus lointaine qui nous soit accessible. L'étude statistique des minuscules inhomogéités du CMB devrait permettre pratiquement à elle seule la détermination du contenu et de la geométrie de l'Univers. Toutefois d'autres photons émis ultérieurement par les premiers astres de l'Univers sont également massivement présents. En particulier les galaxies avec leurs étoiles et leurs nuages de poussière ont émis des rayonnements constituant un fond diffus infra-rouge (CIB). Ce fond est très difficile à détecter en raison de la pollution lumineuse du Système Solaire et de la Galaxie, en particulier dans l'infra-rouge moyen. On peut cependant tirer partie de l'interaction de ces photons avec d'autres plus énergétiques rencontrés en chemin pour contraindre leur densité en fonction de leur energie. Ce manuscrit indique par quels moyens directs (expériences CMB ballon Archeops ou satellite Planck) ou indirects (expériences gamma au sol CAT et HEGRA) ces fonds diffus peuvent être mis en évidence et conduire à une description de l'Univers cohérente et - peut-être - juste. The first photons decoupled from the matter constitute the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) observed today at T=2.725 K. They form the oldest electromagnetic picture of our Universe. The statistical study of the tiny inhomogeneities of the CMB should allow, almost only by themselves, to determine the content and the geometry of the Universe. Nevertheless other photons are numerous. In particular star and dust radiations form the Cosmic Infrared Background (CIB). This background is very difficult to detect due to the Solar and Galactic light pollution, in particular in the mid-infrared. But it is possible to take benefit of the interaction of the CIB photons with other energetic enough ones to constrain their density in function of their wavelengths.This report shows how directely (Archeops balloon or Planck satellite CMB experiments) or indirectely (CAT and HEGRA ground based gamma experiments), these backgrounds can be detected and lead to a coherent and - maybe - true description of the Universe.

Dans le cadre de la recherche d’appui à la phase III du projet huile de palme rouge (HPR) au Burkina Faso, une étude de base a porté sur 150 femmes de la zone de production échantillonnées par la méthode aléatoire géographique. Leur statut en vitamine A (VA) a été évalué par HPLC et leurs apports alimentaires par un questionnaire de fréquence de consommation. Les connaissances, les perceptions, les habitudes d’utilisation et de consommation de l’HPR ont été explorées par un questionnaire pré-testé administré au domicile des participantes. Une étude comparative sur la qualité nutritionnelle, physico-chimique, microbiologique et sensorielle de 13 échantillons d’HPR de différentes provenances a été également réalisée. La prévalence de faibles rétinolémies était de 10,7% et les apports en VA provenaient à 90% des aliments d’origine végétale. Seules 5,9% des femmes productrices présentaient une faible rétinolémie, comparativement à 20,8% des femmes non-productrices d’HPR. Les échantillons d’HPR présentaient un profil satisfaisant mais quelques-uns étaient limites au plan microbiologique. En outre, aucun échantillon ne se distinguait nettement selon tous les paramètres de qualité étudiés. Cette étude démontre que les aliments d’origine végétale riches en caroténoïdes provitaminiques A, dont l’HPR qui en est la meilleure source, peuvent permettre d’avoir un statut adéquat en VA. Les risques de contamination de l’HPR au stade de la vente au détail impliquent une sensibilisation et une formation aux pratiques exemplaires de manipulation. Mots clés : Huile de palme rouge, vitamine A, diversification alimentaire, qualité, Burkina Faso.
The research activities of the phase III of the Red Palm Oil (RPO) project in Burkina Faso included a baseline study with 150 women of the RPO production area randomly selected by the Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) random walk method. Their vitamin A (VA) status was assessed by HPLC and their dietary intake of VA by a food frequency questionnaire. The knowledge, perceptions, use and consumption patterns of RPO were assessed by individual interviews with a questionnaire. A comparative study on the physico-chemical, nutritional, microbiological and sensory quality of 13 RPO samples from different countries was also carried. The prevalence of low serum retinol was 10.7% and the dietary intake of VA was provided up to 90% by plant foods. Only 5.9% of women involved in RPO production presented a low retinol compared with 20.8% of women not producing RPO. The quality of the RPO samples was adequate although the microbiological counts were borderline for some samples. None of the samples presented an outstanding quality profile according to the criteria used. The study shows that provitamin A-rich plant foods, and RPO in particular as the highest source, can sustain an adequate VA status. The risk of contamination of RPO during retailing needs to be tackled through awareness and training in best manipulation practices. Key words: Red palm oil, vitamin A, food diversification, quality, Burkina Faso.