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1
Thunström, Linda. "Food consumption, paternalism and economic policy." Doctoral thesis, Umeå University, Economics, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-1654.
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The thesis consists of a summary and four papers, concerned with food consumption, behavior associated with overconsumption of food and analysis of the economic policy reforms designed to improve health.
Paper [I] estimates a hedonic price model on breakfast cereal, crisp bread and potato product data. The purpose is to examine the marginal implicit prices for food characteristics associated with health. A trade-off exists between health and taste. For instance, sugar, salt and fat are tasty but can be unhealthy if overconsumed; whereas fiber is unhealthy if underconsumed. If the marginal implicit price for sugar is negative, consumers value health over its taste. Our results are the marginal implicit price for sugar is negative for breakfast cereals and crisp bread—consumers value health over the taste of sugar. For salt, we find the opposite—a positive marginal implicit price, suggesting people value its taste over health. For fat, we find a negative marginal implicit price of fat in breakfast cereals and potato products containing salt, whereas we find a positive marginal implicit price of fat in hard bread and potato products that contain no salt. For the one healthy characteristic, fiber, we find a negative marginal implicit price in breakfast cereals and a positive implicit price in hard bread.
Paper [II] uses a general equilibrium model to derive the optimal policy if people overconsume unhealthy food due to self-control problems. Individuals lacking self-control have a preference for immediate gratification, at the expense of future health. We show the optimal policy to help individuals with self-control problems to behave rationally is a combination of subsidies for the health capital stock and the physical capital stock.
Paper [III] estimates a demand system for grain consumption based on household panel data and detailed product characteristics, and simulate the effect on grain consumption of economic policy reforms designed to encourage a healthier grain diet. Our results imply it is more cost-efficient to subsidize the fiber content than to subsidize products rich in fiber given the goal to increase the fiber intake of the average Swedish household. Our results also imply subsidies alone give rise to an increase in fiber, and to other unhealthy nutrients. Also, subsidies alone have negative effects on the budget. We therefore simulate the effect of policy reforms in which the subsidies are funded either by taxes on the content of unhealthy nutrients or by taxes on products that are overconsumed. Our results suggest that price instruments need to be substantial to change consumption. For instance, removing the VAT on products rich in fiber has little effect on consumption.
Paper [IV] explores habit persistence in breakfast cereal purchases. To perform the analysis, we use a mixed multinomial logit model, on household panel data on breakfast cereal purchases. If habit persistence in consumption is strong, short and long-run responses to policy reforms will differ. Our results are breakfast cereal purchases are strongly associated with habit persistence. Our results also imply preferences for breakfast cereals are heterogeneous over households and the strength of habit persistence is similar over educational and income groups.
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Thunström, Linda. "Food consumption, paternalism and economic policy /." Umeå : Department of Economics, Umeå University, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-1654.
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Davis, Junior Roy. "Economic transition and food consumption in Bulgaria." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.387836.
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Baichen, Jiang. "Rural household food demand : a microeconomic analysis of Jilia Province, China." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.391119.
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Kenny, Tiffannie. "The Inuit Food System: Ecological, Economic, and Environmental Dimensions of the Nutrition Transition." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/36157.
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From the Arctic to the South Pacific, Indigenous Peoples have experienced a rapid nutrition transition involving the decline of traditional/subsistence-based ways of life and the adoption of a “Western” diet that is high in saturated fats, sugar, and processed foods. This dietary shift has been paralleled by an increased prevalence of obesity, diabetes, and, other diet-related chronic diseases.
In the Arctic, rapidly changing biophysical conditions, globalization, and integration into market economies are collectively challenging access to both country foods and nutritious market foods. Food security and nutrient adequacy thus remain elusive for Inuit communities of northern Canada. Premised upon the view that human well-being is predicated upon complex and dynamic interactions between ecosystems, economies, and societies, this dissertation integrates multiple lines of inquiry and scales of engagement (community, regional, and national) to further understanding of the nutrition transition among Inuit in Canada. The thesis is comprised of two sections.
Section 1 bridges the often disparate fields of human nutrition and wildlife conservation by addressing key questions about the status and management of Arctic species, and the implications for Inuit food security and health. For example, caribou (Rangifer tarandus) populations across the circumpolar north are currently experiencing dramatic declines in abundance and restrictions on Inuit subsistence harvest are currently implemented for several caribou populations. Caribou, however, is the primary source of protein and several micronutrients involved in the prevention of anemia (e.g. iron zinc, copper, riboflavin, and vitamin B12) in the contemporary diet of Inuit adults. Caribou consumption is also positively associated with hemoglobin levels in Inuit adults.
Section 2 considers elements of the market food system in Inuit communities. We found that the most popular market foods consumed by Inuit (e.g. sweetened beverages, added sugar, and bread) contribute significantly to total diet energy while contributing minimally to most micronutrients. Using optimization models, we have demonstrated that a nutritious diet (one meeting Health Canada dietary reference intake values) is theoretically feasible based on a mix of country food and market food, and at relatively little additional cost from current diets. However, significant deviations in patterns of food expenditure away from sweetened beverages, towards dairy, and whole fruits and vegetables would be required.
Taken collectively, this thesis provides important information, as well as new tools, and approaches, for communities, wildlife conservation and public health professionals to jointly promote ecosystem and human health in a rapidly changing environment.
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Kankwamba, Henry [Verfasser]. "Economic disruptions, markets and food security / Henry Kankwamba." Bonn : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Bonn, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1225793084/34.
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Worrall, Stephen. "Profiling the food consumer : the role of demographics, geodemographics and the basket analysis technique." Thesis, Manchester Metropolitan University, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.284314.
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Opacic, Sofija. "The low-income consumer in Greater Reading : an analysis of constrained food shopping behaviour." Thesis, Royal Holloway, University of London, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.262097.
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This thesis is set within the general context of retailing geography. It discusses the salient structural and locational changes that have occurred within the post-war urban retailing environment, and attempts to assess their impact on the inner-city low-income consumer. The first part provides a review of the major findings of past studies of post-war retail change and consumer behaviour, and illustrates that a major deficiency of this literature is the tendency to briefly introduce, but inadequately consider, the implications of recent retail change on the low-income consumer. The essential problem which is addressed in the second part of the thesis is to assess the extent to which post-war retail change has affected the quantity and quality of inner-city shopping opportunities within the chosen study area, Greater Reading. This assessment is largely based on information obtained from surveys conducted by the author, namely a general retail inventory and detailed quality and price surveys. A comprehensive up-to-date description of the inner-city low-income consumer's food shopping behaviour does not exist within the present geographical literature. Accordingly, the third section specifically aims to provide a detailed description of this group's food shopping behaviour at a time of rapid retail change. A repertory grid survey was completed to identify the factors of importance to the low-income consumer, and these formed the focus of a major survey of consumer behaviour. The results of this research highlight both a number of salient similarities and differences amongst the low-income consumer population. The importance of ethnic status and age on the spatial and non-spatial aspects of food shopping behaviour are clearly evidenced. It is argued that such contrasts have major implications for the future planning of inner-city retailing opportunities. In the final part, positive directives for the planning of future inner-city food shopping facilities are discussed, which should help improve the low-income consumer's access to high quality opportunities. This is achieved by the reintroduction of relevant results obtained from the empirical research, and a detailed analysis of the present retail planning process via secondary sources of information including government policy notes and documents, structure plans and local newspapers.
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Crowley, Alison (Alison Rita). "The economic and financial feasibility of food innovation centers." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/99074.
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Thesis: M.C.P., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Urban Studies and Planning, 2015.Thesis: S.M. in Real Estate Development, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Program in Real Estate Development in conjunction with the Center for Real Estate, 2015.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (page 125).
A Food Innovation Center (FIC) is an enclosed commercial space comprising a mix of complementary uses pertaining to locally-operated food growing, production, processing, testing, distribution, and sale. These uses include indoor vertical farms, commercial shared-use kitchens for start-up food businesses, rooftop greenhouses, food halls with local, artisanal vendors, and food-related R&D space, among others. While literature exists on the demand for locally produced food, there is still a gap in the industry's knowledge about the financing environment, development costs, and overall rate of success that FICs experience. The research presented in this thesis is intended to provide an overview of existing Food Innovation Centers via data on acquisition, construction, operations, and returns of individual projects. Does the FIC product innovation add value to urban industrial real estate, and is the FIC a feasible model, financially and economically, for industrial development? Survey analysis of 62 FICs and six in-depth case studies show that FICs are more prominently featured in commercial rather than industrial space and operate on a business model in which a developer owns the property but leases to individual tenants operating one of the FIC business components. Financing largely comes from the philanthropic sector, and some of the most ambitious FICs have partnered with municipalities to identify publicly owned land for a nominal ground lease to the city or below-market acquisition. Overall, the FIC product type is still under development, and more must be learned about the lease structures within the PC to generate more robust underwriting standards that will better attract commercial investment. The most proprietary component of FICs are indoor vertical farms, for which the technology supporting the farm systems is still very much in the nascent R&D phase and not yet prepared for commercial diffusion. FICs do, however, have the ability to impact urban residents who lack access to healthy food. Through procurement, distribution, and wholesaling operations that can take place at FICs, regional small farmers can more easily get their produce into an urban area for distribution to residents. Incubator kitchens can provide cost-effective means for urban residents to test their own business models in the food and beverage manufacturing industry, and the roles that FICs play in hosting public events increases the connection between consumers and the food they eat. FICs generate economic growth through their ability to launch small businesses and create stronger and more direct supply chains between farmers, producers, wholesalers, food and beverage providers, and ultimately the consumer.
by Alison Crowley.
M.C.P.
S.M. in Real Estate Development
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Kubátová, Andrea. "Economic Issues of Current Development of British Food Production." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-202076.
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The thesis describes the current situation and trends influencing food production in the UK. It focuses on the position of agriculture, notably food production, in the national economy as well as in the context of international trade. The thesis also contains a case study describing the presence of British foods on the Czech Market. The aim of the thesis is to evaluate and analyse the current position of small producers and farms on the UK food market and their future potential, primarily with regard to organic and local production. All the main features are summarized in the SWOT analysis.
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Wironen, Michael Bishop. "Governing Environmental and Economic Flows in Regional Food Systems." ScholarWorks @ UVM, 2018. https://scholarworks.uvm.edu/graddis/918.
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Globalization, specialization, and intensification have transformed the global food system, generating material flows and impacts that span multiple scales and levels, presenting novel governance challenges. Many argue for a transition toward a sustainable food system, although the scope and specific goals are fiercely contested. Theory and method is needed to evaluate competing normative claims and build legitimacy.
In this dissertation Vermont serves as a case study to investigate how environmental and economic flows impact regional governance, focusing on efforts to manage agricultural phosphorus to achieve water quality goals. A material flow account is developed to estimate phosphorus flows embedded in commodities flowing in and out of Vermont’s agricultural system from 1925-2012. The results indicate a net imbalance of phosphorus flows for the entire period, leading to the accumulation of legacy phosphorus in soils that constitutes a long-term threat to water quality. Agricultural intensification and land cover change during this period led to increased phosphorus use efficiency, livestock density, and dependency on imported feed, the largest source of phosphorus entering Vermont since the 1980s.
The evidence of persistent imbalance calls into question the effectiveness of current nonpoint source pollution policy. A critical investigation of nutrient management planning policy reveals several shortcomings: pasture is frequently excluded; many phosphorus flows that cross the farm-gate are not captured; critical information on soil phosphorus levels and runoff risk is not collected in a manner that facilitates regional governance. The integration of nutrient management plans and mass-balances is proposed as an alternative approach that can increase accountability, encourage efficiency, and facilitate management and governance, albeit within constraints imposed by Vermont’s position in a globalized market for agricultural commodities.
The empirical and policy analysis is complemented by a theoretical investigation that starts from the observation that a sustainability transition inevitably entails tradeoffs amongst competing normative goals. Navigating these tradeoffs is complicated by mismatch between the reach of governance institutions and the spatial and temporal dimensions of the challenges they face. This investigation contributes to understanding how legitimacy and consensus are constructed in the context of competing normative claims and multi-level governance. It considers deliberative democracy as a means for evaluating normative claims and arriving at a shared, legitimate basis for social action. An instrumental perspective on deliberation is contrasted with a deeper notion that sees deliberation as constitutive of sustainability at a local-to-global level. A conclusion grounds this analysis by drawing out the ways in which deliberation can inform Vermont’s efforts to govern its agriculture, water quality, and economic development, sowing the seeds for a sustainability transition.
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Mañez, Castillej Juan Antonio. "Issues in UK food retail pricing." Thesis, University of Warwick, 1999. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/36400/.
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In this PhD we analyse some topics about food-retail pricing behaviour from the point of view of the empirical industrial organisation. Large UK supermarkets chains are actively involved in quality discrimination; they offer three quality variants for most of the products they sell. These quality variants are from higher to lower quality: branded products, high quality own brand products and low quality own brands. Hence, the first two empirical chapters of this PhD are aimed at studying the implications of the supermarkets chains multiquality nature over supermarkets patterns of price competition. The first of these chapters compares the pattern of price dispersion and price competition for each quality variant. In the second of them we build an econometric model that allows to take into account the effects of competition over the price setting for each quality variant of: different quality variants sold at the same supermarkets, and variants of the same and different quality sold at different supermarkets. The results of these two chapters suggest that competition is less intense for the quality variant with greater possibilities of supermarket product differentiation, the high quality own brand products. The joint consideration of this softer price competition and the higher market share of this quality variant in UK food retailing (if compared with continental food retailing) offers a new explanation for the high profits enjoyed by the UK supermarkets in comparison with their continental counterparts. Claims for antitrust actions against low-price guarantees have been quite common in the USA for some time now. In the UK, the report "Competition in Retailing" written by London Economics for the Office of Fair Trade recognises the anticompetitive effects of low-price guarantees. However, the analysis of Tesco 's Unbeatable Value low-price guarantee did not detect any anticompetitive effect. Tesco 's Unbeatable value triggered a process of reduction of the prices of the products included in the guarantee. Further analysis of the data and the consideration of the supermarket as a multiproduct firm lead us to analyse the possible relationship between this low-price guarantee and a lossleaders strategy. Our analysis seriously advises to reconsider the effects of low-price guarantees when the firms offering them are multiproduct firms. • Large UK supermarket chains face not only the competiticin of other supermarkets but also the competition of discounters. Whereas large UK supermarkets chains offer a homogeneous level of service quality, the level of service quality offered by the discounters is manifestly lower. We propose a model controlling both for locational asymmetries and service quality differentials to analyse the ability of service quality as a market segmentation tool. Also with the aim of analysing this segmentation ability, we study the differential effects of Tesco 's Low Price Guarantee over a supermarket and a discounter store affected by it. The results of these two analysis confirm the ability of service quality differentials to segment the market and advice the consideration of supermarkets and discounters as forming part of two different relevant markets. All the empirical analysis is carried out using a panel of prices that were collected in three supermarkets and a discounter in the south area of Coventry.
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Edris, Thabet Adb El-Rahman. "Consumers' response to nutrition labelling in food choice : a methodological approach using multivariate analysis techniques." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.242472.
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Marriott, Richard Keyworth. "Estimating and forecasting a demand chain for food using cross-section and time-series data." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.266903.
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Barton, Julia Allison. "Agricultural and Food System Development at the Rural-Urban Interface." The Ohio State University, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1284742419.
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Ratnatunga, J. T. D. "The impact of financial controls in marketing : With specific reference to the Australian food marketing industry." Thesis, University of Bradford, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.376701.
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Tekle, Ahadu T. "An economic analysis of food stamp participation in West Virginia." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2006. https://eidr.wvu.edu/etd/documentdata.eTD?documentid=4657.
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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2006.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains vii, 95 p. : ill. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 79-84).
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Ward, A. V. "Economic changes in the U.K. food manufacturing industry 1919-39." Thesis, University of Reading, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.254852.
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The thesis establishes the main economic and structural changes in the food industries between the wars and assesses the part played by convenience foods in that process. It first reviews and presents data from the Census of Production 1907-1948, to show growth rates and the main structural changes. These include an increase in concentration, the emergence of new trades based on product and process innovations, tbe creation of brands and the entry of multinationals into UK food markets. Associated changes in food consumption and food distribution are also reviewed. The body of the thesis examines the impact of convenience foods on the food industry. An account of 'convenience' and a taxonomy of convenience foods is presented (which is critical of the AFS view) based on Census of Production data. It is shown that convenience foods expanded their share of food industry output and had many of the characteristics of the 'new industries' which were an important feature of British industrial development in the period. The central issue, which occupies the remainder of the thesis, is how these foods were produced and marketed and the forms of competitive behaviour which explain the penetration of the new foods through markets. A model of competition developed by M. E. Porter is used as a framework for the exploration of these questions. He adopts the analytical concepts of new entrants, substitutes, the power of suppliers and buyers and competitive rivalry between incumbent firms in markets. These concepts are examined and illustrated with empirical data drawn from company archives relating to the marketing operations of firms such as Kellogg's, Rowntree's and Horlick's. A detailed account of high speed canning illustrates the economic development of the industry over two decades. The thesis concludes that convenience foods had a significant impact on the food manufacturing industries between the ware.
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McMorrow, Liam. "Economic analysis of the non-price determinants of food choices." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2018. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=239959.
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Diet related chronic disease is a global problem related to millions of deaths worldwide. To encourage healthier diets, a greater understanding of the determinants of food choice is necessary. Food choice is a complex, multifaceted process, with a wide range of non-price determinants of food choice. Economic studies tend to focus on the importance of price factors and categorise non-price determinants as individual preferences. The aim of this thesis is to investigate the role of non-price determinants of food choice, specifically exploring how perceived barriers towards healthy eating, time preference, and signposting a food tax can influence food choices. Analysis of the Scottish Health Survey identified associations between perceived barriers to healthy eating and fruit and vegetable consumption. Results show perceiving healthy foods as too boring or not liking the taste of healthy foods were associated with lower fruit and vegetable consumption for men and women. A lack of willpower was reported as the most commonly reported perceived barrier to healthy eating. Time preference is a concept closely related to willpower and to investigate the impact of dietary choices further, primary data were collected to estimate the relationship between time preference and diet. No association between time preference and diet was observed in this study. The effect of signposting a food tax on food purchases was tested using two methods: a discrete choice experiment and field experiment. The discrete choice experiment found that the tax signpost was significantly associated with food choices whilst the field experiment showed no effect. These contradictory results may be explained by the majority of participants failing to notice the signpost in a real-world setting, compared to the discrete choice experiment which was completed online. To conclude, this thesis highlights that non-price determinants of food choice play an important role in the understanding of food choices.
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Chrobog, Christian Karim. "Wasted: understanding the economic and social impact of food waste." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/13325.
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Over one-third of global food production goes to waste while over 850million people are fighting chronic hunger. The United States is the world’s largest food waster. One third of America’s food with an economic value of US$161 billion is wasted and less than 7% is recycled. American food waste ends up in landfills creating powerful methane gas emissions. South Korea, on the other hand, has implemented the world’s strictest food waste laws, and today diverts 93% of wasted food away from landfills turning such waste into powerful economic opportunities. This Master Thesis investigates the reasons behind global food waste by comparing South Korea and the US. It explores what these two nations are doing to address their respective food waste problems, South Korea successfully, the US not. The paper looks at the two countries’ respective policies and national characteristics, which impact decision-making and recycling processes. The effort concludes that South Korea has embarked on a necessary paradigm shift turning food waste into powerful economic drivers leading to a sharp decline in food waste. In the US, food waste continues to be a major problem without a national strategy to remedy waste. Any effort in the US, while laudable, is sporadic and local, and hence the US misses out on possibly important economic growth opportunities.
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Willkie, Angelique. "In search of a greater measure of food security : food policy in Jamaica, 1972-1984." Thesis, McGill University, 1988. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=64060.
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Valencia, Amaya Mauricio Giovanni. "Trade Liberalization and Food Security : The Case of Bolivia after the Structural Reforms of 1985." Thesis, Stockholm University, Department of Economic History, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-36892.
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This research shows the relationship between trade liberalization and food security for the Bolivian case. As a result of the severe economic crisis of the early-1980s, Bolivia adopted a series of market-oriented reforms in 1985. The reforms included the liberalization of the trade regime and the promotion of non-traditional exports. The trade liberalization had an important effect on the performance of cash crops, especially in the development of the soybeans industry. However, foodcrops did not have such a great dynamics. Vegetables and starchy roots declined in per capita terms and the increase in imports were not enough to compensate the decline. Trade reforms mostly favor a small group of large-scale farmers in the lowlands, who had historically been granted land in the region. In this sense, Bolivia’s involvement in a trade liberalization process was not reflected in an overall improvement of the country’s food security.
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Budu, Ben Asare. "Economic feasibility of processing food waste and incorporating processed food waste products in least cost duck feeds." Thesis, McGill University, 2001. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=33067.
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The focus of this thesis was to analyze the least cost of producing rations for ducks in three age categories from a mixture of conventional feed ingredients and three different processed food waste products and to examine the financial and economic feasibility of establishing an industrial plant to produce these food waste products in the Montreal region. The first part of the thesis was investigated through the use of a linear programming model. The effect of recognizing the variability of protein levels in the various feed ingredients was examined through the use of chance-constrained programming.The second part of the thesis was examined using economic and financial analyses for the investment. The basic plant requirements to produce the three processed food waste products were the same, however energy costs were different for the three products. Revenue was generated from tipping fees and the sale of the three processed food waste products. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
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Mertens, Michael Mercer. "Implications of Local and Regional Food Systems: Toward a New Food Economy in Portland, Oregon." PDXScholar, 2014. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/1892.
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The local food movement in the Portland Metro Region of Oregon is as prevalent as anywhere in the Country. To a large degree this is driven by the Portland Metro area food culture and the diverse agricultural landscape present in the Willamette Valley and throughout the State. Portlanders demand local food and thus far the rural periphery has been able to provide it; driving a new food economy that has economic implications throughout the region. As this regional food economy emerges much attention has been focused on harnessing its power for economic development perpetuated by the belief that there exists an opportunity to foster a cluster of economic activity pertaining to the production, processing, distribution and sale of regional foods that might generate economic opportunities throughout the value chain.
The research presented here constitutes an attempt to characterize the local and regional food system that currently exists in the Portland Metro Region and to bring to light the opportunities present at the regional scale that link the agricultural periphery to the urban core. I present two different definitions of local and regional food systems and show how these different conceptions have very different implications for economic development. Once defined, I test for differences between local and regional food systems and the export-oriented, agro-food sector by analyzing aspects of geographic space and processes of knowledge accumulation and innovation in the context of aspects of regional economic development such as agglomeration economies, knowledge spillovers, business life cycle and industrial location.
My analysis showed that there are significant differences between local and regional food systems and the export-oriented agro-food industry specific to supply chains, actors and products of the different systems. Furthermore, through spatial analysis, I found that there are differences in terms of the spatial structure and distribution between producers who participate in the different systems. Local and regional producers tend to cluster closer together at smaller scales, are smaller in size and are found to be closer to the urban core. Through a qualitative inquiry I found that this clustering facilitates forces of agglomeration economies specific to food producers who participate in local and regional supply chains, particularly non-pecuniary effects of knowledge accumulation. This underlying structure has significant effects on economic outcomes and as such has implications in terms of regional economic development when local and regional food systems are considered in terms of the city-region.
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Sieti, Natalia. "Life cycle environmental and economic sustainability in the baby food sector." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2018. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/life-cycle-environmental-and-economic-sustainability-in-the-baby-food-sector(f098fc2e-6148-443c-b374-16fb506730d3).html.
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This research addresses life cycle environmental and economic sustainability in the baby food sector. In the UK, this sector has been growing rapidly, expanding by around 30% between 2009 and 2014, by which time it was worth an estimated £181 million per year. This growth sits within a context of high emissions from the food sector: in 2015, UK net GHG emissions were estimated to be 496 million tonnes (Mt) and the domestic food chain was responsible for 115 Mt CO2 eq. emissions. However, within this overall food chain, very little is known about the sustainability of the baby food sector, with almost no prior literature in the area. The research presented here begins with market research to identify the characteristics of products available in the ready-made food market, in which wet and dry products in jars and pouches dominate sales. Subsequently, 12 representative products are selected from those available on the market and each is assessed in detail to establish its environmental and economic impacts using life cycle assessment (LCA), life cycle costing (LCC) and value added (VA) assessment. The findings of these product-level assessments are then compared to home-made equivalents and finally scaled up according to sales volumes to provide an overall view of the baby food sector as a whole. Wet and dry variants of ready-made porridge products are assessed first as the most commonly consumed breakfast option. The dry product is shown to have 5%-70% the impacts of the wet, on average, and the importance of product formulation is clear: for dry porridge, reformulation could reduce impacts by up to 67%. For the wet porridge, switching from glass jars to plastic pouches is also shown to decrease impacts by up to 89%. Assessment of 11 wet ready-made products demonstrates that the highest impacts are found in spaghetti Bolognese and salmon risotto, and that raw materials are the major hotspot of the life cycle, contributing 12-69%, followed by manufacturing at 2-49%. When combined into a range of weekly diets limited differences are observed between diets, except in cases where dairy-free diets result in compensatory increases in meat consumption. When the aforementioned selection of ready-made products is compared to its home-made equivalent, the home-made options are shown to have lower impacts by 50% to 17 times. This is due to the avoidance of manufacturing and extra packaging stages, as well as shorter supply chains resulting in less waste overall. At the product level, the LCC of ready-made meals ranges from £0.08 to £0.26 per 125 g product, compared to £0.02-£0.20 for the home-made equivalents. Value added is, on average, approximately four times higher for ready-made meals than homemade, illustrating the potential profit of the sector. Annually, the ready-made baby food sector has an LCC of £40m and carbon footprint of 109 kt CO2 eq. This carbon footprint represents only 0.1% of the UK food and drinks sector. The results of this research show that considerable improvements can be made to the environmental and economic sustainability of baby foods, both ready- and homemade, while home-made options tend to have lower costs and environmental impacts. The outputs provide benchmarking and improvement opportunities for industry and government, as well as insight for consumers.
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Goe, W. Richard. "Food production in the emerging information society : a political-economic analysis /." The Ohio State University, 1988. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487596807820783.
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Athanasios, Athanasenas. "Food security in less developed countries: assessing the effects of food aid in rural Kenya as a food supply shock on consumption and nutrition." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/45639.
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Food Security can be defined in terms of establishing national or regional minimum nutritional standards, or in terms of securing national or regional self-sufficiency production levels. In this research, food security is viewed from a nutritional-economic standpoint. The prevalence of severe malnutrition and food production instability, especially in Sub-Saharan African Countries, creates the impetus to identify the several economic aspects which characterize the overall food sector and its security floor. Hence, LDC governments, drawing on the WFP (World Food Program) and other international agencies, are interested in formulating a desirable national food strategy which, to a certain degree, secures a balanced national food production sector and consumption pattern.
Food aid, in turn, is an essential mechanism designed to serve developmental purposes, such as income redistribution or provision of food as a real resource. Food-for-Work (FFW), as a specific form of food aid programs, represents a short-run food supply shock in the market environment of the recipient country's economy, since it is used as a "bridge" for meeting the basic nutritional requirements of the poorest households in the short-run. In the long-run, FFW can be used for developing infrastructure, creating jobs and advancing working skills, providing additional income to participants, and further improving the overall nutritional status of the poor.
Recognizing these features of food aid, this research focused on the empirical estimation of the specific nutritional contribution of a FFW project, implemented at the community level in the Ewalel and Marigat locations of the Baringo District, Rift Valley Province, Kenya. The primary objectives were to measure empirically the magnitude of the FFW contribution on the nutritional status of the participant households, and to determine the relationship between consumption patterns and domestic (local) food prices. In this research, FFW participants' consumption behavior was hypothesized to be differentiated from the non-participants in terms of their income elasticities of demand for nutrients. Also, it was hypothesized that the FFW nutritional contribution to participants was greater than the equivalent net income gains through the value of the FFW provided food items (monetary market value of provided food items). Both hypotheses are supported by the analysis.
To determine the course of this research, a two step analytical procedure was followed. First, following Lancaster's conceptual setting on the "Goods' Characteristics Theory."
Master of Science
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Munyanyi, Rachael Mationesa. "The political economy of food aid: a case of Zimbabwe." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2005. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_8972_1182748616.
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The food security crisis which gripped the sub Sahara Africa after the drought in 1999/2000 threatened development initiatives in these countries. Zimbabwe&rsquo
s situation has since worsened and the country has failed to recuperate from the food problems, even after an improvement in the climatic conditions. International and local food aid activities then became a priority in the fight to sustain the right to food for the affected regions. It is argued in this research that if food aid is distributed on the basis of need it will enable the vulnerable populations recuperate form food insecurity problems. It is also postulated that if well implemented, food aid programmes are also able to play the dual role of averting starvation and leading to long term development. This thesis departs from the allegations of food aid politicisation in Zimbabwe.
Using the rational choice and neopatrimonial theories of individual behaviour, this research endeavored to ascertain whether political decisions influenced the government food aid distributions which were conducted through the Grain Marketing Board. In line with these theories, it is argued in this study that politicians behave in a manner that maximizes the fulfillment of their individual needs rather than the needs of the people who vote them in positions of power.
A qualitative approach was adopted in this study and data was gathered through household interviews in the Seke and Goromonzi districts of the Mashonaland East province in Zimbabwe. Furthermore, interviews were conducted with food aid experts from the governmental and non governmental organisations dealing with food security issues in Zimbabwe.
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Durrant, Rachael Amy. "Civil society roles in transition : towards sustainable food?" Thesis, University of Sussex, 2014. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/51587/.
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Civil society organisations (CSOs) in the UK are currently engaged in attempts to make food systems more sustainable, i.e. greener, fairer and healthier. These efforts have been maintained over several decades, for instance the Soil Association was launched in response to concerns about modern agriculture and food in 1946. But more sustainable food systems remain marginal. Thus, the aim of this thesis is to improve understanding of the important roles that CSOs can and do play within processes of large-scale social change (or ‘transitions'). It does this by developing a typology of the distinguishable roles played by CSOs in transition, and relating this to empirical findings from three UK case studies. Through a mixture of field observations, documentary analysis and in-depth interviewing, it makes a number of relevant findings. First, it provides detailed empirical characterisation of the activities, relationships with other actors, and stated intentions of specific CSOs. Second, it finds that CSOs chart unique transformative pathways, both individually and collectively, which emerge from their interactions and strategic repositioning over time. Third, rather than being guided by a single shared vision of transition, CSOs are found to be engaged in a plurality of intended transformations that contend with, cross-cut and partially encompass each other. These findings contribute to scholarly knowledge about how civil society innovation operates at different structural levels, targets different elements within socio-technical systems, and engages different kinds of actors and practices. They also reinforce and extend existing understandings of how civil society actors exercise power in the context of transitions, and reveal how systemic perspectives – such as underlie transitions theory – can obfuscate both the intentions and activities of the actors involved, thereby raising questions about the attribution of agency in studies of transition.
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Kralovec, Sophie. "Food insecurity in Nigeria - An analysis of the impact of climate change, economic development, and conflict on food security." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-22940.
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Food insecurity is a major problem in Nigeria. The Food and Agriculture Organization estimates that Nigeria’s food security situation has worsened in the past 15 years. This thesis examines the impacts of different factors that jeopardize the Nigerian food security situation. According to previous literature, there are mostly three factors that affect food security; climate change, economic development, and violent conflict. Nigeria is the chosen case study because all the above mentioned factors play a key role in the country; it is affected by climate change, the economy is fluctuating and there has been the Boko Haram insurgency going on since 2009. This thesis aims, with the help of the concept of food security, to analyze these factors to see whether and to what extent they influence food insecurity in Nigeria. The thesis uses a mixed-methods approach. Quantitative data are retrieved from several databases that give measurements on food security, climate change, economy, and conflict. Qualitative data are reports and interviews that were conducted with Nigerian NGO’s. Cautious findings show that all three factors can lead to food insecurity and, therefore, can explain why there is food insecurity in Nigeria. Finally, this paper concludes and confirms theresults of existing research in the case of Nigeria.
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Zanardi, Carlotta <1997>. "Italy-Canada agri-food trade under the Comprehensive Economic Trade Agreement: the case study of Italian Food Canada Inc." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/20932.
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The Comprehensive and Economic Trade Agreement (CETA) provided the opportunity to European Union and Canada to benefit from mutual trade. It is based on the idea of creating a market free from barriers and tariffs, facilitating business relationships between the two global actors. The cooperation between Canada and EU is key in order for both to foster their economies. The dissertation aims at introducing CETA and its application in real business case. It defines the Agreement, starting with an overview of the circumstances in which its negotiations were initiated with a brief background of trade relations between Canada and the EU throughout history; It will be focused on its development and implementation, demonstrating how it can be considered a “modern” agreement for the 21st century era. It explores the effects that CETA had on trade of goods, services and foreign investment, providing numbers and graphs aimed at giving a clear overview of the concrete benefits of its implementation. The application of CETA will be exemplified through a more in-depth analysis of the agricultural and agri-food sector, defining the rules regulating it and standards of import and export for both Canadian and EU market. The analysis identifies impacts that CETA had on the agricultural and agri-food industry, while pointing out current challenges and specifications. The agri-food market has been experiencing challenges in the last decade, due to different external and internal pressures. As a consequence, even agri-food trade under an economic agreement has been affected. Harvesting issues along with changes in consumers’ nutritional habits and higher attention on sustainability questioned the current CETA provisions. Worldwide trade of agri-food products is affected by domestic and international issues along the supply chain, impacting production, distribution and consumption of agricultural goods. As a consequence, EU, especially Italy, and Canada agri-food trade is subject to a progressive change towards the implementation of sustainable practice to more efficiently manage the exchange of these products. Hence, there is a growing interest in initiating new negotiations to foster agri-food trade on both sides of CETA involved parties. The text will then introduce the study of the case of Italian Food Canada Inc, a Canadian subsidiary of Coop Italian Food which works as an affiliate of Coop Italia. It highlights the process of doing business in an overseas country and all the difficulties it carries, as well as analyzing the role of CETA in such market. It then provides insights on import and export activities between the two regions concluding with a study on the competitive advantage that the agreement provides. The case study gives a concrete example of the exploitation of the CETA agreement from Coop Italia, the largest food cooperative of Italy, for the creation of a Canadian subsidiary, Italian Food Canada. The brand-new company based in Toronto takes advantage of the benefit provided by the agreement and aims at providing Canadian consumers with authentic Italian food, fulfilling an unmatched need of Italian food products at affordable prices, guaranteeing high-quality standards. Italian Food Canada can count on the well-established supply chain provided by Coop Italia, which translates in a net of producers and manufacturers, agencies for food standards compliance and operations management for shipments. The future of the company is still subject to a marginal level of uncertainty, but IFC has a long way ahead to make improvements. The existence of CETA facilitated the choice of entering a foreign market and it is plausible to think other businesses will follow the same path, even though it is still crucial to take into consideration the challenges that may arise as a consequence of doing business and developing a supply chain overseas.
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Davis, Deidra Denice. "Access to Fresh Foods: Socio-Economic Characteristics of Illinois Farmers' Markets Participating in Government Funded Food Assistance Programs." OpenSIUC, 2012. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/818.
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The USDA's Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program's (SNAP) strives to connect SNAP recipients to local and healthful food sold at Farmers' markets. These efforts are an attempt to provide families, struggling to make ends meet, access to healthy foods and food purchasing power via the Federal Food Stamp program. However, of the 288 listed farmers' markets in Illinois only 25 are listed as SNAP/EBT accepting markets (2010 National Farmers Market Directory). The first part of this study uses the 61st Street Farmers Market as a case study, investigating the practical market operations and interpreting their method of EBT implementation to provide an established model of an existing and thriving farmers' market. Next, I will investigate the socio-economic characteristics (population, race, employment, income, poverty, education, age, and SNAP recipients) of Illinois farmers' markets accepting EBT. I will compare this data to other Illinois Farmers' markets that do not accept EBT and assess which non-accepting market locations would be most suitable for implementing EBT usage in the future. Finally, based on my case study and statistical analysis, I will discuss recommendations for farmers' markets to accept EBT into their markets. Findings indicate that there is no significant difference between the mean ranks of the socio-economic characteristics for the EBT and non-EBT accepting farmers' markets. Of the 8 socio-economic characteristics tested, the populations of SNAP recipients were analogous for each group: EBT and Non-EBT accepting farmers' markets.
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Mafu, Nozipho. "The socio-economic impact of a food production programme: Qamata irrigation scheme." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/7772.
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Irrigation Schemes were introduce to be hub for food production and provision of job opportunities for rural communities. The idea also focused on provision of water in most dry areas but with potential soil for production. The introduction of government food security program came as means to achieve these objectives by subsidizing farmers with inputs and mechanical operations so as to reduce cost of production. This paper analyses the social and economic impact of massive food program in changing the lives of communities at Qamata Irrigation scheme. The data were collected from households who were beneficiaries of massive food program at Qamata Irrigation scheme and analysed using a descriptive statistics. The results show that socio-economic factors which include storage facilities, access to markets channels, land acquisition and size, change in income limit the ability of farmers to produce and sell productively, since they cannot store their produce for better market prices and are also limited in terms of available market. They are forced to sell at local village level on credit or have their produce loss in poor storage facilities. Qamata irrigation scheme had limited access to formal markets and market information.
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Lakzadeh, Pardis. "Economic evaluation of a novel homestead food production program in rural Cambodia." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/57982.
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Background: For over 20 years Helen Keller International has implemented homestead food production (HFP) programs in developing countries to improve the nutritional status of women and children, household food security and income. The HFP model encourages year-round food production through home gardens and animal husbandry. Although, HFP has been successful in increasing household food production, economic assessment of this program has been limited. In order for program implementers to allocate limited resources efficiently, there is a need for a rigorous economic assessment of HFP programs.
Objective: To (1) identify factors associated with household income in rural, Cambodia, (2) to systematically measure and monetize food production from gardens and fishponds, and explore the cost-effectiveness of HFP in Cambodia in a cost-benefit analysis (CBA), using data from a randomized control trial (RCT), (3) explore the sensitivity of the CBA results and alternative scenarios for program implementation.
Methods: Factors associated with household income, were examined using a generalized linear mixed model at a univariate and multivariate level. Food production was estimated from multiple longitudinal data sources. The program benefits (food production) were monetized using local village market values, while costs were determined through a micro-costing analysis. A CBA was carried out from the project perspective and the net monetary benefit in each study arm was estimated and compared to control households. Lastly, the sensitivity of the CBA results was tested in a one-way sensitivity and scenario analysis.
Results: Assessment of baseline household income revealed that in rural Cambodia fishponds and pigs were associated with income. Households in the HFP program produced more food, relative to the control. The results from CBA show that home gardens are a cost-effective HFP intervention. The results from the scenario analysis suggest that the addition of fishponds to gardens may also be cost-effective if implemented outside a RCT.
Conclusion: This study has developed tools to systematically measure and monetize food production from HFP, while finding that establishment of home gardens is a cost-effective use of resources.Medicine, Faculty of
Population and Public Health (SPPH), School of
Graduate
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Rugube, Lovemore M. "Logistics for food security in Zimbabwe, an economic analysis for maize availability." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/nq23657.pdf.
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Lee, Suk. "Food shortages and economic institutions in the Democratic Peoples' Republic of Korea." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2003. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/2505/.
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This thesis aims to understand the 1987-99 food crisis in the DPRK. We begin by establishing the fact that the country faced several previous food shortages, including the 1945-46 urban foods crisis, the 1954-55 rural food crisis and the 1970-73 food shortage, all of which triggered and motivated corresponding institutional changes in agriculture. And we find that in order to overcome repeated food shortages the country has developed several distinctive economic institutions such as administrative/quantitative production control in agriculture, state grain marketing, food rationing, central monopoly of agricultural trade and supplementary food supply institutions. On the basis of this finding, we proceed into the analysis of the food crisis. Specifically, three controversial issues are examined. First, did it escalate into famine? If it did, how severe was the famine? Second, what was the causation of the famine? How did it unfold and what features did it have? Third, did the food crisis change the DPRK agriculture? With respect to the first issue we estimate the number of excess deaths during the food crisis using official population figures. It shows that there existed a famine that claimed 688 thousand excess deaths in 1994-99. For the second issue we argue that the famine had several unique features. First it was ‘absolute food availability decline (FAD) famine’ in which no policies were feasible to prevent it. Second, it was urban famine where industrial population in the north-eastern part of the country suffered most. Third, it was ‘famine-in-slow motion’ that victims persistently weakened for a long period rather than perished in a short space of time, due to the mixed result of massive FAD and systematic national coping strategies. Concerning the final issue we show that it is not necessarily true that the food crisis genuinely changed the DPRK agriculture as generally conceived.
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Wishart, Hannah. "The Economic Impact of Natural Disasters on Food Security and SNAP Benefits." Ohio University Honors Tutorial College / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ouhonors1492706056382996.
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FERRARI, LINDA. "Attitude toward gene-edited food: and economic analysis from diverse stakeholders’ viewpoint." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Pavia, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11571/1438453.
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The fast-growing global population is increasingly confronted with the need to produce enough food, while coping with growing environmental challenges. To address this issue, gene technologies are more and more put forward as a potential solution to help reaching a more sustainable food system. Recently, new genetic engineering techniques such as gene editing (GE) have been proposed as valuable solutions to overcome people’s concerns about GMOs. GE includes several tools, and one of the most prominent is CRISPR/Cas9. Nevertheless, the European Court of Justice (ECJ) ruled in July 2018 that products derived from new genetic modification techniques must be considered as GMOs (i.e. they must be subject to the same safety assessments and require the same label, thus they must undergo the European Commission Directive 2001/18).
Europe is currently experiencing a heated debate on GE food at political and scientific level, with many researchers calling for a revision toward a two-fold regulation. Beyond these regulatory challenges, public acceptance of GE food needs to be further explored, as there has been little research on this subject to date.
This doctoral dissertation examines attitude toward GE food among different stakeholders, namely farmers and consumers.
This dissertation contributes to the ongoing literature on gene-edited acceptance in several ways. First, it examines farmers’ attitude toward CRISPR/Cas9 blast resistant rice, which represents a particular application of the GE technology. Secondly, it examines consumers’ attitude toward GE food and GE labelling preferences. Both studies identify the key determinants of attitudes toward GE food. In more detail, the study conducted on farmers offers valuable insights on a hypothetical application of CRISPR/Cas9 blast resistant rice. Then, the analysis investigates the effect of a non-cognitive skill (NCS), namely the locus of control (LOC) on farmers attitude toward CRISPR rice. It represents an empirical research and the analysis was based on primary data. The study conducted on consumers aims to explore attitudes toward GE food and preferences for GE food labelling. In addition, the study addresses young adults, that is Millennials and Generation Z. These population segments include young adults who are expected to play a key role in the debate on agricultural biotechnologies of the next future. Results provided in the doctoral dissertations suggest an overall positive attitude toward gene-edited food.
Farmers generally showed a positive tendency toward CRISPR rice resistant to blast. Subjective knowledge, prior farming experience, and a low perception of risk on the agri-food business caused by CRISPR/Cas9 positively affected their attitude. Notably, having an external LOC improved attitude toward CRISPR rice. This result is surprisingly, but it has to be contextualised in the EU policy scenario, where the cultivation of CRISPR plants is not allowed. Young consumers, i.e. Millennials and GenZers, generally showed a positive attitude toward GE food. Key determinants were objective knowledge, which positively affected attitude, and environmental concern, which negatively affected it. Regarding GE food labelling preferences, key determinants were educational background, objective knowledge of EU GMO regulation (positive), and attitude toward GE food (negative). Moreover, the preference for applying a similar labelling policy to both GM and GE was negatively linked to objective knowledge. Results suggest several policy interventions. First, more information regarding new plant breeding techniques should be provided to improve knowledge on breeding technologies, particularly among farmers. Policy should also highlight the positive outcomes that NPBTs could generate on the
environment and on the economy. Finally, a revision of the current EU GM policy should be rethought to meet the needs of the population.
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Goode, Richard. "A history of the Food and Canning Workers Union, 1941-1975." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/15859.
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Includes bibliographical references.Canning workers were organised into the Food and Canning workers Union in large numbers when the union grew along with the growth of the South African canning industry, stimulated by the demand for canned goods during World War II. Formed in 1941, by Ray Alexander, a member of the Communist Party, the union spread into the small canning towns to become established with a base in the fruit canning districts of the Western Cape, Eastern Cape and in the West coast fish canning industry. As a consequence of developing within a geographically dispersed and seasonal industry, the union assumed a particular organisational form, promoting the autonomy of branches and seasonal fluctuations in union strength. The Food and Canning Workers Union was a non-racial and militant union that brought tremendous improvements in wages, working and living conditions to the workers who joined its ranks and participated in the struggles it led. The union also played a major role in the affairs of the labour movement and participated in political campaigns that occurred in the 1940s and 1950s. Through a relationship to the Communist Party in the 1940s, to the South African Congress of Trade Unions during the mid-1950s to early 1960s, the Food and Canning Workers Union reveals an approach to politics that gave priority to the economic position of its members and also sought to contribute to broader political campaigns. This dissertation provides a critical history of the union from its inception in 1941 to 1975. The primary material that it is based upon are the records of the Food and Canning Workers Union and oral interviews.
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Precoma, Giorgia <1997>. "Food Consumption and Consumer Behaviour. How socio-economic and political factors have shaped food advertising and consumers' approach to the food industry from 1900 to the present." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/20383.
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History might be of great help in shedding light on the actors shaping consumers’ approach towards food consumption and their preferences. Development and innovation processes are often unpredictable and uncertain, they involve multiple actors and factors, they are often difficult to decode for observers and practitioners. In this sense, historical research helps to frame these processes, because it reconstructs their origins and dynamics, and at the same time it can give useful insight and suggestions on how to manage nowadays processes. With particular reference to the food industry, which is one of the most developed within the Italian Country, consumer behavior and food advertising have witnessed significant changes over time. To understand which factors contributed to this changes, a research through the history of Italy from early 1900s to today is undertaken, basing on the existing literature on this theme and in particular to the research of the contemporary historian Emanuela Scarpellini. Past and present consumption choices are the result of a multitude of different factors: political, social, economic, geographical and cultural, which altogether prove the interlink between consumers and the environment in which they are embedded. A particular focus will be put on the key role that advertising and communication have been playing over time and the extent to which they influenced food consumption choices will be studied through the analysis of several editions of the magazine "La Cucina Italiana". The historical research on food consumption patterns, that begins with the study of food preferences of the Twentieth Century, will arrive up to the present society, different compared to the past ones under many points of view. In order to understand which are the factors that affect nowadays consumers' buying behavior towards the food industry and to determine the extent to which they do so, an empyrical analysis is carried out, through a survey on a sample of 480 consumers.
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Breedt, Vicky-Lohanzi. "A farm-level economic impact analysis of food safety and quality systems in the South African mango and litchi industry." Pretoria : [s.n.], 2009. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-12172009-162950/.
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Ripoll, Santiago. "Food sovereignty and campesino moral economies : market embeddedness, autonomy and solidarity in the Matagalpa Highlands of Nicaragua." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2016. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/61252/.
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In the past two decades, social movements advocating for food sovereignty, the most visible being Via Campesina (the peasant's way), have successfully articulated an alternative paradigm to the dominant models of industrial food production and free trade. Food sovereignty is constructed upon particular conceptions of the moral economies of peasants and assumptions about how peasants deploy moral values and economic practices to resist commoditisation. This ethnography establishes how peasants relate to the commoditisation of grain, land and labour in their everyday lives, and in turn reflects on what a food sovereignty rooted in campesino moral economies would look like. To do this, I conducted fieldwork in a village in the Matagalpa Highlands of Nicaragua, documenting campesinos' everyday practices, moral ideologies and social norms regarding the production, transfer and exchange of food, land and labour. This research breaks down the idea that market exchanges are only profit-seeking and gift-giving is solely the product of mutuality. I argue that campesino households and communities engage partially with capitalist markets whilst pursuing autonomy from them. This is achieved through resisting commoditisation to different degrees for different commodities, with moral norms allowing certain things to fall in and out of commodity status. Moral norms allow for grain and labour to be sold as a commodity in particular circumstances whereas fully resist the sale of land. Autonomy from the market is underpinned by ideologies of solidarity, shaped by the social embeddedness of exchanges determined by relations of kinship, affiliation and locality. Whilst these ideologies succeed in stalling capitalist accumulation, they can reproduce conservative notions of the family and disguise intra-community class inequalities. I show how market exchanges are frequently used to deliver solidarity and that family networks can also be used to extract profit: exchanges have become a contested battlefield, where exploiters can portray themselves as helpers.
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Marttila, Juha. "The effect of oligopolistic competition on economic welfare in the Finnish food manufacturing /." [Helsinki : Agricultural Economics Research Institute, Finland], 1996. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=007575925&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.
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Sentery, Kabengele. "Prospects for market diversification in SADC for selected South African agricultural and food products." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/86226.
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Thesis (MAgricAdmin)--Stellenbosch University, 2014.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This research provides South Africa's producers and exporters with information on new market opportunities for South Africa's selected agricultural and food products in the Southern African Development Community (SADC). There is increasing global competition and countries in Africa are increasingly targeted as export markets due to its population growth and its increasing per capita income. Both developed countries and developing countries such as the United States of America, China, Brazil, India, etc. are gradually increasing their exports to Africa. In Sub-Saharan Africa, this is also taking place in SADC. In this region, there has been a significant increase in total imports from the mentioned countries from 2001 to 2013. The International Trade Centre market selection method was used for product selection (using the Export Potential Index) and country selection (using the Market Attractiveness Index). Fourteen products were selected and Angola is the most attractive market in the region (SADC) and is ranked first in the Market Attractiveness Index for seven of the fourteen selected products. The top ranking markets for the 14 selected products were identified as: Mauritius for maize, sweetened milk powder, raw cane sugar and wheat or meslin flour; Angola for fresh apples, fresh or dried oranges, sparkling wine, bulk wine, refined cane or beet sugar, frozen bovine cuts, and frozen bovine carcasses and half carcasses; Mozambique for bottled wine; and Zambia for fresh grapes and soya beans. In most cases the countries with the second and third highest rankings in the Market Attractiveness Index also offer opportunities for market diversification. South Africa exports certain products to non-African countries, whereas these non-African countries export the same products to SADC. There are therefore opportunities geographically nearer to South Africa, because South Africa could export these products to SADC. Exporters should not necessarily abandon non-African markets in order to export to SADC; however they should be aware of opportunities close by and develop strategies to maximize profit and maintain sustainable markets.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie navorsing bied aan Suid-Afrika se produsente en uitvoerders inligting oor nuwe markgeleenthede vir Suid-Afrika se geselekteerde landbou-en voedselprodukte in die Suider Afrikaanse Ontwikkelingsgemeenskap (SAOG). Daar is toenemende globale mededinging en lande in Afrika word toenemend geteiken as uitvoermarkte as gevolg van bevolkingsgroei en die stygende per capita inkomste. Beide ontwikkelde en ontwikkelende lande soos die Verenigde State van Amerika, China, Brasilië, Indië, ens. verhoog geleidelik hulle uitvoere na Afrika. In Sub-Sahara Afrika, gebeur dit ook in SAOG. In hierdie streek, was daar „n betekenisvolle toename in invoere vanaf die genoemde lande van 2001 tot 2013. Die Internasionale Handelsentrum markseleksie metode is gebruik om produkte te kies (met die Uitvoer Potensiaal Indeks) en om lande te kies (met die Mark Aantreklikheidsindeks). Veertien produkte is gekies en Angola is die mees aantreklike mark in die streek (SAOG) en is bo-aan die lys in die Mark Aantreklikheidsindeks vir sewe van die veertien geselekteerde produkte. Die top markte vir die 14 geselekteerde produkte is geïdentifiseer as: Mauritius vir mielies, versoete melkpoeier, ruwe rietsuiker en mengkoringmeelblom; Angola vir vars appels, vars of gedroogde lemoene, vonkelwyn, grootmaat wyn, verwerkte riet- of beetsuiker, bevrore beessnitte, en bevrore bees karkasse en half karkasse; Mosambiek vir gebottelde wyn; en Zambië vir vars druiwe en vir sojabone. In meeste gevalle bied lande met die tweede en derde hoogste punte in die Mark Aantreklikheidsindeks ook geleenthede vir markdiversifikasie. Suid-Afrika voer sekere produkte uit na nie-Afrika lande, terwyl hierdie nie-Afrika lande weer dieselfde produkte na die SAOG uitvoer. Daar is dus geleenthede geografiese nader aan Suid-Afrika, want Suid-Afrika kan hierdie produkte na die SAOG uitvoer. Uivoerders moet nie noodwendig oorsese markte laat vaar om na die SAOG uit te voer nie, maar hulle moet bewus wees van nader geleenthede en strategieë ontwikkel om wins te maksimeer en volhoubare markte te handhaaf.
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Loftin, Craig R. "An Examination of Open- and Closed-Economic Corxtitions in Operant Research." DigitalCommons@USU, 1989. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/5997.
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The effect of economic condition on the relation between responding and overall rate of reinforcement has been an area of recent interest in operant research. The present research was conducted to determine whether the manipulation of the economic condition, by the systematic manipulation of the provision of substitute food, has an effect on this relation and whether open- and closed-economies represent two opposing alternatives or two parametric extremes along- a continuum. The results of two experiments conducted with pigeons using variable-interval and fixed-ratio schedules of reinforcement suggest that the manipulation of economic condition has a controlling effect on the relation between responding and overall rate of reinforcement, that open- and closed- economies are likely to represent points along- a continuum rather than all-or-none conditions, and that the differences in the response-to- reinforcement relation between open- and closed-economies are likely due to an interaction of incentive and regulatory effects. Additionally, specific methodological considerations for further research in this area are suggested.
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BRITTO, LUCIANA DE ARAUJO. "FOOD BENEFIT PROGRAM AND THE MULTIPLE FACE OF POVERTY: ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND POLITC." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2007. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=11215@1.
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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIROEntende-se que a pobreza se caracteriza por uma multiplicidade de fatores; e, dentre eles, o fator político. A experiência abordada trata inicialmente de 17 famílias incluídas no Cadastramento Único para o Programa Bolsa Família num Centro de Referência de Assistência Social no município do Rio de Janeiro e desenvolve o estudo sobre a dinâmica de quatro famílias beneficiadas pelo Programa que se caracterizam por vítimas das mais variadas formas de exclusão social. Nesta dissertação propõe-se discorrer sobre pobreza e direitos, com o objetivo de dar visibilidade a essas famílias a respeito de sua vulnerabilidade social e da pobreza, buscando caracterizar seu perfil e, através do diálogo conhecer suas expectativas para o futuro e os seus níveis de participação política, pois, se concluiu que a pobreza não se resume pela insuficiência de renda, mas se assenta no isolamento social provocado pela ausência do trabalho, da educação e da participação política mais efetiva. Para embasar essa discussão teórica utilizou-se o pensamento de Hannah Arendt (2001) e alguns de seus comentadores Telles (1990), Lafer (2001) e Duarte (2002) para explorar a questão dos direitos e cidadania na perspectiva da esfera pública e da esfera privada objetivando discutir a política social, pobreza e direitos na sociedade brasileira.
The study show trat poverty embraces a vast array of factors: social, economic, cultutal, political and others. The research comprehends the profile of families included in the Sole Family Register to benefit the Family Assistance Program. The study encompasses four families that are victims of multiple social exclusion forms in the Rio de Janeiro municipality. Efforts were made to point out poverty and its rights in order to make the mentioned families aware of their social vulnerabilities and their poverty-stricken condition. It also make public their ways to have a political participation as well as their expectations for the future. The conclusion is that poverty does not consist of income insufficiency but it is also due to the social isolation caused by the absence of work, education, and a more effective political participation. To accredit the study it resorted to the ideas of: Hannah Arendt (2001) and some of her commentators, such as: Telles (1990), Lafer (2001), and Duarte (2002) specially the issues concerning citizenship rights under the public standpoint aiming at broadening the discussion on the social assistance policies, pverty and social rights.
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Nichols, Alexis Redvers. "The agronomic, environmental and economic implications of a combined food and energy system." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1983/09bc217d-aa16-4c14-8a48-92a067eb2285.
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Silvoarable systems exploit the beneficial ecological interactions that occur when trees and crops are grown together. The combined food and energy system comprises of strips of short rotation coppice (SRC - densely planted, fast growing hardwood trees grown as a biofuel) planted across arable fields managed under a integrated crop management system. Some of the potential benefits and disadvantageso f this system were assessedo ver a three-year period (from establishment of the SRC until the first harvest) using field experiments and an economic model. Agronomically the impact of the system was minimal. The main effects were localised decreases in yield and increases in crop moisture content, which occurred in the year before the SRC was harvested. The severity and incidence of common arable crop pests, weeds and diseases, as managed under integrated crop protection regime, were, in general, not affected by the strips of SRC. A localised reduction in the severity of the wheat pathogen Septoria tritici was found, whilst localised increases in slug numbers were found in the year in which the SRC was established. The monitoring techniques used did not identify any major effects of the SRC strips on the distribution and diversity of polyphagous predators and earthworms in the system. Nitrate leaching was found to be higher under the SRC strips in the first winter after establishment than under adjacent food crops. However, in the following two winters leaching was lower under the SRC strips than the adjacent food crops. The system was not economically feasible as greater profits could be made from arable cropping under current commodity prices and support regimes. This was identified as the major barrier to adoption of the combined food and energy system. A new approach for financial support for SRC, such as payments on an income forgone basis, were proposed. II
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Shi, Ruoding. "Applications of Applied Econometrics in the Food and Health Economic and Agribusiness Topics." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/103197.
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This dissertation consists of three essays in Applied Econometrics that seek a better understanding of different aspects of risk and risk management tools. The first essay is about mortality risk in Virginia coal regions. With a focus on the mortality of non-malignant respiratory diseases (NMRD), I estimate the impact of living in a coal county and find that coal-mining county residency significantly increases the probability of dying from NMRD. This statistical association is accentuated by surface coal mining, high smoking rates, lower health insurance coverage, and a shortage of doctors. The second essay evaluates the cost of a price risk management tool called futures hedging. A variety of measures illustrate considerable changes in hedging costs over time. Quantile regression results show that substantial price volatility and high margin requirements are the main factors driving high hedging costs from 2007 to 2013. The third paper investigates a health risk management tool, a public health insurance program in China called New Cooperative Medical Scheme (NCMS). I apply contract theory to characterize local governments' selective incentives in NCMS benefit designs. Empirical analysis of China Health and Nutrition Survey data indicate challenges of financial sustainability of this scheme in poor regions. The NCMS plan tends to under-cover the services that are moderately predictable and negatively correlated with plan profits, such as outpatient treatments. Preventive services are generally over-provided, perhaps due to the incentive to attract healthy participants.Doctor of Philosophy
This dissertation uses quantitative analysis to investigate three economic problems related to different aspects of risk. The first question is, what affects the respiratory health of Virginia coal mining counties' residents? Using respiratory mortality as the variable of interest, this paper finds that surface coal mining, high smoking rates, and lack of health access jointly contribute to the elevated risk of dying from respiratory diseases in our study area. The second research problem is about a price risk management tool called "hedging": purchasing contracts in the futures market to offset price movements in the cash markets. Based on historical data of corn and soybeans, I simulate the cost of hedging and find this risk management tool is not cheap, especially in 2007 to 2013. The high cost is mainly due to substantial price fluctuations in the recent decade. As a health risk management tool, health insurance is the focus of my third study. In China rural areas, a public health scheme aimed to reduce a resident's risk of suffering medical impoverishment by spreading the risk over residents in a county. County governments were relatively free to design the implementation and benefit plans. This study reveals that most New Cooperative Medical Scheme (NCMS) benefit plans are not efficient to achieve the scheme's objective. Facing high risk of fund deficits, local insurance programs in poor regions are likely to under-cover health services, such as outpatient treatments. If this scheme were allowed to charge higher prices from high-risk enrollees instead of a flat-rate premium, its efficiency might be improved.
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Patel, Dipen. "Assessing Economic and HRQL Burden of Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis in the U.S." VCU Scholars Compass, 2010. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/2220.
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Background: Food allergy, an abnormal immunologic response to food protein, has an estimated prevalence of 6% in young children and 3.7% in adults in the U.S. The only proven therapy for food allergy is strict elimination of the offending allergens. As a result, caregivers and patients could experience constant anxiety and stress that affects their quality of life. Additionally, food allergy can lead to significant economic impact on the health care system, since severe reactions often lead to ED visits and hospitalizations. Objectives: The first major objective was to determine the economic burden of Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis (FAA) patients in the U.S. by estimating the direct medical and indirect costs. The second principal objective involved assessing the Health Related Quality of Life (HRQL) of food allergic patients by measuring their health utilities and disease specific quality of life. Methods: Economic burden was estimated by measuring certain direct medical and indirect costs from a societal perspective. Costs were estimated using a bottom-up approach -- calculating the average cost of illness per patient and multiplying it by reported prevalence estimates. FAA patients with an emergency department (ED) visit, office based physician visit, outpatient department visit, and hospital admission were identified from a list of federally administered databases using ICD-9 codes. Sensitivity analyses were conducted to measure the robustness of the estimates. The cross-sectional HRQL study measured health utilities in food allergic adults and children, and quality of life in allergic adults using EQ-5D and FAQL-AF questionnaires respectively. These questionnaires were administered in an online survey format. Regression models were specified to explore the deviations in HRQL scores between patients with different disease related characteristics. Results: The findings reveal that for a given year (2007), direct medical costs worth $225 million and indirect costs worth $115 million were incurred. Owing to the irregularities in the reporting and diagnosis of food allergy, these values might be an underestimation. Simulations from probabilistic sensitivity analysis generated mean direct medical costs of $307 million and indirect costs of $203 million. Survey responses were collected online for eight months, during which 45 adults and 94 parents (acting as proxy for their food allergic child) responded. Adults reported a mean utility of 0.874 compared to 0.918 for children. Gender, number of food allergies and frequency of carrying epinephrine device had significant impacts on HRQL scores. An effect size of 0.003 was estimated comparing health utilities of food allergic adults with the general U.S. population. Conclusions: This was the first research to examine economic burden of FAA, and elucidate health utilities for food allergic patients. A large proportion of costs were incurred due to ambulatory visits. Effect size calculation revealed that health utilities of food allergic patients were very similar to the general U.S. population.
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Bailey, Grace. "The Effect of Fast Food Restaurants on Type 2 Diabetes Rates." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2018. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1819.
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This paper conducts an analysis of county level data to determine the effect of fast food restaurants on type 2 diabetes rates. Due to endogeneity concerns with respect to the location of fast food restaurants, this paper follows the work of Dunn (2010) and uses the number of interstate exits in a given county to serve as an instrument for fast food restaurants. The strength of the instrument, which is theoretically and empirically tested in this paper, imposes some restraints on the interpretation of the findings. Using the Two-Stage Least Squares estimation method, I find that the presence of fast food restaurants has a positive and statistically significant effect on type 2 diabetes rates at the county level.