Journal articles on the topic 'Food industry and trade – Government policy'
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1
Lencucha, Raphael, and Anne Marie Thow. "Intersectoral policy on industries that produce unhealthy commodities: governing in a new era of the global economy?" BMJ Global Health 5, no. 8 (August 2020): e002246. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2019-002246.
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Tobacco, alcohol and unhealthy foods are key contributors to non-communicable diseases globally. Public health advocates have been proactive in recent years, developing systems to monitor and mitigate both health harms and influence by these industries. However, establishing and implementating strong government regulation of these unhealthy product-producing industries remains challenging. The relevant regulatory instruments lie not only with ministries of health but with agriculture, finance, industry and trade, largely driven by economic concerns. These policy sectors are often unreceptive to public health imperatives for restrictions on industry, including policies regarding labelling, marketing and excise taxes. Heavily influenced by traditional economic paradigms, they have been more receptive to industry calls for (unfettered) market competition, the rights of consumers to choose and the need for government to allow industry free rein; at most to establish voluntary standards of consumer protection, and certainly not to directly regulate industry products and practices. In recent years, the status quo of a narrow economic rationality that places economic growth above health, environment or other social goals is being re-evaluated by some governments and key international economic agencies, leading to windows of opportunity with the potential to transform how governments approach food, tobacco and alcohol as major, industry-driven risk factors. To take advantage of this window of opportunity, the public health community must work with different sectors of government to(1) reimagine policy mandates, drawing on whole-of-government imperatives for sustainable development, and (2) closely examine the institutional structures and governance processes, in order to create points of leverage for economic policies that also support improved health outcomes.
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Kaldor, Jenny Claire. "Food Reformulation for Ncd-Prevention: Regulatory Options and Potential Barriers." QUT Law Review 18, no. 1 (November 22, 2018): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/qutlr.v18i1.729.
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In the context of NCD prevention, reformulation means reducing the salt, sugar, fat, or overall calorie content of processed foods. Reformulation has the potential to be a powerful public health intervention, because it involves making changes to unhealthy foods upstream in the food supply: improving population diets without individual consumers needing to change their behaviour. However, questions remain as to which regulatory approaches will be most effective at spurring the food industry to reformulate. The prevailing view has been that governments should persuade and encourage companies to reformulate ‘voluntarily’. However, there is emerging evidence that the most effective voluntary reformulation schemes are those with a high degree of government involvement, monitoring and oversight. This suggests that mandatory reformulation — ie, the highest degree of government involvement, through legislated mandatory nutrient limits — may well be a promising approach. While voluntary reformulation has wide support, it is criticised for being weak, ineffective and open to regulatory capture. Mandatory reformulation offers the possibility of a stronger regulatory approach and a level playing field for industry, but critics are wary of its impact on free choice. Mandatory nutrient limits may also constitute technical barriers to trade. This article considers food reformulation as a policy goal, before exploring these regulatory options and the criticisms of each.
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ROSAASEN, K. A., and J. S. LOKKEN. "ECONOMIC, MARKETING AND POLICY CONSTRAINTS AFFECTING ANIMAL PRODUCTION IN CANADA." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 66, no. 4 (December 1, 1986): 845–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas86-095.
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The current economic, marketing and policy constraints facing the animal production industry in Canada are examined. An historical review indicates the consequences (sometimes unintended) of economic or policy changes in the past in the areas of land settlement, marketing and grading. Natural factors constraining production such as gestation periods and climate and human factors such as consumption potential both physically and socially are considered. Government policy is identified as a key determinant in the animal production industry and an alternative explanation of the activity of government in the economy is outlined. The effect of economic and policy variables including interest rates, feed prices, economies of scale, productivity gains, trade policy, tax policy, grain and livestock marketing and stabilization on animal production are described. Throughout, the importance of government policy in determining the development of the animal production industry is emphasized. The major areas of tax policy and grain support programs in Western Canada are key determinants of regional livestock production patterns. The future of these policies is uncertain and this uncertainty is a major constraint to animal production in Canada. Uncertainty has always been a major constraint on animal production. Producers have developed mechanisms to deal with market variation, biological factors such as disease, fluctuating interest rates and the whims of the environment. However, a major source of uncertainty has not been addressed: — government policy. In part, this uncertainty is due to the on-again, off-again policies governments have followed. But history indicates it is foolish to believe that all important variables are within the control of government. Policy evolves through a political process that often reflects the interests of special interest groups rather than the long-term interests of producers or consumers. Change occurs slowly, impeded by resistance from those in favored positions within the current system. Policy uncertainty remains as a key variable to be addressed by the livestock industry in Canada. Key words: Animal production, economic constraints, policy constraints, policy uncertainty
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MACLAREN, DONALD. "ON ASPECTS OF FOOD SAFETY AND INTERNATIONAL TRADE." Singapore Economic Review 51, no. 02 (August 2006): 135–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217590806002317.
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International supply chains in the food industry have lengthened in recent years and new sources of risk have arisen. With increased consumers' incomes, perceptions about food safety have become sharper and food safety has become an important issue in public policy both domestically and internationally. The safety of food is a credence characteristic which gives rise to a particular form of market failure involving either asymmetric information and moral hazard or symmetric imperfect information. An example from a recent experience in the UK was used to illustrate the issue of moral hazard, as well as the possible responses to it. A partial equilibrium model of an open economy was developed to investigate how the moral hazard problem that is caused for importing firms by the actions of exporting firms could be solved by the market rather than by government intervention.
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Krivoshlykov, K. M., N. K. Vasilieva, and E. Yu Boyko. "The development of directions of government regulation of the soybean production industry in modern economic conditions." E3S Web of Conferences 222 (2020): 06009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202022206009.
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In modern conditions of the world economy’s transformation, which caused significant changes in the foreign trade market environment, the current issue is the modernization of the agrifood policy of Russia to provide the national economy with the agricultural products of its own production, in particular with soybean. By increasing the means of state support and by overcoming structural problems, the soybean industry can become both a powerful driver of domestic economic growth and a key factor in the development of the world food markets in terms of Russia’s focus on the global competitiveness of domestic products.
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Widodo, Sri. "Pengaruh globalisasi terhadap ketahanan pangan nasional." Agro Ekonomi 10, no. 1 (November 29, 2016): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/agroekonomi.16789.
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The problem on food security in Indonesia began to be interested since the economic crisis as one component of the social security net. Sustainable food security covers: availability of food, accessibility, utilization, stability, self reliance (autonomy) and sustainability. . Hirarchically food security can be at global order, regional, national, local, household and individual. The higher order offbod security is a necessary condition but not sufficient condition for the lower order.Economic theory indicate that there are gains to be made from free trade. increase the efficiency ufresource allocation, and increase welfare of all countries. However, all government, without exception, intervene to varying degrees in the working of natural market prces, with the reason the need to protect infant industry, to ensure food security, to redistribute income, and to enhance income of small producers.The liberalization initiatives culminated in UR agreement and WTO, among others, dismantling of quantitative restriction and subsidies as well as other nontariff barriers, but there were several new thing of antidumping tariff, sanitary and phytosanitary, technical barrier to trade,environment, and genetically modified organism.The impact of trade liberalization on exporter countries, in general, would benefit the producers, decrease the consumer surplus, and increase social welfare except large populated as India and China. The impact of importer countries depend on the policy of each country. Malaysia and Indonesia by decreasing import tariff policy would increase consumer surplus and social welfare but sacrificing the producers/farmers.National food policies consist of international trade policy domestic price policy, and policy on production efficiency. The international trade policy means to protect producers, consumers, and social welfare from the uncertainty of international market especially in the long run. The stabilization of domestic price policy needs inter department coordination and STE to implement. Protection could result inefficiency but it is needed for commodities those are not ready to compete and to protect from unfair trade, to protect farmers and long run food security.
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Friel, Sharon, Phillip Baker, Anne-Marie Thow, Deborah Gleeson, Belinda Townsend, and Ashley Schram. "An exposé of the realpolitik of trade negotiations: implications for population nutrition." Public Health Nutrition 22, no. 16 (August 23, 2019): 3083–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980019001642.
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AbstractObjective:To explore the formal and informal ways in which different actors involved in shaping trade agreements pursue their interests and understand the interactions with nutrition, in order to improve coherence between trade and nutrition policy goals.Design:The paper draws on empirical evidence from Australian key informant interviews that explore the underlying political dimensions of trade agreements that act as barriers or facilitators to getting nutrition objectives on trade agendas.Setting:Countries experiencing greater availability and access to diets full of energy-dense and nutrient-poor foods through increased imports, greater foreign direct investment and increasing constraints on national health policy space as a result of trade agreements.Participants:Interviews took place with Australian government officials, industry, public-interest non-government organizations and academics.Results:The analysis reveals the formal and informal mechanisms and structures that different policy actors use both inside and outside trade negotiations to pursue their interests. The analysis also identifies the discourses used by the different actors, as they attempt to influence trade agreements in ways that support or undermine nutrition-related goals.Conclusions:Moving forward requires policy makers, researchers and health advocates to use various strategies including: reframing the role of trade agreements to include health outcomes; reforming the process to allow greater access and voice to health arguments and stakeholders; establishing cross-government partners through accountable committees; and building circles of consensus and coalitions of sympathetic public-interest actors.
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Samsiripong, Weerapak, Sirinya Phulkerd, Umaporn Pattaravanich, and Manasigan Kanchanachitra. "Understanding the Complexities of Eliminating Trans Fatty Acids: The Case of the Trans Fatty Acid Ban in Thailand." Nutrients 14, no. 13 (July 1, 2022): 2748. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14132748.
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Trans fatty acids (TFAs) have no known health benefits and are linked to an increased risk of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs). To eliminate TFAs from the food supply, the government of Thailand imposed a ban on partially hydrogenated oils (PHOs) in 2018. This study was aimed at analyzing the government policies and actions to eliminate TFAs in Thailand, focusing on policy content, context, process, and actors. This single-case qualitative study used a documentary review and interviews with 20 key policy actors. The data analysis was guided by thematic analysis based on the policy triangle framework. The results reveal that policy actors—government organizations, academics, civil society organizations, and the food industry—have different roles, interests, and influences with regard to eliminating TFAs in Thailand. Both formal and informal communication among policy actors aided in the policymaking process and the actions that followed. Changing perceptions of TFAs, the low intake of PHOs in Thailand, hype around trans fats, and trade dynamics shaped the government’s decision to impose the ban. As a result, the ban was selected to avoid the technical components of TFA elimination. This study suggests that eliminating TFAs in Thailand could be further enhanced by strengthening government actions in terms of enforcement and creating consumer awareness.
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Mialon, Melissa, and Jonathan Mialon. "Corporate political activity of the dairy industry in France: an analysis of publicly available information." Public Health Nutrition 20, no. 13 (July 10, 2017): 2432–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980017001197.
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AbstractObjectiveIn the present study, we used a structured approach based on publicly available information to identify the corporate political activity (CPA) strategies of three major actors in the dairy industry in France.DesignWe collected publicly available information from the industry, government and other sources over a 6-month period, from March to August 2015. Data collection and analysis were informed by an existing framework for classifying the CPA of the food industry.Setting/SubjectsOur study included three major actors in the dairy industry in France: Danone, Lactalis and the Centre National Interprofessionnel de l’Economie Laitière (CNIEL), a trade association.ResultsDuring the period of data collection, the dairy industry employed CPA practices on numerous occasions by using three strategies: the ‘information and messaging’, the ‘constituency building’ and the ‘policy substitution’ strategies. The most common practice was the shaping of evidence in ways that suited the industry. The industry also sought involvement in the community, establishing relationships with public health professionals, academics and the government.ConclusionsOur study shows that the dairy industry used several CPA practices, even during periods when there was no specific policy debate on the role of dairy products in dietary guidelines. The information provided here could inform public health advocates and policy makers and help them ensure that commercial interests of industry do not impede public health policies and programmes.
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Charlebois, Sylvain, Eric Bowdridge, Jean-Luc Lemieux, Simon Somogyi, and Janet Music. "Supply Management 2.0: A Policy Assessment and a Possible Roadmap for the Canadian Dairy Sector." Foods 10, no. 5 (April 28, 2021): 964. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10050964.
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Many believe the current Canadian Dairy supply management system is outdated. Examining a recent consumer survey suggests consumers, especially among the younger generations, have mixed feelings about how the Canadian dairy industry is good for the environment or whether animals in the sector are humanely treated. The general Canadian public strongly supports financial stability for farmers, though is not fully educated about how supply management works. Issues regarding the centralization and amalgamation of the industry, making many regions underserved; recent milk dumping due to a strong shift in demand caused by COVID-19; and the popularity of dairy alternatives, show that the dairy sector in Canada is ill-prepared for major change. Dairy farmers are receiving compensation for trade deals recently ratified by the federal government, creating a precedent that will lead to an overcapitalized industry. The aim of this paper is to review the industry’s current state and suggest a roadmap for a more prosperous future.
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Thow, Anne Marie, Alexandra Jones, Carmen Huckel Schneider, and Ronald Labonté. "Global Governance of Front-of-Pack Nutrition Labelling: A Qualitative Analysis." Nutrients 11, no. 2 (January 25, 2019): 268. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11020268.
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The Codex Alimentarius has approved ongoing work for international guidance on front-of-pack (FoP) nutrition labelling, which is a core intervention for prevention of diet-related noncommunicable disease. This guidance will have implications for national policy decision-making regarding this important public health issue. However, FoP nutrition labelling is also a trade and commerce policy issue. In this study, we analyze the global governance of FoP nutrition labelling and current policy processes, to inform public health policy and advocacy. We present findings from a qualitative governance and institutional analysis, based on key informant interviews with 28 global actors. The study found that Codex guidance was perceived as likely to have a high impact on FoP nutrition labelling globally. However, a small and highly interconnected “regime complex” of international institutions surrounds FoP nutrition labelling at the global level, and influence on Codex discussions is being exerted differentially by actors at the national and global level, particularly by government and industry actors. There are thus risks associated with conflicts of interests in the development of global guidance on FoP nutrition labelling. There are also opportunities for more strategic and coordinated public health engagement.
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Łukiewska, Katarzyna, and Małgorzata Juchniewicz. "Identification of the Relationships between Competitive Potential and Competitive Position of the Food Industry in the European Union." Sustainability 13, no. 8 (April 8, 2021): 4160. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13084160.
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The competitiveness of the food industry, which is among the most important areas in the Central European economy, is a significant and topical research area in economics. The sector is particularly important for long-term sustainable growth in Central European national economies. Its high competitiveness is an important stabiliser in an environment of global economic instability. This study aimed to assess the relationships between elements of competitive potential and the competitive position of the food industry in E.U. countries. The relationships between these categories were examined using econometric models with the use of panel data. The results of the spatial-temporal modelling of the panel data confirmed the significant impact of production potential on the share of exports, profitability and the synthetic competitive position index, the impact of labour productivity on all analysed competitive position ratios, the impact of labour costs on the trade coverage, profitability and overall competitive position and the positive impact of innovation on profitability. It was found that labour productivity was of the greatest importance in building a competitive position. The results of the research can be used by food industry companies and government authorities in creating competitive advantages for the food industry in international markets.
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Campbell, Iona, Cicilia S. B. Kambey, Jonalyn P. Mateo, Sadock B. Rusekwa, Anicia Q. Hurtado, Flower E. Msuya, Grant D. Stentiford, and Elizabeth J. Cottier-Cook. "Biosecurity policy and legislation for the global seaweed aquaculture industry." Journal of Applied Phycology 32, no. 4 (December 26, 2019): 2133–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10811-019-02010-5.
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AbstractEach year a significant proportion of global food production is lost to pests and diseases, with concerted efforts by government and industry focussed on application of effective biosecurity policies which attempt to minimise their emergence and spread. In aquaculture the volume of seaweeds produced is second only to farmed fish and red algal carrageenophytes currently represent approximately 42% of global production of all seaweeds. Despite this importance, expansion of the seaweed sector is increasingly limited by the high prevalence of recalcitrant diseases and epiphytic pests with potential to emerge and with the demonstrated propensity to spread, particularly in the absence of effective national and international biosecurity policies. Developing biosecurity policy and legislation to manage biosecurity risk in seaweed aquaculture is urgently required to limit these impacts. To understand current international biosecurity frameworks and their efficacy, existing legislative frameworks were analysed quantitatively for the content of biosecurity measures, applicability to the seaweed industry, and inclusion of risks posed by diseases, pests and non-native species. Deficiencies in existing frameworks included the following: inconsistent terminology for inclusion of cultivated seaweeds, unclear designation of implementation responsibility, insufficient evidence-based information and limited alignment of biosecurity hazards and risks. Given the global importance of the cultivation of various seaweeds in alleviating poverty in low and middle income countries, it is crucial that the relatively low-unit value of the industry (i.e. as compared with other aquatic animal sectors) should not conflate with a perceived low risk of disease or pest transfer, nor the subsequent economic and environmental impact that disease transfer may impact on receiving nations (well beyond their seaweed operations). Developing a clear basis for development of robust international biosecurity policies related to the trade in seaweeds arising from the global aquaculture industry, by first addressing the gaps highlighted in this study, will be crucial in limiting impacts of pests and diseases on this valuable industry and on natural capital in locations where seaweeds are farmed.
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Cannon, Geoffrey. "Why the Bush administration and the global sugar industry are determined to demolish the 2004 WHO global strategy on diet, physical activity and health." Public Health Nutrition 7, no. 3 (May 2004): 369–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/phn2004625.
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AbstractObjective:To indicate why the world's most powerful nation state and one powerful sector of the food and drink production and manufacturing industry are determined to demolish the 2004 WHO (World Health Organization) global strategy on diet, physical activity and health, and to disassociate it from the 2003 WHO/FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization) expert report on diet, nutrition and the prevention of chronic diseases, which with its background papers is the immediate scientific basis for the strategy. To encourage representatives of nation states at the 2004 WHO World Health Assembly to support the strategy together with the report, so that the strategy is explicit and quantified, and responds to the need expressed by member states at the 2002 World Health Assembly. This is for an effective global strategy to prevent and control chronic diseases whose prevalence is increased by nutrient-poor food low in vegetables and fruits and high in energy-dense fatty, sugary and/or salty foods and drinks and also by physical inactivity. Of these diseases, obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and cancers of several sites are now the chief causes of morbidity and mortality in most countries in the world.Method:A summary of the global strategy and its roots in scientific knowledge accumulated over the last half-century. Reasons why the global strategy and the expert report are opposed by the current US government and the world sugar industry, with some reference to modern historical context. A summary of the trajectory of the global strategy since its first draft made in early 2003, and a further summary of its weaknesses, strengths and potential.Conclusion:The 2004 WHO global strategy and the 2003 WHO/FAO expert report are perceived by the current US administration as an impediment to US trade and international policy, within a general context of current US government hostility to the UN (United Nations) system as a brake on the exercise of its power as the world's dominant nation. Policy-makers throughout the world should be aware of the contexts of current pressures put on them by powerful nation states and sectors of industry whose ideologies and commercial interests are challenged by international initiatives designed to improve public health and to leave a better legacy for future generations.
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Ostashko, Tamara, and Volodymyr Olefir. "Prospects of free trade with China: development of domestic export and risks of import dependence." Economy and Forecasting 2019, no. 1 (2019): 124–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/econforecast2019.01.124.
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Development of the trade between Ukraine and China generates serious challenges for the national economy, because, presently, the trade with China accounts for more than a half of Ukraine's negative balance in this country's international trade in goods (56% in January-November 2018). Despite the risks of further deterioration of trade balance, Ukraine has suggested to start consultations on the Ukraine-China free-trade agreement (FTA). The purpose of the paper is to estimate the possible impact of the liberalization of trade with China and to develop recommendations for raising exports and suppressing China's goods expansion on domestic market. In order to investigate the problem and shape the outlook for domestic exports to China, the following steps have been made: (1) compared the structure of external trade in goods of Ukraine and China; (2) evaluated the trade regimes' symmetry between China and Ukraine; (3) identified the characteristics of China's non-tariff trade regulations; (4) analyzed special ties features of negotiating with China on FTA; (5) analyzed the situation with the development of domestic export to China, and identified prospective markets for domestic goods; and (6) analyzed the dynamics of imports of goods from China during 2004-2018. Also, discussed the groups of import goods that are top items by absolute volume and possess a high share in imports and in local domestic consumption. Analysis of the structure of trade flows between Ukraine and China showed that the most probable development scenario in the trade with China is the increased orientation of Ukrainian export on raw materials and empowering of Ukraine's dependence on the import of Chinese industrial goods. Probability of this scenario is increasing since the trade regimes of Ukraine and China are asymmetrical, which creates unequal conditions of trade that are more preferable for China. It was found that, even in case of trade liberalization as the result of FTA negotiations between China and Ukraine, Ukraine could not expect sustainable increase in exports of agri-food goods, as China has special non-tariff regulations in domestic agri-food markets. Among the core directions of the government policy of supporting the development of agricultural export to China is promotion of corn export in accordance with the credit agreement of 2012 between State Food and Grain Corporation of Ukraine and Export-Import Bank of China, and soybean export promotion with the purpose to substitute US in the Chinese import soybean market, which opened up as a result of US-China trade disputes in 2017-2018. Negative trends in bilateral trade are the reason for active government policy promoting the export of processed goods to China, first of all the products of food industry and optical photographic instruments and apparatus that are of high demand in local Chinese markets. Import dependence of domestic local market remains high without significant signs of decrease. In 2017, the ratio between import and GDP was the highest for the recent 17 years. During 2013-2017, this ratio increased from 0.51 to 0.56. Dependence of Ukraine's economy on import could increase further as a result of liberalization of the trade with China. Despite the benefits for exporters (mostly exporters of raw goods), cheap Chinese import could delay the renaissance of the domestic light industry that has gradually started after a sharp decline in 2013-2015. Dynamics of goods import from China during 2004-2018 was analyzed, and discussed groups of goods that are the top import items by absolute volume, possess a high share in imports and in local domestic consumption. The research was conducted on agricultural and agri-food goods, and for 4- and 6- digit codes. Presence of Chinese goods in domestic market is constantly increasing. In 2002-2003, balance of trade between Ukraine and China was positive, and the share of China's goods in market was below 2%, but, starting from 2005, the trade balance has been always negative with share of Chinese goods increasing to 13% (2018). Machinery accounted for more than a half of Chinese import in 2018, with machinery, instruments and equipment making the highest share. China is the main exporter of telephone equipment for cellular networks, computers and notebooks, photo-sensitive semi-conductors, light-emitting diodes and other innovative and high technology products. China possesses top positions in imports of household electronics and appliances, light industry goods (shoes, toys, synthetic textiles etc.) and other goods. In 74 out of 178 analyzed 4-digit groups of goods, China's share in import in 2017 was higher than 50%. From the position of domestic market protection, trade liberalization with China could cause high risks for domestic producers. Assortment of industrial goods that are imported from China is very extensive, hence their expansion in domestic market could be quite significant. The publication was prepared during the research work "The modernization of economic policy of field of activities and markets development" (state registration number 0118U007329).
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Pomeranz, Jennifer L. "Television Food Marketing to Children Revisited: The Federal Trade Commission Has the Constitutional and Statutory Authority to Regulate." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 38, no. 1 (2010): 98–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2010.00470.x.
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In response to the obesity epidemic, much discussion in the public health and child advocacy communities has centered on restricting food and beverage marketing practices directed at children. A common retort to appeals for government regulation is that such advertising and marketing constitutes protected commercial speech under the First Amendment. This perception has allowed the industry to function largely unregulated since the Federal Trade Commission (FTC)'s foray into the topic, termed KidVid, was terminated by an act of Congress in 1981. The FTC has since focused on self-regulation as a potential solution to such concerns. However, this method of control has proven ineffective to protect children, and has led to growing recognition that federal regulation may be necessary.Since KidVid, the evidence has only mounted that children are uniquely vulnerable to the effects of advertising. Over the same time period, the exposition of commercial speech jurisprudence has plateaued, as the Supreme Court has not decided a pure commercial speech case since 2002.
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Fraser, D. "Animal welfare assurance programs in food production: a framework for assessing the options." Animal Welfare 15, no. 2 (May 2006): 93–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0962728600030177.
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AbstractVarious animal welfare assurance programs are being used to encourage or require the adoption of animal welfare standards in food production, and to assure the public that such standards are followed. The programs involve five main formats. Non-mandatory codes/guidelines are relatively easy to institute and appear well-supported by the industry, but provide only minimal assurance to the public unless measures are taken to ensure compliance. Programs based on government regulations and inter-governmental agreements are more challenging to institute; they are likely to generate less industry acceptance, but may provide more public confidence if enforcement is adequate. Product differentiation programs, and retailer policies requiring products to meet certain standards, serve a range of functions; these may generate public confidence but only for products covered. The various programs include several types of requirements. Requirements that are designed to maintain animal health and functioning have a widely accepted scientific basis, are often easy to incorporate into existing production systems, and often provide economic benefits, but do not fully address public concerns over animal welfare in some cultures. Requirements that address pain, distress and other affective states, and those that accommodate certain natural behaviour, have a growing but less traditional scientific rationale and appear likely to generate public confidence; however, they sometimes require significant changes to existing practices. Requirements for more natural surroundings (outdoor, free-range) seem to generate public confidence, but appear most likely to increase costs, least likely to be supported by the existing industry, and may involve trade-offs with productivity and with other aspects of animal welfare. The various formats and requirements provide a range of policy options for addressing animal welfare concerns in different cultural, industry and market contexts.
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Wu, Laping. "Rabbit meat trade of major countries: regional pattern and driving forces." World Rabbit Science 30, no. 1 (March 31, 2022): 69–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/wrs.2022.13390.
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In in the last 60 or so years, the global rabbit industry has been growing steadily. This paper studies the global rabbit meat trade by focusing on trade growth and regional pattern. First, rabbit meat productionand regional structure are introduced, as the basis of trade. Then, the global rabbit meat trade is studied in detail, including trade growth, regional structural changes, comparative advantages and competitiveness of major countries. Finally, a gravity model is built to test major factors affecting the rabbit meat trade andexplore the driving forces behind the trade. The data come from different channels, including the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, World Bank, the World Trade Organization and related government statistics. The results show that: (1) Over the past 60 yr, the global rabbit industry has achieved great progress. In the first half of the period, rabbit meat was mainly produced in Europe; then, rabbit meat production in Asia increased steadily and rapidly in the second half period, while European production decreased continuously. (2) The rabbit meat trade had been increasing for about 20 yr from 1961 to 1979, after which it fluctuated for another 20 yr. However, since 2001 it has been stable around an average level of 37 thousand tonnes, with only minor fluctuation. The trade pattern is currently from Asia (mainly China) and South America (mainly Argentina) to European countries. In 2018, the top 5 export destinations were Germany, Belgium, Italy, Portugal and France (3). Hungary and Argentina have been two strong competitorsin the last two decades, while Spain and Belgium are two new and promising countries in the rabbit meat trade. Now China no longer has comparative advantages in the rabbit meat trade (4). The gravity model results show that rabbit meat trade is mainly driven by demand. Countries with a high Gross Domestic Product tend to increase their imports more, but decrease their exports. Countries with higher populations export more rabbit meat but import less. Common language and contiguity of two countries have significant impacts on rabbit meat trade. Based on the above results, some suggestions and policy implications are provided. Rabbit farmers or processing companies should pay more attention to domestic consumers or neighbouring countries to survey potential markets; traders should explore more markets in order to reduce the degree of trade concentration and lower risks. Governments should popularise the nutritional knowledge of rabbit meat to encourage people (especially young people) to consume more healthy rabbit meat instead of pork, with a view to reducing obesity or other heart diseases, etc.
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Sun, Lingling, and Moon-Seok Seo. "A Study on the Foreign Transactions of China’s Cotton Textile Industry Before the Reform and Open Door Era." Korea Association for International Commerce and Information 24, no. 4 (December 31, 2022): 77–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.15798/kaici.2022.24.4.77.
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This paper aims to confirm how China's representative industry, the cotton textile industry, was influenced by external transactions before the reform and open door era, and what role it played in the Chinese economy.
In the China’s cotton textile industry, raw cotton showed a significant level of self-sufficiency through domestic cotton cultivation. This result was because the Chinese government effectively implemented a cotton production increase policy through the planned economic system.
In addition, few imports were made because cotton products were produced enough to meet domestic demand. Rather, by exporting cotton products that exceed domestic demand, food and facilities could be imported as export price.
As a result, the China’s cotton textile industry has become a leading export industry. It contributed to economic growth by acquiring foreign currency through the export of cotton products and helping to solve the problem of foreign currency shortage in the early stages of economic development.
Compared to the case of Korea, Korea and China showed different patterns in the external trade of raw cotton and cotton products, but their roles in the economy were similar.
In conclusion, the China’s cotton textile industry increased production by importing raw cotton, which was insufficient through external transactions, and it can be said that it contributed to the development of the cotton textile industry and the development of the Chinese economy by exporting cotton products.
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Mialon, Mélissa, and Fabio da Silva Gomes. "Public health and the ultra-processed food and drink products industry: corporate political activity of major transnationals in Latin America and the Caribbean." Public Health Nutrition 22, no. 10 (March 12, 2019): 1898–908. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980019000417.
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AbstractObjectiveTo identify examples of the ‘corporate political activity’ (CPA) of the industry producing and selling ultra-processed food and drink products (UPP) in Latin America and the Caribbean.DesignSearches were conducted on the national websites and social media accounts of large industry actors. Coding was deductive and based on a framework for classifying the CPA of the food industry.SettingFifteen countries in Latin America and the Caribbean.ParticipantsTwelve members of the International Food and Beverage Alliance (IFBA) and major trade associations and chambers of commerce in the region.ResultsDuring the current pilot study, more than 200 examples of CPA were found in Latin America and the Caribbean. The UPP industry lobbied governments during the development of national health policies. UPP companies tried to build alliances with health professionals, but also with communities where they operated and with policy makers. In addition, the UPP industry fought against regulation in court and proposed weaker alternatives to public health policies, such as self-regulation.ConclusionsFood systems in low- and middle-income countries, including in Latin America and the Caribbean, are increasingly penetrated by the UPP industry. These countries are at risk of being influenced by the CPA strategies described in the present study. There is a need to further identify, monitor and evaluate the impact of these CPA strategies on public health policies and public opinion in the region, in order to develop mechanisms to effectively prevent such interference.
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MacRae, R., R. C. Martin, M. Juhasz, and J. Langer. "Ten percent organic within 15 years: Policy and program initiatives to advance organic food and farming in Ontario, Canada." Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 24, no. 2 (May 27, 2009): 120–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742170509002531.
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AbstractWith growth in retail sales estimated by industry at 15–25% yr−1, organic food represents the only significant growth sector in Canada's food system. This reality, in combination with mounting evidence that substantial environmental and economic benefits can arise from organic farming adoption, suggests that organic sector development should be a priority for governments. However, organic food remains a marginal component of Canadian agricultural and trade policy. This study was designed to examine the opportunities and costs to the province of Ontario of strategic investment in the expansion of the organic sector. Drawing on existing literature and Ontario land use and production data, the study used an iterative process to identify how the province could reach a target of 10% of Ontario's cropped acres in organic production within 15 years, from the current level of about 1%. We concluded that after 15 years 5343 organic farmers would be producing organically in all major commodities, including 4254 converting farmers entering the organic sector and 600 new entrants to farming. The 489 organic farms reported in 2004 would be included in this total of 5343 because we assume that they all make modest additions over this time period to their existing operations. Organic production would occur on about 367,000 ha of land, and some 1.4 million animals would be reared organically. After 15 years, these farmers would reduce fertilizer applications by about 43 million kg (saving $18.4 million yr−1), pesticide applications by about 296,000 kg active ingredient (saving $9.1 million yr−1), and 7079 kg of growth-promoting antibiotics/medications consumed in animal feed. This 30-point program would require new investments by the provincial government of about $51 million over 15 years. Phase I (first 5 years) costs would total $7.1 million and Phase II (following 10 years) costs $43.9 million. Net program costs would be significantly lower since farmers would have directly saved on inputs and received premium organic prices for most of their goods sold, thereby reducing government costs related to supporting farm finances. Additionally, this program would contribute significantly to reducing the externalized costs of current approaches to agriculture, conservatively estimated at $145 million annually or $2.18 billion over the 15-year life of the program. Not all those costs would be saved within 15 years, but this exceedingly modest investment in organic production, representing only 2.3% of these externalized costs, would generate savings in externalized costs far beyond this one-time investment. Implementation of this plan would allow domestic producers to capture 51% of Ontario's organic consumption, up from the currently low-range estimate of 15%. Organic foods would represent 1.9% of the total food retail market after 5 years and 5.3% of the total market after 15 years.
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Zhllima, Edvin, Drini Imami, and Elvina Merkaj. "Food consumer trends in post socialist countries: the case of Albania." ECONOMIA AGRO-ALIMENTARE, no. 3 (December 2012): 127–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/ecag2012-003007.
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Since the beginning of the transition from a centrally planned economy to a market oriented economy in early 1990's, economic growth, fast urbanisation, regional trade liberalisation, and gradual integration into eu, are contributing to a rapid evolution of consumption and lifestyle in Albania. The changing structure of the incomes emerging from an increasing per capita gdp and the redistribution among classes of population and among regions (urban population benefiting more from the growth than rural) has given rise to a larger urban middle-income class of consumers. The food demand from the emerging urban middle-income consumers, combined with the gradual consolidation of the retail sector and the recent establishment and expansion of the first supermarket chains, has strong implications for the agrifood industry. Despite these rapid changes, there are few attempts from researchers and other stakeholders to study the consumer preferences in the country. Understanding consumer preferences is important not only for agrifood entrepreneurs but also for government policy makers to tune their policies and allocate their resources more efficiently in line with market demand. The objective of this paper is to describe the main consumption trends and key issues in Albania, analysis of the Albanian consumer patterns and dynamics of the last decades for the main food categories, along with comparisons to the rest of the world. The study finds that the demand toward meat, fruits and vegetables has experienced a significant increase compared to more staple foods such as cereal. The consumer preferences indicate similar features with other transition countries. There is observed an overall preference for domestic agrifood products. However, there are concerns about the perceived quality and safety of various agrifood products in Albania. There is obvious distrust in the government food safety enforcement system, while privately enforced quality and safety systems are almost missing. Strengthening the implementation capacities and improving the image of the government food safety regulation system should be considered a priority in the context of ongoing institutional and legal reforms, such that the preference for domestic produce and products increase to match consumer preferences.
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Elizabeth, Rooganda. "PENINGKATAN DAYASAING TANAMAN PANGAN MELALUI AKSELERASI AGROINDUSTRI DAN PEMBERDAYAAN KELEMBAGAAN PERTANIAN." Mimbar Agribisnis: Jurnal Pemikiran Masyarakat Ilmiah Berwawasan Agribisnis 5, no. 2 (August 1, 2019): 379. http://dx.doi.org/10.25157/ma.v5i2.2411.
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Food crops added value is obtained by the process of being processed products through the role of agro-industry. In the era of globalization, Indonesia must immediately implement the development of agro-industries to produce highly competitive trade products and be able to gain global market share. The success of implementing agro-industry is the support and support of the government to increase farmers' income in an effort to realize their welfare. This paper aims to express more comprehensively of food crop-based agro-industry products development acceleration to produce quality processed products, and agricultural functions roles institutions empowerment and high efficiency seriously and sustainably. The acceleration of the implementation of agro-industry is predicted as one of the solutions to efficiency, effectiveness, continuity and the continuity of the trade in processed products rather than raw materials, labor and capital of processed products. It is necessary to increase the competitiveness of Indonesian agroindustry products which have been dominated by raw materials, which only rely on comparative advantages of natural resource abundance and uneducated labor. Obtained agricultural products processed added value that are competitive and meet the high demands of quality and hygiene (GMP), increase in income and welfare of farmers and processed business actors, as well as the transfer of exports of raw materials to processed products. Thanks to the efforts of RMU to process rice into rice, rice flour and crackers (made from rice and rice flour), the RC ratio value of approximately 1.53, 1.28 and 5.91 showed business feasibility and obtained value-added products from processing operations which increased acquisition income. The development and improvement of technological innovations in processed products, investments and HR of business actors is predicted to be able to become the "driving engine" of strong economic progress, especially if the empowerment and institutional development function in line with the development policy programs implemented. Agro-industry products are expected to be able to reach the export market, be able to create jobs and increase interest in young labor in agriculture, able to increase income and the economy in rural areas, and be able to drive the development of rural industrialization.
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Jumiyanti, Kalzum R., and Wahyudin Hasan. "ICOR Analysis of Gorontalo Province." Media Trend 16, no. 2 (October 30, 2021): 290–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.21107/mediatrend.v16i2.10305.
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Investment plays an important role as one of the regional economic drivers. Likewise, a various development success is determined by the quality of planning and accurate data. In general, the development planning is highly specified by an ability to provide financing sources scenario where one of which is investment as it is impactful in increasing economic growth rate and community welfare level intended.This research aims at determining ICOR value and investment needs estimate in Gorontalo Province and at determining sectors with a higher or lower capital productivity in Gorontalo Province. The research employs ICOR analysis to measure certain amount as a comparison between growth of capital (investment) with production. Through these indicators, the economic development planners can determine investments needed to increase the economy in compliance with the predetermined target. The research findings reveal that: 1) ICOR value from 2018 to 2020 is 0.29 on average and it is impacted by annual capital change (∆K) and output change (∆Y), 2) food industry sector in Gorontalo Province indicates a sufficiently low value of ICOR, and it is good due to the economic runs efficiently. Meanwhile, the chemistry and pharmacy industry sector shows massive capital productivity where a higher value of ICOR indicates capital-intensive technology use. Also, an ICOR-based sectoral investment projection signifies that the researchers set top three of future leading sectors in 2025 for investment projection in Gorontalo. They are food and plantation crops; trade and repair; and construction, 3) a stay-at-home policy urged by the government during the covid-19 pandemic has led to a significant change in community’s consumption style for basic needs such as water, electricity, gas, food, and medication.
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Park, Hyun-Yong, and Jeong Hugh HAN. "Myanmar Research Trend Analysis: A comparative approach to domestic and international journals articles using keyword network analysis." Korea Association for International Commerce and Information 24, no. 2 (June 30, 2022): 151–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.15798/kaici.2022.24.2.151.
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To capture the recent Myanmar research trends, this study analyzed 605 domestic journal articles (indexed in Korean Citation Index) and 31,671 international journal articles (published in Springer) by taking the keyword network analysis method. Myanmar research has been actively carried out since early 2010 both domestically and internationally, showing a rapid increase from 2016 when the democratic government was established by Aung San Suu Kyi. Keyword analysis indicated that domestic journal articles put priority on Myanmar's internal issues, such as political conditions, economy, social culture, and international relations. On the other hand, international articles prioritized generic research topics, such as species diversity, climate change, health care, and malaria infection. Topic modeling analysis identified that international trade policy and trade cooperation were dominant research topics for both domestic and international journal articles. However, Myanmar's internal specific issues such as Buddhism, history, and the military issues were analyzed as important topics by domestic articles while global topics such as energy/resources problem, education, health policy, and species diversity were ranked as important topics in international articles. Periodical research trend analysis distinguishes the directions of domestic and international research articles. In domestic journal articles, Myanmar’s internal domestic issues such as religion and language were dominant topics before the economic opening period. In the initial stage of economic opening, research proportions on Korean companies' strategies for entering to Myanmar market were high. In the period of openness expansion, market entry strategies for individual industry sectors and analysis of investment effects were important research topics. On the other hand, international articles showed consistency and firmness in selecting research topics, such as food issues, species diversity, climate change, health care, and education policy. This paper empirically suggests that domestic journal articles focus on international trade and investment-related issues by taking an economic approach while international articles highlight the diverse characteristics of Myanmar by taking a holistic approach.
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Hutahayan, Benny. "Factors affecting the performance of Indonesian special food SMEs in entrepreneurial orientation in East Java." Asia Pacific Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship 13, no. 2 (September 2, 2019): 231–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/apjie-09-2018-0053.
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Purpose This study aims to examine comprehensively the factors determining the performance of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) producing Indonesian special food in East Java. Design/methodology/approach This study is quantitative and qualitative. Primary data was collected from entrepreneurs in East Java, those producing Indonesian special food. Secondary data was obtained from the literature, literature study, journals, Central Bureau of Statistics and the office of industry, trade, cooperatives and SMEs in East Java. Areas selected for this study were Surabaya, Madiun, Malang, Pasuruan, Lamongan and Banyuwangi. The population was small and medium entrepreneurs producing Indonesian special food in the selected cities. Based on the PLS sampling rule, the number of samples in each research area was 50, with total of 300 respondents (50 × 6). The methods of collecting primary data were interviews and questionnaire. Data analysis was done using GSCA. Findings The study firstly found the significant influence of entrepreneurial orientation on business strategies of SMEs producing Indonesian special food in East Java. SME managers have a high entrepreneurial orientation. Secondly, it found a significant influence of entrepreneurial orientation on business performance of SMEs producing Indonesian special food in East Java. Thirdly, the study found that government policy is not a moderating variable. Additionally, business strategies have a significant influence on the performance of SMEs producing Indonesian special food in East Java. Finally, dynamics of the environment and business strategy have a significant influence on the performance of manufacturing industry in South Sulawesi. Originality/value To know the effect of entrepreneurial orientation, environmental dynamism, consisting of uncertainty of environment and intensity of competition, and business strategies toward business performance. Considering the findings of the previous studies, the authors would like to re-examine the effect of entrepreneurial orientation on business performance, which also compares the findings of previous studies, especially, the one by Lee and Tsang (2003) on SMEs in Singapore.
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Sudana, Wayan. "Efektivitas Kebijakan Perlindungan Terhadap Produsen Melaui Provenue Gula." Forum penelitian Agro Ekonomi 20, no. 1 (August 30, 2016): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/fae.v20n1.2002.1-11.
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<p><strong>English<br /></strong>Sugar is the main national staple food, and the respective industry received a lot of government's protection. One of the said protections was price policy for sugar price provenue dedicated for farmers and sugar factory. For the last two decade this policy was not beneficial for sugarcane farmers. The real price provenue received by the farmers doesn't improve the real income of sugarcane farming. Sugar farmer term of trade indicated decreasing purchasing power of sugarcane farmer. In the future, in addition to price and tariff policy, the key instrument to improve farmer income is agricultural technology for enhancing yield and farm efficiency.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Indonesian<br /></strong>Gula merupakan salah satu bahan pangan pokok dan industri ini mendapatkan banyak perlindungan dari pemerintah . Salah satu perlindungan yang diberikan adalah melalui kebijakan harga provenue gula bagi petani produsen dan pabrik gula. Selama dua dasa warsa, kebijakan tersebut didasarkan tidak menguntungkan petani produsen. Harga provenue riil yang diterima petani tidak mampu mendorong peningkatan pendapatan usahatani tebu.Hasil analisis nilai tukar gula menunjukan hal yang sama. Kebijakan harga provenue tidak dapat meningkatkan daya beli petani. Kedepan, disamping kebijakan harga dan tarif, faktor kunci peningkatan pendapatan petani adalah ekonomi peningkatan produktifitas dan efisiensi usahatani</p>
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RAJIĆ, ANDRIJANA, LISA A. WADDELL, JAN M. SARGEANT, SUSAN READ, JEFF FARBER, MARTIN J. FIRTH, and ALBERT CHAMBERS. "An Overview of Microbial Food Safety Programs in Beef, Pork, and Poultry from Farm to Processing in Canada." Journal of Food Protection 70, no. 5 (May 1, 2007): 1286–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-70.5.1286.
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Canada's vision for the agri-food industry in the 21st century is the establishment of a national food safety system employing hazard analysis and critical control point (HACCP) principles and microbiological verification tools, with traceability throughout the gate-to-plate continuum. Voluntary on-farm food safety (OFFS) programs, based in part on HACCP principles, provide producers with guidelines for good production practices focused on general hygiene and biosecurity. OFFS programs in beef cattle, swine, and poultry are currently being evaluated through a national recognition program of the Canadian Food Inspection Agency. Mandatory HACCP programs in federal meat facilities include microbial testing for generic Escherichia coli to verify effectiveness of the processor's dressing procedure, specific testing of ground meat for E. coli O157:H7, with zero tolerance for this organism in the tested lot, and Salmonella testing of raw products. Health Canada's policy on Listeria monocytogenes divides ready-to-eat products into three risk categories, with products previously implicated as the source of an outbreak receiving the highest priority for inspection and compliance. A national mandatory identification program to track livestock from the herd of origin to carcass inspection has been established. Can-Trace, a data standard for all food commodities, has been designed to facilitate tracking foods from the point of origin to the consumer. Although much work has already been done, a coherent national food safety strategy and concerted efforts by all stakeholders are needed to realize this vision. Cooperation of many government agencies with shared responsibility for food safety and public health will be essential.
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Mirimo, Daniel, and Mad Nasir Shamsudin. "Price Relations between Malaysia Rice Sector and Selected ASEAN Countries." International Journal of Community Development and Management Studies 2 (2018): 131–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.31355/35.
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NOTE: THIS ARTICLE WAS PUBLISHED WITH THE INFORMING SCIENCE INSTITUTE. Aim/Purpose................................................................................................................................................................................................. This research paper attempts to assess how the Malaysia rice industry will behave if and when certain changes occur, such as the removal of policies which affect its rice import price (namely the Vietnam rice floor export price and Thailand rice pledging scheme) and which result from the ongoing region economic integration embodied in ASEAN Vision 2020. Background................................................................................................................................................................................................... Malaysia rice farming sector compared to its ASEAN neighbors has a lower comparative advantage, this is transpiring in the lowering of the rice self-sufficiency targets and levels, moreover it is characterized as less efficiently managed compared to industrial farms. Therefore, Malaysia will continue to be a net importer of rice. It is against the background that this research was done, to anticipate how the Malaysia rice industry would behave if and when the existing trade barriers in the ASEAN rice market are removed and for the adjustment of Malaysia rice farming parameters to meet the desired state of rice self-sufficiency level. Methodology................................................................................................................................................................................................. A system dynamics model of Malaysia rice sector with consideration of its rice import prices from ASEAN trade partners was built and tested to check if it mimics real world behavior pattern. Nevertheless, the exercise in which the model built was purposed is to foresight, the ability to anticipate how the system will behave if and when certain changes occur and a tool for policy design, it is not forecasting and it does not depend on the ability to predict. Contribution................................................................................................................................................................................................. This study is in the line with previous related studies with the concern of the impact of trade liberalization on the global as well as ASEAN rice market, but the beauty of the methodology applied is into taking account of nonlinear relationship among variables of the system, the feedback loop mechanism, time delays, and the incorporation of all variables that are relevant to the problem endogenously. Thus the model simulation results are driven not by external factors, but by the internal structure of the model. The internal structure made of the feedback loos formed by the interdependency between variables. Findings....................................................................................................................................................................................................... Simulation results obtained from different Malaysia rice import price scenarios indicate a downtrend of the Malaysia rice self-sufficiency level and of less importance; the change is less than one percentage point. Recommendations for Practitioners.......................................................................................................................................................... Given the long run trend relationship between the rice import prices and the self-sufficiency levels, it may be advisable to policy makers to let the economic arguments for open trade with the risk of an increasing trend of import prices. It also prevails over the food security arguments, which might be involved in unintended consequences resulting from different forms of government intervention in the market. Recommendation for Researchers............................................................................................................................................................ There is a need to continue to conduct test based on new scenarios and model assumptions. New research to assess the impact of selected ASEAN countries price policies on Malaysia rice industry may produce different results and recommendations. For example if we assume these selected ASEAN countries price policies are moving towards a free trade orientation, as well as the Malaysia rice industry. Impact on Society......................................................................................................................................................................................... Food security is essential to the survival of the society. Thus, the supply of a staple commodity such as rice in Malaysia is essential to the social, political and economic stability of the society. Understanding the supply and demand conditions affecting the distribution of this product in the Country is critical for public and private policy making about the development of the economy and society. Rice commodity was conceptualized as a normal good in this study and we gained an insight on the rice consumption per capita behavior through different Malaysia rice import prices. What if the rice commodity is conceptually modeled as an inferior good, definitely rice consumption per capita behavior will change, with its associated impact on the economy and society. This study enables us to investigate the possible outcomes for various scenarios. Future Research.............................................................................................................................................................................................. For further research, this system dynamics model of Malaysia rice industry can be improved by including some variables closely related to trade such as the exchange rate between the United States dollar and ASEAN countries currency and the oil price, some variables which can affect the rice production such as the climate change and some variables on the rice consumers side such as the changing consumer preferences (normal Vs inferior commodity), or on the rice/paddy farmers side such as poverty alleviation.
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ESKENS, LAURA. "‘The Troublesome Word of Crisis’: Discourse on the Agricultural Crisis of the 1930s in the Belgian Parliament." Rural History 29, no. 2 (September 10, 2018): 237–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956793318000122.
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AbstractThe concept of a ‘crisis’ was omnipresent in the period of economic depression in the 1930s. What is more, the agricultural crisis was part of a never previously experienced despair in Europe and the whole of the Western world. Historians have extensively researched the crisis in agriculture, however, without reflecting on the consequences of the use of the concept and the discourse related to it. In this article – inspired by refreshing historical research on parliamentary practices – I investigate the language and figures of speech used in the Belgian Parliament to frame the agricultural question in a particular way. The case of Belgium is unique because farmers’ associations were well represented in parliament, in spite of the declining importance of agriculture in the active population and national economy. Since 1840 onwards, Belgian governments had embraced free trade and pursued an economic policy with little or no trade obstructions, dictated by the interests of the export industry. The depression of the 1930s urged a re-evaluation of the relationship between the state and the economy, which extended to agriculture. The Belgian free trade tradition – already exceptionally abandoned during and immediately after the Great War to cope with food scarcity – seemed to crumble during the interwar period as farmers’ associations asked for protectionist measures from 1929 onwards. This article contributes to our understanding of this paradigm shift from free trade towards agricultural protectionism. Furthermore, it gives an insight into the complexity of the interest groups campaigning for agricultural protectionism and using specific metaphors and discourse to influence politics.
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Mensah, Lord, Anthony Q. Q. Aboagye, and Nana Kwame Akosah. "The state of monetary policy and industrial asset allocation: the Ghanaian perspective." African Journal of Economic and Management Studies 9, no. 4 (December 3, 2018): 449–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ajems-07-2017-0167.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate whether asset allocation across various industries listed on the Ghana Stock Exchange (GSE) varies across different monetary policy states. Design/methodology/approach This paper adopts the Markov Chain technique to split monetary policy into three different states. The authors further adopt the Markowitz portfolio optimization technique to find the minimum variance and optimum portfolio for the industries listed on the GSE. Findings The finding reveals a dynamic asset allocation, which varies the industry’s weight mix across the various monetary policy states enhance excess returns compared to the static asset allocation. Specifically, the authors find risk-return trade-off among industries listed on the GSE. Financial and Food and Beverage industries portfolios record high returns relative to the Government of Ghana 91-day Treasury bill. The Food and Beverage portfolio is the only portfolio that records relatively high excess returns across all the monetary policy states. The authors also find that, during expansionary state (high monetary policy rates) of the monetary policy, investors are to allocate about 69 and 30 percent of their investment into food and beverages and financials, respectively. Corner solution is found in the transient state where 100 percent of wealth is allocated to financial to obtain the optimum portfolio. The optimum portfolio in the contraction state assigns 52 percent to financials and 42 percent to manufacturing. In summary, the result supports the dependence of investors’ asset allocation decisions on monetary policy. Practical implications Therefore, the authors propose an investment strategy which is dynamic and takes into consideration the monetary policy states rather than static asset allocation which maintains the same industry weight mix over the investment period. Social implications In sum, the authors interpret the result as support for the dependence of investors’ asset allocation decisions on monetary policy. In Ghana, an increase in the monetary policy appears to support industries listed on the equity market. The result also gives knowledge about investors’ asset allocation decisions on the GSE, which is practical balanced source of information for investors’ risk and return choices. For a prudent monetary policy framework, the monetary policy committee should monitor industries listed on the GSE. The result from the analysis has also an implication for investors, portfolio managers and fund managers to consider the state of the monetary policy in Ghana when making investment decisions. Originality/value The study differs from earlier research on asset allocation by breaking new grounds on two levels. First of all, based on the notion that different industries have different exposures to monetary policy states, the authors extend the portfolios by grouping the equities listed on the GSE into their industrial sectors. Second, the authors examine how investors’ optimal portfolio allocation may change depending on the state of monetary policy.
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Laily, Dona Wahyuning, Ida Syamsu Roidah, and Ika Purnamasari. "Dampak Kebijakan Tarif Impor Terhadap Ekonomi Kedelai Indonesia." Jurnal Agrinika : Jurnal Agroteknologi dan Agribisnis 5, no. 1 (March 29, 2021): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.30737/agrinika.v5i1.1552.
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Soybean is the main crop of the palawija system which is commonly applied in Indonesia. In the national economic system, soybean is a commodity owning strategic values due to its ability to supply nutrients needed by the community and a source of income for farmers. Demand for soybean is likely to continue to increase in line with population growth, increase in per capita income, increase in public awareness of nutritional adequacy, and the development of livestock preparation and silage industries. Given the high trend of soybean demand in the future, efforts to increase domestic soybean production are becoming increasingly important. Meanwhile in the future, the policy to protect domestic soybean farmers will be limited due to the demands of free trade. Considering that soybean is consumed in the form of processed food, the increasing demand for soybeans in the future indicates that there will be more opportunities for the development of home industries to produce this food. The need for soybeans as raw material for agro-industry cannot currently be met by domestic soybean production, both in terms of quality and quantity. This causes the need for imported soybeans to be even greater. Domestic soybean production, both in quality and quantity, seems to be unable to meet the soybean needed for industrial raw materials, thus causing a higher tendency for imported soybean demand. Therefore, import tariff policies in the face of world trade liberalization must be regulated in such a way by taking into account the interests of producers, consumers, and the government. This policy is still needed in realizing the independence of export quality soybeans. Kedelai adalah tanaman utama Sistem Palawija yang umum diterapkan di Indonesia. Dalam sistem perekonomian nasional, kedelai menjadi komoditas yang memiliki nilai strategis karena memiliki kemampuan untuk memasok hara yang dibutuhkan oleh masyarakat dan merupakan sumber pendapatan bagi petani. Permintaan kedelai akan terus meningkat seiring dengan adanya peningkatan jumlah penduduk, pertambahan pendapatan perkapita tiap penduduk, meningkatnya kesadaran masyarakat akan gizi yang cukup, serta berkembangnya industri persiapan dan silase ternak. Melihat masih tingginya trend permintaan kedelai di masa datang, upaya peningkatan produksi kedelai di dalam negeri menjadi semakin penting. Sementara itu di masa depan kebijaksanaan untuk melindungi petani kedelai di dalam negeri semakin terbatas peluangnya karena tuntutan perdagangan bebas. Mengingat sebagaian besar kedelai dikonsumsi dalam bentuk bahan pangan olahan, meningkatnya permintaan kedelai di masa depan menunjukkan semakin terbukanya peluang pengembangan industri rumah tangga untuk memproduksi bahan pangan tersebut. Kebutuhan akan kedelai sebagai bahan baku agroindustri saat ini tidak dapat dipenuhi oleh produksi kedelai dalam negeri baik dari segi kualitas maupun kuantitas. Hal ini menyebabkan kebutuhan akan kedelai impor akan semakin besar. Kedelai yang dibutuhkan untuk bahan baku industri tampaknya tidak dapat dipenuhi oleh produksi kedelai dalam negeri, baik kualitas maupun kuantitasnya, sehingga menyebabkan kecenderungan permintaan kedelai impor semakin tinggi. Oleh karena itu, kebijakan tarif impor dalam menghadapi liberalisasi perdagangan dunia harus diatur sedemikian rupa dengan memperhatikan kepentingan produsen, konsumen, dan pemerintah. Kebijakan ini tetap diperlukan dalam mewujudkan kemandirian kedelai kualitas ekspor.
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TODD, EWEN C. D. "Worldwide Surveillance of Foodborne Disease: the Need to Improve†." Journal of Food Protection 59, no. 1 (January 1, 1996): 82–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-59.1.82.
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A foodborne-disease surveillance program is an essential part of a food safety program. Foodborne surveillance should be able to issue early alerts on contaminated food to which a large population is exposed; collate notifications of enteric diseases and laboratory isolations; report foodborne disease incidents on a regular basis; and use sentinel and specific epidemiological studies as required. Although most countries have some kind of reporting of notifiable diseases, few have foodborne-disease surveillance programs, and little is known of foodborne disease in general on a worldwide basis. However, in the last decade many European countries have generated annual reports to join those of Canada, England/Wales, Japan and the United States. In addition, a few other countries are attempting to develop foodborne-disease reporting programs but are hampered by lack of resources. However, it is apparent that staphylococcal intoxication has been decreasing in most nations, except in some Latin American countries where cheese from unpasteurized milk and cream-filled desserts are widely consumed. In contrast, salmonellosis has been increasing or remaining steady as the main foodborne disease in practically all other countries. Newly-recognized agents such as E. coli O157:H7 and other verotoxigenic E. coli, or previously-known agents in new food associations such as Clostridium botulinum, are also being documented in several countries. Although the socioeconomic impact of foodborne diseases is very high, there are at best limited effective control measures to reduce them, even in industrialized countries. One reason control is difficult to achieve is that surveillance is inadequate and the burden of foodborne disease is not fully understood by policy-makers. Another reason is that a consistent and coordinated effort by industry and government is required, as has been practiced in Sweden to reduce substantially the Salmonella contamination of poultry. Improvement of surveillance on a worldwide basis is all the more important with increasing world trade and travel, and international organizations need to take a lead role in accomplishing this.
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Nainggolan, Kaman. "Strategies For Improving Coordination Between The Public and Private Institutions For Agricultural and Rural Development." Forum penelitian Agro Ekonomi 20, no. 2 (August 30, 2016): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/fae.v20n2.2002.20-30.
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<p><strong>English<br /></strong>Agriculture/agribusiness plays a strategic role in labor absorption, capital formation, foreign exchange, providing food supply, and supply a market for domestically produced industrial goods. Globalization has suddenly changed the way leaders of nations in managing agriculture/agribusiness development. Many countries are more open, moving toward democracy. Through the impact of decentralization, the government is shifting from dominating development in the past to people participation. This implies that the private sector will play a more active role in agriculture/agribusiness and rural development. With the new vision, agriculture should not be seen as a separate sector (on-farm), but in a more broad way which is agribusiness consisting of all related activities from upstream to downstream agribusiness subsystem. Good governance is a prerequisite to encourage private institutions to participate in agriculture/agribusiness and rural development. Policy measures to improve coordination between public and private institutions includes: infrastructure development, development of seed industry, develop and strengthen agro-industry in rural areas, develop and strengthen market information, market restructuring and trade policy, development of the private sector, micro, small, and medium size enterprises, macroeconomic stability, land market deregulation, strengthening of governance, environment sustainability, and improving rural productivity. All of these measures must be transparent and communicated to all stakeholders in agriculture/agribusiness and rural development.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Indonesian<br /></strong>Sektor pertanian memiliki peranan yang strategis dalam penyerapan tenaga kerja, pembentukan kapital, penyediaan pangan, dan menyadiakan bahan baku untuk industri dalam negeri. Globalisasi secara serta merta talah merubah kebijakan pemimpin-pemimpin nasional dalam menangani pembangunan pertanian dan agribisnis. Berbagai negara menjadi lebih terbuka menuju ke arah demokrasi. Melalui dampak desentralisasi, pemerintah telah beralih dari sikap mendominasi di masa lalu menuju pada partisipasi masyarakat. Hal ini berimplikasi kepada semakin besarnya peran sektor swasta dalam pembangunan pertanian di pedesaan. Dengan visi baru ini, maka pertanian tidak lagi di pandang sebagai sektor yang terpisah-pisah, namun menjadi lebih luas, dimana mencakup aktivitas-aktivitas yang terkaIt mulai dari subsistem hulu sampai hilir. Pemerintahan yang baik dituntut untuk mendorong koordinasi antara institusi swasta dan publik mencakup: pengembangan infrastruktur, pengembangan industri benih, pengembangan dan penguatan agroindustri di pedesaan, pengembangan informasi pasar, merestruktur pasar dan kebijakan perdagangan, pengembangan sektor swasta, usaha mikro, kecil, menengah, stabilitas ekonomi makro, deregulasi pasar lahan, penguatan pemerintahan, keberlanjutan lingkungan, dan peningkatan produktivitas pedesan. Semua kebijakan ini mestilah dilakukan secara transparan dan dikomunikasikan kepada stakeholders yang terlibat dalam pembangunan pertanian dan pedesaan.</p>
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Sangwan, Kuldip Singh, and Kailash Choudhary. "Benchmarking manufacturing industries based on green practices." Benchmarking: An International Journal 25, no. 6 (August 6, 2018): 1746–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bij-12-2016-0192.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is twofold: first, to develop a statistically reliable and valid model of performance measures (PMs) to observe the environmental behavior of different enterprises; second, at benchmarking the enterprises based on their green practices. Design/methodology/approach A PM model has been proposed using an empirical analysis of manufacturing industry. The developed model has been tested using structural equation modeling technique. The level of green manufacturing (GM) performance in different sectors and sizes of Indian manufacturing industry has been studied and benchmarked using hierarchical cluster analysis with one-way ANOVA. Findings The results indicate that top management commitment and product design are the root PMs for the success of GM practices. It has been found that chemical, automotive, food and pharmaceutical industries are the high performing sectors. It has also been found that large scale enterprises are performing better than medium-sized enterprises which are doing better than small and micro enterprises in GM practices. Research limitations/implications The indicators/variables in questionnaire are subjective in nature and collected data are from Indian manufacturing organizations only. Practical implications The governments, trade bodies and NGOs can use the proposed model for measurement of green performance of any manufacturing industry. The benchmarking can be used by the different policy influencing and making agencies to develop future policies for the improvement. The industry can also use the benchmarking for its peer performance improvement. Originality/value The major novelty of the paper is benchmarking the green performance of manufacturing industries based on the different sectors and sizes using empirical investigation. The level of GM performance in different sectors and sizes of industries has been studied and benchmarked using hierarchical cluster analysis with one-way ANOVA.
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Huse, Oliver, Erica Reeve, Colin Bell, Gary Sacks, Phillip Baker, Benjamin Wood, and Kathryn Backholer. "Strategies used by the soft drink industry to grow and sustain sales: a case-study of The Coca-Cola Company in East Asia." BMJ Global Health 7, no. 12 (December 2022): e010386. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2022-010386.
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BackgroundThe market and non-market activities of the food and beverage industry contribute to unhealthy and unsustainable dietary patterns, increasingly in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We aimed to describe how The Coca-Cola Company (TCCC), as the world market leader in the sugar-sweetened beverage sector, operationalises their activities in LMICs in East Asia, among the world’s most highly populated yet under-researched countries, to illustrate the ways in which these activities may negatively influence health outcomes.MethodsWe adopted a theoretically-guided qualitative research design and documentary analysis method. Data sources included: industry documents and web pages, marketing case studies obtained from the World Advertising Research Centre, media reports, global trade summaries and websites of industry associations. To guide data analysis, we synthesised a conceptual framework from existing commercial determinants of health literature, to describe ways in which the market and non-market activities of TCCC influence health.ResultsTCCC leverages subsidiary companies and investments in international networks to expand its supply chains. The company engages in frequent political activities to minimise the implementation of nutrition policies that may impact profits. The company markets products, particularly on digital and mobile devices, often targeting children, adolescents and mothers, and undertakes public relations activities related to human rights, environmental sustainability and community and economic supports, and these public relations activities are often integrated into marketing campaigns. The identified activities of TCCC are frequently in direct contrast to efforts to improve the healthfulness of population diets in East Asia LMICs.ConclusionsA public health analysis of the market and non-market activities of corporations active in unhealthy commodity industries needs to be broad in scope to cover the diverse set of strategies used to increase their market power and influence. Governments should consider a suite of policy options to attenuate these commercial determinants of unhealthy diets.
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KRAMSKYI, S. O. "INSTITUTIONAL SUPPORT FOR FORMATION OF EFFICIENT LOGISTIC CHAINS OF COMMODITY MARKETS IN EXTERNAL DIMENSION." Economic innovations 23, no. 4(81) (December 20, 2021): 65–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.31520/ei.2021.23.4(81).65-75.
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Topicality. Modern trends in the formation of institutional support for logistics chains of commodity markets, led to the urgent need to consider them on the example of the food market. The integration of domestic agricultural enterprises into value chains is fundamentally important for the development of Ukraine's agricultural industry. Participation in such logistics chains provides a synergistic effect that allows participants, stakeholders to join forces to achieve their goals and objectives and generally improves competitiveness in food markets, including foreign ones. Possibility of control of a logistic chain of creation of the added value and rich positive experience of development of integration allows to activate available commodity potential objects and objects. Economic policy and the interest of stakeholders in logistics product chains, which is why it is formed and implemented through the prism of institutional support in the external dimension.Аim and tasks. The purpose of the article is to substantiate the theoretical and methodological provisions and to develop practical recommendations for the formation of logistics chains to add value to the provision of foreign commodity markets in their markets.Research results. Analysis of the problems of efficiency of global agri-food value chains and a specific market participant, allows you to study agricultural enterprises in this chain and the links between them to see how and when they can be strengthened to achieve production and marketing efficiency; or to facilitate a more efficient vertical and horizontal flow of information, production factors and resources. Such an analysis may reveal efficiency constraints related to a specific feature of global agri-food value chains in commodity markets. Both developed and developing countries must be able to take advantage of global food value chains. Recent data show that as countries participate in global value chains of commodity markets, the growth rate of their gross domestic product increases. Value chains play an important role as a source of job creation. Thus, trade and supply in food hubs within the logistics chains of food markets stimulates the development of logistics as a critical component of global chains, as it is extremely important to supply products in the right quantity, the right quality, on time. The study also focuses on general market factors that affect the efficiency of specific value chains in the external dimension: legislative, regulatory and political environment; availability and quality of support services such as funding, training and information technology.Conclusions. Thus, the formation of efficient logistics chains allows to strengthen ties, cooperation between agricultural enterprises and multinational corporations through a transparent regulatory and investment environment in Ukraine. The ability of agri-food entities to withstand the effects of negative institutional factors, crises, adaptively and promptly make adjustments and respond to changes in the market environment in the agri-food market. The concept of integrating the mechanisms of domestic agri-food markets into global value chains makes sense, as it can bridge the gap between government policy and the realities of the food business.
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Tiurmida, Nelly, Utami Sulistiana, and Tomi Agus Triono. "OPTIMIZING TRADITIONAL MARKET FUNCTIONS FOR CULINARY MSMES IN YOGYAKARTA CITY." International Journal of Economics, Business and Accounting Research (IJEBAR) 6, no. 1 (April 5, 2022): 733. http://dx.doi.org/10.29040/ijebar.v6i1.4841.
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The research about optimizing the function of the traditional market for Culinary Small and Medium Enterprises in Yogyakarta aims to explore the condition of thirty traditional markets in Yogyakarta and to explore Culinary Small and Medium Enterprises guided by Departments of Industry Cooperative and Yogyakarta Small and Medium Enterprise.
This research usedthe exploratory qualitative method. Qualitative research aims to understand the phenomenon that is happening in the traditional market, which is experienced by the research subject such as trader, market headman, market association, and government policy in market management. The exploratorymethod’s purpose is to describe an object deeply and do a search, particularly in concept stabilization that will be used in the wider scope of research with a bigger conceptual reach. The analysis tool is using Strength, Weakness, Opportunity, and Threat (SWOT). The data is collected by using observation, interview, documentation study, and Focus Group Discussion (FGD). The informants are determined through purposive sampling. Data analysis is using the Miles and Huberman model, doneinteractively and continuously to produce saturated data. Explorations result found that 8 traditional markets are recommended in optimizing the function of the traditional market. Eight traditional markets are Ngasem, Kranggan, Karangwaru, Pujokusuman, Legi, Tunjungsari, Gedongkuning, and Gading.
However, only three traditional markets which will be tested to sell together, both off-line or online are Kranggan, Ngasem, and Tunjungsari. Afterward, the three traditional markets are given brands suitable with the morning market brand on each traditional market. Kranggan market with brand food court millennial, Ngasem market with a brand food court of Mataram food, and Tunjungsari market with a brand food court of Nusantara food.
Keywords: Traditional Market, Culinary Small, and Medium Enterprise.
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Sunoko, Rahmadi, Asep Saefuddin, Rizal Syarief, and Nimmi Zulbainarni. "Proteksionisme dan Standardisasi Garam Konsumsi Beryodium." Jurnal Kebijakan Sosial Ekonomi Kelautan dan Perikanan 12, no. 2 (December 8, 2022): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.15578/jksekp.v12i2.11077.
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Garam memiliki peranan penting sebagai bagian ekonomi masyarakat pesisir serta sejarah yang panjang, khususnya di wilayah pesisir Jawa dan Madura. Dalam praktik tata niaga, garam hasil produksi petambak garam dibeli oleh pedagang/produsen yang sebagian besar diolah untuk memenuhi pasar garam konsumsi beryodium dan kebutuhan garam bahan baku industri, seperti industri aneka pangan. Dengan melakukan pendekatan analisis deskriptif dan pengamatan langsung terhadap proses produksi garam dari bahan baku hingga menjadi produk olahan serta wawancara kepada petambak garam, pedagang garam, dan pengolah garam, penelitian ini mengeksplorasi lebih lanjut bagaimana praktik standardisasi garam konsumsi beryodium di Indonesia. Penelitian ini juga menganalisis kebijakan standardisasi garam konsumsi beryodium, apakah merupakan bagian dari proteksionisme atau tidak serta bagaimana pengaruhnya terhadap daya saing petambak garam dan industri kecil menengah (IKM) pengolah garam. Standardisasi garam konsumsi beryodium dengan kandungan NaCl>94% berada di bawah rekomendasi Codex (>97%). Implementasi SNI garam konsumsi beryodium merupakan contoh pseudo-protectionism dalam bentuk under-standardization. Kebijakan ini mampu memberikan pasar bagi produksi garam nasional dengan tetap menjunjung fairness dalam perdagangan global. Implikasi atas kebijakan ini mempertegas posisi pemerintah yang memiliki andil besar dalam rangka meningkatkan daya saing petambak garam dan industri kecil menengah (IKM) pengolah garam. Namun, under-standardization sebagai suatu bentuk proteksionisme tidak akan efektif ketika tidak terjadi peningkatan kualitas bahan baku garam di hulu. Kebijakan ini memiliki manfaat jangka pendek, tetapi tidak mampu menjadi katalis bagi peningkatan daya saing IKM pengolah garam dan petambak garam itu sendiri. Meskipun terdapat jaminan tersedianya pasar bagi garam produksi petambak garam nasional, itu tidak menjamin harga yang baik. Hal itu disebabkan oleh pasar garam konsumsi dan pengasinan ikan yang tidak mampu menyerap seluruh produksi nasional. Sementara itu, industri lainnya menggunakan garam impor yang sesuai dengan spesifikasi kebutuhan industrinya.Tittle: Protectionism and Iodized Food Salt Standardization Salt has a significant role as a part of the coastal economy communities and has a long history, especially in coastal areas of Java dan Madura Islands. In commercial practice, solar salt is produced by farmers and delivered to the market as raw material. In the processing plant, solar salt is processed to be iodized food salt and to fulfill industry needed. By conducting a descriptive analysis approach and direct observation of the salt production process from raw materials to processed products as well as interviews with salt farmers, salt traders,and salt processors, this study aims to explore further how the practice of standardizing iodized food salt in Indonesia. This study also analyzes the policy of standardization of iodized consumption salt, whether it is part of protectionism or not and how it affects the competitiveness of salt farmers and small and medium industries (SMEs) for processing salt. The standardization of iodized consumption salt with NaCl content >94% is below the Codex recommendation (>97%). The implementation of the Indonesia National Standard (SNI) for iodized consumption salt is an example of pseudo-protectionism in the form of understandardization. This policy can provide a market for national salt production while upholding fairness in global trade. The implication of this policy emphasizes the position of the government which has a major role in increasing the competitiveness of salt farmers and IKM for processing salt. However, under-standardization as a form of protectionism will not be effective if there is no improvement in the quality of salt raw materials upstream. This policy has short-term benefits but cannot be a catalyst for increasing the competitiveness of salt processing SMEs and salt farmers themselves. Although there is a guarantee that there will be a market available for salt produced by national salt farmers, it does not guarantee a good price. This is due to the market of iodized consumption salt and fish salting which are unable to absorb the entire national production. Meanwhile, on the other hand, other industries use imported salt according to the specifications of the industrial needs.
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Dewi, Arlinta Prasetian. "Strengthening Halal Ecosystems Through Empowerment Of KHAS Zones in Ponorogo District." Journal of Islamic Economics (JoIE) 2, no. 2 (December 1, 2022): 185–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.21154/joie.v2i2.5078.
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This study aims to determine the perception of the community as business actors about the applicability of the KHAS (Halal, Safe and Healthy Culinary) zone in welcoming the halal ecosystem in Ponorogo Regency. The research method used is a qualitative research methodology with a case study approach. The results showed that most of the business actors, especially those engaged in the culinary sector, did not understand much about the concept of the KHAS zone. This is due to several factors including: lack of understanding and awareness of business actors to manage halal certificates for their food and beverage products; lack of literacy and socialization about halal life style; local governments have not focused on the development of the halal ecosystem. However, the opportunity to develop a KHAS zone in Ponorogo Regency is very possible, this is because: Ponorogo has been known as a city with global cultural and religious tourism; The public's enthusiasm for the culinary industry is very large, the majority of the people are Muslim. Therefore, synergy between stakeholders is needed, both from the local government as the policy holder, the trade office as the authority that oversees business actors, the Health Service which has the authority to label sanitation, and the bpjh under the Ministry of Religion as the authorized agency in the management of halal certification.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui persepsi masyarakat sebagai pelaku usaha tentang keberlakuan zona KHAS (Kuliner Halal, Aman dan Sehat) dalam menyongsong ekosistem halal di Kabupaten Ponorogo. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metodologi penelitian kualitatif dengan pendekatan studi kasus. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sebagian besar pelaku usaha khususnya yang bergerak di bidang kuliner belum banyak memahami tentang konsep zona KHAS. Hal ini disebabkan beberapa faktor diantaranya: kurangnya pemahaman dan kesadaran pelaku usaha untuk melakukan kepengurusan sertifikat halal bagi produk makanan dan minumannya; kurangnya literasi dan sosialisasi tentang halal life style; pemerintah daerah belum terfokus pada pengembangan ekosistem halal. Namun demikian, peluang untuk mengembangkan zona KHAS di Kabupaten Ponorogo sangat memungkinkan, hal ini dikarenakan: Ponorogo telah dikenal sebagai kota dengan wisata budaya dan religi yang mendunia; antusiasme masyarakat terhadap industry kuliner sangat besar, mayoritas masyarakatnya bergama Islam. Maka dibutuhkan sinergisitas antar pemangku kepentingan baik dari pemerintah daerah sebagai pemegang kebijakan, dinas perdagangan sebagai otoritas yang membawahi pelaku usaha, dinas Kesehatan yang mempunya wewenang untuk labelisasi sanitasi, dan bpjh dibawah kemenag sebagai instansi yang berwenang dalam kepengurusan sertifikasi halal.
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NESENENKO, P. P., and GUI HUAZHI. "PECULIARITIES OF APPLICATION OF PUBLIC AUTHORITY INSTRUMENTS FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF AGRICULTURAL POLICY OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA AT DIFFERENT STAGES." Economic innovations 23, no. 4(81) (December 20, 2021): 96–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.31520/ei.2021.23.4(81).96-107.
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Topicality. The urgency of the problem of using the positive foreign experience of economic transformations and opportunities for its application in the domestic practice of reform and public administration based on the use of public authorities to implement the agricultural policy of the People's Republic of China is currently very important. Aim and tasks. The aim of the article is to develop theoretical and methodological provisions for the application of public authorities for the implementation of agricultural policy of the People's Republic of China at different stages of its development. Research results. In the Chinese economy, the agricultural sector continues to play a significant role, remaining the world's leading producer and exporter of agricultural products, although it owns only 10% of the world's arable land. China's agriculture was focused on meeting the country's domestic grain needs on its own, but in recent years they have been covered by imports. Thus, the reduction of land available for crops, made it more profitable to import crops such as wheat and rice, which allowed to save China's resources for growing more valuable products (fruits, nuts or vegetables). To support the country's independence in the field of cereals and maintain the quality of food, the Chinese government is stepping up policies aimed at cultivating more profitable crops. The main directions of modernization of the commodity economy with the purpose of revival of economic activity on transition of mainly traditional (consumer) agriculture to market (commodity) type are substantiated, where the main main direction of the accelerated development of agriculture became deep structural reorganization, refusal of monoculture of grain in agriculture and transition to diversification. farms. It is determined that in the differentiation of Chinese markets, their main common feature is the regulated nature. This is what ensured the stability of the reform movement, and the practice gave the economic process the appearance of permanent compromises in the formation of flexible economic policy. Conclusions. The agrarian policy of the state, largely due to an effective system of public administration, must ensure its food security, which is an important component of national security, which guarantees the political independence of the country, its economic integrity and stable social security. Agriculture plays a significant role in the country's economy, thanks to which the country occupies a leading position in the world in terms of agricultural production and exports. The structure of agricultural production is dominated by crop production, although the country's livestock industry has been actively developing in recent years, but has very low productivity. Increasing attention to the countryside implies a significant increase in investment in this sector, especially foreign ones. The reform of China has gone through five stages, each of which had its own specific purpose, timing, detailed testing by previous field experiments with a clear definition of future actions on the results of the positive results, which were mounted in the new programs. In the agrarian sphere, this manifested itself in the introduction of the family contract system in the agrarian sphere, the reform of the sphere of circulation, the introduction of various forms of trade, the development of hired labor, and so on. This allowed us to test new forms of market recovery and regulation, which a few years after the beginning of the reforms in the countryside were adopted in industry.
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Chutkyi, A. "ECONOMIC NIHILISM OF THE LEADERS OF THE UKRAINIAN REVOLUTION OF 1917-1921 AS A DETERMINANT OF DEFEAT FOR UKRAINIAN STATEHOOD IN THE BEGINNING OF THE 20TH CENTURY." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. History, no. 149 (2021): 69–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2640.2021.149.14.
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The economic factor, as an important determinant of defeat of the Ukrainian Revolution of 1917-1921 is still insufficiently studied. At the same time, the very nature of human development since the transition to capitalism has led the economic sphere to a key position in the life of every person. This trend has intensified since the early 20th century. This was evidenced by two world wars and other military-political conflicts, constantly increasing acceleration in the nature of economic development and the formation of a society of mass consumption, which in itself increased the dependence on the economic sphere of each individual. So, this is an axiom. Given the importance of the economy for the life of modern society, it is advisable to find out how the leaders of Ukrainian statehood reacted to it on the beginning of the 20th century. Moreover, there are still not enough studies of this kind. As a result of the study, a complex of actual data is obtained, which shows – economic factor was important in the defeat of the Ukrainian Revolution of 1917-1921, because Ukrainian statesmen at that time did not understand the importance of the economic sphere of life. The data that proves it can be conditionally divided into two groups. The first one – are the initial negative factors, which were not caused by the activities of Ukrainian political leaders, but were laid down by a long period of previous colonial development of Ukraine. However, these leaders did not take any steps to overcome that negative influence. These included: the absence of a significant number of truly wealthy people among the leaders of Ukrainian statehood, and therefore antagonism about the wealthy people between those leaders, which eventually deprived the Ukrainian statehood of internal material resources; disbelief in the possibility of independent development of Ukraine and stubborn clinging to autonomous ties with Russia; anarchism of the masses (especially the peasantry), generated by the years of war and especially by the brutal policies of the previous imperial government, which was reinforced by the activities of the Bolsheviks; shortage of patriotic specialists; the revived Ukrainian statehood lived in war conditions throughout the period of its existence, which made normal economic development impossible; the main region where the Ukrainian government lasted longer was the agrarian Right-Bank, while the industrial east was always quickly captured by enemy and the Ukrainian government had almost no influence on cities, where industry was concentrated and without its potential the existence of state is simply impossible. The second group of factors that affected negatively on the cause of the Ukrainian statehood in the beginning of the 20th century – are the practical actions of the then Ukrainian political leaders in the economic sphere. These included: the indefiniteness of the higher authorities competence and the uncertainty of their legal status; slow establishment of Ukrainian organs of power, who were responsible for economic issues; there was no clear vertical of accountable local authorities, and consequently the lack of understanding of the situation outside Kyiv; legislative framework, created in the economic sphere, was limited mainly to declarations and was not completed; Ukrainian political leaders did not have a single vision of solving a key issue for Ukraine’s economy – agriculture; inefficiency in addressing other economic issues (adjustment of industry, transport, trade, food supplies, taxation and money circulation). Separately should be highlighted the excessive idealism and, at the same time, a widespread fascination with socialistic doctrine, which at its core contradicted the normal construction of the economy. Establishment of these “thin spots” in the economic policy of the Ukrainian government in the beginning of the 20th century is important for today, because a number of mistakes of that time are presented in the policy of the modern Ukrainian government. Accordingly, the bitter experience of the past (loss of statehood due to neglect / procrastination of important economic issues) should play the role of the most powerful argument in the need for rapid change of the situation in economic construction right now.
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Roberts, Ralph W., and George S. Nagle. "Leadership and governance in world forestry: A discussion paper." Forestry Chronicle 73, no. 4 (August 1, 1997): 445–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc73445-4.
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Is improved world leadership in forestry feasible and is it imminent? The way UN international forest institutions are governed has a profound effect on their performance. The availability of resources and the responsiveness to sector issues in developing appropriate and coherent policies and programs are defining features of the quality of leadership. By any measure, funding and human resources are in extremely short supply among a fractionated and scattered number of small and relatively ineffective UN international forest institutions. A critical objective of institutional reform will be to enhance the effective representation of ministers responsible for forests (and not surrogates from agriculture, trade or environment ministries), the commercial private sector and representative citizen groups. Three options are explored for institutional reform with particular emphasis on the third.The first would be a minimalist approach. It would see the creation of a World Forest Programme in association with FAO similar to the World Food Programme. The second option to creating a new governance structure for more direct representation of forest interests would lead to the creation of a new UN "Forest Council" of ministers responsible for forests apart from FAO and other UN forest agencies that would guide international forest policy dialogue. A third option would result in the creation of a "hybrid" institution, the Global Alliance for Forests and Sustainable Development (GLOBALFOR), which would be established out-side the UN but could be more successful than other options in building a sound and modern governance structure among all interested parties, including governments, industry and NGOs that is open, inclusive and participatory.Institutional reform of international forest institutions is important and urgent and demands the attention of UN reformers and independent assessors. Reform could result in fewer institutions at lower cost and increased resources for more effective global forest related activity.
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Tampubolon, Biatna Dulbert, Utari Ayuningtyas, and Ajun Tri Setyoko. "KESIAPAN PEMBERLAKUAN WAJIB SNI SUSU BUBUK DAN SNI SUSU KENTAL MANIS DI INDONESIA." Jurnal Standardisasi 17, no. 2 (September 1, 2016): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.31153/js.v17i2.315.
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<p>Abstrak<br />Produk susu bubuk dan susu kental manis merupakan produk turunan susu, yang banyak dikonsumsi khususnya balita. Kementerian Perindustrian berencana memberlakukan wajib SNI 01-2970-2006, Susu bubuk dan SNI 01-2971-1998, Susu kental manis dalam regulasi teknis pada tahun 2013-2014 untuk melindungi masyarakat dari masalah keamanan pangan dan kesehatan. Sedangkan tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisa kesiapan pemberlakuan wajib SNI susu bubuk dan susu kental manis dari aspek ketersediaan standar, perdagangan produk (ekspor-impor), infrastruktur penilaian kesesuaian dan efisiensi produksi produk. Diperoleh hasil bahwa ketersediaan standar masih kurang, industri pengolahan susu baik susu bubuk dan susu kental manis masih besar ketergantungan terhadap bahan baku susu impor (perdagangan masih negatif) dan infrastruktur masih kurang memadai sehingga efisiensi masih rendah. Program pengembangan standar nasional untuk produk susu perlu ditingkatkan dan dilengkapi untuk meningkatkan kualitas produk olahan susu dengan mengadopsi dari standar internasional atau standar nasional negara lain dan harus mempertimbangkan kondisi dan kebutuhan masyarakat di Indonesia. Pengembangan lembaga penilaian kesesuaian perlu disesuaikan dengan arah kebijakan pemerintah diselaraskan dengan daerah pengembangan sentra susu dan industri dalam menunjang penerapan pemberlakuan wajib SNI susu bubuk dan susu kental manis di Indonesia.<br />Kata Kunci: susu bubuk, susu kental manis, Standar Nasional Indonesia (SNI).</p><p><br />Abstract<br />Powder Milk and condensed milk are derivative products, which are widely consume, especially by toddlers. Ministry of industry has plans to impose mandatory SNI 01-2970-2006, Powder Milk and SNI 01-2971-1998, Sweetened condensed milk in Technical Regulations 2013-2014 to protect the public from food safety and health issues. The purpose of this study is to analyze the readiness of implementation of mandatory SNI powder milk and condensed milk from availability of related standards, import-export trade, conformity assessment infrastructure and the efficiency of production. The results obtained indicate that the availability of related standards are deficient, dairy processing industries (for powder milk and sweetened condensed milk) have great dependency on imports of raw milk (negative trading), and the infrastructure is inadequate; as a result the efficiency is low. Development program of national standards for dairy products needs to be improved and equipped to improve the quality of dairy products by adopting international standards or national standards of other countries and should take into consideration the conditions and market needs in Indonesia. Development of conformity assessment bodies need to be adapted to the direction of government policy, is aligned with regional development centers and industrial milk in supporting the implementation of the implementation of mandatory SNI milk powder and SNI sweetened condensed milk in Indonesia.<br />Keywords: milk powder, condensed milk, National Indonesian Standard (SNI).</p>
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Abboushi, Suhail. "Solar trade tariffs." Competitiveness Review 24, no. 1 (January 14, 2014): 59–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cr-06-2013-0061.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to survey the growth of solar energy worldwide, analyze US-China trade dispute in the solar industry, and evaluate the merits of US trade tariffs. Design/methodology/approach – The study surveyed archival data, publications by international organizations, government agencies, industry groups, and some academic research papers. Findings – Global demand for solar energy has been rising steadily and is projected to generate growing source of electric power. There is worldwide consensus that public support for solar industry in the development stages is necessary. The US Government provides generous support programs and subsidies to US solar industry. Accordingly, US punitive tariffs against China's solar industry on grounds of government subsidies are of questionable merit. Originality/value – This paper presents a concise profile of global solar energy and evaluates US trade policy toward China. The findings can be of value to government officials as they consider trade policies and their impact on the future of solar energy.
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Stegemann, Klaus. "Policy rivalry among industrial states: what can we learn from models of strategic trade policy?" International Organization 43, no. 1 (1989): 73–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020818300004562.
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The economic theory of international trade has changed dramatically over the last decade by admitting into its mainstream a body of literature that focuses on the implications of monopolistic and oligopolistic elements in international markets. By applying the tools of the “new” industrial organization in an international context, two new classes of models have emerged: models of intra-industry trade and models of strategic trade policy. The policy implications of models of strategic trade policy were quite disturbing for the economics profession, since these models demonstrated that the classical harmony between national and cosmopolitan welfare maximization does not exist if one assumes opportunities for strategic manipulation of oligopolistic international industries. This article reviews two prominent models of strategic trade policy—the Brander-Spencer model and the Krugman model—and relates them to more familiar earlier concepts, such as Stackelberg's asymmetrical duopoly solution and the venerable infant-industry argument for government intervention. The primary purpose of this article, however, is to provide a synopsis of the large literature addressing the question of whether models of strategic trade policy can give guidance for government policy.
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Bell, Stephen. "Unequal Partner: Trade Unions and Industry Policy Under the Hawke Government." Labour & Industry: a journal of the social and economic relations of work 4, no. 1 (March 1991): 119–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10301763.1991.10669103.
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Dorosh, Paul A., Simon Dradri, and Steven Haggblade. "Regional trade, government policy and food security: Recent evidence from Zambia." Food Policy 34, no. 4 (August 2009): 350–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2009.02.001.
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Verter, Nahanga. "Food Security and Trade in Food Products in Nigeria." European Journal of Sustainable Development 8, no. 3 (October 1, 2019): 527. http://dx.doi.org/10.14207/ejsd.2019.v8n3p527.
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Improving food security depends on identifying the indicators of food insecurity that must be monitored and addressed by the policy makers and implementers. This paper investigates the dynamics of trade in food products and food security in Nigeria. Using descriptive approaches, the findings show that Nigeria markedly recorded an adverse TBI in total agri-food trade and many food products. Remarkably, the five mostly exported (i.e. cocoa, fruits and nuts, oilseeds, tobacco) and five mostly imported (wheat, edible products, fish, sugar, milk and cream) food products accounted for 78% and 70% of total food exports and imports in the country. The study also reveals that Nigeria has been grossly food insecure driven by indicators, such as infrastructure deficit, population growth, poverty, corruption, inadequate government support to farmers and absence of safety net programmes. The Nigerian government and other stakeholders should holistically invest and implement agricultural policies to improve food security and earnings in many food products. Keywords: accessibility, affordability, availability, food insecurity, poverty, TBI
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Wibowo, Rudi, and Ratnawati Ratnawati. "Mercantilism Regime toward Dumping Policy on Paper Industry between Indonesia and South Korea." RSF Conference Series: Business, Management and Social Sciences 1, no. 4 (October 20, 2021): 223–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.31098/bmss.v1i4.366.
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This thesis discusses Indonesia's efforts in dealing with allegations of dumping Indonesian paper products from the South Korean government. The lengthy process of negotiations and negotiations between the two countries is an obstacle in the process of settling trade disputes that occur. In this matter, Indonesia and South Korea conduct negotiations to resolve the problem of imposition of Anti-Dumping Import Duty (BMAD) for Indonesian paper products under the supervision of the authorized body of the WTO, namely the Disputes Settlement Body (DSB). The negotiations proposed by Indonesia as the claimant country to South Korea are a form of trade dispute settlement through a diplomatic mechanism. Through diplomatic steps, trade problems that occur between the two countries can be resolved concretely and peacefully. However, after the trial was running and the DSB had issued its results by winning Indonesia, both the Korea Trade Commission (KTC) and the South Korean government were reluctant to apply the results of the DSB panel session decisions. Therefore, Indonesia is trying to uphold the results of the DSB WTO panel decision through diplomacy. First, diplomacy is carried out by involving state actors directly, namely the Indonesian government. Both diplomatic efforts were carried out by Indonesian business actors in a cooperative manner at the time the KTC investigation was conducted. Indonesia is trying to uphold the results of the DSB WTO panel decision through diplomacy. First, diplomacy is carried out by involving state actors directly, namely the Indonesian government. Both diplomatic efforts were carried out by Indonesian business actors in a cooperative manner at the time the KTC investigation was conducted. Indonesia is trying to uphold the results of the DSB WTO panel decision through diplomacy. First, diplomacy is carried out by involving state actors directly, namely the Indonesian government. Both diplomatic efforts were carried out by Indonesian business actors in a cooperative manner at the time the KTC investigation was conducted. This thesis aims to describe the efforts and steps to resolve the allegation of dumping on Indonesian paper products by the South Korean government through KTC. Explain the chronology of the problem of accusations of dumping Indonesian paper products and the determination of dumping losses by the WTO. Then analyze how the efforts to resolve the problems made by the government and Indonesian businessmen in trying to implement the results of the WTO DSB panel session decisions through diplomacy.