Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Food consumption habits'

Adopting more sustainable consumption habits has been identified as a necessary step in the progression towards a sustainable society. In the area of sustainable consumption, personal food behaviour represents a strong leverage point. University students have been identified as a strategic audience; habits established during this transformative period can track forward into later life. This study seeks to identify the barriers inhibiting students from eating more sustainably. Perceived benefits of eating more sustainably, student food preferences, and student definitions of sustainable food are also identified. Focus groups, surveys, and interviews were carried out at universities in Europe, North America and Australia. Results show that perceived cost of sustainable food and a lack of knowledge, time and availability were ubiquitous barriers preventing students from adopting more sustainable eating habits. In addition to gathering the perceptions of others, the authors’ understanding of the challenges and benefits of eating more sustainably was augmented by a month-long self-study. Results from the self-study show that it is feasible to eat more sustainably without incurring additional costs. Recommendations informed by the focus groups, surveys, interviews and self-study are made to help students overcome the barriers to eating more sustainably.

Thesis (MTech (Business Administration))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2007
Chinese students study in South Africa on account of the English environment and cheaper tuition fees. Owing to the increased Chinese student population in South Africa, a potential Chinese food market is being mooted, and it is therefore necessary to undertake research to define this potential market opportunity in order to provide information to entrepreneurs who are interested in establishing a business in the Chinese food market in the Cape Metropolis. Chinese students who are studying at the Cape Peninsula University of Technology (CPUT) and the University of the Western Cape (UWC) will be the focus of the research. The main purpose of this study was to analyze the food consumption behaviour of these students and their attitudes towards Chinese and South African foods. A questionnaire survey was conducted to collect information on the demographic characteristics of Chinese students, their current food consumption habits and attitudes towards Chinese and South African food. The data collection and analysis was computed by means of the Statistical Package for Social Sciences methodology. The results reflected that students generally prefer not to eat at home and that they eat both Chinese and South African food alternately. Furthermore, the attitudes towards of the respondents towards Chinese and South African foods are influenced by factors such as freshness, convenience and availability.

Background: The purpose of this phenomenological study is to explore the existing research on the determinants and influential factors of eating decisions made by Aboriginal peoples and provide insight from the perspective of Aboriginal peoples living off-reserve in Ottawa, Ontario. Methods: This study was comprised of a convenience sample of 12 Aboriginal individuals from a local Aboriginal community centre. Participants were asked to conduct a personal food diary of their meals for a period of 3 days, followed by a one-on-one semi-structured interview. The interviews were designed to explore: 1) knowledge and perspectives of healthy eating 2) knowledge and perspectives of Health Canada’s Eating Well with Canada’s Food Guide – First Nations, Inuit and Métis, 3) perception of influential factors 4) self-efficacy and 5) common barriers in making food choices. Results: 1) Except for the senior participants, healthy food knowledge did not translate into healthy food choices for most participants; 2) Most participants had not seen a copy of the Eating Well with Canada’s Food Guide – First Nations, Inuit and Métis, and all participants felt they were not influenced by it when making eating decisions; 3) The main themes of influential factors were concluded to be: taste preference, availability, convenience, “had no choice”, health reasons, “easy to make”, low in cost, following a diet or “food schedule,” hunger or thirst, “needed something quick”, nearby location (of store or restaurant), being tired or lazy and being in a routine; 4) Most participants perceived themselves as having control over their eating decisions regardless of situational factors and level of motivation varied between participants; 5) Time, financial constraints, having a busy schedule and being unprepared for meals were identified as possible barriers. Conclusions: Either version of the food guide should be developed into a more flexible and convenient tool such as a mobile application. Local community centres should consider providing workshops in food preparation, and to strengthen skills such as understanding food labels of market foods to ease the transition to living off-reserve. Future Implications: Policy makers at the federal, provincial and municipal levels should work together and strengthen their communication strategies in order to coordinate the development and implementation of future interventions.

An exploration of the idea that tangible change could be made in the world when norms are unsettled rather than reinforced or left untouched. Bloom focuses on creating a space for the individual to re-define the outdated, toxic norms surrounding masculinity to explore ‘what men can be’. This is tied into questioning ‘what food can be’ — now and in the future — in relation to the norm of consuming animal food products in western societies. In collaboration with people who have actively reduced their meat consumption or identify as plant based or vegan, I have aspired to use my practice as a visual communicator to illustrate connections and reveal hidden narratives of these individuals who are already challenging these norms as change agents within society. The outcome is the Bloom Box — an interactive box containing their stories visualised with ‘out of the norm’ plant foods.

Orientador: Elisabete Salay
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos
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Resumo: Ha um extenso rol de evidencias cientificas revelando um aumento no consumo de alimentos fora do domicilio. Dessa forma, o fornecimento das informacoes nutricionais pelos restaurantes constitui-se numa ferramenta que pode auxiliar os individuos a realizarem suas escolhas alimentares (fora de casa) de maneira mais consciente. Os objetivos principais da presente pesquisa sao: identificar a frequencia de consumo das refeicoes realizadas fora do domicilio pelos consumidores, avaliar a atitude no tocante a informacao nutricional disponibilizada em restaurantes, determinar o nivel do conhecimento nutricional e identificar associacoes estatisticamente significativas entre a atitude, o conhecimento e variaveis socioeconomicas e demograficas dos individuos. Este estudo foi conduzido com 250 consumidores adultos (125 de cada genero) residentes no municipio de Campinas (SP). O instrumento utilizado foi um questionario previamente testado. Para avaliar a atitude dos entrevistados elaborou-se uma escala Likert. A fim de identificar o nivel do conhecimento nutricional usou-se um questionario composto por 56 questoes referentes ao conhecimento dos alimentos fontes de alguns nutrientes e da relação entre dieta-doenca. A identificacao da atitude referente as informacoes nutricionais disponibilizadas nos restaurantes foi feita atraves do calculo da media, do desvio-padrao, da porcentagem das respostas de cada categoria da escala e do coeficiente alfa de Cronbach. Com o intuito de identificar associacoes significativas entre a atitude referente as informacoes nutricionais disponibilizadas nos servicos de alimentacao e o conhecimento nutricional com as variaveis socioeconomicas e demograficas utilizou-se a Regressão Linear Multipla. Para verificar a associacao entre a frequencia de consumo do almoço realizado em diferentes locais com as caracteristicas socioeconomicas e demográficas foram utilizados o teste t de Student, a Analise da Variancia (ANOVA) e o Teste de LSD de Fisher. E, finalmente, para diagnosticar uma relacao entre a atitude sobre a informação nutricional e o conhecimento nutricional utilizou-se o coeficiente de correlacao de Pearson. Os resultados revelaram que 98% da amostra costumava almocar fora de casa e esta foi a refeicao realizada mais frequentemente fora do domicilio, o restaurante utilizado com maior frequencia para realizar o almoco foi o do tipo self service, sendo que o fator considerado de maior importancia para a escolha do estabelecimento foi a higiene. Cerca de 78% dos consumidores entrevistados concordaram muito que as informacoes nutricionais dos alimentos oferecidos nos restaurantes sao fundamentais para consumidores que necessitam ter uma dieta especifica. Encontrou-se que 54,8% revelaram uma atitude extremamente positiva em relacao as informacoes nutricionais disponibilizadas nos restaurantes. Com relacao ao conhecimento nutricional, verificou-se que 50% dos participantes obtiveram notas superiores a 6,3 para o conhecimento dos nutrientes e, acima de 7,5 para a relação dieta-doenca. Os testes estatisticos detectaram associacoes significativas entre a freqüência de consumo das refeicoes fora de casa, o nivel de conhecimento nutricional e a atitude com as variaveis socioeconomicas e demograficas. Identificou-se uma associacao positiva entre a atitude referente as informacoes nutricionais e o conhecimento nutricional dos individuos. Os resultados desta pesquisa podem apoiar o desenvolvimento de programas governamentais na area de informacao nutricional. Eles sustentam a importancia de se desenhar campanhas para grupos especificos da populacao para a promocao de uma alimentacao saudavel
Abstract: There is an extensive roll of scientific evidences disclosing an increase in the food consumption outside the home. In this way, the supply of nutritional information by the restaurants consists in a tool that can assist the individuals to carry out their alimentary choices (outside home) in a more conscientious way. The main objectives of the present research are: to identify the frequency of consumption of the meals eaten outside the home for the consumers, to evaluate the attitude regarding to the nutritional information available in restaurants, to determine the level of the nutritional knowledge and to identify associations statistically significant between the attitude, the knowledge and socioeconomic and demographic variables of the individuals. This study was led with 250 adult consumers (125 of gender) residents in the city of Campinas (SP). The instrument used was a questionnaire previously tested. To evaluate interviewees¿ attitude a Likert scale was elaborated. In order to identify the level of the nutritional knowledge it was used a questionnaire composed by 56 questions regarding to the knowledge of food sources of some nutrients and the relation between diet-disease. The identification of the attitude regarding to the nutritional information available in restaurants was made through the calculation of the average, the standard-deviation, the percentage of the answers of each category of the scale and the alpha coefficient of Cronbach. It was used the Multiple Linear Regression with the intention to identify significant association between the attitude referring to the nutritional information available in the food services and the nutritional knowledge with the socio-economic and demographic variables. To verify the association between the frequency of consumption of the lunch eaten in different places with the socioeconomic and demographic features it as used test t of Student, the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and the Test of LSD of Fisher. And, finally, to diagnose a relation between the attitude on the nutritional information and the nutritional knowledge, the coefficient of correlation of Pearson was used. The results disclosed that 98% of the sample used to lunch outside the houses and this was the meal more frequently eaten outside home, the restaurant used more frequently to have lunch was one of the type self service, being hygiene the factor considered of higher importance for the choice of the establishment. About 78% of the interviewed consumers agreed a lot that the nutritional information of foods offered in the restaurants are basic for consumers who need to have a specific diet. About 54,8% disclosed an extremely positive attitude in relation to the nutritional information available in the restaurants. In relation to the nutritional knowledge, it is verified that 50% of the participants got higher grades to 6,3 for the knowledge of the nutrients and, above 7,5 for the relation diet-disease. The statistical tests detected significant associations between the frequency of consumption of the meals outside the house, the level of nutritional knowledge and the attitude with the socio-economic and demographic variables. A positive association was identified between the attitude regarding to the nutritional information and the nutritional knowledge of the individuals. The results of this research can support the development of governmental programs in the area of nutritional information. They support the importance of campaigns for specific groups of the population for the promotion of a healthful feeding
Doutorado
Consumo e Qualidade de Alimentos
Doutor em Alimentos e Nutrição

This study surveyed working young adults to explore their food choice influences. Focus group data determined which food choice influences were important for young adults and were used to develop a pilot survey. Analysis of the pilot survey assisted in revising the survey which was again pilot tested; minor revisions were made before data collection. The sample included 18-24 year old young adults who were taking nine or fewer credit hours and were not living with a parent or child. Of the 111 subjects, 42 percent were male, 64 percent female; 77 percent Caucasian, 16 percent Hispanic; and 68 percent were taking no classes. The food choice influences which appear to be the strongest for working young adults are, in order of strength: Appearance of food, Taste, What was eaten as a child, Convenience, What friends eat, Health, Calorie content, Advertising, and Price. Appearance of food and taste were much stronger than the rest. Cluster analysis identified three groups of working young adults: Socially-oriented, health-oriented, and time-oriented. The socially-oriented group viewed what friends ate and convenience as significantly more important. This group tended to be less educated. Health-oriented working young adults rated eating healthy and low-calorie foods as significantly more important while they were significantly less concerned about price and advertising. Time-oriented working young adults were significantly less concerned about eating healthy foods and thought their time for food preparation was significantly less adequate. Taste and appearance of food were significantly less important for this group. Time-oriented working young adults tended to be the most educated. The proportion of males and females in each cluster was approximately equal to the sample distribution. Nutrition educators should focus less on health, calories, and price and more on taste and appearance in their nutrition messages; cooking demonstrations and food samples are suggested approaches. Nutrition education messages also need to recognize that an effective message to one young adult may be ineffective with another. Targeting nutrition messages to various types of young adults may result in realizing greater success in promoting adoption of healthier eating patterns.

Thesis (DTech(Marketing Management)-- Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2011
The fall of apartheid in South Africa has attracted a large number of immigrants from different parts of the world, predominantly from sub-Saharan Africa. Sub-Saharan Africans immigrate to South Africa mainly in search of greener pastures and for educational enhancement. However, in pursuit of their objectives, sub-Saharan African immigrants encounter numerous challenges. One of the main challenges encountered by sub-Saharan African immigrants in South Africa is the absence of indigenous foods in South Africa’s leading supermarkets. As a result, the majority of these immigrants are compelled to modify their taste and food needs to comply with available local products. Sub-Saharan African immigrants in South Africa also consume indigenous foods obtained from friends and relatives visiting South Africa and from ethnic entrepreneurs. However, ethnic entrepreneurs are perceived to be expensive, have poor quality products and a limited variety of stocks. As a result, the majority of sub-Saharan African immigrants in South Africa prefer to buy their indigenous foodstuffs from South Africa’s major supermarkets, in the case where they are stocked by these supermarkets. It is noteworthy that, South Africa’s leading supermarket chains acknowledge the potential of the emerging sub-Saharan African immigrant market and are interested in stocking indigenous food products from other sub-Saharan African countries. However, these supermarkets lack the knowledge and understanding of the market in order to establish marketing strategies to cater for their immigrant customers’ indigenous food needs. This study has established a food consumption behaviour model of the sub-Saharan African immigrants in South Africa.

Orientador: Maria Aparecida Azevedo Pereira da Silva
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos
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Mestrado
Consumo e Qualidade de Alimentos
Mestre em Alimentos e Nutrição

Trata-se de um estudo caso-controle de câncer de reto como parte do \"Estudo Epidemiológico de Câncer de Esôfago e de Reto no Município de são Paulo\". O estudo compreendeu 92 casos de cancer de reto e 200 controles categorizados em 3 sub-conjuntos (amostra pareada, global e estratificada). Foram objeto de análise as variáveis: local de nascimento do indivíduo e de seus pais, zona de nascimento (rural/urbana) consumo de alimentos (carnes, ovos, verduras, temperos) características do hábito intestinal, tabagismo e consumo de bebidas (cerveja, vinho e pinga). As estimativas dos Riscos Relativos (RR) por ponto e respectivos testes de significância foram calculados para cada tipo de amostra. Utilizou-se análise multivariada, através do procedimento de máxima verossimilhança condicional para a amostra estratificada e os procedimentos clássicos para as amostras pareada e global. A análise estatística dos resultados evidenciou associação positiva apenas entre o consumo de queijo e câncer de reto (RR = 1,41 I--------I 4,30). Não está afastada a possibilidade de que a significância encontrada seja devido a um artefato estatístico, dada a multiplicidade de testes efetuados. A possível associação entre o consumo queijo e câncer de reto, portanto, deve ser interpretada com reserva.
This is a case-control study of rectal cancer and is part of \"The Epidemiological Study of Esophagus and Rectal Cancers in the City of são Paulo, Brazil\". The study included 92 cases of rectal cancer and 200 controls (classified in three types: matched, global and stratified samples). The analised variables were: state of birth classified in great regions of Brazil, place of birth (rural/urban) ,food consumption (meats, eggs, fruits, vegetables, cereals, beans, seasonings, dairy products) caracteristics of the bowel movements, smoking habits and alcohol consumption (beer, wine and hard liquor-\"pinga\"). The point estimates of the Relative Risks and their significance tests were calculated for each type of sample. Multivariate analysis was done, for the stratified sample the conditional maximum likelihood procedure was used and classical procedures (Me Nemar and Cross Ratio estimate) for the other samples. The statistical analysis indicated a positive/association only between cheese consumption and cancer of the rectum (RR = 1,41 I------I 4,30). There is the possibility that the observed statistical significance is a statistical artefact due to the multiplicity of tests that have been perfomed. Because of this, the possible association between cheese consumption and cancer of the rectum must be viewed with caution.

Cocoa is a well recognized source of polyphenols, but studies on their consumption refer that it contributes with a low proportion to the daily polyphenol consumption. Cocoa polyphenol content is plenty recognized and the benefits from its consumption in human health are established. However, the contribution of cocoa to daily polyphenol intake is not totally clear due to the lack of studies estimating cocoa consumption. Taking these facts into account, the hypothesis of this thesis was that cocoa consumption is underestimated in overall food intake studies and perhaps it can be associated with healthy status. Therefore, the present thesis was carried out on the following aims: 1) to develop and validate a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) including the main cocoa food products common in Catalan and Portuguese dietary habits in a young population; 2) to establish the consumption of cocoa in university students of Catalonia and Portugal; and 3) to establish the relationship between cocoa intake and healthy status, including the presence of allergies, and healthy lifestyle practices. The FFQ developed as well as the other questionnaires to validate them have been applied to a sample of 50 students from the University of Barcelona and to a sample of 70 students from Egas Moniz Health Sciences Institute. Afterwards, validated FFQ together questionnaires inquiring about physical activity and also health status were applied to a sample of 270 students from both institutions. The main results of this thesis consist in the development and validation of a FFQ devoted to know the real cocoa intake in University students in Spanish and Portuguese languages. This FFQ allows the assessment of more cocoa/chocolate product intake than others FFQ because it considered a wide range of products which were not included in others FFQ (dairy, pastry, desserts, cereals and spreads). According the developed FFQ, students from the University of Barcelona use to eat 2.5 portions of products containing cocoa or chocolate per day that represents 12 g of cocoa per day, whereas the students of the Egas Moniz Health Science Institute consume more than 3 products per day which represent 14 g of cocoa per day. Moreover, differential cocoa consumption patterns between both cohorts have been found. In a cohort of 270 students from both Universities it has been established correlations between cocoa consumption and physical activity, body mass index, blood pressure, recent illness and also allergic processes. In addition, the values of these variables were assessed in students grouped according their cocoa consumption (low, moderate and high consumers). There was not a significant correlation of cocoa intake with physical activity and blood pressure, but there was a significantly lower proportion of overweight individuals in the high cocoa consumers group. The proportion of allergic people in the moderate and high cocoa consumers resulted statistically lower than that in the students in the low cocoa consumer group. Moreover, the cocoa intake, especially moderate consumption, was also associated with lower presence of allergic derived symptoms. In summary, the present study evidences the underestimation of cocoa consumption due to approach limitations and has generated a valid tool for estimating real cocoa consumption. Cocoa intake in University students has been assessed, and different patterns of consumption have been found between Portuguese and Spanish university students regarding the type of cocoa source more frequently consumed. Finally, some clear associations between cocoa consumption and health status have been found. Therefore, this study can be the first part of a new study using the same methodology in a higher number of participants or different type of population. Alternatively, these health improvements by cocoa consumption showed here can be confirmed by an interventional clinical study.
El cacao posee efectos beneficiosos para el organismo, si bien estudios sobre ingesta de alimentos revelan su bajo consumo. Los objetivos de esta tesis han sido: 1) desarrollar y validar una encuesta de frecuencia de consumo alimentario que incluya los alimentos con cacao frecuentes en la dieta de Cataluña y Portugal; 2) estimar la ingesta de cacao en estudiantes universitarios de los dos países; y 3) evaluar la asociación entre ingesta de cacao e indicadores de actividad física y de salud, incluyendo las alergias. El FFQ desarrollado se ha validado con 50 estudiantes de la Universidad de Barcelona y 70 estudiantes de Egas Moniz Health Sciences Institute. Posteriormente, se ha aplicado a 270 estudiantes de ambas instituciones junto con cuestionarios acerca de su actividad física y su estado de salud. Los resultados muestran el desarrollo y validación de un FFQ dedicado a conocer la ingesta real de cacao en los estudiantes universitarios. Su aplicación ha permitido evaluar la ingesta de más productos de cacao/chocolate que otros FFQ, puesto que considera una amplia gama de productos. Según el FFQ desarrollado, los estudiantes de la Universidad de Barcelona ingieren 2,5 porciones de productos con cacao/chocolate por día, lo que representa unos 12 g/día, mientras que los estudiantes del Egas Moniz Health Sciences Institute consumen más de 3 productos por día, que representan unos 14 g/día. Se han estudiado la relación entre el consumo de cacao y la actividad física, el índice de masa corporal, la presión arterial, una enfermedad reciente y también procesos alérgicos. No se ha hallado una correlación significativa entre la ingesta de cacao y la actividad física y la presión arterial, pero existe una proporción menor de personas con sobrepeso en el grupo de estudiantes con elevado consumo de cacao. El porcentaje de personas alérgicas en el grupo con moderado y elevado consumo de cacao ha resultado ser inferior a la de los estudiantes en el grupo de baja ingesta de cacao. Por otra parte, el consumo de cacao, especialmente el consumo moderado, también se ha podido asociar a una menor presencia de manifestaciones alérgicas.

Os estudos sobre os hábitos e comportamentos alimentares da sociedade são importantes para auxiliar na compreensão da relação que se estabelece entre as práticas alimentares e o surgimento de doenças na população. Desde meados do século XX, o Brasil vem apresentando mudanças no padrão de morbi-mortalidade de sua população, ou seja, ao mesmo tempo em que indivíduos de áreas economicamente mais carentes sofrem com o problema da desnutrição, outra grande parcela populacional convive com doenças degenerativas ou crônico não-transmissíveis. Esse fenômeno, chamado de transição nutricional, surgiu primeiramente nos países desenvolvidos e atualmente atinge os países em desenvolvimento de forma mais acelerada. Diante desta realidade, este trabalho teve por objetivo comparar o estado nutricional e o consumo alimentar de 575 indivíduos adultos moradores de quatro bairros da cidade de Ribeirão Preto – SP, com características socioeconômicas distintas e em dois momentos diferentes, 1991/93 e 2001/03. Para avaliação do estado nutricional foi realizado o cálculo do Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC), no qual os indivíduos foram pesados e medidos e classificados segundo os padrões da Organização Mundial de Saúde. As informações sobre o consumo alimentar foram obtidas pelo método do recordatório de 24 horas e a ingestão de calorias, carboidratos, proteínas, gorduras totais e suas frações, colesterol e fibras foi calculada com auxílio de software nutricional. Também, analisou-se a qualidade da alimentação dos indivíduos pela avaliação do número de porções alimentares consumidas, segundo os oito grupos de alimentos da Pirâmide Alimentar Brasileira. Os dados foram transferidos para a planilha do SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) onde os cálculos estatísticos foram realizados (análise de variância - ANOVA, teste de Bonferroni e teste-t). Como resultados houve diminuição do consumo de alimentos do grupo de pães e cereais e aumento do consumo de carnes e ovos, açúcar e alimentos ricos em gorduras saturadas e colesterol. O consumo de frutas, verduras, hortaliças e fibras aumentou de 1991/93 para 2001/03, entretanto a ingestão permaneceu bem abaixo dos níveis recomendados. Refrigerantes e produtos prontos industrializados também cresceram muito no período. Notou-se ainda que os moradores do bairro com menor renda familiar média tiveram aumento significativo do IMC juntamente com elevação do consumo de gorduras totais e saturadas e do número de porções de carnes e ovos. Já os habitantes do bairro de maior renda familiar média diminuíram o consumo de gorduras totais e saturadas e mantiveram a ingestão adequada do número de porções de carnes e ovos. Esse paradoxo que o país enfrenta tem despertado interesse de vários segmentos na busca de soluções, cujos resultados serão promissores se envolverem não só as ciências nutricionais, mas outras áreas como a economia, a sociologia, a administração e a psicologia, associado ao trabalho de conscientização do papel dos atores sociais (pais, educadores, profissionais da saúde, governantes) responsáveis pela reversão deste quadro tão complexo.
The studies about habits and eating behaviors in society are important to help in the understanding the relation that is established between food practices and the appearance of illnesses in the population. Brazil has been presenting changes in patterns of morbidmortality in its population since the middle of the 20th. Century, i.e., since people belonging to low income classes suffer from underfeeding, people belonging to other social classes present degenerative illnesses or chronic non-transmitted illnesses. This phenomenon called nutritional transition first appeared in developed countries and now it also affects developing countries in an accelerated way. Considering this fact, this research aims at comparing the nutritional state and food consumption in 575 adults living in four different neighborhoods in Ribeirão Preto, SP in Brazil. They belong to distinct socioeconomical classes and the research focused two different periods: 1991/93 and 2001/03. To evaluate the nutritional state, a calculation of the Body Mass Index (IMC) was made, following the World Health Organization patterns, in which people are weighed and measured accordingly. Information about eating habits were made through the 24 hours remembering method and the ingestion of calories, carbohydrates, proteins, total fat and its fractions, cholesterol and fibers were calculated using a nutritional software. It was also analyzed the quality of feeding, considering the evaluation of the number of food portions consumed, according to the eight groups of food items, in the Brazilian Feeding Pyramid. The data were transferred to spreadsheets of Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) where the statistical calculations were made (variance analysis – ANOVA, Bonferroni Test and Test-t). As a result there was a decrease in cereals and bread group’s consumption and an increase in the consumption of meat, eggs, sugar and food rich in saturated fat and cholesterol. The consumption of fruits, vegetables and fibers increased from 1991/93 to 2001/03, but the ingestion remained under the recommended levels. The use of soft drinks or sodas and industrialized products such as ready-made dishes also increased greatly. It was verified that in the inhabitants of the neighborhood with lower familiar income that they had an increase in the Body Mass Index which occurred at the same time with the consumption of total fats and saturated fats and the number of portions of meat and eggs. By the other side, the inhabitants of the neighborhood with higher familiar income reduced the consumption of total fats and saturated fats and kept the adequate ingestion of portions of meat and eggs. This paradox that our country faces has called the interest of may society sectors, aiming at solutions, which will be successful if they get involved not only the nutritional sciences, as well as other areas like economics, sociology, administration and psychology, associated to a work of awareness from social actors like parents, teachers, health professionals and government to revert such complex situation.

Esta pesquisa teve por objetivo identificar e quantificar o consumo de frutas e hortaliças \"in natura\" no município de Piracicaba/SP, e sua implicação no estado nutricional através de uma abordagem socioeconômica. A amostra foi definida a partir de metodologia estatística utilizando técnicas de amostragem probabilística casual simples, com sorteio de domicílios de forma aleatória, considerando a população total residente em Piracicaba. Para o cálculo do tamanho da amostra foi utilizada a fórmula do dimensionamento da amostragem pelas proporções e percentagens. No total foram entrevistadas 277 pessoas, que apresentaram idade média de 37 anos. Aferiu-se que 57% da população entrevistada ingerem as 5 porções de frutas e hortaliças preconizadas por órgãos de saúde, enquanto que 43% ingerem abaixo das recomendações.
This study aimed to identifying and quantifying the intake of fresh fruits and vegetables in Piracicaba/SP, and its involvement in nutritional status through a socioeconomic approach. The sample was defined by statistical methodology using probabilistic techniques of simple random with sampling aleatory households selection considering the residing in Piracicaba population. To calculate the sample size it was used the design sampling for proportions and percentages formula. In total 277 people were interviewed who had a mean age of 37 years. The results showed that 57% of the people interviewed have taken the 5 servings of fruits and vegetables recommended by health agencies, while 43% eat below the recommended.

Många människor har svårt att etablera goda matvanor trots ett ständigt informationsflöde om hur ohälsosam kost påverkar hälsan negativt. Små barn befinner sig i en beroendeställning till de vuxna som finns runt dem. Det innebär att föräldrarnas kostvanor även blir barnens. De vuxna bestämmer vad som finns hemma och vad som serveras.

Denna kvantitativa studie har undersökt småbarnsfamiljers kostvanor med utgångspunkt i Livsmedelsverkets rekommendationer om mindre mättat fett, mindre socker, mer kostfiber, frukt, grönt och fisk i kosten. Med hjälp av validerade frågor bedömdes uppgifter om konsumtionsfrekvenser hos föräldrar och barn. Den sökte också svar på om barnets ätvanor liknar förälderns och om föräldrars påverkan på barnets matintag har någon betydelse för detsamma. Dessutom efterfrågades vilka hinder som kunde tänkas finnas för hälsosamma matvanor i familjen. 56 föräldrar med minst ett barn i åldern 1-6 år valde att besvara det frågeformulär som distribuerades via fem förskolor i Hagfors kommun. Resultatet visar att barns och föräldrars kostvanor kan förbättras. Majoriteten av föräldrar och barn når inte upp till Livsmedelsverkets rekommendationer. Sockerintaget är ett undantag som är i sin ordning hos föräldrarna. Bullar, kex, kakor och saft/läsk intas dock för ofta hos barnen. I jämförelse med tidigare svenska kostundersökningar kan man se att konsumtionsfrekvenserna för de ”onyttiga” livsmedlen är signifikant lägre i denna undersökning.

En granskning av konsumtionsfrekvenserna hos paren förälder – barn visar tydligt att föräldrars ätvanor har betydelse för hur barnet äter. Studien finner inga tydliga samband mellan konsumtionsfrekvens av utrymmesmat och förälders påverkan på hur mycket/lite barnet ska äta. Ett undantag finns dock och det är de föräldrar som mutar sina barn med efterrätt för att få barnet att äta mer. De barnen hade en hög konsumtionsfrekvens av glass. De barn som inte påverkas har en tydligt högre konsumtionsfrekvens av frukt och grönt och ost än de barn som inte påverkas vilket kan tyda på bättre mellanmålsvanor och en större preferens för frukt och grönt. Därför kan sägas att förälders påverkan på barnets matintag inte leder till något positivt.

Flera av föräldrarna anser att det inte finns några hinder för att äta hälsosamt, ändå konsumerar många för mycket av ohälsosamma livsmedel. Tidsbrist anges som det största hindret för hälsosamma matvanor.

Slutsatsen är att om ätvanorna hos den framtida vuxna befolkningen dvs barnen ska bli bättre måste förebyggande satsningar riktas till föräldrar. Varje förälder måste förstå sitt eget ansvar när det gäller vilka kostvanor barnet får. Dels genom vad som görs tillgängligt men framförallt vilken förebild man ger sitt barn.

People have trouble establishing good eating habits in spite of a constant flow of information about the negative effects of unhealthy food. Young children depend on the present adults, which implies that food habits of parents become the food habits of their children. The adults have control over the food available and what meals are served.

This quantitative study has carried out a dietary survey in families with young children. It is based on the National Food Administration (NFA) dietary recommendations about less saturated fat, less added sugar (sucrose), more dietary fibre and more fruit and vegetables.

Validated questions were used to estimate consumption frequencies in food intake of the participating parents and children. This study also investigates whether eating habits of children reflects the eating habits of their parents. Furthermore questions were asked about what difficulties there might be to gain healthy eating habits in the family.

Fifty-six parents with at least one child in the age of 1-6 chose to reply to the questionnaire distributed by five pre-schools in the district of Hagfors.

The results indicate that the eating habits of both parents and children could change for the better. The majority of parents and children do not achieve the dietary recommendations. The recommended less sugar intake is an exception, which the parents achieve. The children consume buns, biscuits and syrups and soft drinks too often. Consumption frequencies of the unhealthy in-between meals are lower in this survey compared to earlier nation-wide Swedish dietary surveys.

An examination of the parent/child pairs indicates that parent’s eating habits closely correspond to those of their children. There is no evidence of effect of parental control over the child’s food intake on consumption frequency of in-between meals. However those parents who use dessert as a bribe to encourage their child to eat more, have children who consume ice cream very often. Children who were not controlled in food intake consumed fruit and vegetables and cheese more often compared to children with parental control over food intake. This may imply that the children who are not controlled have better snack food intake and a greater preference for fruit and vegetables. Therefore it is possible to state that parental control has no positive effects on children’s food intake.

Many parents consider that healthy eating habits are no problem, yet many of them consume unhealthy food too often. Lack of time is the most reported difficulty.

Conclusions are that if eating habits in the future adult population is to be better, parent’s diet should be focus of change. Each parent needs to recognize the responsibility of him/her in the development of the child’s eating habits, partly by what is made available but most of all by the parental role model.

Consumers have increasing choice in food products and within the social environment of today's consumer, the factors of demand are increasingly complex. Food is no longer simply a primary necessity for survival, it is a leisure and family activity, the participation in which, takes up a considerable amount of time. Today, food is a social and a political issue - something about which people have opinions, be it food quality, healthiness, or the food supply itself. It is also central to consumer's self-image. There is a large sector of the economy which supplies food demand, and this sector is itself now under considerable scrutiny from the consumer. This thesis examines consumer behaviour and attitudes towards food, with particular reference to the health aspects of food issues. It describes a programme of qualitative and quantitative research - group discussions, personal interviews and postal questionnaires. The programme examines milk (particularly low fat milk) as a diet and health case study; knowledge about food; attitudes towards food; the food industry and related issues; shopping behaviour and eating habits. It is important to both the consumer and the supplier of food, that consumer behaviour and attitudes are understood as fully as possible. This research highlights the misunderstandings between consumer and producer, emphasises the mistrust of the consumer for the producer and concludes with the need for communication between them. The thesis discusses the background to diet and health as an issue, describes the development of the current consumer environment and gives a profile of today's consumer. It then goes on to detail the research - two quantitative surveys, each undertaken over two years and a series of group discussions. The final section summarises the findings of each individual piece of the programme as a whole for various groups: food Oroducers; food manufacturers; food retailers; advertisers; the media; health professionals; the consumer; consumer organisations and government.

Consumers have increasing choice in food products and within the social environment of today's consumer, the factors of demand are increasingly complex. Food is no longer simply a primary necessity for survival, it is a leisure and family activity, the participation in which, takes up a considerable amount of time. Today, food is a social and a political issue - something about which people have opinions, be it food quality, healthiness, or the food supply itself. It is also central to consumer's self-image. There is a large sector of the economy which supplies food demand, and this sector is itself now under considerable scrutiny from the consumer. This thesis examines consumer behaviour and attitudes towards food, with particular reference to the health aspects of food issues. It describes a programme of qualitative and quantitative research - group discussions, personal interviews and postal questionnaires. The programme examines milk (particularly low fat milk) as a diet and health case study; knowledge about food; attitudes towards food; the food industry and related issues; shopping behaviour and eating habits. It is important to both the consumer and the supplier of food, that consumer behaviour and attitudes are understood as fully as possible. This research highlights the misunderstandings between consumer and producer, emphasises the mistrust of the consumer for the producer and concludes with the need for communication between them. The thesis discusses the background to diet and health as an issue, describes the development of the current consumer environment and gives a profile of today's consumer. It then goes on to detail the research - two quantitative surveys, each undertaken over two years and a series of group discussions. The final section summarises the findings of each individual piece of the programme as a whole for various groups: food Oroducers; food manufacturers; food retailers; advertisers; the media; health professionals; the consumer; consumer organisations and government.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Introdução: A alimentação está intimamente associada à saúde, nutrição, crescimento e desenvolvimento infantil, constituindo-se, os primeiros anos de vida, em período vital para o estabelecimento de práticas alimentares adequadas, que são, por sua vez, condicionadas pelo poder aquisitivo, nível de informação das famílias e alimentos disponíveis no mercado. A introdução de alimentos altamente calóricos e de baixo valor nutricional desde o início da vida e o abandono precoce do aleitamento materno contribuem para o comprometimento do crescimento e desenvolvimento da criança, além da diminuição da proteção imunológica, com consequente desencadeamento de processos alérgicos e distúrbios nutricionais. Objetivo: Descrever e discutir a introdução de alimentos industrializados na dieta de crianças frequentadoras de berçários em creches públicas e filantrópicas, identificando desvios em relação à recomendação do Guia Alimentar do Ministério da Saúde para uma Alimentação Saudável. Métodos: Estudo do tipo transversal com amostra composta por 270 crianças, de ambos os sexos, com faixa etária entre quatro e 29 meses, que frequentavam regularmente os berçários de oito creches públicas e filantrópicas do município de São Paulo e que foram autorizadas pelos pais ou responsáveis a participarem da pesquisa ao assinarem o termo de consentimento informado livre e esclarecido. Utilizando-se questionário estruturado e pré-codificado foi avaliada a introdução de alimentos. Para cada alimento analisado foi registrada a idade em meses de introdução e avaliada a concordância com o oitavo passo do Guia Alimentar do Ministério da Saúde. Resultados: Para aproximadamente 2/3 das crianças (67%) foram oferecidos, antes dos 12 meses, alimentos com potencial obesogênico, como macarrão instantâneo, salgadinhos, bolacha recheada, suco artificial, refrigerante e bala/pirulito/chocolate. São os filhos de mães com baixa escolaridade, mais jovens e com menor renda, os mais susceptíveis aos erros alimentares de introdução precoce de alimentos industrializados. Conclusões: Medidas educativas e preventivas devem ser propostas para a formação de hábitos alimentares saudáveis desde a infância, além da criação de campanhas abrangentes e efetivas que estimulem a escolha de alimentos apropriados para a faixa etária da forma como proposto no Guia Alimentar do Ministério da Saúde, considerando-se os fatores culturais, comportamentais e afetivos envolvidos com a alimentação.
TEDE
BV UNIFESP: Teses e dissertações

Orientador : Rinaldo Barcia Fonseca
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia
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Resumo: Este trabalho de dissertação consiste de um estudo sobre as mudanças no consumo e na distribuição de alimentos, e particularmente, na distribuição de hortaliças de folhas na região metropolitana de São Paulo. As pesquisas foram desenvolvidas entre janeiro e agosto de 2003, quando foram entrevistados profissionais das grandes redes de supermercados (entrevistas pessoais); do setor supermercadista em geral ¿ lojas grandes, médias e pequenas (entrevistas por telefone); profissionais dos sacolões particulares e administrados pela Prefeitura Municipal de São Paulo; permissionários atacadistas e produtores da CEAGESP; profissionais feirantes das feiras administradas pela prefeitura municipal de São Paulo; profissionais dos varejões ¿ feiras administradas pela CEAGESP; distribuidores independentes ¿ produtores, atacadistas de origem, distribuidores cujo processo de atendimento aos varejistas ocorre de forma independente da passagem do produto pelo Entreposto São Paulo da CEAGESP. Os objetivos da pesquisa foram de natureza qualitativa, embora alguns levantamentos quantitativos fossem necessários para correlacionar quantidades com a organização dos distribuidores e varejistas. Os levantamentos qualitativos foram feitos para compreensão e análise das formas de compra e aprovisionamento de hortaliças de folhas, buscando identificar: (1) Locais de compra entre os compradores e distribuidores varejistas, bem como suas práticas de distribuição de hortaliças; (2) Se os varejistas entrevistados têm alguma percepção do que o consumidor final entende por qualidade, quais os principais atributos que ele valoriza no produto e quais suas possíveis exigências quanto a embalagem, produtos minimamente processados, orgânicos, hidropônicos etc; (3) Condições de negociação, bem como exigências de distribuidores e varejistas sobre produtores e fornecedores quanto a qualidade, forma de embalagem ou preparo do produto, volume de compra e serviços prestados (pontualidade e periodicidade de entrega, quantidade mínima de produto fornecida por dia ou semana). A primeira etapa consiste em identificar o número de elementos no universo a ser pesquisado dentro de cada segmento do público-alvo. A segunda, na definição do tamanho da amostra e no levantamento de dados, em que constam entrevistas por meio da aplicação de questionários específicos para cada segmento de público-alvo, in loco ou por telefone. A terceira trata do processamento do banco de dados coletados, para posterior análise e interpretação. Grandes mudanças no processo de distribuição de hortaliças de folhas estão ocorrendo no município de São Paulo, orientadas basicamente pelo aumento da competitividade no setor e pelas exigências de qualidade que o consumidor moderno tem feito sobre a cadeia de fornecimento de alimento. Produtos perecíveis, como hortaliças de folhas, mostraram não só fazer parte desse processo, como também ser instrumento importante das estratégias comerciais para atrair o consumidor final. Existe uma clara tendência em todos os segmentos varejistas de buscar abastecimento direto com as regiões produtoras. A maior parte dos distribuidores (92%) é independente (não-permissionária da CEAGESP). Entre os independentes, 60% são produtores. Surgem distribuidores especializados que concentram maior volume de distribuição por dia que os permissionários, oferecendo abastecimento diário de hortaliças de folhas. Cerca de 60% dos distribuidores, tanto permissionários como independentes, preferem negociar com produtores fixos, pois essa forma de trabalho traz vantagens aos varejistas por consolidar uma parceria, favorecer a obtenção de produtos padronizados e de melhor qualidade, conseguir um melhor atendimento das suas exigências, reduzir perdas e facilitar a programação do transporte. O distribuidor independente consegue aplicar uma maior margem de lucro ao seu produto do que o permissionário da CEAGESP. Existe significativa diferença de barganha entre os varejistas e fornecedores, dependendo do tipo e do porte do varejista: os menores varejistas (feirantes) pagam à vista; os supermercados, quanto maiores, pagam com maior prazo, isto é, à medida que cresce o tamanho do supermercado, mais longo fica o prazo de pagamento (semanal, quinzenal e mensal); entre os sacolões, cerca de 1/3 paga à vista; 1/3, semanalmente; e 1/3 quinzenalmente, o que demonstra preocupação crescente desse segmento em garantir aos produtores recursos mínimos para remunerar seus custos de produção. A lei da oferta e procura, presente no mercado físico, já não é o único referencial utilizado no processo de negociação. Todos os agentes varejistas têm buscado estabelecer preços mais estáveis, válidos no mínimo pelo período de uma semana. As embalagens plásticas modernizaram o transporte das hortaliças. As perdas variam em proporção inversa à dimensão do varejista, isto é, quanto maior o porte, menor a perda de hortaliças de folhas. As maiores perdas são dos feirantes (entre 11 e 15%); seguida dos sacolões, de 5% a 15% (média de 10%) e dos supermercados, entre 5% e 10%; para as grandes redes, as perdas variam entre 4,5%, 10% e 15%. A principal estratégia para reduzir as perdas, no caso dos sacolões e supermercados, é diminuir a compra e a exposição, com pouco investimento em treinamento da mão-de-obra. A forma organizacional híbrida já é uma realidade no sistema varejista. Principal forma de organização de compra e abastecimento dos maiores distribuidores varejistas modernos, ela tende a consolidar uma mudança na economia de custo da transação comercial na cadeia de abastecimento alimentar. Foram verificadas imposições de formas de negociação em conseqüência de exigências do consumidor final, interpretadas pelo varejo e transferidas ao sistema de distribuição como um todo. As mudanças e estratégias comerciais apresentadas para a cadeia produtiva e, principalmente, para o sistema produtivo, são a necessidade de economia de escala, eficiência, uso adequado de tecnologia produtiva e produtos padronizados. Cresce a proporção de supermercados e sacolões que trabalham com hortaliças produzidas ou processadas com tecnologia diferenciada (orgânicas, hidropônicas e pré-processadas) como estratégia de oferta de um produto especial. Melhora a percepção dos varejistas quanto à concepção de qualidade do consumidor. Entre os varejistas e profissionais de lojas entrevistados, essas percepções foram muito semelhantes, porém, com ordem de prioridade variável entre eles: os atributos mais valorizados nas hortaliças pela dona-de-casa envolvem maior frescor, forma de exposição, preço, atendimento, higiene, tamanho e hábito de compra; e a concepção de qualidade pela dona-de-casa consiste em um produto sem folhas estragadas, manchas ou lesões, com boa consistência, coloração e tamanho adequados
Abstract: This is a study on the changes occurred in non-processed food distribution and preferences, and particularly, on the leafy vegetable distribution in the metropolitan region of São Paulo, State of São Paulo, Brazil. The research activities were carried out between January and August 2003, when several professionals were investigated: large supermarket nets (personal interviews), large, medium and small supermarket stores (telephone interviews), 'sacolões¿, retails and open-markets; independent distributors; permitted distributors associated to distribution centers (CEAGESP); and producers. The aim of this research work was of qualitative nature, although some quantitative surveys were also performed in order to correlate numbers about the distributors and retailer organizations. The qualitative surveys were made in order to understand and analyze the forms of leafy vegetable purchase and distribution and to identify: (1), the favorite purchase sites and procedures used by professional distributors in the leafy vegetable trade market; (2) whether the interviewed professionals have any perception about what is the final consumers¿ food quality conception, what are their most important product attributes and what are their possible main requirements regarding packaging and pre-processed, organic and/or hydroponic leafy vegetables; (3) the imposed trading conditions and the traders¿ requirements onto the producers about leafy vegetable quality, packaging or pre-processing, purchase volume and services (delivery, delivery periodicity, minimum product volume per day or week). The first step consisted on identifying the universe to be investigated within each target public segment. The second step consisted on the sample size definition and data survey, which was carried out throughout specific question forms for each target public segment, and personal or phone interviews. The third step consisted on the data bank processing for posterior analysis and interpretation. Significant changes were observed in the leafy vegetable distribution process in the municipal district of São Paulo, basically oriented by the increasing competition and by the final consumers¿ quality demands, which have influenced the whole food supply chain. The perishable food items such as leafy vegetables showed to be not only inserted in this process, but also important tools for commercial strategies to attract the final consumer. There has been a clear trend within all commercial segments to search for direct business with the producing regions. Most retailing distributors are independent (92%) and within this segment 60% are producers. Specialized distributors are coming about and have concentrated larger leafy vegetable trading volume than permitted distributors, offering daily supply of leafy vegetables and many times twice a day supply. A large number of permitted and independent distributors (60%) prefer to make a package-deal with one known producer, because this way of working represents advantages to them such as to consolidate a partnership, to favor the offer of better quality and standardized products, to have prompt consideration for their requirements, to reduce losses and to make easier a planned transport. The independent distributors have been able to get larger profits than the permitted ones. There has been significant differences in trade bargaining between distributors and producers, which depends on the distributor type and size: small distributors (from open markets) pay the producers cash; in the case of supermarkets, the large they are the longer the period for payment (weekly, twice a month, monthly); among 'sacolões¿, 1/3 pay cash, 1/3 pay weekly and 1/3 twice a month, showing an increasing concern about giving the producers the necessary to cover their production costs. The existing law of offering and demanding is not anymore the unique referential in the trading process. All distribution agents are interested in more stable prices, valid at least for one week. There has been a visible modernization of containers used for leafy vegetable transport. And the losses vary with the type and size of distributors, that is, the larger the enterprise, the lower the losses. Larger losses are observed among small distributors (11 to 15%); followed by 'sacolões¿ (5% to 15%), supermarkets (5% to 10%) and the large distribution nets (4.5%, 10% to 15%). The main actions to reduce losses consisted on reducing product purchase and exposition, but there is still low investment in labor training. The hybrid organization is already a reality within the retailing system and is the main organization form used for modern distributors in the leafy vegetable purchasing and supplying chain, which tends to consolidate a significant economy cost change in the non-processed food business. Trading impositions have occurred in consequence of final consumers¿ demands, which were interpreted by the commercial segments and transferred to the entire distribution system. The main changes and commercial strategies observed in the food producing chain can be defined by the need for an economy of scale, efficiency, adequate production technology, and standardized products. There has been an increasing number of food stores working with differentiated products, such as organic, hydroponics¿ and pre-processed leafy vegetables, as a strategy to attract the final consumer. There is an increasing perception among the interviewed distributors and food-store professionals about the consumers¿ quality conception. On the overall, these perceptions were very similar among them, however, varying in order of priority. The most valued product attributes for the final consumer were indicated as: higher freshness, form of exposition, price, service, hygiene, product size, purchase habit; and the consumers¿ quality conception was reported to be related to: non-spoiled leaves, no-spots or lesions, good consistence and coloration, adequate product size
Mestrado
Economia Agricola e Agraria
Mestre em Desenvolvimento Econômico

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The purpose of this dissertation is to assess the relationship between consumers and processed foods, which are so present in urban life, in a big city like São Paulo (SP). From the survey of eating habits related to this type of food with selected consumers, relations of anxiety, confidence and incorporation (Claude Fischler, 1995) when someone allows a food to enter his or her body and to be a part of his or her physical and symbolic composition were analyzed in the context of contemporary food consumption. For this purpose, the methodology allied theoretical and empirical research. As part of the theoretical research, besides Fischler (1995), the work relies primarily on Pierre Bourdieu (1983, 2007), Michel de Certeau (1994), Luce Giard (1996), Raymond Williams (2000, 2001, 2003, 2011), Contreras Hernández and Mabel Grácia-Arnaiz (2005), Jean-Pierre Poulain (2004) and Carlos Alberto Dória (2007, 2008, 2009a, 2009b, 2012). The empirical research was qualitative and involved nine São Paulo residents aged 20 to 59 years old with a monthly family income larger than 15 minimum wages, range that consumes more processed foods according to Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE, 2010). Semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted individually focusing on food life history in relation to eating nowadays. At the end of this research it was possible to understand more properly how people deal with one of their basic needs: food. When processed foods come into the equation, this relationship is permeated by anxiety, misinformation, confidence and conformity regarding what is put on their plates and in their bodies
O objetivo geral dessa dissertação é avaliar a relação entre os consumidores e os alimentos industrializados, tão presentes na vida urbana, em uma grande metrópole como São Paulo (SP). A partir do levantamento dos hábitos alimentares relacionados a esse tipo de alimento junto a alguns consumidores selecionados, foram analisadas as relações de ansiedade, confiança e incorporação (Claude Fischler, 1995) quando o indivíduo permite a entrada em seu corpo de um item que passará fazer a parte de sua composição física e simbólica no âmbito do consumo alimentar contemporâneo. Para tanto, a metodologia aliou pesquisa teórica e pesquisa empírica. Como parte da pesquisa bibliográfica, além de Fischler (1995), o trabalho conta principalmente com os autores Pierre Bourdieu (1983, 2007), Michel de Certeau (1994), Luce Giard (1996), Raymond Williams (2000, 2001, 2003, 2011), Jesús Contreras Hernández e Mabel Grácia-Arnaiz (2005), Jean-Pierre Poulain (2004) e Carlos Alberto Dória (2007, 2008, 2009a, 2009b, 2012). A pesquisa de campo foi qualitativa e envolveu nove moradores da capital paulista com idades entre 20 e 59 anos com renda mensal familiar superior a 15 salários mínimos, faixa que mais consome alimentos industrializados de acordo com o Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE, 2010). As entrevistas semi-estruturadas em profundidade foram realizadas de forma individual com foco na história de vida alimentar e na relação com o comer na contemporaneidade. Ao final dessa pesquisa foi possível entender com mais propriedade como as pessoas lidam com uma de suas necessidades básicas: a alimentação. Quando os alimentos industrializados entram na equação, essa relação é permeada por ansiedade, desinformação, confiança e conformismo referentes ao que será colocado em seus pratos e em seus corpos

Os primeiros anos de vida são muito importantes para o estabelecimento dos hábitos alimentares de um indivíduo. Apesar disso, a alimentação das crianças em diversas partes do mundo, incluindo o Brasil, está muito aquém do ideal, com baixo consumo de dieta saudável e diversificada, e consumo elevado de alimentos processados, ricos em açúcar, gordura e sal. Entre os fatores que influenciam o que as crianças comem, incluem-se a idade e escolaridade materna, coabitação com as avós, padrão e duração do aleitamento materno e época da introdução dos alimentos complementares. Visto que intervenção pró-aleitamento materno e alimentação complementar saudável direcionada a mães adolescentes e avós, realizada em Porto Alegre, RS teve impacto positivo na duração do aleitamento materno e do aleitamento materno exclusivo, e na época da introdução dos alimentos complementares, supôs-se que ela tenha influenciado positivamente a qualidade da dieta das crianças aos 4-7 anos de vida. O presente estudo teve como objetivo principal avaliar o impacto dessa intervenção no cumprimento dos Dez Passos para a Alimentação Saudável para Maiores de Dois anos, recomendados pelo Ministério da Saúde; e como objetivo secundário avaliar a associação entre duração da amamentação e consumo de frutas e verduras em crianças na faixa etária avaliada. O ensaio clínico randomizado, iniciado em 2006, envolveu 323 mães adolescentes e seus filhos e 169 avós maternas das crianças, que coabitavam com as mães, tendo163 mães e 88 avós recebido a intervenção, constituída de seis sessões de aconselhamento em amamentação e alimentação complementar saudável: na maternidade, e aos 7, 15, 30, 60 e 120 dias, nos domicílios. Em todas elas enfatizou-se a importância da amamentação exclusiva nos primeiros seis meses e, na última, aos quatro meses, foi dada ênfase à introdução da alimentação complementar saudável a partir dos seis meses, com distribuição de livreto com conteúdo baseado nos Dez Passos para Alimentação Complementar Saudável. As práticas de aleitamento materno e de alimentação complementar foram verificadas mensalmente nos primeiros seis meses e bimensalmente até os 12 meses, por telefone ou visita domiciliar, por entrevistadores cegos para a intervenção. As mães foram novamente contatadas quando as crianças tinham entre 4 e 7 anos, tendo sido localizadas 207 mães (64% da amostra inicial), das quais 98 (46,9%) haviam recebido a intervenção. Nessa ocasião, foram coletadas informações referentes aos hábitos alimentares das crianças. Para avaliar a adequação do consumo alimentar às recomendações do Ministério da Saúde, ou seja, o cumprimento dos Dez Passos, elaborou-se um sistema de escore que pontuou os passos conforme o seu cumprimento: dois pontos para o passo cumprido, um ponto para o passo cumprido parcialmente e zero ponto para o passo não cumprido. Assim, o escore de cada criança poderia variar de 0 a 18 pontos (o Passo 10, referente a atividade física, não foi contemplado). As médias dos escores dos grupos intervenção e controle foram comparadas por meio do teste t. Para medir a associação entre padrão e duração do aleitamento materno e consumo semanal de frutas e verduras, utilizou-se modelo de Regressão Logística. Observou-se baixa adesão ao cumprimento dos passos entre os grupos: o escore variou de 5,2 a 13,8, com média e desvio padrão de 9,6+1,63 e 9,3+1,60 nos grupos intervenção e controle, respectivamente, e não houve influência da coabitação com a avó materna. Com exceção do passo 9, relativo à ingestão de água, que não foi cumprido por nenhuma criança, a maioria das crianças cumpriu parcialmente os passos. Menos de 1% cumpriram totalmente os passos 5 (consumo de leite/derivados, carne e ovos), 7 (consumo de alimentos não saudáveis) e 8 (quantidade de sal no preparo dos alimentos). Aproximadamente 60% e 45% das crianças consumiam frutas e verduras, respectivamente, cinco ou mais vezes por semana. O consumo de verduras foi maior em crianças amamentadas por 12 meses ou mais (RC 2,7; IC 95% 1,49-4,93), porém não houve influência da duração da amamentação exclusiva (RC 1,5; IC 95% 0,70-3,04). Não houve associação entre consumo semanal de frutas e duração da amamentação (RC 1,3; IC 95% 0,71-2,30) ou amamentação exclusiva (RC 0,7; IC 95% 0,34-1,44). Observou-se que a intervenção, apesar de ter aumentado a duração do aleitamento materno e do aleitamento materno exclusivo, e ter postergado a introdução dos alimentos complementares, não foi suficiente para influenciar de forma significativa a qualidade da dieta das crianças em fase pré-escolar. No entanto, a duração do aleitamento materno por no mínimo 12 meses associou-se à maior frequência de consumo semanal de verduras nessa faixa etária.
The first years of life are very important to the establishment of health eating habits. However, nowadays, infant feeding practices are far from ideal in many countries around the world, including Brazil. Data about child diet have been showing that infant consumption of healthy foods is low and there is a tendency of high consumption of processed foods, which have great amount of sugar, fat and salt. Some factors are related to what children eat, as maternal education and age, cohabitation with grandparents, as well the pattern and duration of breastfeeding and age of introduction of complementary foods. So that, considering that a dietary education intervention targeted to adolescent mothers and maternal grandmothers, applied in the first year of children’s life, had positive impact on breastfeeding rates and timing of introduction of complementary foods, we decided to investigate if the intervention has impact on diet quality at preschool age (from 4 to 7 years old). The main objective of this study was to assess the intervention effect on dietary guideline adherence at 4-7 years old. The secondary objective was to evaluate the association between breastfeeding pattern and duration and fruits and vegetables consumption by preschool children. The randomized clinical trial started in 2006 in Porto Alegre, Brazil, and involved 323 adolescent mothers, their infants and the infants’ maternal grandmothers, when they cohabited. Mothers and grandmothers in the intervention group received counseling sessions on breastfeeding and healthy complementary feeding at the maternity ward and at home (7, 15, 30, 60, and 120 days after delivery). Infant feeding information was obtained monthly in the first six months and every two months in the second semester of children’s life. When children were aged 4 to 7 years we interviewed families again, about infant feeding habits, through applying food frequency questionnaire. In order to assess food consumption based on Brazilian government guideline, we elaborated a scoring system that reflected the adherence to the Ten Steps To a Healthy Eating For Children 2-10 Years. The intervention and control groups’ average scores were compared using the t test. In order to evaluate the association between breastfeeding pattern and duration and later fruits and vegetables consumption we used Logistic Regression Model. In general, there was low adherence to infant feeding recommendations by the study population, with no difference between groups in the performance of the steps. The steps scores compliance was similar in both groups (9.6 ± 1.63 and 9.6 ± 1.60 in the intervention and control groups, respectively). The presence of grandmother did not influence guideline adherence to the Tens Steps by children. About 60% and 45% of children ate fruit and vegetables five times a week or more, respectively. Vegetable consumption was higher in breastfed children for 12 months or longer (OR 2.7; CI 95% 1.49-4.93), however, exclusive breastfeeding did not show the same association (OR 1.5; CI 95% 0.70-3.04). Weekly fruit consumption was not associated with any or exclusive breastfeeding (OR 1.3; CI 95% 0.71-2.30 and OR 0.7; CI 95% 0.34-1.44). In spite of the intervention had positive effects in the first year of children’s life, it had no impact on dietary guideline adherence at 4 to 7 years. However, breastfeeding duration for at least 12 months was associated to higher vegetable weekly consumption in this sample of children.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Objetivo: Descrever e discutir a Introdução de alimentos industrializados e de uso tradicional na dieta de criancas frequentadoras de bercarios em creches publicas e filantropicas do municipio de São Paulo, alem de identificar a idade de Introdução do queijo petit suisse e macarrao instantaneo e comparar suas composicoes nutricionais com a alimentacao recomendada para a idade (leite materno e refeicao salgada), visando estimar erros nutricionais e efeitos na Saúde dos lactentes. Metodos: Estudo composto por duas observacoes transversais, com a primeira realizada em 2007 e a segunda em 2010. Foram estudadas 636 criancas (4-38 meses) de bercarios de creches. A Introdução de alimentos, na segunda observacao, foi avaliada, como na primeira em 2007, por meio da aplicacao junto as maes de um questionario estruturado e pre-codificado, composto por perguntas abertas e fechadas, elaborado e previamente testado para a coleta de dados. Para cada um dos alimentos analisados, foi registrada a idade em meses de Introdução. No calculo da composicao centesimal do leite materno e da refeicao salgada utilizaram-se Tabelas de Composicao de Alimentos. Para avaliacao da adequacao nutricional foram utilizadas as Recomendacoes de InGestão Diaria por faixa etaria. Resultados: Os resultados mostram Introdução precoce de alimentos com potencial obesogenico, como salgadinhos, bolacha recheada, suco artificial e refrigerante, queijo petit suisse e macarrao instantaneo. Estes ultimos foram consumidos por 89,6% e 65,3% dos lactentes ainda no primeiro ano de vida. Os percentuais de adequacao para carboidrato foram superiores a duas vezes o recomendado e os percentuais de sodio superiores a 20 vezes os encontrados nos alimentos recomendados. Conclusoes: Ressalta-se a necessidade de inclusao de orientacoes nutricionais para pais/responsaveis e educadores, visando desestimular o consumo precoce dos alimentos industrializados, que ocorre em proporcoes altissimas entre lactentes. Alem disso, faz-se necessario a implementacao de politicas publicas no combate a obesidade e doencas cronicas nao transmissiveis ja nos primeiros anos de vida, pois estes alimentos apresentam elevada densidade energetica e baixa qualidade nutricional
BV UNIFESP: Teses e dissertações

O ambiente universitário é um espaço estratégico para a promoção da alimentação saudável e da segurança alimentar e nutricional, pois muitos hábitos alimentares adquiridos pelos estudantes se mantêm na idade adulta. No Brasil, nos últimos anos, esse ambiente passou a ser ainda mais estratégico, uma vez que incorporou medidas de ação afirmativa (sistema de cotas) e de permanência dos estudantes. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar o impacto da implementação do Restaurante Universitário (RU) na alimentação de estudantes de uma universidade pública brasileira. Seus resultados estão apresentados na forma de dois artigos. O primeiro objetivou descrever as práticas alimentares de estudantes do campus Maracanã da UERJ antes da implementação do RU e examiná-las segundo sua forma de ingresso na universidade (cotistas e não cotistas). No segundo semestre de 2011, foi realizado um estudo seccional com o universo de estudantes ingressantes no primeiro semestre daquele ano. Utilizou-se questionário autopreenchido e identificado que abarcou os hábitos de realizar desjejum e de substituir o almoço e/ou o jantar por lanche regularmente (≥ 5 dias/semana) e o consumo regular (≥ 5 dias/semana) de alimentos marcadores de alimentação saudável e não saudável. Participaram do estudo 1336 estudantes. Foram descritas e comparadas a distribuição da frequência semanal dessas práticas e, também, a proporção de estudantes que realizaram essas práticas em pelo menos cinco dias na semana que antecedeu o estudo. Foram observadas proporções expressivas de: não realização do desjejum, substituição do jantar por lanche, baixo consumo de frutas, hortaliças e feijão e consumo frequente de bebidas açucaradas, guloseimas e biscoitos e/ou salgadinhos de pacote. Entre cotistas, foi mais frequente o consumo de feijão, de biscoitos e/ou salgadinhos de pacote e de biscoitos doces e menos frequentes a substituição de jantar por lanche e o consumo de hortaliças e de frutas. Cotistas e não cotistas apresentaram práticas alimentares com algumas semelhanças e desfavoráveis para a saúde. As diferenças observadas entre os dois grupos foram, em sua maioria, na direção de um quadro mais desfavorável para os cotistas, exceto para o feijão. O segundo artigo objetivou avaliar o impacto da implementação do RU sobre as práticas alimentares dos estudantes segundo forma de ingresso na universidade. Para isso, entre os meses de dezembro de 2012 e março de 2013, os estudantes responderam outra vez o questionário autopreenchido no baseline complementado com questões sobre utilização do RU (n= 1131). A variação das práticas alimentares foi examinada pela diferença entre proporções obtidas antes e depois da implementação do RU e pela trajetória individual de cada estudante em relação às práticas estudadas. Foi observada associação entre maior assiduidade ao RU e maior frequência de consumo regular de feijão, hortaliças, hortaliças cruas, hortaliças cozidas e frutas e, também, menor frequência de consumo regular de batata frita e/ou salgados fritos e de biscoitos e/ou salgadinhos de pacote. Quando comparados aos demais, os usuários assíduos tiveram maior chance de trajetória positiva para realização do almoço, do jantar e consumo de feijão, hortaliças, hortaliças cruas, frutas e guloseimas e menor chance de trajetória negativa para consumo de feijão, hortaliças cruas, batata frita e/ou salgados fritos. Cotistas assíduos ao RU apresentaram resultados favoráveis para consumo de feijão, hortaliças, hortaliças cruas, biscoitos e/ou salgadinhos de pacote e batata frita e/ou salgados fritos e não cotistas assíduos ao RU, para consumo de feijão, hortaliças cruas, embutidos e guloseimas. A implementação do RU promoveu a melhoria na alimentação dos estudantes assíduos ao RU.
The university environment is a strategic space for promoting healthy diets and the food and nutrition security as many eating habits, acquired by students remain in adulthood. In Brazil, in recent years, this environment has become even more strategic, once it has incorporated affirmative action measures (quota system) and students retaining initiatives. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of the implementation of the University Restaurant (RU) in the eating practices of students from a Brazilian public university (UERJ). The results are presented in the form of two articles. The first one aimed to describe the dietary practices of students from UERJ Maracanã campus before the implementation of the RU and to examine them according to the students university admission way (students favored by the quota system and regular students). In the second half of 2011, it was carried out a cross-sectional study with the universe of freshmen in the first half of that year. It was used a self-administered questionnaire and identified that included habits as eating breakfast and replacing lunch/dinner by snacks as well as the regular consumption (≥ 5 times a week) of markers for healthy and unhealthy eating. This study included 1336 students. The weekly frequency distribution of the above mentioned practices were described and compared, as well as the proportion of students who did these practices in at least five days, in the week before the study. It was observed significant proportions of: non-consumption of breakfast, replacing dinner with snacks, low consumption of fruits, vegetables and beans, and frequent consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages, candies and crackers/biscuits. Between the quota holders, there was a more frequent consumption of beans, crackers/biscuits and less frequent replacement of dinner by snack and consumption of vegetables and fruits. Quota holders and no quota holders showed with some similarities and unfavorable dietary practices for their health. The differences observed between the two groups highlighted a more unfavorable scenario for the quota holders, except for beans. The second article aimed to evaluate the impact of the implementation of the RU on the dietary practices of UERJs students, according to their university admission way (students favored by the quota system and regular students). For this, after the baseline, between the months of December 2012 and March 2013, students answered the self-administered questionnaire at baseline, complemented with questions about the use of the RU (n = 1131). The variation of dietary practices habits was examined by the difference between the proportions obtained before and after the implementation of the RU and by the individual trajectory of each student in relation to the studied practices. It was observed an association between higher attendance to the RU and a higher frequency of regular consumption of beans, vegetables, raw vegetables, cooked vegetables and fruits, as well as a lower frequency of regular consumption of french fries and/or fried snacks and crackers/biscuits. When compared to the others students, the more RU assiduous users had greater chance of a positive trajectory for having lunch, dinner and for consuming beans, vegetables, raw vegetables, fruits and candies, and a lower chance of negative trajectory for consumption of beans, raw vegetables, french fries and/or fried snacks. Quota holders assiduous to the RU showed favorable results for consumption of beans, vegetables, raw vegetables, crackers/biscuits and french fries, and/or fried snacks, while no quota holders assiduous to the RU showed favorable results for consumption of beans, raw vegetables, sausages, burgers and candies. The implementation of the RU supported the improvement in the food consumption of assiduous students to the RU.

Trabalho Complementar apresentado à Universidade Fernando Pessoa como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do grau de licenciada em Ciências da Nutrição
Introdução: A insatisfação com a imagem corporal parece ser cada vez mais comum, uma vez que a aparência física e o atingimento de determinados ideais de beleza têm assumido um papel de destaque na sociedade moderna. Esta insatisfação pode estar associada à adoção de diferentes hábitos alimentares. Na literatura, os estudos que exploram a associação entre a perceção da imagem corporal e os hábitos alimentares são escassos e focam-se em grupos específicos de indivíduos, tais como estudantes universitários, mulheres e adolescentes. Assim, o principal objetivo do presente estudo consistiu em avaliar a associação entre a satisfação com a imagem corporal e o consumo alimentar e a ingestão nutricional em jovens adultos portugueses de ambos os sexos. Métodos: Participaram neste estudo 111 jovens adultos, dos 18 aos 35 anos, selecionados com base num método de amostragem por conveniência. A informação foi recolhida por auto-declaração, com base em questionários estruturados. A perceção da imagem corporal foi avaliada através da Escala de Silhuetas de Stunkard et al. e categorizada em satisfação, insatisfação por défice (diferença negativa entre a imagem corporal real e a desejada) e insatisfação por excesso (diferença positiva entre a imagem corporal real e a desejada), representando, respetivamente, o desejo de aumentar e diminuir o tamanho corporal. O consumo alimentar foi avaliado através de um Questionário de Frequência Alimentar previamente validado. As associações foram avaliadas por regressão linear (coeficientes β̂ e respetivos intervalos de confiança a 95% - IC95%), após ajuste para a idade, escolaridade e exercício físico dos participantes e após estratificação por sexo. Resultados: As mulheres mostraram-se mais insatisfeitas com a sua imagem corporal do que os homens (66,7% vs. 58,3%, p=0,392). Enquanto a insatisfação por excesso foi mais prevalente nas mulheres (57,3% vs. 30,6%, p=0,009), a insatisfação por défice foi mais reportada pelos homens (27,8% vs. 9,3%, p=0,009). Os homens insatisfeitos por défice (desejo de aumentar o tamanho corporal) apresentaram consumos mais elevados de pescado (β̂=181,0, IC95%: 38,3; 323,6), ovos (β̂=23,1, IC95%: 2,9; 43,2), fruta (β̂=191,3, IC95%: 90,0; 292,5) e hortícolas (β̂=221,6, IC95%: 99,7; 343,4), o que se traduziu em ingestões significativamente superiores de energia, macronutrientes, fibra alimentar, vitamina B12, vitamina C, cálcio, magnésio, potássio e sódio, quando comparados com os satisfeitos com a sua imagem corporal. Nas mulheres, não se encontraram diferenças significativas no consumo alimentar e na ingestão energética e nutricional entre as diferentes classes de (in)satisfação com a imagem corporal. Conclusão: A maioria dos participantes (adultos jovens) encontra-se insatisfeito com a sua imagem corporal, sendo que quase 30% dos homens manifestou o desejo de aumentar o seu tamanho corporal e, por conseguinte, consumos alimentares e nutricionais que se coadunam com este desejo. Futuramente, estudos longitudinais com tamanhos amostrais mais robustos e em amostras representativas de segmentos da população devem ser realizados de modo a clarificar melhor a direção e magnitude destas associações.
Introduction: Body image dissatisfaction seems to be increasingly more common, as physical appearance and the attainment of certain ideals of beauty have assumed a prominent role in modern society. This dissatisfaction could be associated with different eating habits. Studies that explore the association between body image perception and eating habits are scarce and focused in specific groups, such as students, women and adolescents. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the association between body image satisfaction and food and nutritional intake in Portuguese young adults, from both sexes. Methods: A total of 111 young adults, aged 18 to 35 years, were selected through convenience sampling. Data was self-reported based on structured questionnaires. Body image perception was assessed using the Figure Rating Scale developed by Stunkard et al. and categorized into satisfaction, dissatisfaction by deficit (negative difference between actual and desired body image) and dissatisfaction by excess (positive difference between actual and desired body image), representing, respectively, the desire to increase and decrease body size. Dietary intake was estimated by a Food Frequency Questionnaire, previously validated. Associations were assessed through linear regression (β̂ coefficients and the respective 95% confidence intervals – 95%CI), after adjustment for age, education and physical exercise of participants, and sex stratification. Results: Women were more dissatisfied with their body image than men (66.7% vs. 58.3%, p=0.392). While women were more dissatisfaction by excess (57.3% vs. 30.6%, p=0.009), men were more dissatisfied by deficit (27.8% vs. 9.3%, p=0,009). Men dissatisfied by deficit (desire of increasing body size) showed higher consumption of fish and seafood (β̂=181.0, 95%CI: 38.3; 323.6), eggs (β̂=23.1, 95%CI: 2.9; 43.2), fruit (β̂=191.3, 95%CI: 90.0; 292.5) and vegetables (β̂=221.6, 95%CI: 99.7; 343.4), which led to significantly higher intakes of energy, macronutrients, dietary fiber, vitamin B12, vitamin C, calcium, magnesium, potassium and sodium, when compared to men satisfied with their body image. In women, there were no significant differences in dietary intake between the different categories of body image (dis)satisfaction. Conclusion: The majority of participants (young adults) are dissatisfied with their body image, with almost 30% of men expressing a desire to increase their body size, and consequently, food and nutritional intakes that are in line with this desire. In the future, longitudinal studies with bigger sample sizes, representative of target population groups, should be conducted in order to better clarify the direction and magnitude of these associations.
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Thesis (Mnutr)--Stellenbosch University, 2014.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Introduction Adequate fruit and vegetable consumption can provide many health and nutrition benefits, and can contribute to nutritional adequacy and quality of the diet. Despite existing strategies, most people in South Africa do not consume the recommended intake of five fruits and vegetables per day, and micronutrient intakes remain low. Aim The aim of this study was to describe underlying factors that influence individual and household fruit and vegetable consumption, in an area of the Mitchells Plain sub-district, by engaging with community members in a participatory manner in accordance with a human rights-based approach. Methodology This study was cross-sectional and descriptive. Data collection was conducted from November 2012 until January 2013, in an area of Mitchells Plain. Focus group discussions were conducted to gain a broad understanding of factors that influence fruit and vegetable consumption in the community and to identify individuals for individual interviews. In-depth interviews were conducted with strategically selected community members considered to be influential in food preparation, distribution or consumption, in order to gain in-depth understanding of specific factors associated with fruit and vegetable consumption. Results Four focus group discussions were conducted with 40 participants in total, allocated to three different groups (18 to 29 year old females, 30 to 70 year old females, 18 to 60 year old males). Fifteen in-depth interviews were conducted with community leaders, individuals involved in food production (kitchen managers) or sale thereof (an informal vendor and a tuck shop owner), individuals involved in health education (a professional nurse) and basic education (a grade one educator), and others. Dominant themes discussed included fruit and vegetable consumption patterns (religious, cultural and traditional dishes, seasonal variation), fruit and vegetable preparation techniques and commonly prepared dishes, fruit and vegetable access (purchasing, vegetable gardens and direct provision) and changes in fruit and vegetable consumption patterns. Barriers to fruit and vegetable consumption included that although most participants considered them to be important, fruit and vegetables were not considered a priority food item (inadequate time and effort is allocated to food purchasing and preparation), negative side-effects of consumption, fruit and vegetables are perishable and benefits of fruit and vegetable consumption are not immediately apparent. Facilitators of fruit and vegetable consumption were personal preference, traditional dishes prepared that include fruit or vegetable ingredients, individuals who sell or grow fruit and vegetables having increased availability, use of convenience fruit and vegetable items, and modelling and discipline in children. Suggestions to improve consumption included education using practical advice such as fruit recipes to improve the appeal of fruit and vegetable dishes, and methods to decrease preparation time and cost. Conclusions Limited fruit and vegetable consumption is not simply determined by limited nutrition knowledge or poor decision-making by households, but rather by a much wider set of social, economic and spatial processes. Creative and innovative behaviour-changing strategies are required that target individuals but also take cognisance of wider structural barriers, and work to create an enabling environment that is supportive of healthy eating and an adequate consumption of fruit and vegetables.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Inleiding Voldoende inname van vrugte en groente hou baie gesondheids- en voedingsvoordele in, en kan bydra tot voedingstoereikenheid en kwaliteit van die dieet. Ongeag bestaande strategieë, neem die meeste mense in Suid-Afrika nie die aanbevole vyf vrugte en groente in nie, en mikronutriënt inname bly laag. Doelwit Die doel van hierdie studie was om die onderliggende faktore wat indiwiduele en huishoudelike vrugte- en groenteverbruik in 'n area van die Mitchells Plein subdistrik beïnvloed, te beskryf, deur met lede van die gemeenskap in 'n deelnemende manier betrokke te raak in ooreenstemming met 'n menseregte-gebaseerde benadering. Metodes Hierdie deursnee studie was beskrywend. Data-insameling het vanaf November 2012 tot Januarie 2013 in 'n gedeelte van Mitchells Plein plaasgevind. Fokusgroepbesprekings is gehou om 'n breër begrip van die faktore wat vrugte- en groenteverbruik in die gemeenskap beïnvloed, te bekom en om indiwidue te identifiseer vir indiwiduele onderhoude. In-diepte onderhoude is gevoer met strategies verkose gemeenskapslede wat beskou word as invloedryk in voedselvoorbereiding, verspreiding en verbruik, om 'n dieper begrip van spesifieke faktore wat met vrugte- en groenteverbruik verband hou, te bekom. Resultate Vier fokusgroep-besprekings is gehou met 'n totaal van 40 deelnemers, versprei oor drie verskillende groepe (18 - 29 jarige vroue, 30 - 70 jarige vroue, 18 - 60 jarige mans). Vyftien in-diepte onderhoude is gevoer met gemeenskapsleiers (polities en godsdienstig), indiwidue betrokke by voedselverwerking (kombuisbestuurders) of verkope (informele verkoper en snoepwinkeleienaar), indiwidue betrokke by gesondheidsopvoeding (professionele verpleegster) en basiese onderrig (graad een opvoeder) en andere. Oorheersende temas sluit in vrugte- en groenteverbruikspatrone (godsdienstige, kulturele en tradisionele disse, seisonale wisseling in gebruik), vrugte en groente voorbereidingstegnieke en alledaagse disse, toegang tot vrugte en groente (aankoop, groentetuine en direkte voorsiening) en verandering in vrugte- en groenteverbruikspatrone. Hindernisse tot vrugte- en groenteverbruik sluit in dat hoewel die meeste deelnemers vrugte- en groenteverbruik belangrik ag, word vrugte en groente nie as 'n prioriteitsvoedsel gesien nie. Voldoende tyd en aandag word nie aan voedsel-aankope en -voorbereiding afgestaan nie, daar is negatiewe newe-effekte aan verbruik, vrugte en groente is bederfbaar en die voordele van vrugte en groenteverbruik is nie duidelik waarneembaar nie.Persoonlike voorkeur is bevorderlik vir vrugte- en groenteverbruik, sommige tradisionele disse word met vrugte of groente bestanddele voorberei, asook die groter beskikbaarheid van indiwidue wat vrugte en groente verkoop of kweek, die gebruik van vrugte en groente gemaksitems, en die gedragsmodellering en dissiplinering van kinders. Voorstelle om verbruik te verbeter het ingesluit opvoeding met praktiese raad soos vrugte en groente resepte om die aantreklikheid van vrugte en groente disse te verhoog en metodes om voorbereidingstyd en onkoste te verminder. Gevolgtrekking Beperkte vrugte en groente verbruik word nie net bepaal deur beperkte voeding kennis of swak besluitneming deur huishoudings nie, maar deur 'n veel wyer reeks van maatskaplike, ekonomiese en ruimtelike prosesse. Skeppende en innoverende gedragsveranderende-strategieë wat gemik is op indiwidue is nodig, asook aandag aan wyer strukturele hindernisser. Sodoende kan ‘n bemagtigende omgewing geskep word om gesonde eetgewoontes en die verbruik van voldoende vrugte en groente te ondersteun.

Blue Catfish Ictalurus furcatus are native to tributaries of the Mississippi River but are now invasive in several Atlantic slope drainages. This includes subestuaries of the Chesapeake Bay, where their feeding ecology and potential impact on native species was largely unknown. We collected stomach contents from 16,110 Blue Catfish at 698 sites in three large subestuaries of the Chesapeake Bay (James, York, Rappahannock rivers). Cumulative prey curves revealed that sample size was sufficient for diet description, though 1,000 – 1500 stomachs were needed per river. Blue Catfish are opportunistic generalists that feed on a broad array of plant and animal material. Logistic regression models reveal that Blue Catfish undergo significant ontogenetic diet shifts to piscivory at larger sizes (P<0.01) though the lengths at which these shifts occur varies by river system (500 – 900 mm total length; TL). Over 60% of Blue Catfish stomachs contained other invasive species, primarily Hydrilla verticillata and Asian clams Corbicula fluminea. Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) revealed that salinity and season explained the most variation in Blue Catfish diet, while Generalized Additive Models (GAMs) demonstrated that there is considerable spatiotemporal and length-based variation in predation of species of concern. Species of concern include American Shad, American Eel, and river herring, which are imperiled, and blue crab, which support valuable fisheries in Chesapeake Bay. Predation of American Shad, American Eel, and river herring was rare (max predicted occurrence in Blue Catfish diets = 8%), while blue crab was much more common in the diet (max predicted occurrence =28%). Predation of American Shad and river herring peaks in freshwater areas in April, while predation of blue crab peaks in brackish areas in October. Predation of all species of concern is highest for large catfish (500 – 1000 mm TL). Field and laboratory-based estimates of consumption rate revealed that Blue Catfish feed at similar rates as Channel Catfish Ictalurus punctatus, and daily ration is estimated to be 2-5% bodyweight per day during warm temperatures, while peak feeding (maximum daily ration) can approach 10% bodyweight per day. While consumption of imperiled species is rare, Blue Catfish could still have negative impacts on these species due to dense catfish populations.
Ph. D.

Carotenoides são considerados substâncias bioativas e seu consumo tem sido associado à prevenção de doenças crônicas não transmissíveis. Os carotenoides com atividade pró-vitamínica atuam no combate à hipovitaminose A. O objetivo desta dissertação foi descrever a ingestão de carotenoides, destacando a contribuição do consumo fora do domicílio, de acordo com fatores socioeconômicos, demográficos e estado nutricional, além de identificar as principais fontes alimentares presentes na dieta da população brasileira. Utilizou-se como base de dados as informações integrantes do bloco de consumo alimentar pessoal, da Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares (POF 2008-2009), realizada pelo Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE), que envolveu 34.003 indivíduos com idade de 10 anos ou mais. Um banco de dados foi construído para viabilizar o cálculo das quantidades (médias) de carotenoides presentes na dieta dos participantes da amostra. Foram utilizadas principalmente informações contidas na base Nutrient Database for Standard Reference Release 23 - United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) e a Tabela Brasileira de Composição de Carotenoides em Alimentos. Foram elaboradas análises estatísticas descritivas envolvendo o cálculo de ingestão de carotenoides no domicílio e fora dele e as variáveis selecionadas. O consumo médio per capita foi de 4.117,0 µg/dia para carotenoides totais e 2.337,9 µg/dia para os pró-vitamínicos A. As maiores médias de ingestão de carotenoides (totais; pró-vitamínicos) foram identificadas entre os seguintes grupos: mulheres (4.245,8 µg/dia; 2.458,9 µg/dia), moradores do meio urbano (4.143,2 µg/dia; 2.364,20 µg/dia), habitantes da Região Sul (4.987,6 µg/dia; 2.948,9 µg/dia), idosos (4.694,3 µg/dia; 2.853,8 µg/dia), indivíduos com os maiores rendimentos (5.596,7 µg/dia; 3.236,6 µg/dia), com curso de pós-graduação completo (7.009,7 µg/dia; 4.143,5 µg/dia), de cor amarela (5.692,7 µg/dia; 3.436,9 µg/dia) e aqueles classificados com os maiores Índice de Massa Corporal - IMC (4.445,1 µg/dia; 2.535,0 µg/dia). Constatou-se que a contribuição fora do domicílio representou até ¼ da ingestão total de carotenoides. Observou-se que os indivíduos do sexo feminino, idade acima de 60 anos e obesos, embora ingerissem maiores quantidades destas substâncias, integraram os grupamentos que (em relação ao total) apresentaram menor participação na ingestão fora do domicílio. O crescimento da renda e da escolaridade foi fundamental para proporcionar níveis mais elevados de consumo. As principais fontes de carotenoides na dieta da população brasileira foram: salada, suco, alface, tomate, mamão, melancia, abóbora, batata-doce, cenoura, milho verde e ovo de galinha. Fora do domicílio prevaleceu a ingestão dos três primeiros alimentos/preparações. Os níveis de ingestão revelaram-se expressivamente inferiores aos preconizados como seguros. Medidas de incentivo ao consumo de frutas, verduras, legumes e seus derivados (fontes de carotenoides), sobretudo entre os jovens, são necessárias e prioritárias, especialmente com vistas à prevenção de doenças crônicas não transmissíveis e no combate à hipovitaminose A.
Carotenoids are considered bioactive substances and its consumption has been associated to prevention of chronic non communicable diseases. The carotenoids with pro-vitamin activity act against hypovitaminosis A. The aim of this dissertation was to report the carotenoids intake, highlighting the contribution of outof- home food consumption, accordingly with socioeconomic and demographical factors, nutritional status, also to identify the main food sources in the diet of Brazilian population. A secondary data from the 2008-2009 Household Budget Survey - POF - was used, published by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE). The sample consisted of 34,003 study subjects (13,569 households), with at least 10 years-old. A database was built to allow the calculation of quantities (average) of carotenoids in the diet of study participants. Information was used primarily by the Nutrient Database for Standard Reference Release 23 - United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) and the Brazilian Table of Carotenoids Composition in Food. Descriptive statistical analysis was performed for calculation of carotenoid intake at home and out-of-home consumption. The average daily consumption per capita was 4,117.0 µg/day for total carotenoids and 2,337.9 µg/day for provitamin A carotenoids. The highest average intake of carotenoids (total; provitaminic) was found between the following groups: women (4,245.8 µg/day; 2,458.9 µg/day), urban dwellers (4,143.2 µg/day; 2,364.20 µg/day), South region population (4,987.6 µg/day; 2,948.9 µg/day), elderly people (4,694.3 µg/day; 2,853.8 µg/day), high-income individuals (5,596.7 µg/day; 3,236.6 µg/day), with full graduate degree (7,009.7 µg/day; 4,143.5 µg/day), yellow skinned person (5,692.7 µg/day; 3,436.9 µg/day) and those classified with highest Body Mass Index (BMI) (4,445.1 µg/day; 2,535.0 µg/day). The out-ofhome contribution found in this present study represented up to ¼ of the total intake of carotenoids. It was observed that individuals over 60 years, female and obese people, although ingested larger amount of these substances, belonged to the groups (in relation with total) which showed less interest in out-of-home eating. The increase in income and education was essential to provide higher levels of consumption. The main dietary carotenoids sources of Brazilian population were: salad, juice, lettuce, tomato, papaya, watermelon, pumpkin, sweet potato, carrot, corn and chicken egg. The consumption of first three food/preparation prevailed outside the home. The intake levels showed expressively lower than those recommended as safe. Policies to promote the consumption of fruits, vegetables and derived products (carotenoids sources) are necessary and priority, particularly among young people, especially aiming to prevent the risk of chronic diseases and combating hypovitaminosis A.

Introdução - A quantidade de flúor ingerida, proveniente de todas as fontes, durante o período crítico de formação dos dentes, é o principal fator de risco para a fluorose dentária. Dentre estas fontes estão a água fluoretada, o dentifrício fluoretado e os alimentos, bebidas, fórmulas e suplementos infantis. Considerando-se que a fluorose dentária tem aumentado em todas as regiões é importante avaliar, além da água e do dentifrício, também a contribuição diária do consumo alimentar das crianças e a concentração de flúor nesses itens alimentares para a ingestão de flúor. Objetivo - Descrever o consumo alimentar de crianças de 2 a 6 anos, com relação ao flúor. Métodos - Foram avaliadas 379 crianças, de 2 a 6 anos, faixa etária de risco para fluorose, residentes em Bauru - São Paulo, município com fluoretação artificial da água de abastecimento público. A amostragem foi estratificada por setor, baseando-se no Plano Diretor do Município. O consumo alimentar foi avaliado pelo Questionário de Freqüência Alimentar Semiquantitativo, aplicado aos pais ou responsáveis, e a concentração de flúor nos itens alimentares a partir de análises laboratoriais. As crianças foram classificadas quanto à ingestão diária de f1úor de acordo com a Dietary Reference Intakes. Resultados - Dentre os 70 itens alimentares, o arroz, a água de abastecimento público e o leite foram os mais consumidos; o chá preto, o leite em pó de soja diluído com água de abastecimento público e o biscoito Danyt\'s® apresentaram maior concentração de flúor; a água de abastecimento público, o refrigerante Coca-Cola® e a batata frita representaram maior contribuição diária para ingestão de flúor. Os itens alimentares mais consumidos apresentaram, em média (±DP), concentração de flúor (0,015 ± 0,028 mgF/porção) significantemente menor (p = 0,03) que os menos consumidos (0,107 ± 0,162 mgF/porção). Os itens alimentares com maior concentração de flúor contribuíram significantemente (p < 0,001) para a ingestão do halogênio (0,018 ± 0,037 mgF/dia). A média da ingestão de flúor por meio dos alimentos sólidos e líquidos, da água e da escovação foi de 0,017 ± 0,016; 0,011 ± 0,004 e 0,036 ± 0,028 mgF/kg peso/dia, respectivamente, totalizando 0,064 ± 0,035 mgF/kg peso/dia. Das 379 crianças, 31,2% apresentaram risco de fluorose. O dentifrício e os itens alimentares (sólidos, água e outros líquidos) contribuíram com 57% e 43%, respectivamente, para a ingestão de flúor. Conclusão - O dentifrício foi a principal fonte para a ingestão de f1úor pelas crianças, porém, a concentração desse halogênio nos itens alimentares contribuiu significantemente para a ingestão, representando risco para f1uorose dentária.
The quantity of fluoride ingested, deriving from all sources, during the critical period of formation of the teeth, is the main factor of risk for the dental fluorosis. Among this sources, we have the fluoridated water, the fluoridated dentifrice and the food, drinks, chemical formula and the infant supplements. Taking into consideration that the dental fluorosis has increased in all regions, it is important to evaluate it, besides the water and the dentifrice, the daily contribution of children\'s food consumption and the concentration of fluoride in these food items for the ingestion of fluoride. Objective - Describe the food consumption of children from 2 to 6 years old, relationg to fluoride. Methods - 379 children were evaluated at risking ages for fluorosis, residents in Bauru - São Paulo, district with artificial f1uoridation. The sampling was stratified by sector, based on the Director\'s Plan of the District. The food intake was evaluated by the Food Frequency Semiquantitative Questionnaire, applied on parents or responsable one, and the concentration of fluoride on the food items from analyses in laboraties. The children were classified based on theis daily ingestion of fluoride according to the Dietary Reference Intakes. Results - Among the 70 food items, rice, public water supply and the milk were the most consumed ones; the black tea, the soybean powdered milk diluted in public water and the biscuit Danyt\'s® presented the gratest daily contribution for the ingestion of fluoride. The most consumed food items present, in average (± DP), concentration of fluoride (0,015 ± 0,028 mg F / portion), significantly lower (p = 0,03) that the less consumed (0,107 ± 0,162 mgF/portion). The food items with the greatest concentration of fluoride contributed significantly (p < 0,001) for the ingestion of the mineral (0,018 ± 0,037 mgF/day). The average amount of fluoride ingestion taken from the solid food and the liquid ones (except water) coming from the water and the teeth brushing was 0,017 ± 0,016; 0,011 ± 0,004 and 0,036 ± 0,028 mgF/kg weight/day, respectively, totalizing 0,064 ± 0,035 mgF/kg weight/dia. 31,2% of the 379 children presented risk of fluorosis. The dentifrice and the food items (solid, water and other liquids) contributed with 57% and 43%, respectively, for the ingestion of fluoride. Conclusion - The dentifrice was the main source for the ingestion of fluoride, by the children, however, the concentration of this mineral in food items contributed significantly for the ingestion by the children, representing risk for dental fluorosis.

Introdução: O padrão alimentar, com alto teor de gordura, colesterol, açúcar refinado e o baixo teor de ácido graxos poliinsaturados e fibras presente na dieta dos adolescentes, é considerado o principal responsável pelo aumento da morbidade e mortalidade em adultos, pois resulta em aumento da prevalência de obesidade e conseqüentemente de doenças crônicas não transmissíveis. Objetivo: Avaliar a dieta habitual qualitativa e quantitativamente de adolescentes de ambos os sexos de uma Escola Estadual do Município de São Paulo - SP. Casuística e Métodos: Foram avaliados adolescentes de ambos os gêneros entre 14 e 18 anos e 11 meses de idade, em quatro momentos diferentes durante seis meses. Utilizou-se o Recordatório 24 horas para avaliar o consumo alimentar e os dados foram processados pelo software Virtual Nutri. As análises estatísticas (Kolmogorov-Smirnov, teste T Student bicaudal para amostras repetidas, Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test e McNemar) foram realizadas pelo SPSS 11.0. Resultados: O consumo de gordura total foi superior a 30% em todos os dias de análise; o consumo de fibras obteve uma tendência de melhora nos dias úteis, assim como a gordura insaturada; o alimento com consumo mais freqüente foi o arroz e o consumo dos salgados (pão de queijo, coxinha, esfiha, etc.) aumentou durante os dias da semana. O café da manhã teve um declínio de consumo durante o feriado. Conclusões: O conhecimento do da dieta habitual dos adolescentes possibilita o planejamento de políticas públicas de saúde voltadas à nutrição, orientações dietéticas específicas ao grupo e possíveis intervenções.
Introduction: High amounts of fat, cholesterol, refined sugar, and low amounts of fat acid and fibers present in the diets of adolescents is results in high rates of obesity, chronic non-communicable diseases, and death in adults. Objective: Evaluate qualitatively and quantitatively the daily eating habits of adolescent males and females from a São Paulo city state school. Methods: Students between the ages of 14 years and 18 years 11 months old in four different times in a six month period were evaluated. The students logged their food intake over a 24 hour period and the data was processed by the Virtual Nutri software. The statistical analysis (Kolmogorov-Smirnow, T Student test for two repeated samples, Wilcoxon Signed Tank Test, and McNemar) was made by SPSS 11.0. Results: For every day of the test, fat accounted for more than 30% of the caloric intake. The fiber intake showed a tendency to improve on week days when compared with weekends, as did the intake of unsaturated fats. The food most frequently consumed was rice. Snacks were consumed mostly on the holiday, and during holidays the students frequently skipped breakfast. Conclusions: This study of the eating habits of adolescents can help shape the public policies of health, nutrition, and diet for specific groups and interventions.

The thesis consists of a summary and four papers, concerned with food consumption, behavior associated with overconsumption of food and analysis of the economic policy reforms designed to improve health.

Paper [I] estimates a hedonic price model on breakfast cereal, crisp bread and potato product data. The purpose is to examine the marginal implicit prices for food characteristics associated with health. A trade-off exists between health and taste. For instance, sugar, salt and fat are tasty but can be unhealthy if overconsumed; whereas fiber is unhealthy if underconsumed. If the marginal implicit price for sugar is negative, consumers value health over its taste. Our results are the marginal implicit price for sugar is negative for breakfast cereals and crisp bread—consumers value health over the taste of sugar. For salt, we find the opposite—a positive marginal implicit price, suggesting people value its taste over health. For fat, we find a negative marginal implicit price of fat in breakfast cereals and potato products containing salt, whereas we find a positive marginal implicit price of fat in hard bread and potato products that contain no salt. For the one healthy characteristic, fiber, we find a negative marginal implicit price in breakfast cereals and a positive implicit price in hard bread.

Paper [II] uses a general equilibrium model to derive the optimal policy if people overconsume unhealthy food due to self-control problems. Individuals lacking self-control have a preference for immediate gratification, at the expense of future health. We show the optimal policy to help individuals with self-control problems to behave rationally is a combination of subsidies for the health capital stock and the physical capital stock.

Paper [III] estimates a demand system for grain consumption based on household panel data and detailed product characteristics, and simulate the effect on grain consumption of economic policy reforms designed to encourage a healthier grain diet. Our results imply it is more cost-efficient to subsidize the fiber content than to subsidize products rich in fiber given the goal to increase the fiber intake of the average Swedish household. Our results also imply subsidies alone give rise to an increase in fiber, and to other unhealthy nutrients. Also, subsidies alone have negative effects on the budget. We therefore simulate the effect of policy reforms in which the subsidies are funded either by taxes on the content of unhealthy nutrients or by taxes on products that are overconsumed. Our results suggest that price instruments need to be substantial to change consumption. For instance, removing the VAT on products rich in fiber has little effect on consumption.

Paper [IV] explores habit persistence in breakfast cereal purchases. To perform the analysis, we use a mixed multinomial logit model, on household panel data on breakfast cereal purchases. If habit persistence in consumption is strong, short and long-run responses to policy reforms will differ. Our results are breakfast cereal purchases are strongly associated with habit persistence. Our results also imply preferences for breakfast cereals are heterogeneous over households and the strength of habit persistence is similar over educational and income groups.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
O presente estudo avaliou os padrões de consumo alimentar entre adultos brasileiros e a sua associação com o Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC). Em 1996/1997, o Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE), coletou dados antropométricos, de consumo alimentar e socioeconômicos de 9351 indivíduos entre 20 e 60 anos, moradores das áreas urbanas e rurais das regiões Nordeste e Sudeste do Brasil. Através da análise de componentes principais foram identificados os padrões de consumo alimentar. A associação entre os padrões de consumo alimentar e o IMC foi avaliado através de regressão linear. A prevalência de obesidade (IMC >= 30 kg/rn2) foi de 2,7% entre homens moradores das áreas rurais e em torno de 8,0% para os moradores da área urbana, em ambas as regiões. Entre as mulheres, esta prevalência na área rural foi de 6,5% no Nordeste, 14,3% no Sudeste e em torno de 12% nas áreas urbanas. A prevalência de sobrepeso (IMC>= 25 kg/m2) na área rural foi, aproximadamente, 20,0%para o sexo masculino e 24,0% para o sexo feminino, ficando ao redor de 30% nas áreas urbanas. Identificou-se três padrões de consumo: o padrão 1 (misto), com o consumo de quase todos os alimentos, o padrão 2, um padrão a base de arroz, farinha e feijão, composição característica da dieta tradicional do brasileiro, e o padrão 3, onde poucos alimentos explicaram a variação de consumo, contudo, estes alimentos variaram nas quatro áreas. Ajustando-se para idade, renda, escolaridade e atividade física, o padrão misto associou-se positivamente com o IMC (p<0,003), exceto no Sudeste rural (p=016). A dieta tradicional no Sudeste rural (p=0,007) e o padrão 3, composto por tubérculos, farinha e carne, no Nordeste urbano (p=O,0004), associaram-se negativamente com o IMC. Concluiu-se que o padrão misto se associou positivamente ao IMC, sugerindo que o consumo calórico total, mais do que o padrão da dieta, explicaria o aumento da obesidade observado no Brasil.

This collection of essays examines the impact of two antecedents of household food consumption: SNAP and habit formation to nutrients. Household food choice invariably plays a substantial role in health outcomes such as obesity. Low-income households may be especially vulnerable to obesity as they face a more restricted set of food choices due to income constraints and may have less information on healthy eating relative to high-income households. This dissertation unravels this dynamic by providing causal estimates of the effect of two major determinants of food choice. Chapter 2 and chapter 3 test the impact of SNAP participation on consumption of foods that are likely to cause obesity. With some exceptions, SNAP restricts benefits to be spent only on unprepared grocery food items from participating retailers. Chapter 2 considers the broad category of Food Away From Home (FAFH) which is shown to be less healthy than meals prepared at home and shows that SNAP significantly reduces FAFH expenditure of participants. However, the magnitude of this decrease is not large enough to have a tangible impact on obesity. Chapter 3 considers household expenditure on carbonated soda, which is the key source of sugar intake among low-income households. Not only is carbonated soda SNAP-eligible, it is cheaper when purchased with SNAP benefits relative to cash because benefits are exempt from all sales taxes. Results show that SNAP participation leads to a significant rise in carbonated soda sales in low-income counties. I also find that the SNAP tax exemption does not lead to higher consumption among participants relative to non-participants. Chapter 4 tests habit formation to dietary fat using purchases of ground meat and milk products. Products in both categories have salient fat content information on the packaging. Products within each category differ only by fat content and are usually identical otherwise. Differences in habit formation are, therefore, caused by different levels of fat content. Results show a positive association between habit formation and fat content for all products in the ground meat category and all products, except fat-free milk, in the milk category. However, this relationship is modest leading to the conclusion that policy interventions, such as a saturated fat tax, might be effective in discouraging consumption of high fat products.

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This study aims to identify, through consumption in the food service market, how people choose among the different restaurant offers and if this choices reveal, on one front, habitus of class, and, on another, if they manifest expectations of social distinction. Starting with the assumption that eating out reveals a costume, as analyzed by Max Weber, or taste, as described by Talcott Parsons, or a habitus, as defined by Pierre Bourdieu, is about identifying it as a ritual that is able to lend charisma to the social class that practices it (Weber, Parsons)
Esta pesquisa busca identificar, por meio do consumo no mercado de alimentação fora do lar, como se distribuem as escolhas dos consumidores entre a tipologia definida por aqueles que fazem a oferta dos serviços e se estas escolhas revelam, de um lado, habitus de classe, e, de outro, manifestam expectativas de distinção social. Partindo do pressuposto de que o ato de comer fora de casa revela um costume, como analisado por Max Weber, ou um gosto, como descrito por Talcott Parsons, ou um habitus, como definido por Pierre Bourdieu, trata-se de identificá-lo como um ritual capaz de emprestar carisma à classe social que o pratica (Weber, Parsons)

Orientador: Maria Antonieta de Barros Leite Carvalhaes
Resumo: O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a tendência temporal (2001-2011) de indicadores das práticas alimentares de crianças menores de um ano no município de Assis-SP a partir de sete inquéritos transversais realizados em 2001, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2007, 2008 e 2011 concomitantemente a campanhas de vacinação. Trata-se de uma série histórica. A fonte dos dados é o Projeto AMAMUNIC realizado em Assis - SP, no qual as mães ou responsáveis pelas crianças menores de um ano são entrevistadas, respondendo sobre o consumo (current status) de uma lista de alimentos no dia anterior, entre eles leite materno, outros tipos de leite, água, chá, suco, mingau, comida de sal, alimentos adoçados e outros. Os inquéritos alcançaram cobertura entre 50 e 88% do número estimado de nascidos vivos. Os indicadores da qualidade da alimentação infantil utilizados foram construídos para o presente estudo com base na literatura, considerando-se as informações disponíveis nos bancos de dados e as pequenas diferenças entre os questionários aplicados de 2001 a 2007 (versão 1) e em 2008 e 2011 (versão 2). A análise estatística envolveu regressão linear simples para teste de tendência com avaliação da adequação dos modelos pelo teste de normalidade dos resíduos por Shapiro-Wilk. Todos os indicadores referentes ao aleitamento materno apresentaram aumento positivo, sendo a tendência temporal estatisticamente significativa para Aleitamento Materno Exclusivo em menores de seis meses, com aumento de 1,77pontos percen... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The aim of this study was to analyze temporal trend (2001-2011) of infant feeding practice indicators at Assis-SP, from seven cross-sectional surveys performed in 2001, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2007, 2008 and 2011 concomitantly with vaccination campaigns. This is a time series. The data source is the AMAMUNIC Project conducted in Assis - SP, in which mothers or guardians of children under one year old are interviewed, inquiring about the consumption (current status) of a list of foods, liquids and solids, the day before, including breast milk, other types of milk, water, tea, juice, porridge, salt food, sweetened foods and others. The surveys cover reached between 50 and 88% coverage of the estimated number of live births in those respective years. The variables / indicators of quality infant feeding used were built for this study based on the literature, considering the information available / not available in databases and small differences between the questionnaires 2001-2007 (version 1) and in 2008 and 2011 (version 2). Statistical analysis involved simple linear regression for trend test the adequacy of models residual analysis by Shapiro-Wilk. All breastfeeding indicators showed positive increase, having the temporal trend statistically significance Exclusive Breastfeeding for infants under six months infant, an increase of 1.77 percentage points by survey year and Breastfeeding among children six to 12 months of age old, an increase of 1.02 percentage points by survey year.... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre

INTRODUÇÃO: A obesidade infantil é um importante problema de saúde pública e apresenta impacto direto na qualidade de vida das crianças e adolescentes, bem como no desenvolvimento futuro de doenças crônicas. O padrão alimentar rico em gordura e açúcar, e com baixo aporte de fibra dietética, vitaminas e minerais é reconhecido como fator de risco para o surgimento da obesidade, no entanto os fatores que contribuem para a preferência por alimentos ricos nestes nutrientes não são bem estabelecidos. O sabor dos alimentos é reconhecido como um importante preditor das escolhas alimentares, e os polimorfismos nos genes que codificam os receptores do sabor podem explicar a variabilidade da preferência e consumo alimentar na população. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a influência de polimorfismos de genes de receptores de sabor gorduroso (CD36), doce (TAS1R2) e amargo (TAS2R38) no consumo alimentar e no perfil metabólico de crianças e adolescentes obesos. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal com 668 crianças e adolescentes obesos e um grupo controle de 135 crianças eutróficas, de ambos os gêneros. Foi realizado o estudo molecular dos polimorfismos de nucleotídeo único (SNPs) rs1761667 e rs1527483 do CD36, rs9701796 e rs35874116 do TAS1R2, e rs1726866 e rs713598 do TAS2R38, bem como análise do consumo alimentar e perfil metabólico. RESULTADOS: Em relação ao CD36, o alelo A do rs1761667 relacionou-se com menor consumo de lipídios totais, gorduras poli e monoinsaturadas, consumo de alimentos de sabor gorduroso, ingestão de óleos vegetais e açúcares totais em obesos. O alelo A do rs1527483 associou-se com menor percentil de pressão arterial diastólica, menor massa gorda e maior massa livre de gordura em obesos. Quanto ao gene TAS1R2, a variante rs9701796 teve maior risco metabólico segundo a razão circunferência da cintura-estatura (RCE), bem como relação com maior consumo de achocolatado em pó em obesos. Já a variante rs35874116 mostrou relação com a menor ingestão de fibras dietéticas em obesos. No TAS2R38, o alelo G do rs1726866 foi associado com menor consumo de gorduras monoinsaturadas e maior consumo de açúcares totais, em obesos. O alelo G do rs713598 mostrou relação com maior consumo de carboidratos, consumo de alimentos de sabor doce, refrigerantes e menor ingestão de fibras pelos indivíduos eutróficos. CONCLUSÃO: Não houve relação entre genótipos e risco de obesidade. Os achados mostram a associação entre polimorfismos dos genes de receptores de sabor com o consumo alimentar, indicando diferenças entre obesos e magros, e alelos de proteção e de risco cardiometabólico, respectivamente dos genes CD36 e TAS1R2
BACKGROUND: Childhood obesity is a major public health problem and it has a direct impact on the quality of life of children and adolescents, as well as the future risk for development of chronic diseases. The dietary pattern rich in fats and sugars associated to the low intake of dietary fibers, vitamins and minerals is widespread for the rise of obesity. However the factors that contribute to the preference for foods rich in these nutrients are not well established. Taste is recognized as an important predictor of food choices, and polymorphisms in genes encoding its receptors may explain the variability of taste preference and food intake on population. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the influence of polymorphisms of fat (CD36), sweet (TAS1R2) and bitter (TAS2R38) taste receptor genes in diet and metabolic profile in obese children and adolescents. METHODS: Cross-sectional study with 668 obese children and adolescents and a control group of 135 normal-weight children. The molecular study was made for single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) rs1761667 and rs1527483 of CD36, rs9701796 and rs35874116 of TAS1R2, rs1726866 and rs713598 of TAS2R38, and the analysis of food intake and metabolic profile. RESULTS: In relation to CD36, the A allele of rs1761667 was associated with lower intake of total fat, poly and monounsaturated fats, consumption of fatty flavor food, intake of vegetable oils and total sugars in obese. The A allele of rs1527483 was associated with lower percentile of diastolic blood pressure, lower fat mass and increased fat-free mass in obese. Regarding TAS1R2 gene, the variant rs9701796 was associated to increased metabolic risk according to waist-height ratio, as well as with higher consumption of chocolate powder in obese. The variant rs35874116 showed a lower intake of dietary fiber. In TAS2R38, the G allele of rs1726866 was associated with a lower intake of monounsaturated fat and a higher intake of total sugars in obese. The G allele of rs713598 was related to the higher carbohydrate intake, consumption of sweet tasting food, soda drinks and less fiber intake by normal weight children. CONCLUSION: There was no relationship between genotypes and risk of obesity. The findings show the association between polymorphisms of taste receptor genes with dietary intake, indicating differences between obese and lean children, as well as the protective and risk alleles for cardiometabolic risk in CD36 and TAS1R2, respectively

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OBJECTIVE: To verify the prevalence of inadequate dietary fiber consumption habit and evaluate its association with socioeconomic, demographic and behavioral characteristics. DESIGN: A cross-sectional population-based study. SETTINGS: Pelotas-RS. The city holds nearly 320.000 inhabitants and is located in Southern Brazilian. SUBJECTS: A representative sample of the population was selected by a two-stage strategy; 3993 subjects (≥ 10 years) were interviewed. RESULTS: Sample was mostly female, white skin color and nearly 70% belonged to C socioeconomic level or lower. Inadequate dietary fiber consumption habit was positive for 65.6% (CI95% 64.2 67.1) of the sample. A higher prevalence was observed among men and teenagers. Adjusted analysis for the overall sample showed an association between inadequate fiber consumption habit and male, adolescents, lower socioeconomic level, current smoker, sufficiently active and people having under four daily meals. The age group-stratified analysis showed different associated factors. For the adolescents group, living alone was a risk factor to inadequate dietary fiber consumption, for the adults group sex (male), current smoker, sufficiently active and under four daily meals and, among the elderly just sex (male) and current smoker. Lower socioeconomic level was associated to the outcome in all groups. CONCLUSIONS: Inadequate fiber consumption habit is highly prevalent in the population. We must highlight that, although inadequate intake is very common, teenagers are at a higher risk, suggesting public health actions focusing this particular age group. Public health initiatives to improve eating patterns, concerning fiber consumption habits, must consider the contrast derived from associated factors.
O consumo diário de fibras faz parte do que se chama de uma dieta saudável . É um item alimentar importante na prevenção e controle de doenças crônicas tais como Diabete Mellitus, doenças do coração, colesterol e triglicerídeos elevados, além de ter papel fundamental no funcionamento do trânsito gastrointestinal prevenindo e tratando a prisão de ventre (constipação), complicação tão comum entre as pessoas atualmente. Além disso, um consumo ideal de fibras está cientificamente comprovado como fator auxiliar na perda de peso. O presente estudo investigou o hábito inadequado de consumo de fibras alimentares e seus fatores associados, na população de Pelotas-RS, como parte da dissertação de Mestrado em Epidemiologia pela Universidade Federal de Pelotas. A pesquisa ocorreu entre os meses de outubro e dezembro de 2005, quando 1507 domicílios de nossa cidade foram visitados. Desta forma, 3993 indivíduos com idade igual ou maior que 10 anos responderam ao questionário. A pesquisa mostrou que aproximadamente 65% da população não consome fibras alimentares adequadamente, sendo que os homens consomem menos alimentos ricos em fibras (71%) do que as mulheres (62%). A pesquisa mostra ainda que os adolescentes (10 - 19 anos) foram os que apresentaram maior percentual de hábito inadequado de consumo de fibras alimentares (78%) quando comparados aos adultos (64%) e aos idosos (55%). Os indivíduos de menor nível socioeconômico também 85 apresentaram maiores percentuais de consumo inadequado em relação aos níveis socioeconômicos mais altos. O trabalho ainda concluiu que fumar, ser sedentário, realizar menos de quatro refeições diárias e fazer refeições fora de casa, apresentam maiores riscos de consumir um dieta pobre em fibras alimentares. Sendo assim, recomenda-se que campanhas e programas de saúde pública sejam realizados no sentido de incentivar o consumo de alimentos ricos em fibras principalmente entre escolares e adolescentes pois existem evidências de que hábitos alimentares adquiridos na infância e adolescência podem ser precursores de hábitos saudáveis na vida adulta.

Anxiety
Introducción: El distrito de Santiago de Surco pertenece al DIRIS Lima sur, con una población de 344.242 Habitantes. Se registró como principal causa de morbilidad y mortalidad las infecciones agudas de vías respiratorias. Actualmente el principal problema de salud identificado es el aumento de mortalidad y morbilidad por el virus Sars CoV 2. Se identificó que no existía una manera adecuada para prevenir el contagio de este virus. Así mismo se identificó la ausencia de prácticas saludables como estilo de vida. Descripción del proyecto: El proyecto tuvo como objetivo general promover prácticas saludables para mejorar la salud física y mental. El total de participantes fueron dos y en un grupo mixto de edades. Así mismo se establecieron objetivos específicos sobre: actividad física, actividades recreacionales, adecuado consumo de agua y protocolos de bioseguridad y desinfección frente al COVID-19. Se realizó la elaboración de sesiones educativas, talleres prácticos y demostrativos, implementación de horarios, cronogramas y afiches, junto a cuestionarios y listas de cotejo para los objetivos propuestos. Resultados: Para las actividades programadas, se logró el 100% de los indicadores de eficacia y cobertura en las sesiones educativas sobre actividades físicas, recreacionales, adecuado consumo de agua y protocolos de bioseguridad frente al COVID-19. De igual manera para los talleres prácticos y demostrativos. Se logró un resultado del 100% en los indicadores de eficacia y utilización, además se cumplió con la duración media preestablecida en todas las actividades del proyecto. Conclusiones: Se logró cumplir con lo propuesto en el objetivo general y objetivos específicos, promoviendo las practicas saludables como: actividad física, consumo de agua, implementación de actividades recreacionales, y reforzando los protocolos de bioseguridad y desinfección frente al COVID-19 en la familia “Gonzales Motta”. Se recomienda para futuras intervenciones tomar en cuenta las limitaciones y características del público objetivo del proyecto.
Introduction: The district of Santiago de Surco belongs to the DIRIS Lima south, with a population of 344,242 inhabitants. Acute respiratory tract infections were recorded as the main cause of morbidity and mortality. Currently the main health problem identified is the increase in mortality and morbidity due to the Sars CoV 2 virus. In this context, it was identified that there was no adequate way to prevent contagion. of this virus. Likewise, the absence of healthy practices as a lifestyle was identified. Project description: The general objective of the project was to promote healthy practices to improve physical and mental health. The total of participants were two and in a mixed age group. Likewise, specific objectives were established on physical activity, recreational activities, adequate water consumption, and biosafety and disinfection protocols against COVID-19. The development of educational sessions, practical and demonstrative workshops, implementation of schedules, schedules, and posters, along with questionnaires and checklists for the proposed objectives were carried out. Results: For the programmed activities, 100% of the efficacy and coverage indicators were achieved in the educational sessions on physical and recreational activities, adequate water consumption and biosecurity protocols against COVID-19. In the same way for practical and demonstrative workshops. A 100% result was achieved in the efficiency and utilization indicators, and the pre-established average duration was also met in all project activities. Conclusions: It was possible to comply with what was proposed in the general objective and specific objectives, promoting healthy practices such as: physical activity, water consumption, implementation of recreational activities, and reinforcing the biosecurity and disinfection protocols against COVID-19 in the family "Gonzales Motta". It is recommended for future interventions to consider the limitations and characteristics of the project's target audience.
Trabajo de investigación

We do not fully understand how culture and value systems influence functional food consumption in developing countries. The functional food market is rapidly expanding, with manufacturers promoting the perceived health benefits of food products to specific consumer groups. Ethnicity, culture and values are sources of market credibility and competition in traditional and emerging economies and they heavily influence the marketing of functional food. This thesis presents a theory of functional food consumption for the multicultural society of Malays, Chinese and Indians in Malaysia. The research also explores the possibility of convergence of culturally-based values towards functional food within and between the three different ethnic groups. The research used a mixed method of qualitative data collection and quantitative survey. The qualitative research (Study #1) used an ethnoconsumerist methodology to study functional food consumption in the given cultures and a means-end chain approach to identify the motives and values behind functional food consumption. A substantive theory of functional food consumption for multicultural society was developed based on a constant comparative data analysis. Six propositions and associated sub-propositions were developed to move from substantive theory to formal theory. The quantitative study (Study #2) tested the research propositions. Data was collected from 200 respondents from each of the three Malaysian ethnic groups via a self-administered survey. The propositions and sub-propositions were formed into a model of functional food consumption which was tested using structural equation modelling techniques. Overall, the results support the research propositions, including a model of functional food consumption which is applicable to multicultural societies like Malaysia. The functional food consumption model consists of five salient dimensions: cultural values, knowledge, health factors, value negotiation (convenience) and personal values (life accomplishment and compassion). These dimensions directly and indirectly contribute to the consumption of functional food. Cross-cultural analysis shows that the model is best fitted to the Malay ethnic group and moderately fitted to the Chinese and Indian ethnic groups. The model and findings offer a new perspective on functional food consumption in a developing multicultural society. The main contribution of this thesis is a functional food consumption model which has been successfully applied in a multicultural society. The model developed in this thesis contributes to the literature by improving our understanding of consumer motives in developing multicultural societies. This thesis also has practical implications for governments, industrial food manufacturers and marketers. The thesis suggests a strategy for increasing the penetration of functional food across different cultures and ethnic groups in Malaysia based on cooperation between food producers and governments. This strategy involves an ethnically-based promotion that attracts members of the targeted ethnic group whilst also appealing to consumers from different ethnicities. Any such promotion must be careful to retain the underlying cultural identity of the functional food product, and not dilute its traditional meaning by attempting to appeal to the wider community. At the same time, marketers can communicate the health benefits of functional food to a market beyond a specific ethnic cohort. This strategy assumes that the government will provide basic information on the positive health aspects of functional food and fill in education and information gaps regarding the universality of culturally-specific functional food products. In this way, accurate health promotion information will induce behavioural changes which favour the marketing of functional foods in multicultural societies like Malaysia.

Several researchers have indicated that the emphasis placed by young people on body shape and appearance has been greatly shaped by the media. The aim of this research was to investigate this notion specifically with regard to televised media. It was hypothesised that there would be a relationship between media images, eating attitudes and dietary behaviours, particularly for teenagers with body-image self-schemas who were conscious of their appearance. Nine hundred and sixty five senior secondary school students, from 33 country and metropolitan, state and independent, co-educational and single-sex South Australian high schools were surveyed. Fifty-six percent of the sample were adolescent girls and the average age of participants was 16.1 years. The questionnaire included sections on television usage, dieting behaviours, eating restraint and eating habits, as well as attitudes to foods, gender and appearance. Cluster analysis procedures indicated that it was possible to cluster television viewers into four distinct groups, "Telephiliacs", "Telephobics", "Modellers" and a "Relaxation/Information" group. These groups were classified according to television usage. Telephiliacs made the mose use of television, using it to gain information, for relaxation and entertainment and as a resource for body image and appearance standards; Modellers used it as a guide on which to model their appearance and behaviour; the Relaxation/Information group used it to relax and to gain information; and Telephobics did not watch much television and made the least use of it. The results of discriminant analyses confirmed that these cluster groups were different and that they could be distinguished by attitudes to appearance, dieting behaviours and foods consumed. The findings support the notion that the adolescent television audience is an active one and that television usage is dependent upon the needs of the individual. Television usage varied amongst adolescents and it was more likely to be used as a source of reference for body image standards by teenagers who were conscious of their appearance. These teenagers were also more likely to diet. Any outcomes related to television usage were accentuated if teenagers believed that television was "real". The findings suggest that television perpetuates an image of the thin body ideal and acts as a source of reference for adolescents with body-image self-schemas.
Thesis (M.Ed.)--Department of Education, 1996.

Ma Fung-shan.
Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2001.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 110-114).
Abstracts in English and Chinese.
Chapter CHAPTER 1: --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1
The Research Problem --- p.2
Scope of Study --- p.3
What is Western Food? --- p.3
Literature Review --- p.4
Anthropology and Food --- p.4
Globalization and Consumption --- p.7
China and Global Consumerism --- p.10
"Food, Globalization and Consumption: Eating Western Food in Guangzhou" --- p.12
Methodology --- p.13
My Position in the Restaurant --- p.73
Participant Observation --- p.75
Interviews --- p.77
Significance of the Research --- p.18
Structure of the Thesis --- p.19
Chapter CHAPTER 2: --- "GUANGZHOU, WESTERN RESTAURANTS AND LONG ISLAND CAFE" --- p.21
The City of Guangzhou --- p.22
Historical Background --- p.22
Economic Reforms after 1978 --- p.22
Guangzhou and Hong Kong --- p.23
Eating in Guangzhou --- p.25
A Brief History of Western Food and Western restaurants in Guangzhou --- p.26
Taai Pihng Gun (太平館) --- p.27
The Appearance of Five-star Hotels --- p.28
"The Appearance and Growth of Bars, Karaokes and Nightclubs in Late 1980's" --- p.30
The Appearance of Western Chain Restaurants --- p.31
From Taai Pihng Gun to Long Island Cafe : Implications from History --- p.32
Western Food in relation to Other Kinds of Cuisine --- p.33
Chinese Restaurants (酒家/酒樓/菜館) --- p.33
Western Restaurants (西餐廳） --- p.36
Specialized Restaurants (特色餐廳） --- p.39
Brief History and Development of Long Island Cafe --- p.41
Western Restaurant: a Business Decision --- p.42
The First Three Years --- p.44
The Critical Turn and Later Developments --- p.45
Daily Management and Structure of Long Island Cafe --- p.47
The Hierarchical Ladder of the Workers --- p.48
Chapter CHAPTER 3: --- PRODUCTION OF WESTERN FOOD --- p.51
Image of the Restaurant --- p.51
A Westernized Name --- p.51
Interior Decoration of the Branches --- p.52
Mass Media --- p.52
Food Served in the Restaurant --- p.55
Evolution of Menu and Analysis of the Present Menu --- p.55
Studying the Menus: Changes Throughout the Years --- p.56
Coffee & Salad --- p.68
Limitation in Food Development --- p.73
Influences from Hong Kong --- p.75
The Paradox of Authenticity --- p.77
Invention and Localization --- p.79
Chapter CHAPTER 4: --- CONSUMPTION OF WESTERN FOOD --- p.81
Customer Characteristics --- p.81
Target Customers --- p.81
Frequent & Infrequent Customers --- p.82
Customer Age Groups --- p.85
Rituals of Eating --- p.87
Eating Western Food： Different Meaning to Different Customers --- p.92
A Western Food Ideal? --- p.92
Differences between Frequent and Infrequent Customers --- p.93
"same Restaurant, Different Expectations" --- p.94
The Pursuit of Global / Western Ideas --- p.95
Western Food: an Imagined Cuisine --- p.97
Distinction： Middle-Class Identity and Consumption --- p.99
Studying Class Structure in China --- p.99
Who comprises the Middle-Class? --- p.99
Middle-class Identity and Consumption --- p.102
Chapter CHAPTER 5: --- CONCLUSION --- p.105
REFERENCES --- p.110