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Krizo, Jessica Ann. "Regulation of Food Anticipatory Activity." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1470307781.
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Chu, May. "The internationalisation of regulation : food safety regulation in China." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2014. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/961/.
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The aim of the thesis is to examine the implications of the internationalisation of regulation in China as a developing country. To achieve this, variations in different Chinese food regulatory regimes are compared, ranging from those for domestic consumption to export. In particular, the three control components of a regulatory regime, namely standard-setting, information-gathering and behaviour-modification are analysed. This study finds a pattern of changes in the Chinese food regulatory regimes. At the initial stage, Chinese national food standards were less stringent than international standards, and the gap between established national standards and local enforcement was significantly high. In recent years, it is observed that Chinese national food standards have witnessed an upward movement to converge with international food standards. In the meantime, regulatory enforcement in the localities has undergone continual adjustment to strengthen enforcement force towards areas under public concern. This thesis aims to explain this trend of changes in terms of the internationalisation of regulation. It argues that while coercive international pressure is mainly exerted on the Chinese exported food regulatory regime, the domestic food regulatory regime in China has also been increasingly influenced by global forces over the past decade, in terms of policy transfer from developed countries and policy learning from the transnational professional networks. Regarding domestic food standard-setting, normative influence from the international community has induced a generally higher level of Chinese national food standards. With respect to regulatory enforcement, while enforcement work has been constrained by the incapacity of regulators and the inextricably linked interests in the localities, these domestic factors are becoming less influential under the context of internationalisation of regulation. In particular, food safety crises prompt the Chinese government to push forward regulatory changes in spite of strong resistance in the localities. This has been attributed to the aim of the Chinese government to safeguard the reputation of products ‘Made in China’ under the context of internationalisation of regulation, and build up an international image that China is a committed and responsible trading partner and world leader.
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Klockars, Anica. "Non-caloric regulation of food intake." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för neurovetenskap, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-223809.
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Food intake is shaped by environmental, endocrine, metabolic, and reward-related signals. A change in appetite is an outcome of integration of the relevant external and internal stimuli. While the main purpose of eating is to reverse a negative energy balance, mechanisms protecting homeostasis change appetite for other reasons. This thesis examines the role of select brain mechanisms in regulating consumption driven by aspects other than energy. In paper I, an increased percentage of c-Fos positive OT neurons was observed after mice ingested sucrose, while no change was found after Intralipid intake. Given a choice between isocaloric sugar and Intralipid solutions, mice injected with an OT receptor antagonist increase their preference for sucrose, while total calorie intake remains unchanged, suggesting that OT prevents overconsumption of sugar. Paper II addresses whether MCH, which has anxiolytic properties and mediates reward-motivated feeding, has the ability to alleviate conditioned taste aversion in rats. We found that while mRNA expression of MCH and its receptor are changed in aversive animals, central injections of MCH do not prevent the acquisition of aversion, nor do they affect the rate of extinction of the taste aversion. Paper III describes evidence that the N/OFQ system facilitates food intake by alleviating aversive responsiveness. Blocking the NOP receptor delays extinction of aversion and reduces food intake in hungry rats. Paper IV reports that leucine ingestion increases mRNA expression levels of genes known to mediate reward, as well as orexigenic gene expression in the nucleus accumbens (Nacc), a key component of the reward circuit. Adding leucine to drinking water increases activity of the reward system, which possibly contributes to the pleasure of consumption. A separate approach using Drosophila melanogaster is introduced in paper V which provides evidence that knocking down the gene for the transcription factor Ets96B during development results in a simultaneous disruption in sleep patterns and appetite, thus highlighting the interplay between these physiological parameters. We conclude that OT, MCH, N/OFQ and Ets96B belong to mechanisms regulating food intake for reasons other than energy balance. Composition of food and negative associations with diets affect neural networks controlling appetite.
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Chadwick, Anna. "Food commodity speculation, hunger, and the global food crisis : whither regulation." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2015. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3222/.
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This thesis takes as its starting point claims that practices of financial speculation in commodity derivative markets were instrumental in the causation of the global food crisis in 2007-08. Adopting an approach informed by critical legal studies, I seek to challenge dominant conceptions about the role that law has played in this context. Campaigners concerned about these practices place great faith in financial regulation as means of restraining ‘excessive’ speculation. Equally, those concerned with the vulnerability of poor communities to its effects — their condition of ‘food insecurity’, as it is designated in the prevailing discourse — turn to human rights, in particular, the right to adequate food, as a means of response. In both instances, law is positioned as the solution to fix malfunctioning markets. Examining the significance of law in the creation of the two global markets in question — one for a trade in financial instruments linked to food commodities, the other for tangible food commodities — I will consider whether this way of positioning law is accurate. I will explore the possibility that a preoccupation with regulatory solutions obscures other roles that law might play in global commodity markets. Focusing on the role law plays in enabling market behaviours, such as speculation, and in entrenching market entitlements that prevent equitable access to food, I will suggest that a body of law that is constituting and entrenching the market might stand in the way of regulatory ambition. The call for financial regulation to tackle food price volatility and for the strengthening of domestic legal regimes to protect against vulnerability is a call on the state to use law to constrain the excesses of the market in the interests of society. Is this a promising strategy, however, when the constitutive role of law and the state in facilitating the operations of the market is taken into account?
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Van, der Velde Peter. "Regulation of gastric emptying and food intake." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/NQ47918.pdf.
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Beale, Kylie Emma Louise. "Central regulation of food intake and reproduction." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/7096.
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The work described in this thesis investigates the actions of hypothalamic neuropeptides involved in the control of energy homeostasis and reproduction. Cerebellin 1 (Cbln1) is a 16-amino acid peptide abundantly expressed in the cerebellum and the hypothalamus. I have shown that Cbln1 increases food intake when administered centrally to rats, and that this effect may be partly mediated by neuropeptide Y. I have also demonstrated that Cbln1 mRNA expression within the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus is up-regulated following a 48-hour fast, suggesting that Cbln1 may have a physiological role in the control of food intake. In addition to hypothalamic centres, the reward system has an important role in the control of feeding. The melanocortin system has a well characterised role in the homeostatic control of food intake. My work suggests that the melanocortin system may also have a previously unknown role within the ventral tegmental area (VTA) in the hedonic control of feeding. Intra- VTA administration of a melanocortin agonist reduced, whereas an antagonist increased, food intake in rats. My work suggests that the VTA melanocortin system may act upstream of dopamine signalling to influence feeding. Kisspeptin is a hypothalamic neuropeptide with a crucial role in reproduction. The hypothalamus contains two populations of kisspeptin neurones, located in the arcuate nucleus (Arc) and in the anteroventral periventricular nucleus. The physiological role of these two populations is unknown. I used recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) to suppress kisspeptin expression within the Arc in female rats. Animals injected bilaterally into the Arc with rAAV-kisspeptin antisense had significantly fewer oestrous cycles, and an increase in oestrous cycle length, compared to controls. In summary, these studies have identified novel roles for Cbln1 and the melanocortin system in the control of food intake, and have demonstrated the importance of Arc kisspeptin signalling in the regulation of reproduction.
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Borbon, Galvez Yari. "Capabilities meet regulation : the compliance processes of Mexican food supply chains with United States biosecurity regulations." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2013. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/45518/.
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This thesis explores how Mexican fresh produce supply chains have responded to US bio-security regulations designed to prevent the intentional and accidental contamination of imported food. It explores the compliance processes, which are theorised using a framework drawn from the Resource-Based View (RBV) and the Supply Chain Governance (SCG) literatures. The constructs developed herein regarding capabilities and supply chain ‘governance structures' complement previous Regulation Studies (RS) explaining compliance behaviour. The thesis analysed 12 case studies, and tested causal conditions of compliance using a multi-value Qualitative Comparative Analysis (mvQCA) method. The main results show: 1) the pathways to meet the regulatory requirements; 2) the limited diversity of capabilities associated with higher levels of compliance; and 3) the importance of tight supply chain coordination to source and exchange knowledge for compliance, regardless of how or who governs the supply chain. The thesis contributes to various academic debates. It removes the RVB assumptions that resources and capabilities are intrinsically valuable and complementary, and therefore contributes towards making the theory less tautological. It shows how SCG benefits when the effects of supply chain integration and coordination are examined independently. It differentiates between firms lacking willingness and firms lacking capabilities to comply, making it possible to define suitable regulatory strategies for each type of firm. The thesis makes a methodological contribution as it is one of the first studies applying the mvQCA in Science, Technology and Innovations Studies (STIs). The new methodology is used here to test the causal conditions of compliance, but can also be applied to innovative performance more generally. The thesis concludes by showing how US regulations were effective in achieving their regulatory aims without significant negative consequences, and suggesting that STI regulatory policies can be used to increase business engagement to prevent the intentional and accidental contamination of the food chain.
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Reeve, Belinda Helen. "The food pyramid meets the regulatory pyramid - responsive regulation of food advertising to children." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/11643.
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Obesity poses an urgent threat to children’s health. The causes of obesity are many and varied, but evidence suggests that the food industry makes a significant contribution. Multinational companies use a range of communication channels and marketing techniques to promote unhealthy foods and beverages to children. This promotion has a small but significant effect on children’s food preferences and choices, their consumption patterns and diet-related health. While public health advocates call for statutory regulation of unhealthy food advertising, the food industry has mobilised government support for voluntary action. In Australia, there is significant debate over the success of two self-regulatory codes that address food advertising to children. In this thesis I evaluate the food industry’s initiatives using a new approach. Although I consider evidence of the codes’ outcomes, I focus on whether they establish the building blocks of an effective self-regulatory regime. I use regulatory studies and public health law to create a framework for evaluation, drawing particularly on the idea of responsive regulation. I also compare food, tobacco and alcohol advertising regulation to predict whether statutory regulation of food advertising is practical and politically feasible. I find that food and alcohol advertising codes contain a series of ‘escape clauses’ that permit companies to continue with most of their marketing practices. As a result, the codes do not significantly reduce children’s exposure to food and alcohol advertising, or moderate the persuasive techniques used by marketers. Food industry self-regulation lacks the features of a well-designed voluntary scheme, including clear objectives, independent administration and monitoring, effective enforcement and systematic review. Further, regulatory processes are almost entirely industry based, meaning that the scheme is not accountable to external stakeholders. The difficulty of conducting research in this area underscores this conclusion. Food and alcohol companies report high levels of compliance with the codes, and an ethical commitment to responsible marketing practices. However, the initiatives do not place demanding requirements on participants; they only codify existing best practice in advertising to children. Further, industry initiatives exclude some of the main food and alcohol advertisers. In comparison to tobacco, food and alcohol products are highly varied, making regulation a more complex exercise. More fundamentally, these industries have an economic interest in advertising unhealthy products to a wide range of age groups. Accordingly, they are unlikely to accept any tighter restrictions on advertising to children, which might impact on their communication with adult audiences. One way of strengthening self-regulation is to include external stakeholders in regulatory processes. Public health actors engage with the food and alcohol industry (unlike the tobacco industry), creating the potential for more collaborative arrangements. However, experience with the ‘quasi-regulation’ of alcohol advertising illustrates that public health participation may not create a more transparent and accountable scheme. Also, external participation in industry schemes is highly contentious, and public health actors risk their credibility and reputation in doing so. Accordingly, government action is required to broaden the reach of self-regulation and improve its functioning. Given the strong case for government action, the question becomes what form it should take. There are significant political barriers to legislation, including the power of the food industry, and neo-liberal ideologies that favour minimal regulation. Accordingly, I consider options outside of ‘command-and-control’ regulation. Through co-regulation, the government could set clear objectives for the codes to achieve, establish an independent body for monitoring and enforcement, and formalise its oversight of the scheme. It must also threaten the industry with more intrusive regulation, should the improved scheme fail to reduce children’s exposure to unhealthy food advertising. This strategy implicitly endorses a responsive regulatory approach that begins with voluntary action by the food industry itself. However, it also recognises the central role of the state in regulation, and describes new ways for governments to protect public health.
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Smeets, Astrid Jose Pierre Gertrude. "Triggers for food intake regulation sensory and metabolic effects of specific food components /." Maastricht : Maastricht : Universitaire Pers Maastricht ; University Library, Universiteit Maastricht [host], 2008. http://arno.unimaas.nl/show.cgi?fid=11858.
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Stuart-Moonlight, Belinda Isobel. "Microbial survival on food contact surfaces in the context of food hygiene regulation." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.249535.
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Wardle, Frances Jane. "Dietary restraint and the regulation of food intake." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.396815.
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Rouvière, Élodie. "Co-regulation in the enforcement of food safety." Montpellier 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008MON10080.
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Dans cette thèse, nous appréhendons, à travers le concept de co-régulation, de nouveaux programmes de contrôle de la sécurité alimentaire, mis en place suite aux crises sanitaires récentes liées à l'alimentation. Par co-régulation, nous entendons d'une part, que la réglementation est définie par les autorités publiques et que, d'autre part, il existe une coopération accrue entre les acteurs publics et privés dans les phases de contrôle de la réglementation. Nous postulons que ces programmes de co-régulation de la sécurité alimentaire pourraient s'inscrire comme une alternative favorable à un mode de contrôle qui serait totalement public. Pour traiter de cette question, nous avons mené un travail de terrain sur le marché d'importation de fruits et légumes de Perpignan. Il existe sur ce marché, depuis 2001, un programme de co-régulation dont l'objectif est de contrôler la qualité sanitaire des produits qui entrent en France. Dans ce contexte, nous nous sommes particulièrement penchés sur l'adaptation des autorités publiques et des entreprises à ce programme. Nous montrons que les structures d'incitations et de contrôle sont les deux dimensions essentielles et nécessaires à sa viabilité. Ce constat vaut autant pour les autorités publiques que pour les entreprises. Dès lors, si l'objectif implicite, mais non encore établi, de la co-régulation est d'être moins coûteuse que les systèmes de contrôles pré-existants, nos conclusions amènent à considérer cette assertion avec prudence. L'introduction d'un programme de co-régulation, dans le cadre particulier du marché d'importation de Perpignan, induit des changements significatifs pour les autorités publiques et pour les entreprises. Ces changements sont source de nouveaux coûts dont on devra nécessairement tenir compte dans l'évaluation de ces nouvelles politiques publiques de contrôle de la sécurité alimentaireThis thesis focus on co-regulation in the enforcement of food safety. Co-regulation means that on the one hand, public authorities design and set the regulation and, on the other hand, the regulation is enforced by coordinated actions provided by public authorities and regulated firms. We presume that co-regulation might be a better way to enforce food safety regulations than traditionnal enforcement regimes that are on the sole responsibility of public authorities. To deal with this issue, we investigate a safety self-monitoring agreement that exists on one of the main import markets of fresh produce in France, which is a co-regulation program. The purpose of this program is to monitor fresh produce safety. We emphasized how public authorities and food operators adjust themselves to the program. We show that in order to make this program effective incentives and monitoring schemes are at stake. This statement is equally true for public authorities and food operators. Therefore, if the established purpose, not yet proven, of co-regulation in the enforcement of food safety is to be less costly than traditionnal enforcement regimes, our results urge caution when considering this assertion. The introduction of co-regulation in enforcement regimes of food safety implies costly changes for both public authorities and food operators. Henceforth, the next step will be to assess these new public policies of enforcement for food safety regulations, taking into account those costs
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Zhang, Jin. "Central cannabinoid regulation of food intake in chickens." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/33707.
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Marijuana has been used for medicinal and recreational purposes for thousands of years. Many people think of marijuana in the context of an illegal drug. Because of the antimarijuana attitude, research with cannabinoids was neglected for a long time. Although this substance is related to social problems, scientists are interested in its action and possible medicinal properties. Since the identification of the structure of Î 9--tetrahydrocannabinol, the main psychoactive ingredient of marijuana, there has been increased interest in this compound. Following the discovery of two cannabinoid receptors, CB1 and CB2 receptors, it was determined that CB1 receptors are in high density in the central nervous system while CB2 receptors are found primarily in the immune system. The endogenous cannabinoid ligands, anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol, were observed in the central nervous system and peripheral tissues. Endocannabinoids differ from other "classical" neurotransmitters because they do not appear to be stored in synaptic vesicles, and they act as retrograde messengers within the brain. The endogenous cannabinoid signaling system includes cannabinoid receptors, their endogenous ligands called endocannabinoids, and the proteins for their synthesis and inactivation. The cannabinoid system appears to act as a neuromodulatory system. During the past ten years, the endogenous cannabinoid system has been implicated in a variety of physiological functions including pain reduction, motor regulation, learning, memory, and reward.
Because obesity and eating disorders are prevalent, scientists are working at the molecular level to study the mechanisms controlling body weight and regulation of food intake. Several of the neuropeptides present in hypothalamic nuclei contribute to energy balance and food intake regulation. Endogenous cannabinoid and cannobinoid receptors are found in the hypothalamus and are associated with the regulation of food intake. Although the mechanisms whereby cannabinoids influence food intake remain unclear, results suggest that the cannabinoid system will be an important target in future studies in obesity.
Most research on cannabinoids has focused on their role in food intake regulation in mammalian species. It is important to determine the role of endocannabinoids in other species. The effect of intracerebroventricular injection of agonists and antagonists of both CB1 and CB2 receptors in 8 to 11 week-old male Single Comb White Leghorn and 3 to 6 weeks old male broilers was investigated. It was found that agonists of both the CB1 and CB2 receptor increased food intake significantly; however, the CB2 receptor agonist had a stronger and longer lasting effect. Antagonists of both receptors decreased food intake significantly. The CB1 receptor antagonist appeared to block both cannabinoid receptors in birds, whereas the CB2 receptor antagonist did not block both receptors. Previous studies have indicated that the CB2 receptor is found only outside the brain and spinal cord, and is involved with the immune system. From the present results, it appears that both cannabinoid receptors are present in the chicken brain. Furthermore, the CB2 receptor may also be localize in the chicken brain. There are also differences in cannabinoid system between Leghorn and broilers.Master of Science
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Williamson, Patricia S. "Regulation of food intake in zinc-deficient rats /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2001. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p3025663.
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Irvine, Paul Andrew. "Food structural and sensory factors in the regulation of appetite and food intake - the role of food volume and food gas." Thesis, University of Ulster, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.529568.
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Wang, Jinxin. "Mechanisms of hypothalamic regulation of food intake in birds." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/83485.
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Energy homeostasis is essential for survival across all vertebrate species and involves a multitude of physiological systems that are regulated by both central and peripheral neural signaling. The hypothalamus is responsible for integrating and processing these signals and thus is regarded as the regulatory center for balancing energy homeostasis. Eating disorders, such as compulsive eating behavior associated with obesity, and anorexia, are significant public health concerns worldwide. Thus, studying appetite regulation is necessary to provide novel information for the design of solutions for health concerns that stem from altered energy intake. Such information is also relevant for improving chicken health and productivity in an agricultural setting. The objective of this dissertation research was to determine the hypothalamic mechanisms underlying appetite regulation in birds. In Experiment 1, the Virginia lines of chickens were used to elucidate the mechanisms underlying stress-induced anorexia. These chickens have been selected for low (LWS) or high (HWS) body weight at 56 days of age and have different severities of anorexia and obesity, respectively. Chicks were subjected to a combination of thermal and nutritional stress after hatch and hypothalamic nuclei, including the lateral hypothalamus (LH), paraventricular nucleus (PVN), ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH), and arcuate nucleus (ARC), were collected 5 days later. Real-time PCR was used to measure the mRNA abundance of appetite-associated neuropeptides and receptors in each nucleus. The results showed that the two lines displayed distinct gene expression profiles in response to stress. In particular, the PVN of the LWS was significantly affected by stress, and expression of several anorexigenic factors was up-regulated including corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), CRF receptor sub-types 1 and 2 (CRFR1 and CRFR2, respectively), melanocortin receptor 4, and urocortin 3, suggesting that stress-induced anorexia in the LWS may result from overriding anorexigenic signaling in the PVN, primarily through CRF signaling. This CRF signaling-associated hypothesis was further supported by results showing that the original phenotypes were restored when the LWS chicks were treated with astressin (CRF receptor antagonist) before exposure to stress. In Experiments 2 and 3, we attempted to determine the mechanisms of CRF's anorexigenic effect in chickens and Japanese quail. We administered CRF by intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection and the hypothalamus was collected 1 hour later for molecular analyses. Results showed that CRF exerted a similar inhibitory effect on food intake in these two bird species, however the hypothalamic mechanisms underlying this anorexigenic effect were different. ICV injection of CRF increased c-Fos expression in the PVN, VMH, dorsomedial nucleus (DMN), and ARC in chicks while it only affected the PVN and LH in quail. Hypothalamic gene expression results suggested that CRF decreased neuropeptide Y receptor sub-type 1 (NPYR1) in chicks while it increased proopiomelanocortin (POMC), MC4R, CRF, and CRFR2 in quail. These results suggested that the anorexigenic effect of CRF may involve a dampened neuropeptide Y (NPY) system in chicks whereas it is associated with activated CRF and melanocortin systems in quail. At the nucleus level in chicks, CRF injection decreased NPY system-associated gene expression (ARC and DMN) and increased CRF (ARC and PVN) and mesotocin (MT) (VMH)-associated mRNAs, suggesting that orexigenic signaling through NPY was overridden by the heightened anorexigenic tone through CRF and MT, which led to the inhibition of food intake. In Experiments 4 and 5, we used the same experimental design as for CRF studies to determine the hypothalamic mechanisms of the anorexigenic effects of neuropeptide K (NPK) and adrenomedullin (AM) in Japanese quail. Results from Experiment 4 showed that NPK injection activated the ARC and PVN, which was associated with increased mRNAs for a group of anorexigenic factors including CRF, UCN3, cocaine and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART), and POMC, and decreased expression of several orexigenic factors, such as NPY and agouti-related peptide (AgRP). In Experiment 5, ICV injection of AM activated the ARC, the nucleus in which POMC and CART mRNAs were increased. In conclusion, these experiments revealed novel hypothalamic mechanisms underlying stress or exogenous neuropeptide-induced anorexia in birds and may provide insights on understanding appetite regulation from evolutionary, agricultural, and biomedical perspectives.Ph. D.
Appetite regulation is important for survival across all vertebrate species and the hypothalamus is the regulatory center for control of feeding behavior. Thus, studying the functions of the hypothalamus on appetite regulation provide novel insight into the eating disorders, such as obesity and anorexia, a worldwide health issue. Also, such information is relevant for improving productivity in the modern chicken industry. The objective of this dissertation research was to determine the hypothalamic mechanisms underlying appetite regulation in birds. In Experiment 1, the Virginia lines of chickens were used to elucidate the mechanisms underlying stress-induced anorexia. These chickens have been selected for low (LWS) or high (HWS) body weight at 56 days of age and have different severities of anorexia and obesity, respectively. Chicks were subjected to a combination of thermal and nutritional stress after hatch. The results suggested the two lines displayed distinct appetite-associated gene expression profiles in response to stress in the hypothalamus. In particular, stress-induced anorexia in the LWS may result from potent feeding-inhibitory factor corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF). Thus, in Experiments 2 and 3, we attempted to determine the mechanisms of CRF's inhibitory effect on food intake in chickens and Japanese quail. We administered CRF by intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection and the hypothalamus was collected 1 hour later for molecular analyses. Results showed that CRF exerted a similar inhibitory effect on food intake in these two bird species. However, the inhibitory effect of CRF was primarily associated with a dampened neuropeptide Y (NPY) system which is a potent stimulatory factor for feeding behavior in chickens, whereas it may involve activated CRF and melanocortin systems in quail. In Experiments 4 and 5, we used the same experimental design as for CRF studies to determine the hypothalamic mechanisms of the inhibitory effects of neuropeptide K (NPK) and adrenomedullin (AM) in Japanese quail. Results from Experiment 4 showed that the feeding-inhibitory effect of NPK was associated with a group of increased feeding-inhibitory factors such as CRF and cocaine and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) and decreased feeding-stimulatory factors, such as NPY and agouti-related peptide (AgRP) in the hypothalamus. In Experiment 5, AM increased gene expression of CART and proopiomelanocortin (POMC). Overall, these experiments suggested the roles of the hypothalamus in stress or exogenous neuropeptide-induced anorexia in birds and may provide insights on understanding appetite regulation from evolutionary, agricultural, and biomedical perspectives.
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Lacy, Michael Pennington. "Peripheral regulation of food intake in the domestic fowl." Diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/52301.
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Four studies were performed to examine peripheral factors involved with food intake regulation in the domestic fowl. In the first study, the mechanism by which tryptophan depresses food intake was clarified. Intraperitoneal injections of tryptophan methyl ester were demonstrated to inhibit feeding in Single Comb White Leghorn (SCWL) cockerels. Intragastric intubations of tryptophan inhibited food intake and decreased body temperature of SCWL cockerels. These results, in conjunction with previous findings, indicate that tryptophan's inhibitory influence on food intake is peripherally rather than centrally based. The second study explored the role of the duodenum in food intake regulation. Intraduodenal glucose loads had no effect on food intake of SCWL or Rock Cornish (RC) commercial broiler cockerels. In addition, splanchnicectomized birds did not respond to intraduodenal glucose infusions any differently than sham-operated controls. Apparently, the duodenum does not play a significant role in food intake control in the fowl. Hepatic involvement in appetite regulation was examined in SCWL and RC cockerels in the third study. Amino acid solutions failed to influence food intake when infused intraportally in either strain of chicken. Relatively small glucose or lipid solutions depressed food intake significantly when infused intraportally in the SCWL birds but had no effect in the RC cockerels. The liver appears to be integrally involved in controlling food consumption in the SCWL chicken. In the final study, the existence of a "hunger" factor in the peripheral circulation of two lines of chickens divergently selected for body weight was explored. Intrahepatic infusions of plasma from food deprived high-weight line chickens stimulated food intake of sated low-weight line chickens.
These studies indicate that peripheral mechanisms are important in regulating appetite in light-breed chickens such as the SCWL, however, such mechanisms in heavy-breed chickens such as the RC appear to be less sensitive. This desensitization in heavy-breed chickens suggests that genetic selection for increased growth has affected the food intake control systems.Ph. D.
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Tan, Tricia. "Regulation of metabolism and food intake by enteropancreatic hormones." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/23367.
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Enteropancreatic hormones such as pancreatic polypeptide (PP), peptide YY (PYY) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) are secreted post-prandially by the gut and the pancreas. They act to regulate metabolism and appetite. An understanding of the physiology of these hormones and how they can be delivered in a practical manner is required to allow their translation into clinical treatments for obesity and diabetes. Work in this thesis investigated the effect of subcutaneously injected PP in healthy human volunteers, and demonstrated a significant reduction in food intake. A novel peptidase resistant analogue of PP, PP 1420, was administered in combination with metformin to rodents. This combination reduced food intake and body weight additively, suggesting that the combination of PP 1420 and metformin may well be beneficial in patients with obesity and diabetes. A subsequent study of PP 1420 in human volunteers, in a first-in-man Phase 1 trial, confirmed that PP 1420 was safe, well tolerated and possessed an extended terminal elimination half-life compared to native PP. In this thesis, I also explored the physiological effects of gut hormone combinations. The administration of single gut hormones such as PP, PYY or GLP-1 can reduce food intake, but may cause side effects such as nausea. The combination of gut hormones offers the possibility of increased efficacy with fewer side effects, for example, PYY+GLP-1 in combination have previously been shown to possess additive effects on food intake. The effects of a PYY+GLP-1 combination on carbohydrate metabolism have not yet been investigated. Work in this thesis examined the effects of a PYY+GLP-1 combination intravenous infusion on insulin secretion and sensitivity in healthy volunteers. Administration of PYY alone did not significantly affect insulin secretion. PYY+GLP-1 in combination stimulated insulin secretion to a similar extent to GLP-1 alone. There were no significant acute effects of PYY, GLP-1 or PYY+GLP-1 on insulin sensitivity. These findings suggest that gut hormone analogues may represent safe, effective and practical treatments for obesity. Combination PYY+GLP-1 treatment may provide the metabolic benefits of bariatric surgery without the surgery itself.
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Miller, Melanie. "Food colours : a study of the effects of regulation." Thesis, Aston University, 1987. http://publications.aston.ac.uk/10840/.
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In the 1960s the benefits of government regulation of technology were believed to outweigh any costs. But recent studies have claimed that regulation has negative effects on innovation, health and consumer choice. This case study on food colours examines such claims. EFFECTS ON HEALTH were measured by allocating a hazard rating to each colour. The negative list of 1925 removed three harmful colours which were rapidly replaced, so the benefits were short-lived. Had a proposed ban been adopted in the 1860s it would have prevented many years exposure to hazardous mineral colours. The positive list of 1957 reduced the proportion of harmful coal tar dyes from 54% of the total to 20%. Regulations brought a greater reduction in hazard levels than voluntary trade action. Delays in the introduction of a positive list created a significant hazard burden. EFFECTS ON INNOVATION were assessed from patents and discovery dates. Until the 1950s food colours were adopted from textile colours. The major period of innovation for coal tar colours was between 1856 and 1910, finishing well before regulations were made in 1957, so regulations cannot be blamed for the decline. Regulations appear to have spurred the development of at least one new coal tar dye, and many new plant colours, creating a new sector of the dye industry. EFFECTS ON CONSUMER CHOICE were assessed by case studies. Coloured milk, for example, was banned despite its popularity. Regulations have restricted choice, but have removed from the market foods that were nutritionally impoverished and poor value for money. Compositional regulations provided health protection because they reduced total exposure to colours from certain staple foods. Restricting colours to a smaller range of foods would be an effective way of coping with problems of quality and imperfect toxicological knowledge today.
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McAllister, Steve Randolph. "Implementation of Food Safety Regulations in Food Service Establishments." ScholarWorks, 2018. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/5902.
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Food service businesses in the United States have experienced millions of dollars in losses caused by foodborne illness outbreaks, which can lead to bankruptcy and business closures. More than 68% of all foodborne illness outbreaks occur in food service establishments. The purpose of this descriptive case study was to explore the strategies leaders of food service establishments use to implement food safety regulations. Force field analysis was the conceptual framework for this study. The population for the study consisted of 3 leaders of food service establishments located in the southeastern region of the United States. Data were collected using semistructured interviews and a review of the business policies and procedures that support compliance with critical food safety regulations. The methodological triangulation approach was used to assist in correlating the interview responses with company policies and procedures during the data analysis process. Yin's 5-step data analysis approach resulted in 3 themes: (a) organizational performance analysis for improvements in food safety, (b) strategies applied to improve food safety, and (c) stability of new strategies for food safety. The key strategies identified included adhering to the guidelines of food code and regulation, conducting employee training and awareness building, and working closely with food safety inspectors. The implications for positive social change include the potential to add knowledge to businesses, employees, and communities on the use of effective food safety strategies to minimize foodborne illnesses. Such results may lead to the improvement of service performance and long-term growth and sustainability of food service establishments.
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Min, W. K. "Aconitase/IRE-BP regulation in tumour cells." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.269327.
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Cho, Bo-Hyun. "Three studies on the economics of food safety." Connect to this title online, 2004. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1092338642.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2004.Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains x, 95 p.; also includes graphics (some col.). Includes bibliographical references (p. 91-95). Available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center
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Self, David Jonathan. "Risk managing food safety : comparing the enforcement of food safety regulation in the UK and Germany." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2017. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/risk-managing-food-safety(10bd5ef5-c5e2-42e1-8536-0a56c3313217).html.
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This thesis investigates the implementation of food safety regulation within the UK and Germany. The aim of the research is to assess and explain the extent to which risk-based approaches that are manifest in EU General Food Law, have been applied in each country. Drawing on extensive documentary and interview material, the thesis charts the history of food safety regulation in the UK, Germany and the EU, focusing on food safety enforcement at both national and local levels. The thesis examines the factors shaping the way that ideas of risk have been operationalised within the enforcement of food safety regulation through three case studies. First, it uses the case study of food import controls to investigate the operationalisation of risk ideas at EU level, and in particular tensions between ideas of risk, hazard and safety. Second, the thesis examines how risk-based approaches to food safety enforcement are shaped by the concerns and interests of national and local authorities in Germany and the UK. Third, the thesis uses the case of food hygiene barometers to explore the key factors shaping and constraining the uptake of risk ideas in the UK and Germany. The thesis concludes that despite the universalising claims for risk-based approaches to regulation, the case of food safety regulation demonstrates the normative, political and economic drivers shaping the differential uptake and use of risk ideas in advanced EU member states, even when regulation has been harmonised under EU law. The thesis builds on that conclusion to reflect on the future of risk-based policymaking in the field of food safety as well as contributing to wider ongoing social scientific discussion about the role of risk ideas within different polities.
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Horrocks, Andrew John. "Food-sector SMEs and the environment : knowledge, learning and regulation." Thesis, University of Hull, 2005. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:16063.
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PROULX, KARINE. "NOVEL FUEL SENSING MECHANISMS IN THE REGULATION OF FOOD INTAKE." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1155823274.
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Brandt, Karsten. "Fat metabolism and the control of food intake." Hamburg Kovač, 2006. http://www.verlagdrkovac.de/3-8300-2648-X.htm.
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Mensah, L. D. "Development of food safety capability in Ghana to enhance access to the Global Food Manufacturing Value Chain (GFMVC)." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2011. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/7010.
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Demonstrating compliance with food safety requirements of the global economy is a prerequisite for access. As tariff barriers diminish, developing countries are exposed to greater opportunities for repositioning their food manufacturing sectors in global value chains (GVCs). At the same time, the measures for the protection of public health and safety are becoming more stringent because of the series of food safety crises that characterised the global food value chain in the 1980s and 1990s, and that still linger on. The new demands arising from the need to protect consumer safety, coupled with the structure of the global economy have introduced new challenges for developing countries in terms of accessing the global food manufacturing value chain(GFMVC) with manufactured products. This is the case for the Ghanaian food manufacturing sector. Therefore, this study aims to understand the practice of developing food safety capability to enhance access to the GFMVC using high value added products, to identify performance gaps in the Ghanaian context and propose an appropriate framework (legal, institutional and policy) to address the major gaps, while meeting the basic requirements of food safety. A multiple case study methodology was adopted, using the UK food and drinks sector as a benchmark for the Ghanaian food manufacturing sector. The main techniques employed for data collection were surveys, interviews and content analysis. Based on the findings and insights gathered from the investigation, a technical regulation based on Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) is proposed as a means to enhance the compliance of enterprises in Ghana with the basic requirements of food safety. Because of the current lack of capability at the national and enterprise level, a four-phase implementation plan is recommended to progressively ease enterprises into mandatory compliance with integrated food safety management systems. The study also recommends that the current multiple agency structure is maintained, however, mandates, roles and responsibilities, and jurisdictions need to be clarified, and values reformed. Various kinds of support (e.g. funds, training) also have to be provided to enterprises to facilitate their compliance and enhance their access to the GFMVC.
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Jarvandi, Soghra. "Learning processes in food intake." Thesis, McGill University, 2008. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=111915.
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Learning processes play a major role in controlling intake of food. Through repeated experiences an animal acquires the ability to predict the postingestive effects of a particular food (i.e., of its nutrients and energy) from its sensory characteristics. What is unclear from the literature, however, is whether an animal can anticipate the duration of subsequent food deprivation from predictive sensory qualities of a food, and hence increase the amount eaten of that cueing food. Therefore, the aim of this work was to investigate the characteristics of this under-researched type of learning, i.e., anticipatory eating, using laboratory rats trained on two lengths of fasting (short: 2-3 h, long: 8-10 h). The main findings were as follows. 1) Anticipatory eating is learnt when a choice is given between protein- and carbohydrate-rich foods as well as on a single balanced test food. 2) The learnt extra intake of food is instrumental to preventing the return of hunger, removal of which negative reinforcement extinguishes the response. 3) The resulting return of hunger induces re-learning of anticipatory eating. 4) During the training sessions, learning of anticipatory eating competes with classical conditioning of sensory preference. Conditioning of preference is likely to be stronger with the shorter than with the longer length of fasting. Therefore, the difference between intakes before the long and the short fast at each trial is the summed result of these two mechanisms of acquired increase in intake. While preference conditioning usually reaches a maximum rapidly, depletion-avoidance increases for as long as has been tested, with interruptions of rapid self-extinction and re-learning, This self-extinction contributes to the homeostatic character of this learning. 5) High-fat maintenance diet attenuates the learning of anticipatory eating. Overall, the findings provided robust evidence that eating in rats can be controlled by instrumental learning reinforced by hunger. Accordingly, the design of an experiment on such instrumental control of eating in human subjects is proposed to conclude this thesis.
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Nilsson, Ida. "Hypothalamic regulation of food intake - focus on the anx/anx mouse." Stockholm, 2010. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2010/978-91-7409-840-2/.
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Batterham, Rachel Louise. "The role of peptide YY in the regulation of food intake." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.409261.
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Poortinga, Wouter. "Public perceptions and trust in the regulation of genetically modified food." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.410080.
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Yi, Jiaqing. "Hypothalamic Regulation of Food Intake in Obese and Anorexic Avian Models." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/71349.
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Chickens from lines that have been divergently selected for either low (LWS) or high (HWS) body weight at 56 days of age for more than 57 generations serve as unique models to study eating disorders. The LWS have different severities of anorexia while all HWS become obese. Over the past decade our groups has demonstrated that these lines have differential food intake threshold responses to a range of intracerebroventricular (ICV) injected neurotransmitters. The major brain region regulating homeostatic regulation of appetite is the hypothalamus, and hence this dissertation was focused on understanding how the hypothalamus is different between LWS and HWS lines. Experiments 1 and 2 were performed as follows: whole hypothalamus as well as individual hypothalamic nuclei, respectively, were collected from 5 day-old chicks that had been fasted for 180 min or had free access to food. The hypothalamic nuclei included those primarily associated with appetite including the lateral hypothalamus, paraventricular nucleus (PVN), ventromedial hypothalamus, dorsomedial nucleus, and arcuate nucleus (ARC). Total RNA was isolated, reverse transcribed, and real time PCR performed. Hypothalamic expression of anorexigenic factors was greater in LWS than HWS, those factors including calcitonin, corticotropin-releasing factor receptor 1, leptin receptor, neuropeptide S, melanocortin receptor 3 (MC3R), and mesotocin. The gene expression data from individual hypothalamic nuclei revealed that mesotocin from the PVN may play an important role in the inhibition of appetite in the LWS. Experiment 3 was then designed to evaluate the effects of stress on food intake: besides the differences in hypothalamic gene expression between the lines, they also have different feeding responses when stressed: ICV injection of neuropeptide Y (0.2 nmol, NPY) did not increase food intake in LWS on day 5 after stress exposure. Experiment 4 was thus designed to study the molecular mechanisms underlying conditional feeding responses to exogenous NPY after stress in the LWS. The melanocortin system (AgRP and MC3R) changed in the hypothalamus after stress in the LWS, and hence may be responsible for the loss of responsiveness to exogenous NPY in stressed LWS. Experiment 5 was designed to evaluate whether hypothalamic differences exist at the protein level: label-free liquid chromatography coupled to tandem-mass spectrometry was used to measure the abundance of proteins in the hypothalamus. Hypothalamus was obtained from fed and 180 minute-fasted 5 day-old male LWS and HWS chicks. Proteins involved in energy metabolism were different between the lines. Differences were also found in proteins involved in GABA synthesis and uptake as well as protein ubiquitination. In conclusion, these results suggest that different feeding behaviors of LWS and HWS may be due to differences in gene and protein expression in the hypothalamus.Ph. D.
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Patel, Ajay. "The regulation and enforcement of nutrition and health claims for food." Thesis, Manchester Metropolitan University, 2015. http://e-space.mmu.ac.uk/600403/.
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The regulation of food is a contested domain (Ansell and Vogel, 2006). Who should bear responsibility for manufacture, distribution, sale and supply and consumption of the food we consume is one of the overriding political questions of our time. The legal, moral and political authority for the regulation of food faces challenges and is subject to intense negotiation. This study sets out to explore one small part of this multifaceted and global debate. The regulation of nutrition and health claims represents a concentrated area of the broader treatise. Nutrition and health claims are common in commercial communications used in the promotion of food. The use of such claims is strictly controlled by the Nutrition and Health Claims (England) Regulation 2007 and much has been written about the rationale for the Regulation. By contrast, the study of the enforcement of the Regulation is relatively neglected. The original contribution to knowledge made by this work is the finding that the enforcement of the regulation relies on the application of the broad discretion allowed to local authority enforcers and this results in variances in enforcement style. Notwithstanding such differences in style, one clear theme emerged: that enforcers largely deploy an accommodative approach based on advice rather than a deterrent approach reliant on prosecution. The study adopts a qualitative methodology with semi-structured interviews of those responsible for the enforcement of the law, namely trading standards officers and environmental health officers to assess their views and attitudes. It was found that factors affecting the application of the discretion ranged from the local priorities of the authority and the availability of resources to effectively control the use of such claims. While the discretion allowed for authorities to respond to the particular needs of their community, it makes for a ‘postcode lottery’ in differences in the way in which the same claims that are used across multiple authorities are enforced. It was found that in common with other legislation where enforcement is ceded to local authorities, the system of enforcement would benefit from greater consistency of practice.
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Smith, Tara Maureen. "Food safety regulation : an examination of pesticide regulation and the apple industry in the UK and Canada." Thesis, University of Reading, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.294865.
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Bicho, Rita Carreira. "Regulamentação europeia sobre novel food. Identificação de plantas silvestres comestiveis nacionais como não novo alimento." Master's thesis, ISA/UL, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/10897.
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Mestrado em Engenharia Alimentar - Qualidade e Segurança Alimentar - Instituto Superior de AgronomiaThe Regulation (EC) No 258/97, concerning novel foods and novel food ingredients, defines these as foods/food ingredients not significantly used for human consumption, in the Community, before 15 May 1997 and establishes the trading rules. To prove the statuts of not novel food/ not novel food ingredient is necessary to demonstrate evidences to support the significant human consumption in the Community before 15 May 1997 and continuously after this date. This work has as objective to perform a survey of the national legislation and the indicative lists of plants of the Member States, in the context of Regulation (EC) No 258/97. To gather evidences that support the significant food use of national edible wild plants, in order to prove the status of not novel food and verify that they aren’t in the context of the Regulation mentioned above. And yet, to contribute to the update of the Novel Food Catalogue, of the Commission, with the elaboration of a significant human consumption dossier for each national edible wild plant selected. Was identified the existence of indicative lists of plants in Germany, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France and Italy. From the 70 national edible wild plants researched, to potencially join the Novel Food Catalogue, 50 plants aren’t referenced as food in any of the indicative lists previously mentioned. The evidence of significant food use were surveyed of 5 selected plants, due to their culinary and commercial value in Portugal, among the 50 identified (Asparagus aphyllus L., Asparagus acutifolius L., Rumex crispus L., Quercus rotundifolia Lam. and Corema album (L.) D.Don). It was also elaborate a significant human consumption dossier for the first 4 referred species. The specie Corema album (L.) D. Don doens’t have enough evidence to prove the status of food. In the future, it will be important to complete them interviewing elderly in country's coastline.
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Al, Mutairi Saad Khalaf. "Saudi food inspector: a focused ethnographic study in regulation and law enforcement." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.606380.
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This research aims to explore how male Saudi Food Inspectors (SFIs) contribute to food safety, and, in particular, how they behave during their everyday working practices at the inspection agency and food businesses locations. SFIs have been recognised as Street Level Bureaucrats (SLBs), because of the distinctive nature of their occupation as law enforcers and front line workers. Food Inspectors are an imperative governmental agent in the food industry. They have an important role in the protection of society by reducing risks of food-borne illnesses, commercial food adulteration and food fraud. These issues present real threats to the food industry worldwide. An etlmographic research method for this project meant a focus on informal interviews and field participant observation. Twenty-five SFIs working in the Riyadh Municipality were selected from different worksites in Saudi Arabia 's capital. Empirical data were analysed by employing a grounded theory approach through theoretical sampling. The analysis involved comparing the daily practices of SFIs with Police officers (SLBs), due to the similarities between the two groups and the lack of ethnographic studies on food inspectors. While there are serious policies within Saudi food organisations to improve food inspection and the inspectors' work, a number of organisational, regulatory, political and social concerns identified in this research clearly inhibit progress. These concerns will influence the nature and delivery of food inspection services In Saudi Arabia. The research found that SFIs survIve within a society mixed with traditional and modern features, resulting in regulatory challenges when it comes to implementation compared to other developed countries. Thus, we cannot expect SFIs to behave like SLBs such as Police officers. Given the findings of the study, several improvements are proposed to enhance the organisational work and enforcement activities of SFls within regulatory and scientific frameworks that will decrease troubles in the workplace with fellow staff and with law offenders in the field. Further studies are required to look at the numerous dilemmas faced by SFIs in Saudi Arabia at the regional level. VII
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Jackson, H. C. "The effects of opioids on central regulation of food and water intake." Thesis, Cardiff University, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.374735.
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Skinner, Diane Elizabeth. "Organising organic : a Foucauldian analysis of the regulation of organic food production." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2007. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/2850/.
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Early in the life of this thesis, Britain became the world's third largest consumer of organic produce with sales of organic food exceeding one billion pounds. Drawing on a conceptual framework based on Foucault's texts, the research investigates this little word "organic" and asks how organic food production is regulated. The empirical study begins with a genealogy/archaeology of organic farming regulation, including very recent history in the making during the research period. Using Foucault's concepts of code- and ethics-oriented morality and focusing on self-regulation, the study considers commitment to organic farming by producers as ethical subjects. An ethnography carried out within a self-managing cooperative organic farming community shifts the research to a local level. The research investigates the various organic truths produced by individuals through subjectivisation-objectivisation interplay. The code-oriented morality of the Soil Association is an absent presence that is at variance with a looser set of values and rules associated with the self-sufficiency movement and handed down as an oral tradition. Within a heterogeneity of organic, the care of the self practice parrhesia is used to analyse how community members establish collective organic farming practices through decision-making practices. The research uncovers the hidden complexities and ambiguities embedded in organic food production. The thesis reveals too how power relations are at play within the context of equality in a headless organisation. The thesis addresses the under-researched area of agriculture within business schools. Moreover, the thesis provides a comprehensive and accessible working example of Foucault's main themes and contributes to an emerging body of work based on the interplay of subjectivisation and objectivisation. Finally, the thesis contributes an empirical study of self-management to the emerging research field within Critical Management Studies of alternative organisational forms.
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Bandstein, Marcus. "The role of genetics in regulation of weight loss and food intake." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Funktionell farmakologi, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-297729.
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While obesity is a world leading health problem, the most efficient treatment option for severely obese patients is Roux-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery. However, there are large inter-individual differences in weight loss after RYGB surgery. The reasons for this are not yet elucidated and the role of genetics in weight loss-regulation is still not fully understood. The main aim for this thesis was to investigate the effects of common obesity-associated genetic variants and their effect on weight loss and food intake. We examined if the weight loss two years following RYGB surgery depends on the FTO genotype, as well as pre-surgery vitamin D status. For FTO AA-carriers, the surgery resulted in a 3% per-allele increased excess BMI loss (EBMIL; P=0.02). When split by vitamin D baseline status, the EBMIL of vitamin D deficient patients carrying AA exceeded that of vitamin D deficient patients carrying TT by 14% (P=0.03). No such genotypic differences were found in patients without pre-surgery vitamin D deficiency. As the influence of individual single nucleotide polymorphisms may be small, we identified a novel method to combine SNPs into a genetic risk score (GRS). Using the random forest model, SNPs with high impact on weight loss after RYGB surgery were filtered out. An up to 11% lower EBMIL with higher risk score was estimated for the GRS model (p=0.026) composed of seven BMI-associated SNPs (closest genes: MC4R, TMEM160, PTBP2, NUDT3, TFAP2B, ZNF608 and MAP2K5). Pre-surgical hunger feelings were found to be associated with EBMIL and the SNP rs4846567. Before surgery, patients filled out the Three Factor Eating Questionnaire and were genotyped for known BMI and waist-hip ratio (WHR) associated SNPs. Patients with the lowest hunger scores had up to 32% greater EBMIL compared to the highest scoring patients (P=0.002). TT-allele carriers of rs4846567 showed a 58% lower hunger feelings. TT- carriers also showed a 51% decrease in disinhibition, but no significant impact on cognitive restraint was observed. Due to the association of eating behaviour and weight loss, acute effects on DNA methylation in response to a food intake intervention of a standardized meal were also investigated. After food intake, 1832 CpG sites were differentially methylated compared to the baseline after multiple testing correction. When adjusted for white blood cell fractions, 541 CpG sites remained. This may be interpreted as that the immune system is playing an active role in the response to food intake and highlights the dynamic nature of DNA-methylation. These findings will contribute to a better care for morbidly obese patients. Post-surgical treatment may be optimized so that patients with a less favourable genetic profile may receive additional support for weight loss and weight management. This may be considered as a step in the transition towards personalized medicine.
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Greenwood, Hannah Catherine. "The role of specific amino acids in the regulation of food intake." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/15173.
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It is well established that ingested protein has a greater satiating effect than other macronutrients. The mechanisms behind this effect are unknown, although it is believed that protein induces a greater increase in levels of anorectic gut hormones than carbohydrate or fat. Recent identification of a family of promiscuous L-amino acid receptors has provided a potential mechanism for the effects of protein on appetite. These amino acid receptors - the G-protein coupled receptor family C group 6 member A (GPRC6A), the Taste receptor type 1 member 1/Taste receptor type 1 member 3 (T1R1/T1R3) dimer and the calcium-sensing receptor (CaR) - are non-specific in their ligand binding but show preference for different families of amino acids. I assessed the effects of peripheral administration of a wide range of amino acids on food intake in rodents. My results demonstrate that the specific amino acids L-arginine, L-cysteine and L-lysine acutely reduce food intake following peripheral administration. The 0-1 hour food intake following both intraperitoneal (i.p.) and oral administration of amino acids in rats negatively correlated with the stimulatory efficacy of amino acids at the T1R1/T1R3. I subsequently investigated the mechanisms by which L-arginine, L-cysteine and L-lysine inhibit food intake. Oral administration, of L-arginine and L-lysine tended to increase levels of the anorectic hormones glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and peptide YY (PYY). Intraperitoneal administration of L-cysteine reduced levels of circulating total and acyl-ghrelin. Conditioned taste aversion studies suggested that the anorectic effect of these amino acids is not secondary to visceral illness. Chronic administration of L-cysteine significantly reduces cumulative food intake. My studies suggest that specific amino acids can influence food intake, perhaps by altering circulating levels of gastrointestinal hormones. Altering dietary amino acid content may be helpful to prevent or treat obesity.
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Tabrett, Simon John. "Voluntary food intake regulation in the black tiger prawn Penaeus monodon Fabricius /." [St Lucia, Qld.], 2000. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe16209.pdf.
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Bukht, Rumana. "Responsibility, regulation and the construction of markets of nanotechnologies in food and food packaging : the cases of Canada and India." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2016. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/responsibility-regulation-and-the-construction-of-markets-of-nanotechnologies-in-food-and-food-packaging-the-cases-of-canada-and-india(3624dd5f-e9fe-45f8-9225-73de26411bb5).html.
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Scientific research, technological development, and commercialisation are processes through which new technologies continually emerge and enter markets. Nanotechnology is an example of an emergent technology (or rather a suite of technologies) which promises to open up a universe of possibilities for the development of new products and processes. Advocates of the technology argue that nanotechnology has the potential to spur economic development while at the same time offering partial solutions to many of the grand challenges of our times such as alleviating hunger, providing new energy sources, reducing climate change, curing diseases, etc. However, alongside these optimistic views, there are also fears and apprehensions concerning the safe and ethical development of nanotechnologies, including the need to address potential negative impacts on the natural environment and human health and safety. The food and food packaging area has shown itself to be a particularly sensitive sector in this respect where the potential for nanoparticles to enter the human body has enhanced the sensitivity of the industry to public concern. The past has shown that any changes or modifications made to food have resulted in public backlash (e.g. GM foods). Due to this some parts of the food and packaging industry remain cautious about making transparent their use of nanotechnologies in their products and processes. However, simultaneously pressure is mounting from regulatory agencies, and from some activists, to pursue the safe and 'responsible' development of nanotechnologies (whatever that may be) as an ethical obligation. The use of nanotechnologies in food and food packaging has become increasingly complex because of its introduction at various points in the food chain, giving rise to debates as to "who is responsible". As a contribution to the debate on what constitutes the 'responsible' governance of new/emergent technologies, this thesis investigates the governance of nanotechnologies and the idea of 'responsibility' and 'responsible innovation' through the lens of perspectives of different actors within the nanotech food chain. A qualitative research methodology was used where semi-structured interviews were conducted with a heterogeneous group of actors with a particular focus on the food and food packaging sectors. Research in comparative national settings (Canada and India) was conducted on the grounds that regulation of nanotechnologies differs significantly across OECD and non-OECD countries, and where the global debate on nanotechnologies is organised and dominated by OECD countries. Findings from this thesis showed that the set of critical elements, such as health and safety, that are put forward by such OECD countries like Canada for the 'responsible' development of nanotechnologies are not the same as that found in India and are seen to differ. In India, meeting the grand challenges of society such as food security, clean drinking water and alleviating poverty take precedent over other elements, where science, technology (such as nanotechnologies) and innovation are harnessed by entrepreneurs, and small and large firms to solve these national problems. However, while I began the study with the intention of comparing two national territories with different regulatory settings, the study also found a case of collaborative Canada-India transnational research network where 'responsibility' is influenced through certain funding criteria set by the more dominant partner, Canada. This suggests the return of public intervention by dominant OECD countries in pro-actively shaping R&D processes that are influencing the 'responsible' development of nano-products in such emerging markets, where there is a potential for future trade associations.
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Mok, Elise. "Effect of diet textural characteristics on the temporal rhythms of feeding in rats." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ37150.pdf.
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Linley, Moreland. "INVOLVEMENT OF TISSUE-TYPE PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR IN THE REGULATION OF CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1278950189.
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Merkx-Jacques, Magali. "Nutritional regulation in the generalist caterpillar Spodoptera exigua (Hübner)." Thesis, McGill University, 2006. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=101624.
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Regulation of nutritional intake by herbivorous insects often leads to optimal performance. When given choices, beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua, caterpillars selected a diet with a protein to digestible carbohydrate ratio of 22p:20c. Restriction to carbohydrate-biased diets led to increased mortality and developmental time. On protein-biased diets, caterpillars possessed metabolic strategies to maintain optimal performance.Caterpillar glucose oxidase (GOX), which catalyzes the oxidation of glucose, may be a pre-ingestive mechanism to cope with excess dietary carbohydrates. GOX activity was highest in the labial salivary glands of 4th instar caterpillars and was higher in caterpillars reared on a meridic artificial diet (AD) compared to those fed Medicago truncatula. Following transfer from plants, labial salivary GOX activity increased with time spent on AD suggesting that a dietary factor is involved in this enzyme's regulation. Dietary carbohydrate levels do not appear to regulate GOX activity; however nutritional content may play a role its regulation.
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Crosby, Priya. "Metabolic regulation of circadian timekeeping." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2017. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/269019.
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Circadian rhythms are self-sustained endogenous biological oscillations with a period of approximately 24 hours. These rhythms are observed widely across kingdoms and at all levels of biological scale. Recent work has shown there to be circadian variation in metabolism, both at the organismal and cellular level. It has also been posited that rhythmic production of metabolites might be essential for maintenance of circadian rhythmicity within cells, even in the absence of nascent transcription. The first portion of this thesis investigates the contribution of primary carbohydrate metabolism to cellular timekeeping, with particular emphasis on the pentose phosphate pathway. I also describe and validate a new 13C labelling technique for accurate determination of the relative flux through early primary metabolic pathways. This is accompanied by the development and optimisation of a microfluidic system for long-term perfused tissue culture, which allows for longitudinal study of metabolic flux within the same population of cells with simultaneous recording of clock gene activity. This perfused system provides several advantages over static tissue culture. The second portion considers the effects of the metabolic hormone insulin on circadian rhythmicity, both at the level of the cell and of the whole organism. It shows that administration of insulin is sufficient to shift the phase of circadian gene expression and elicits induction of clock protein PER2. Strikingly, manipulation of insulin signalling is sufficient to determine all the essential parameters of the cellular clock (phase, period and amplitude) in a dose-dependent but glucose independent fashion. Using pharmacological and genetic approaches, a molecular explanation for this effect is determined. This data suggests that insulin is a primary determinant of rhythms in peripheral tissues and is most likely a major signal for circadian entrainment to feeding in mammals, for which I now propose a mechanistic basis.
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Dann, James MacBeth. "Regulation of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in endometrial cancer cells by food compounds." Thesis, University of Canterbury. School of Biological Sciences, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/2113.
Full textAbstract:
Endometrial cancer is one of the most significant gynaecological malignancies that affect women from New Zealand and the rest of the world. One of the critical stages in the development of a tumour is the onset of hypoxia. The malignancy responds by having raised levels of Hypoxia Inducible Factor (HIF) that in turn induces increased production of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF). VEGF is a potent angiogenic factor that will mediate vascular supply of nutrients and oxygen to the developing tumour. The aim of this study was to investigate whether two compounds found in extracts of plant materials, Resveratrol (Resveratrol) and Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), altered the levels of VEGF in the supernatant of cultured endometrial cancer cells. Resveratrol is a phytoalexin that is found in many foods, such as grapes, nuts and berries, as well as in high concentrations in some red wines. 100 µM of resveratrol was added to cell cultures for 24 hours. VEGF levels in the supernatant were then analysed using ELISA. Resveratrol was found to have significant inhibitory effects in both primary endometrial cancer cell cultures and immortalised endometrial cancer cell cultures. Resveratrol was also shown to reverse the increase in VEGF caused by the hypoxia mimic cobalt chloride (CoCl₂). Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) is an antioxidant catechin extracted from green tea. The effect of EGCG was analysed using the same method as for resveratrol. 100 µM of EGCG was also shown to have a significant inhibitory effect on the level of VEGF in the supernatant of cultured endometrial cancer cells, as well as reducing the effect of CoCl₂. These results suggest that selected food compounds, resveratrol and EGCG, can reduce VEGF levels by inhibiting HIF. Further investigation This may have anti-tumour effects in women with endometrial cancer.
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Fotheringham, James R. "Starlings working for food in a closed economy : empirical studies of feeding regulation." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.297533.
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King, Jonathan William. "Aspects of the regulation of food intake in the dab, Limanda limanda (L.)." Thesis, Bangor University, 2000. https://research.bangor.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/aspects-of-the-regulation-of-food-intake-in-the-dab-limanda-limanda-l(9cc4009a-ef09-4e60-8827-0a990e4049ff).html.
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The regulation of food-intake in Limanda limanda was investigated, including (a) the role of the stomach as a limiting factor in fish food intake, (b) the qualities of a diet dab respond to and (c) the dynamics of food intake. Fish fed on squid (4.0 U. g'', 76.2% moisture) ate similar daily rations whether fed three times daily or once per day; when fed every three days they were unable to maintain this intake. Fish fed on pellets (18.8 kJ. g'', 8% moisture) could maintain their average daily food intake for all meal intervals tested. After a satiation meal, food intake broadly increased with deprivation time for at least 96 hours with no clear indication that stomach volume was limiting. However, when the data was re-examined using a return map (where meal m is plotted against meal m-1) there was evidence that feeding was restricted by stomach fullness as the interval between meals exceeded 25 hours. Surprisingly such limitation did not occur at higher feeding frequencies. Three models of food intake were used to simulate food-intake data, in which the role of the stomach as a constraining factor was varied: 1) Food intake was assumed always to be completely limited by stomach volume. 2) Food-intake was assumed always to be driven by a systemic need 3) Food intake was assumed to be chiefly limited by a systemic need, but when this was high, stomach volume would constrain intake. Comparisons of experimental results with these models suggest that when fish are fed frequently, or on a high-energy diet, the stomach volume is probably not limiting, whereas for a low-energy diet, fed infrequently, stomach volume was limiting when systemic need was high. Dab adapted their food intake to diets of different water content (and therefore energy density). They also adapted the distensibility of their stomachs in response to the increased volume eaten; fish fed on pellets having less distensible stomachs than those fed on squid. Thus it is unlikely that stomach volume can limit food intake in the long term, unless food quality and/or meal timing is variable and the fish cannot adapt their stomachs to the diet/feeding frequency. Methodological trials proved that that observed stomach VI volume is a function of the measurement technique, as well as the diet history of the fish, and experiments examining stomach volume should take this into consideration. The question of what aspect of a diet L. limanda adapt to was examined by testing different models using path analysis, a method of inferential modelling of causal relationships, in an attempt to explain how food-intake is regulated. Dab were found to be adapting to both the energy content of the diet and to the individual nutrients. The dynamics driving food intake in groups of dab were investigated using non-linear time series analyses. These proved to be low-dimensional, significantly non-linear, deterministic systems. The data also suggests that such systems are either capable of occasional chaotic behaviour, or are on the edge of chaos i. e. complex dynamical systems. Thus food intake is under the direct control of few (two or three) variables, through which the many known factors that influence food intake must act. Comparisons were made with individuals and groups of Oncorhynchus mykiss, with a brief look at Merlangius merlangus and Dicentrarchus labrax. These results were similar to the dab, and so this dynamical behaviour may be a feature of teleost fish in general. Importantly the fact that individual trout had similar feeding behaviour to groups indicate that the findings were not a function of hierarchical dynamics. The significance of this finding should be that appetite control with these properties allows rapid adjustment of fish according to changes in diet quality.
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Amey, Rebecca. "Learning to self-soothe without food : emotion regulation, self-compassion and eating disorders." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2017. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10024915/.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis is comprised of three parts, with an overall focus on the role of emotion regulation in the maintenance of eating disorders. Part One is a systematic review of Dialectical Behaviour Therapy (DBT) as a treatment for eating disorders. Twenty-one studies are reviewed with consideration of the methodological quality of the studies. The findings indicate that modified DBT is an efficacious treatment for adults with Binge Eating disorder (BED) and Bulimia Nervosa (BN). Research into mechanisms of action and predictors and moderators of outcome following DBT is in its infancy, and further research is necessary to establish how and for whom this treatment works. Part Two presents empirical research into the effects of self-compassion and self-criticism on cravings to eat, affect and food consumption, in women with BED and BN. The study found that self-compassion in comparison to self-criticism, after a negative mood induction, was associated with improved mood, a reduction in the rewarding hedonic value of food, reduced food cravings and reduced food consumption. Limitations to interpretation of results are discussed, along with potential clinical applications and suggestions for future research. Part Three provides a critical appraisal of the systematic review and empirical study. It includes a reflection of clinical observations and theoretical perspectives that informed the research questions, and a discussion of methodological considerations and dilemmas that arose through the research process. The appraisal concludes with a discussion of the findings within a broader context.