Journal articles: 'FONT CHOICE'

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Wallace, Shaun, Zoya Bylinskii, Jonathan Dobres, Bernard Kerr, Sam Berlow, Rick Treitman, Nirmal Kumawat, et al. "Towards Individuated Reading Experiences: Different Fonts Increase Reading Speed for Different Individuals." ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction 29, no. 4 (August 31, 2022): 1–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3502222.

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In our age of ubiquitous digital displays, adults often read in short, opportunistic interludes. In this context of Interlude Reading , we consider if manipulating font choice can improve adult readers’ reading outcomes. Our studies normalize font size by human perception and use hundreds of crowdsourced participants to provide a foundation for understanding, which fonts people prefer and which fonts make them more effective readers. Participants’ reading speeds (measured in words-per-minute (WPM)) increased by 35% when comparing fastest and slowest fonts without affecting reading comprehension. High WPM variability across fonts suggests that one font does not fit all. We provide font recommendations related to higher reading speed and discuss the need for individuation, allowing digital devices to match their readers’ needs in the moment. We provide recommendations from one of the most significant online reading efforts to date. To complement this, we release our materials and tools with this article.

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Doyle, John R., and Paul A. Bottomley. "Font appropriateness and brand choice." Journal of Business Research 57, no. 8 (August 2004): 873–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0148-2963(02)00487-3.

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Vanunu, Yonatan, Jared M. Hotaling, Mike E. Le Pelley, and Ben R. Newell. "How top-down and bottom-up attention modulate risky choice." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 39 (September 24, 2021): e2025646118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2025646118.

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We examine how bottom-up (or stimulus-driven) and top-down (or goal-driven) processes govern the distribution of attention in risky choice. In three experiments, participants chose between a certain payoff and the chance of receiving a payoff drawn randomly from an array of eight numbers. We tested the hypothesis that initial attention is driven by perceptual properties of the stimulus (e.g., font size of the numbers), but subsequent choice is goal-driven (e.g., win the best outcome). Two experiments in which task framing (goal driven) and font size (stimulus driven) were manipulated demonstrated that payoffs with the highest values and the largest font sizes had the greatest impact on choice. The third experiment added a number in large font to the array, which could not be an outcome of the gamble (i.e., a distractor). Eye movement and choice data indicated that although the distractor attracted attention, it had no influence on option selection. Together with computational modeling analyses, the results suggest that perceptual salience can induce bottom-up effects of overt selection but that the perceived value of information is the crucial arbiter of intentional control over risky choice.

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Hu, Hai Ming, Hui Li, and De Bao Yin. "Automatic Generation of the Word in Tire Mold Side Plate Based on Font Vectorization." Key Engineering Materials 561 (July 2013): 559–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.561.559.

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This paper introduces vectorization technology fromTrueType font for the text on the sidewall plate of the tire mold. TrueTypefont processing technology is the extraction of Windows functions and datatypes of the font outline. Call the API function to process the text in orderto achieve the CNC Machining of the text. It completes the tire mold word-processingsoftware on this basis. The software enables a variety of functions includingtext layout, font zoom, font spacing adjustment, font choice. It also providesa rapid tool for the quickly arranged and CNC machining of the text on thesidewall plate of the tire mold.

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Xaba, Bongiwe G., and Micah B. Masuku. "Factors Affecting the Choice of Marketing Channel by Vegetable Farmers in Swaziland." Sustainable Agriculture Research 2, no. 1 (November 5, 2012): 112. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/sar.v2n1p112.

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Vegetables as a group of horticultural crops are important for their contribution as an income support to a large proportion of the rural households. However, enhancing vegetable farmers to reach markets and actively engage in the markets is a key challenge influencing vegetable production in Swaziland. The perishable nature of vegetables necessitates effective marketing channels. The aim of this paper was to investigate factors affecting farmers’ choice of marketing channels using survey data gathered during the 2011 production season. Data were collected from 100 randomly selected vegetable farmers. Descriptive and multinomial logistic regression analyses were used. The results indicated that age of the farmer, quantity of baby corn produced and level of education were significant predictors of the choice to sell vegetables to NAMBoard market channel instead of selling to other-wholesale market channel. The age of the farmer, distance from production area to market, membership in farmer organization and marketing agreement were significant determinants of the choice to use non-wholesale market channel over other-wholesale market channel. It is therefore important to promote collective action as an institutional vehicle for linking farmers to agribusiness supply chains. Farmers should establish networks since they aid in sharing knowledge, farmers can improve produce grades as required by market.

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Novemsky, Nathan, Ravi Dhar, Norbert Schwarz, and Itamar Simonson. "Preference Fluency in Choice." Journal of Marketing Research 44, no. 3 (August 2007): 347–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1509/jmkr.44.3.347.

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The authors propose that consumer choices are often systematically influenced by preference fluency (i.e., the subjective feeling that forming a preference for a specific option is easy or difficult). Four studies manipulate the fluency of preference formation by presenting descriptions in an easy- or difficult-to-read font (Study 1) or by asking participants to think of few versus many reasons for their choice (Studies 2–4). As the authors predict, subjective experiences of difficulty increase choice deferral (Studies 1 and 2) and the selection of a compromise option (Studies 3 and 4), unless consumers are induced to attribute the experience to an unrelated cause. Unlike studies of decision conflict, these effects are obtained without changing the attributes of the alternatives, the composition of the choice sets, or the reference points. The authors discuss the theoretical and practical implications of the results.

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Peng, Wu, and Zhao Rui. "A Pragma-Dialectical Approach to Trade Friction Discourse: A Case Study of a Public Letter in Sino-US Trade Friction on Tire Special Safeguard." Sinología hispánica 3, no. 2 (December 13, 2016): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.18002/sin.v3i2.5258.

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Based on the analytical framework ofStrategic Maneuvering, this paper analyzes andevaluates the public letter from China Chamberof Commerce of Metals, Minerals & ChemicalsImporters & Exporters (CCCMC) and China RubberIndustry Association (CRIA) to Obama andUnited States Trade Representative (USTR) onJuly 27th, 2009 to reveal the discursivestrategies and their corresponding linguisticrealizations manipulated in tire special safeguardcase. The research results show that, strategicmaneuvering in CCCMC & CRIA’s public lettersis integratedly realized through choice of topicalpotential, catering for audience demands andchoice of presentational devices, which issupported by such argumentative strategies aspresupposition, contrast, appeal to audience'svalues, appeal to authority, vagueness,repetition, statistics, appeal to opponent ’ sconcession, and the like. CCCMC & CRIA’s publicletter has its shortcomings in clarification ofdifference of opinion in the confrontation stage,in choice of starting in the opening stage, inchoice of topics in the argumentation stage andin manipulation of such specific argumentativerhetoricstrategies as ‘contrast’ and ‘statistics’.In view of China’s merits and deficiency, Chinashould: (1) clarify the confrontation, opening,argumentation and concluding stages of theargumentative discourse and flexibly set thedialectic and rhetoric aims of these four stagesaccording to the context; (2) strategicallymaneuver among topical potential, audiencedemand and presentational devices, in line withthe established dialectic and rhetoric aims indifferent argumentative stages; (3) recognizethe institutional context of trade frictiondiscourse and the importance of languageexpression, and cultivate an assertive image.

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Suryaputri, Rossje V., and Kerna la Wardhany. "ANALISIS FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG BERPENGARUH PADA PEMILIHAN METODE DEPRESIASI." Media Riset Akuntansi, Auditing dan Informasi 4, no. 2 (May 16, 2017): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.25105/mraai.v4i2.1862.

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The main objective ofthis study is to obtain evidence whether manager choices to depreciation methods, is related and affected by firm's size, leverage ratio, and account-ing ROA. It' is assumed that manager in the small company with high leverage ratio, and decreasing trend of accounting ROA preferred to select depreciation method which can increase the reported earning by using the straight-line depreciation method. On the contrary, manager in the larger company with low leverage ratio and increasing trend of accounting ROA tend to select depreciation method which can reduce the repotted earning by using double declining balance or accebrated depreciation method.This study was conducted byselecting of 129 publiclisted manufacturing compa-nies. The firm's size was detennined by total assets, while leverage ratio and accounting ROA were measured by the ratio of total liabilities to total assets and ratio of operating pinfit to average of total assets. The study concludes that there was a positive correlation between leverage ratio and the choice of depreciation method. On the contrary, there was no correlation between the firm's size and accounting ROA with the choice of depreciation method. There was an effect of leverage ratio to the selection of depreciation method. On the other hand, there was no effect between the firm's size and accounting ROA to the selection of depreciation methodKeywords: Depreciation method, firm size, leverage, ROA

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Ravelli, Louise J., and Sue Starfield. "Typography and disciplinary identity in academic writing." Information Design Journal 16, no. 2 (August 4, 2008): 133–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/idj.16.2.06rav.

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This paper examines the potential significance of typographic variation in the front pages of a corpus of Humanities and Social Sciences doctoral theses. Some account is taken of the linguistic content of these pages, but the primary focus is on typographic resources such as font choice, salience, and layout. It is found that there is a strong association between the nature of the typographic choices and the disciplinary orientation. Specifically, the more marked semiotic resources are likely to be associated with theses which are oriented towards the “New Humanities”, that is, adopting a more subjective approach to research.

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Aggarwal, Praveen, and Rajiv Vaidyanathan. "Is font size a big deal? A transaction – acquisition utility perspective on comparative price promotions." Journal of Consumer Marketing 33, no. 6 (September 12, 2016): 408–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcm-10-2015-1587.

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Purpose In promotional ads that contain both the Regular Price and Sale Price information, this paper aims to investigate whether changing the font sizes of these two prices has an effect on how consumers process the ad message. The authors use acquisition-transaction utility perspective to identify key differences in mechanisms invoked by the larger font size of the Regular Price vs that of the Sale Price. Design/methodology/approach Study 1 uses eye-tracking apparatus to study subjects’ responses to a full-color, realistic-looking ad for a digital camera. Study 2 uses a survey questionnaire to gauge subjects’ responses to a similar print ad. The font sizes of Regular Price and Sale price were manipulated while keeping all the other elements of the ad the same. Subjects were undergraduate students who participated in the study for a small incentive. Findings The authors find that making the relative font size of Regular Price bigger invokes a transaction-utility mechanism where customers’ attention is focused on the savings that can be had using the promotion. A bigger font size of Sale Price invokes an acquisition-utility mechanism that draws on the customers’ value consciousness. Research limitations/implications The use of student subjects and only one product category in the experiments may limit the generalizability of the study’s findings. Practical implications In print ads, managers predominantly use a bigger font size for the Sale Price. This study suggests that the choice of a bigger font size should really be driven by the objective of the promotion: a bigger font size for Sale Price is advised if the objective is to take an acquisition utility approach, whereas a bigger font size for Regular Price is advised for using a transaction utility approach. Originality/value This study is the first attempt at using an acquisition-transaction utility perspective for understanding the use of relative font sizes in the context of price promotions.

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Nethononda, L. O., J. J. O. Odhiambo, and D. G. Paterson. "Indigenous Knowledge of Climatic Conditions for Sustainable Crop Production under Resource-Poor Farming Conditions Using Participatory Techniques." Sustainable Agriculture Research 2, no. 1 (September 20, 2012): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/sar.v2n1p26.

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Rambuda irrigation scheme is situated in Vhembe District of Limpopo Province in South Africa. It was established in 1952 and farmers do not have access to recorded climatic information. Farmers are growing crops on a trial and error basis, hence low yields and crop loses. The objective of the study was to investigate indigenous knowledge of climatic conditions relevant for crop production using participatory techniques. Situation analysis was conducted to gain information on factors influencing crop choice. Participatory exercise was conducted with 33 of 104 of plot-holders. Farmers could identify climatic factors important for crop production and those limiting to crop performance. Hot, dry conditions during August to October and January months were limiting to crops, particularly sweet potato production. The results showed that indigenous knowledge of climate needs to be considered during agricultural development planning and scientists need to investigate linkages between modern agro-meteorology and indigenous knowledge.

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Du Bois, Cind. "A prospect theory perspective on terrorism." International Journal of Business and Social Research 7, no. 5 (June 6, 2017): 01. http://dx.doi.org/10.18533/ijbsr.v7i5.1051.

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This paper presents a new approach for the study of terrorist behaviour and argues that a framework based on Prospect Theory can provide novel, useful insights into the understanding of the terrorist mind-set. Such a framework allows different pathways to become a terrorist and although individual decisions are studied, the model also takes into account environmental factors. By changing these environmental factors and/or framing the choice differently, PT provides insights as to how the terrorist group and/or a charismatic leader can influence the individual’s whether or not to turn to terrorism.

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Hansson, Kristofer. "The Reconfigured Body. Human-animal relations in xenotransplantation." Kulturstudier 2, no. 2 (December 22, 2011): 142. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/ks.v2i2.5791.

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The article explores issues concerning the reconfiguration of human and animal bodies in modern biotechnology. The examples are based on xenotransplantation: Transplantation of cells, tissue and organs from animals to humans. Three thematic issues that emerged from xenotransplantation research in Sweden in the 1990s and early 2000s are examined in the article. The first issue concerns how the pig was introduced as a donor animal in xenotransplantation and, at the same time, dehumanized in relation to what is human. Baboons and chimpanzees that had previously been used in xenotransplantation now became an ethically problematic choice, and were in stead humanized. The second issue concerns the introduction of transgenic and cloned pigs as commoditized objects. The biotechnological development reconfigured the pig’s cells, tissue and organs to become more human-like. The third issue concerns the risk that pigs contain retrovirus that could infect the transplanted patients. The human body became part of a network of both animal and retrovirus. Boundlessness between human and animal bodies appears in these three thematic phases and is analysed from a cultural perspective.

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Kolesovs, Aleksandrs. "Prediction of Distant Educational Goals by Goals in Other Domains and Perceived Contextual Opportunities." SOCIETY, INTEGRATION, EDUCATION. Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference 4 (May 18, 2015): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/sie2015vol4.335.

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Lifelong learning is linked to successful economic participation. At the same time, individual activities are framed by contextual opportunities for education and occupation.This study explored personal and contextual factors predicting choice of education as a distant goal among emerging adults. Research participants were 120 emerging adults aged from 20 to 30 living in Riga (62% offemales).The participants evaluated to what extent their near and distant goals associate with different life domains and reported perceived opportunities for fulfillment of these goals provided by their living place. Distant goals in the educational domain were positively predicted by current educational, distant occupational, and self-related goals, and negatively predicted by higher perceived opportunities provided by their living place. The last finding indicates an association of a perceived lack of opportunities in the local context with a need for planning the further education.

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El-Sady, Hassan Mounir, Mohamed Nassar, Vasilya Sultanova, and Dia Mousa. "The Impact Of Organizational Objectives On The Selection Of Defensive Marketing Strategies: Empirical Evidence From A Small Open Economy." Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR) 28, no. 6 (October 25, 2012): 1345. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jabr.v28i6.7348.

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Defensive Marketing Strategies (DMSs) do not receive enough attention as offensive or attacking marketing strategies in literature. This gap in the research constitutes a serious weakness in the marketing field. This paper aims to fill this gap in literature by conducting the first study to explore the determinants of the implemented DMSs in Kuwait. Empirically, this study examines the relationship between eight DMSs, demographics, and organizational objectives to define the most prevalent and appropriate DMSs to be deployed in the small open economy of Kuwait. Factor analysis and canonical correlation are used in this study to analyse the obtained data from surveyed board members, CEOs and executive managers of listed companies in the financial sector of Kuwait Stock Exchange (KSE). Results reveal a significant relationship between the eight DMSs and the two sets of identified variables in Kuwait context. Cost leadership strategy ranked the most effective defensive marketing strategy by respondents. Also, results show that organizational objectives are mostly affecting the choice of DMSs.

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Yingqiu, Ma. "A Pragma-Dialectical Approach to Critical Media Discourse Analysis: A Case Study of an Editorial in The Washington Post." Sinología hispánica 3, no. 2 (December 13, 2016): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.18002/sin.v3i2.5263.

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Based on the research framework ofPragma-Dialectics, the study analyses andevaluates an editorial about Alibaba’s InitialPublic Offering (IPO) in The Washington Post todevelop a pragma-dialectical approach to criticalmedia discourse analysis. The approach consistsof four interrelated parts: reconstruction ofargumentation, analysis of strategic maneuvering,evaluation of reasonableness and social criticismon the basis of specific social reality. Theresearch results show that The Washington Postexerts different strategic maneuvering in thewhole argumentation process to convince itsaudience, which mainly reflected in themanipulation of potential topic, audience demandand presentation means. In the case study,strategic maneuvering is specifically supportedby the choice of starting points in the openingstage and the design of argumentation structurein the argumentation stage. Owing to theinfluence from the editorial board’s politicalstand and self-interest, it doesn’t balance thereasonableness and effectiveness and thereforesome manipulations contain fallacious moves.In order to prevent American investors to investAlibaba’s IPO, when using strategic maneuveringThe Washington Post violates freedom rule,standpoint rule and argument scheme rule,especially the application of argumentationscheme for the relation of analogy andargumentation scheme for a causal relation.

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Liu, Chia-Ying, Shiu-Chen Huang, and Shieh-Liang Chen. "The Effects of Agency Costs and Insiders’ Shareholdings on Financing Choices." Asian Journal of Finance & Accounting 8, no. 1 (April 16, 2016): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ajfa.v8i1.9288.

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This paper investigates the effects of debt agency cost and equity agency cost of current and prior periods on the financing choices of long-term debts, seasoned equity offering, and private equity financings. It also examines the effects of the shareholdings of insiders on the association between both debt and equity agency costs and the choice of financing methods. The findings show that both prior and current debt agency costs are positively related to seasoned equity offerings of current period, and both prior and current debt agency costs are positively related to private equity financing of current period regardless of whether the models consider the factor of insiders’ shareholdings. As for equity agency cost, the document indicate that both current and prior equity agency costs are negatively related to current seasoned equity offerings, however, only prior equity agency costs are negatively related to current seasoned equity offerings under considering shareholdings of insiders. Moreover, the shareholdings of insiders would affect the positive association between the corporate debt agency cost and seasoned equity offerings and the positive association between the corporate equity agency cost and debt financing.

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Bertrand MBOG, Michel, Gilbert François NGON NGON, Jacques ETAME, Anatole E. DJIETO LORDON, Bernard TASSONGWA, and Paul BILONG. "Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES. Investigation of Aquifer and Potential Clay Materials in Douala Subbasin (Cameroon, Central Africa)." Earth Science Research 5, no. 1 (January 28, 2016): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/esr.v5n1p94.

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<span style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-US">Vertical electrical sounding was done at 47 points using an ABEM 1000 Terrameter and a set of cables that could probe up to a depth of 500m. Resistivity was determined in two sites located in the district of Douala III (Bomkoul and Ngoma) 6 km west of the main town on the left bank of the Wouri River. The choice of these neighbourhood is as a result on the one hand, the presence of clay deposits from which sections have helped to configure resistivity data with those of geoelectric sections, and on the other hand, by the ability to extend the measuring device over great distances without being hindered by urbanization. The depths of investigation range from a minimum of 30 m and a maximum of 120 m. The results show a wide variability in resistivity values throughout the study area; it may be related to the high variability of facies described on sections by diggers. This variability may be due to the complexity of deposits recorded in the Douala sedimentary basin and also because of the presence of water in both sandy and clay sediments due to climate. The suggested resistivity is between 20 and 600ohm.m for clays and greater than 1000 ohm.m for sand. Given the weak thickness of some layers, the cancellation phenomena that affect very thin layers between two layers of different geoelectric properties of the latter have been observed, thus assigning to clay layers, sand resistivity.

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Laaziri, Majida, Khaoula Benmoussa, Samira Khoulji, Kerkeb Mohamed Larbi, and Abir El Yamami. "Analyzing bootsrap and foundation font-end frameworks : a comparative study." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 9, no. 1 (February 1, 2019): 713. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v9i1.pp713-722.

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Most modern web applications use some kind of front-end frameworks for designing and creating content in a faster and more efficient way, which saves valuable time when creating responsive web sites. There are many front-end frameworks that vary enormously in terms of features and benefits, which could make the choice of front-end framework for the developer tricky. In this context, this paper focuses on an effective analysis of two of today's most popular front-end frameworks, Boostrap and Foundation, The results show that our analysis can be beneficial for developers to select the appropriate front end framework to customize their web applications.

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Rozanova, Julia, Norah Keating, and Jacquie Eales. "Unequal Social Engagement for Older Adults: Constraints on Choice." Canadian Journal on Aging / La Revue canadienne du vieillissement 31, no. 1 (February 29, 2012): 25–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0714980811000675.

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RÉSUMÉBien que les associations positives entre l’engagement et le bien-être social dans la vie ultérieure ont été confirmées par certaines études, cette étude visait à comprendre pourquoi certaines personnes ainées ne peuvent pas être impliquées. Les auteurs ont analysé des expériences vécues de 89 ainés demeurant dans trois communautés rurales au Canada, raconté dans les entrevues demi-structuré, utilisant la méthode de comparaison constante. Cinq facteurs font des choix pour l’engagement social dans la vie ultérieure inégale parmi les personnes ainées qui diffèrent par le sexe, la classe, l’âge, et le statut de santé. L’engagement profond dans le travail de soin, l’altruisme obligatoire, les ressources personnelles, les occasions d’implication perçues objectivement et subjectivement disponibles, et les barrières ageistes autour des activités désirées comme le travail contraignent des choix pour les aînés qui manquent le privilège dans l’économie du marché, notamment pour les vieilles femmes à faibles revenus. Pour éviter nuire et stigmatiser les plus vieilles personnes vulnérables, les barrières sociales aux activités significatives doivent être abordées – par exemple, par la provision de sécurité de revenu ou renversant la discrimination en raison de l’âge dans l’accès au marché du travail.

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Editorial, E. "Corrigendum on: Measurement equivalence of two methods of online administration of the vocational gender stereotype attitudes scale (VGSA) - the supervised in-class and the unsupervised at-home scale administration method." Psihologija 56, no. 4 (2023): 517. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/psi230916014e.

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The original paper did not include a note on the project which supported the paper. The missing note is the following: This work has been fully supported by the Croatian Science Foundation under project number IP-2019-04-7537 (Free Career Choice). Link to the corrected article <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/PSI210527022B">10.2298/PSI210527022B</a>

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ΜΕΣΣΗΣ, Βασίλειος Δ. "Μεταβυζαντινοί σύνθετοι και ημισύνθετοι τετρακιόνιοι σταυροειδείς εγγεγραμμένοι ναοί της Πελοποννήσου." BYZANTINA SYMMEIKTA 24, no. 1 (March 20, 2015): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/byzsym.1136.

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Complex and semi-complex cross in-square four columned post Byzantine churches in Peloponnese, GreecePost Byzantine churches in Peloponnese that belong to the two variations of the four columned cross in-square type, the complex and the semi-complex, differ from each other but at the same time share much in common. They can also be classified in groups. Ιn general terms, the application of the type in post Byzantine Peloponnese expresses the middle Byzantine tradition, whereas the churches built by the beginning of 18th century show a removal from that tradition. Moreover we can realise the close typological relationship between athonite type churches (complex cross in-square four columned type with side choirs churches), and complex cross in-square four columned type without side choirs churches in Peloponnese. To conclude, we could refer to the strong connection between post Byzantine church construction in Peloponnese and its Byzantine origins. This connection is so powerful and vivid that one can easily seek it both in the choice of church types that flourished in the Middle Byzantine period and in the persistent repetition of many characteristics of those types.

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Engels, Eva. "Preposition stranding versus pied-piping: Negative Shift of prepositional complements in dialects of Faroese." Nordlyd 36, no. 2 (January 1, 2009): pp. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/12.232.

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In Faroese, Negative Shift of a prepositional complement is subject to variation across dialects, as well as to variation across speakers of the same dialect as regards preposition stranding and pied-piping. In particular, Negative Shift of a prepositional complement is possible for all speakers in the presence of a main verb in situ, stranding the preposition. Only if the main verb undergoes finite verb movement does dialectal and inter-speaker variation arise. In Icelandic, in contrast, the choice between preposition stranding and pied-piping during Negative Shift seems to be independent of verb position and to be lexically determined by the verb-preposition combination instead.         These asymmetries will be accounted for within Fox and Pesetsky's (2003, 2005) cyclic linearization model, which requires non-string-vacuous movement to proceed through the left edge of Spell-out domains, deriving cross-linguistic variation as to Negative Shift from differences in the availability of these left-edge positions. Thereby, pied-piping is considered a last resort strategy, possible only if the prepositional complement cannot undergo Negative Shift on its own due to the unavailability of the relevant left-edge position.

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Mohammed, Aveen J., and Hasan S. M. Al-Khaffaf. "Font Recognition of English Letters Based on Distance Profile Features." Science Journal of University of Zakho 8, no. 2 (June 30, 2020): 66–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.25271/sjuoz.2020.8.2.694.

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This paper presents a system for recognizing English fonts from character images. The distance profile is the feature of choice used in this paper. The system extracts a vector of 106 features and feeds it into a support vector machine (SVM) classifier with a radial basis function (RBF) kernel. The experiment is divided into three phases. In the first phase, the system trains the SVM with different Gamma and C parameters. In the second phase, the validation phase, we validate and select the pair of Gamma and C values that yield the best recognition rates. In the final phase, the testing phase, the images are tested and the recognition rate is reported. Experimental results based on 27,620 characters glyph images from three English fonts show a 94.82% overall recognition rate.

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Radomska, V., and Alina Kostiuk. "IMAGE AND FONT COMPOSITION IN GRAPHIC IDENTIFICATION OF PACKAGING." Vìsnik Nacìonalʹnogo unìversitetu "Lʹvìvsʹka polìtehnìka". Serìâ Arhìtektura 4, no. 1 (March 30, 2022): 144–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/sa2022.01.144.

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The article highlights the topical problems of searching for new methods of using font and image elements in project design methodology of compositional integrity of graphic identification development for packaging of consumer goods. Research purpose of the article is to outline and investigate the methods of reflecting identification of packaging with the help of author's unique image and font composition. We have analyzed and determined the role of author's unique creative thinking in ensuring the expedient synthesis of shape formation and optimal convenience, stylistic relevance, and marketing successful component for the development of goods packaging in zoo segment. Graphic design can convey almost any information to its recipient by means of signs and images, particularly on the basis of system typography. Successful combination of typography and visual image creates ideas, phenomena or process of real world. Conscious approach and ecological literacy of modern society is focused on the caring attitude to surrounding environment, particularly to protection of animals, which significantly influences production of both food and consumer type of these goods. Supporting element of this retail is always tightly interconnected with method and aesthetics of packaging. It has been discovered that the methodological structure of graphical visual and image language development, particularly author's unique font, has three main stages: 1st stage - rules of font construction; 2nd stage - work on detalization of separate sign; 3rd - work on font phrase and text. Application of individually developed typography in packaging design becomes a powerful means of visualization in objects of packaging and formation of brand awareness features of these goods. Formation of individual compositional patterns or ornamental elements in combination with author's unique font is the powerful compositional method and tool for solving the problem of visual perception of goods. It has been established that to ensure successful packaging design it is necessary to take into account functional and aesthetic characteristics. Therefore, given the specificity, the wide range of graphic possibilities should be focused on determining the method of combining typography and image. In this case, author's unique stylistics occupies dominant place in compositional identification of choice. It has been determined that graphic language of design project is indirectly dependent on the aspects of printing technologies, which designer can successfully use to finish the holistic perception of ready-made product. The task of choosing the successful technique and principle of visual image language of packaging remains the relevant experimental niche for graphic designers.

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Cavalcanti, Ademilson Vedovato, Érika Porceli Alaniz, and Maria Eliza Nogueira Oliveira. "Limites do Sinaes na perspectiva de gestores da educação superior." Estudos em Avaliação Educacional 30, no. 74 (September 30, 2019): 644. http://dx.doi.org/10.18222/eae.v30i74.5870.

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O objetivo do artigo é analisar a influência da avaliação externa – parte integrante do atual Sistema Nacional de Avaliação da Educação Superior – realizada in loco em duas instituições de ensino superior, uma pública e uma privada, situadas no estado do Paraná. Trata-se de uma pesquisa empírica, cujos dados foram coletados por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas realizadas com diretores institucionais e coordenadores de cursos de graduação. A análise nos permitiu verificar alguns limites do atual sistema de avaliação relacionados: ao desconhecimento dos pressupostos da avaliação pelos sujeitos participantes; ao tempo destinado ao processo avaliativo; ao método de escolha dos avaliadores em cada etapa; à ausência de políticas amparadas nos dados gerados pelo sistema; e à conversão, cada vez mais explícita, da avaliação em mecanismo de controle das práticas institucionais, que impossibilitam a autonomia dos sujeitos que atuam na educação superior.Palavras-chave: Avaliação da Educação, Ensino Superior, Sinaes, Avaliação Institucional. Límites del sinaes desde la perspectiva de gestores de la educación superiorEl objetivo del artículo es el de analizar la influencia de la evaluación externa – parte integrante del actual Sistema Nacional de Evaluación de la Educación Superior – realizada in loco en dos instituciones de educación superior, una pública y otra privada, situadas en el estado de Paraná. Se trata de una investigación empírica, cuyos datos se recogieron por medio de entrevistas semiestructuradas realizadas con directores institucionales y coordinadores de cursos de graduación. El análisis nos permitió verificar algunos limites del actual sistema de evaluación relacionados al desconocimiento de las presuposiciones de la evaluación por los sujetos participantes; al tiempo destinado al proceso evaluativo; al método de elección de los evaluadores en cada etapa; a la ausencia de políticas amparadas en los datos generados por el sistema; y a la conversión, cada vez más explícita, de la evaluación en mecanismo de control de las prácticas institucionales, que imposibilitan la autonomía de los sujetos que actúan en la educación superior. Palabras clave: Evaluación de la Educación, Educación Superior, Sinaes, Evaluación Institucional Limits of the sinaes on the perspective of higher education managers The aim of the present article is to analyze the influence of external assessment, an essential part of the current Sistema Nacional de Avaliação da Educação Superior [National System of Evaluation in Higher Education]. It was conducted in loco in two institutions of higher education, one public and one private, in the state of Paraná. It is an empirical study, and the data were collected through semi-structured interviews conducted with institutional directors and coordinators of graduate programs. The analysis permitted the authors to verify some limits of the current assessment system, related to: the participating subjects’ lack of knowledge of the assessment assumptions; the time allocated to the assessment process; the method of choice of evaluators at each stage; the lack of policies based on data generated by the system; and, the increasingly explicit conversion of assessment into a control mechanism of institutional practices, which makes the autonomy of the subjects, who work in higher education, impossible. Keywords: Education Assessment, Higher Education, Sinaes, Institutional Evaluation

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Huang, Yunhui, Jiang Wu, and Wenjie Shi. "The impact of font choice on web pages: Relationship with willingness to pay and tourism motivation." Tourism Management 66 (June 2018): 191–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2017.12.010.

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ΜΕΡΙΑΝΟΣ, Γεράσιμος, and Κυριακούλα ΣΑΚΟΡΡΑΦΟΥ. "Ο βυζαντινός λόγιος και ο αναγεννησιακός αστρονόμος: Η μετάφραση των "Ἐπιστολῶν" του Θεοφύλακτου Σιμοκάττη από τον Νικόλαο Κοπέρνικο." BYZANTINA SYMMEIKTA 19 (August 28, 2009): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/byzsym.937.

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THE BYZANTINE SCHOLAR AND THE RENAISSANCE ASTRONOMER: THE TRANSLATION OF THEOPHYLAKTOS SIMOKATTES’ LETTERS BY NICOLAUS COPERNICUSThe Latin translation of the Byzantine writer Theophylaktos Simocattes’ Letters (Ἐπιστολαὶ ἠθικαί, ἀγροικικαί, ἑταιρικαί) by the astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus in 1509 is a work that has been neglected. This translation was Copernicus’ first publication, thirty four years before his celebrated De revolutionibus orbium coelestium was published (1543). In this paper, our aim is to discuss the reasons that led Copernicus to the translation of this particular Greek literary work. We argue that his choice was pertinent on one hand to his astronomical interests and his need to learn Greek, and on the other hand to his intention to participate in the emerging Humanist movement in early sixteenth-century Poland.

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Loewe, Iwona. "Ku pamięci. Kolor w dyskursie akademickim." tekst i dyskurs - text und diskurs, no. 12 (2019) (December 27, 2019): 99–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.7311/tid.12.2019.06.

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The article refers to the theory of colour, the theory of perception, contemporary media morphosis and the postulates of multimedia stylistics. The author undertakes the presented deliberations for two reasons. Perception, remembering and learning are important for the teaching process at the university regardless of the passage of time. Both the lecturer and the student are interested in the effective acquisition of content. Multimodality as an attribute of the prevailing products of contemporary culture should be the subject of interest for discourse linguistics. The author’s research goal is to examine the effectiveness of font colours used in academic Power Point slides. In a multimedia presentation as a form of a lecture, a public reception takes place, alongside listening with reading and watching. The synergy of the spoken word and the bit-based text occurs. The author puts forward the claim that colour can be a factor in supporting or losing the listener’s directional attention. The second claim is that a colourful area, or a background for a printed text, is different from the colour of the font used in a text that students are required to read and watch from a distance. When the lecturer stands in front of the audience, they can manage its attention through various means. One of them is visualization in the form of the font colour choice within the slide. The article is a proposal of a certain type of research, but the author also presents the results of an experiment. Its results allow to reject the dominant role of the text placed on the slide. Some students correctly recalled the information conveyed only in the spoken form.

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Żydek-Bednarczuk, Urszula. "Dyskurs medialny w ujęciu kulturowym." tekst i dyskurs - text und diskurs, no. 12 (2019) (December 27, 2019): 111–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.7311/tid.12.2019.07.

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The article refers to the theory of colour, the theory of perception, contemporary media morphosis and the postulates of multimedia stylistics. The author undertakes the presented deliberations for two reasons. Perception, remembering and learning are important for the teaching process at the university regardless of the passage of time. Both the lecturer and the student are interested in the effective acquisition of content. Multimodality as an attribute of the prevailing products of contemporary culture should be the subject of interest for discourse linguistics. The author’s research goal is to examine the effectiveness of font colours used in academic Power Point slides. In a multimedia presentation as a form of a lecture, a public reception takes place, alongside listening with reading and watching. The synergy of the spoken word and the bit-based text occurs. The author puts forward the claim that colour can be a factor in supporting or losing the listener’s directional attention. The second claim is that a colourful area, or a background for a printed text, is different from the colour of the font used in a text that students are required to read and watch from a distance. When the lecturer stands in front of the audience, they can manage its attention through various means. One of them is visualization in the form of the font colour choice within the slide. The article is a proposal of a certain type of research, but the author also presents the results of an experiment. Its results allow to reject the dominant role of the text placed on the slide. Some students correctly recalled the information conveyed only in the spoken form.

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Eyles, Paula, Jennifer Skelly, and Mary Lou Schmuck. "Evaluating patient choice of typeface style and font size for written health information in an outpatient setting." Clinical Effectiveness in Nursing 7, no. 2 (June 2003): 94–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1361-9004(03)00047-5.

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Bilac, Doriane Braga Nunes, Aldeci Dos Santos Dutra, José Fernando Bezerra de Miranda, VanildoANILDO Lisboa Veloso, and Fabricyo AvelinoO Silva. "Simples Nacional versus Lucro Presumido para empresa de engenharia da cidade de Palmas-TO." Revista Sítio Novo 1 (October 19, 2017): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.47236/2594-7036.2017.v1.i0.45-62p.

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A LeiComplementar n.º 147, de 07 de agosto de 2014, possibilitou o enquadramento de novos empreendimentos. Nesse sentido questiona-se: qual o modelo de tributação mais vantajoso, em 2015, para uma empresa de pequeno porte que presta serviços de engenharia e construção, o Simples Nacional ou o Lucro Presumido? O objetivo geral definido foi identificar, entre o Simples Nacional e o Lucro Presumido, a forma de tributação mais vantajosa para uma empresa prestadora de serviços no ramo de engenharia e construção, localizada no município de Palmas, Estado do Tocantins. Após a obtenção dos dados foram realizados os cálculos dos tributos, em 2015, para as duas formas de tributação. Posteriormente, os resultados foram comparados e observou-se que o regime tributário menos oneroso para a empresa analisada é o Simples Nacional. Essa escolha proporcionada pelo planejamento tributário é importante para a maximização do lucro e redução da carga tributária.Termos para indexação: Lucro Presumido, planejamento tributário, Simples NacionalNational Simple versus Presumed Profit for Engineering Company of the City of Palmas-TOComplementary Law number 147, of August 7, 2014, allowed for the setting up of new ventures. In this sense, it is questioned: what is the most advantageous taxation model, in 2015, for a small company that provides engineering and construction services, National Simple or Presumed Profit? The general objective was to identify, between National Simple and Presumed Profit, the most advantageous form of taxation for a company providing services in the engineering and construction sector, located in Palmas, Tocantins State. After obtaining the data, the tax calculations were made in 2015 for the two forms of taxation. Subsequently, the results were compared and it was observed that thetax regime less onerous for the company analyzed is the Nacional Simple. This choice provided by tax planning is important for maximizing profit and reducing the tax burden. Index terms: Preesumed Profit, tax planning, National Simple

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Rössler, Paul. "Lost in Translation – Typographic variation in loanword surrounded punctuation positions." Zeitschrift für Sprachwissenschaft 40, no. 3 (November 1, 2021): 325–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zfs-2021-2034.

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Abstract In German printings of the early 18th century, the shift from the hitherto dominant sentence-dividing punctuation mark, the virgule, to the comma, takes place astonishingly rapidly. It is also astonishing that until recently, research has barely devoted itself to this phenomenon, even though it is at least a turning point in the history of the highest-frequency punctuation mark in German writing. The paper examines to what extent the transition from the use of the virgule to the comma is carried out in a phase-specific manner. Previous samples have indicated the influence of the font choice on the choice of punctuation: Printers or typesetters in the early 18th century set the comma especially in the environment of the Antiqua script, which is used to graphically label non-native words or syntagms. Is this a kind of “gateway” to the comma? By means of a corpus analysis in micro-diachronic sections, the status of the virgule/comma variation will be associated with the typographic variation in terms of the use of Latin Antiqua type and the German type.

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Nwokocha, Ezebunwa E., and Chioma Obioma. "SOCIAL AND CULTURAL FACTORS INFLUENCING IMMUNIZATION OF CHILDREN IN RURAL ABIA STATE, NIGERIA." International Journal of Child, Youth and Family Studies 7, no. 3-4 (September 13, 2016): 404. http://dx.doi.org/10.18357/ijcyfs73-4201616128.

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The role of adequate and timely immunization in the reduction of infant and childhood mortality cannot be overstated, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. This study, anchored in the Health Belief Model and Rational Choice Theory, investigated the sociocultural factors influencing childhood immunization in the rural state of Abia, Nigeria, an area with a high infant mortality rate. A multistage sampling technique involving the random selection of 3 communities in Bende Local Government Area and the purposive selection of 433 respondents with children under the age of 5 was adopted. In-depth interviews were conducted with 13 respondents — 3 health personnel, 3 traditional birth attendants, 4 community leaders (2 men and 2 women), 2 church representatives, and the head of the health department in the local government headquarters. Findings reveal that the majority of respondents had heard about childhood immunization and largely understood its essence. Religious beliefs and the mother’s economic activities (especially when market day coincides with immunization day) were identified as major influences on immunization. More attention should be directed to providing adequate education for rural dwellers on the importance of immunization for childhood mortality reduction.

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Li, Yuxia, and Zhinan Zhou. "RFID Anti-Collision Detection Algorithm Based on Improved Adaptive N-Tree." International Journal of Online Engineering (iJOE) 14, no. 10 (October 26, 2018): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.3991/ijoe.v14i10.9310.

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This paper proposes a type of improved adaptive N-tree anti-collision algorithm based on the traditional one for RFID system by combination with maximum likelihood estimation and probe pre-detection. This algorithm inherits some features from Alpha- and tree-based anti-collision algorithms and effectively restrain the star-vation of the two algorithms. It has also filled in the gaps of tag collision with higher probability. The study turns out that the improved adaptive N-tree anti-collision algorithm as proposed can feature adaptive choice of the value N of the tree, length breaks of free timeslots, restraints on defects such as more tag classification and higher collision probability just as what the traditional tree-based algorithm has. N-tree built by level-to-level frame identification eliminates the free timeslots, and improves the tag identification precision for the RFID system. The results from simulation experiment reveal that the algorithm proposed in this paper has lower Error Sampling Reckon (ESR) and Throughput Rate Deviation (TRD), and features large throughput rate (87%), low delay of tag recognition and minimum timeslots, and etc. hence to be better applied in large-scale logistics and other fields where fast information recognition is involved.

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Trosterud, Trond. "A restricted freedom of choice: Linguistic diversity in the digital landscape." Nordlyd 39, no. 2 (January 30, 2013): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/12.2474.

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The freedom of choosing what language to use in various contexts is restricted by a wide range of non-linguistic factors. One often-overlooked factor is the availability of a digital infrastructure for the languages in question. To put it bluntly: With no keyboard layout available there also will be no texts written. The article looks at different aspects related to minority languages and digital linguistic resources.

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Guimarães da Silva, Liliane Flávia, Jessica Viana Ferreira, and Marília Reis Nunes da Silva. "Avaliação dos índices PET e UTCI em espaços públicos centrais, Palmas, Tocantins." Revista Sítio Novo 1 (October 19, 2017): 168. http://dx.doi.org/10.47236/2594-7036.2017.v1.i0.168-189p.

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Esse artigo é fruto de dois projetos de iniciação científica do curso de Engenharia Civil do Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Tocantins. Tem como objetivo avaliar a aplicação de dois índices de conforto térmico, PET e UTCI, em espaços urbanos externos na cidade de Palmas–TO. A escolha do tema deve-se à carência de pesquisas com conforto térmico em áreas externas na cidade, bem como devido à impossibilidade de controle artificial desses espaços. A estação seca é o período foco da pesquisa, tendo em vista que é a estação de maiores temperaturas máximas do ano, nos meses de agosto e setembro. A pesquisa buscou determinar a eficiência dos índices de conforto térmico selecionados com as respostas das pessoas, utilizando proposta comparativa de recentes estudos brasileiros. Percebeu-se que o índice UTCI tem maior aproximação da sensação térmica real dos entrevistados, apesar de, da mesma forma que o PET, superestimar a percepção de conforto. O presente estudo abre mais uma possibilidade na caracterização do conforto térmico, contribuindo para futuras pesquisas sobre o tema em climas semelhantes. Sugere-se a continuidade dos estudos destes índices com a sua respectiva calibração para a região em estudo.Termos para indexação: conforto térmico, espaços abertos, índices de conforto térmico Assessment of indices PET and UTCI in central public spaces, Palmas, TocantinsThis paper is the result of two scientific initiation projects of Civil Engineering Course at the Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Tocantins. It has as its objective to evaluate the application of two thermal comfort indices, PET and UTCI, in outdoor urban spaces in Palmas–TO. The choice of topic is due to the lack of research on thermal comfort in outdoor areas in this city. Also, its due to the impossibility of artificial control of these spaces. The dry season is the focus of this research, considering that is the season with higher values of temperature, in months August and September. The research quested to determine the application efficiency of the selected thermal comfort indexes with responses of the inhabitants, using comparative proposal of recent brazilian researches. It is perceived that the UTCI index is nearer the real thermal sensation of respondents, though, it overestimates the perception of comfort just as the PET. This study gives one more possibility for the characterization of thermal comfort, contributing to future research on the subject in similar climates. It is suggested continuing studies of these indices with calibration of them for the region studied.Index terms: thermal comfort, open spaces, thermal comfort indices

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Al-Naimat, Ghazi K. "Semiotic Analysis of the Visual Signs of Protest on Online Jordanian Platforms: Code Choice and Language Mobility." Theory and Practice in Language Studies 10, no. 1 (December 24, 2019): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/tpls.1001.09.

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The political discourse of protesting which comprises carrying signs for clarifying demands and expressing feelings constitutes a significant area of study in the signs of online platforms within the linguistic landscape field. Taking as a case in point the Jordanian protest on May 30, 2018, a few examples of the signs of protest are analyzed using some aspects of visual semiotics, particularly the code choice. The study is grounded on both quantitative and qualitative data culled from online sources. The analysis of the data finds a variety of linguistic codes used in attaining different readerships: the standard form of Arabic as the official language in the country and in other Arab countries; Jordanian Arabic investigated as the device of speaking out the voice of the local audience; English viewed as the language of addressing the global audience; and the multilingualism occurrence as a significant feature in the corpus for achieving further readerships. These codes are largely motivated by other significant semiotic resources, including multimodality, font size, color relevance, and materiality practices. The study further views the signs of protest as a new trend of mobility, often considered a challenging notion to the territoriality of fixed signs in most linguistic landscape studies.

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Širiņa, Ieva, and Aina Strode. "DESIGN TRENDS IN CHILDREN'S BOOK ILLUSTRATION - AN EXAMPLE OF LATGALIAN ABC DESIGN." SOCIETY. INTEGRATION. EDUCATION. Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference 4 (May 28, 2021): 705–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/sie2021vol4.6255.

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Children's book illustrations have always been an area that allows artists to make the most of their creative potential. Modern design trends for children's books are changing both in the world and in Latvia. The most relevant of these are minimalism and color purity, simplicity and quality. Research also highlights the choice of illustration and font style in favor of retro style and handwriting. Picture books on the topics of kindness and love are popular in terms of content. Activity books are useful for interactive communication. The aim of the article is to develop the concept of graphic design of the ABC of Latgalian language by studying design trends in children's book illustration and the supply and demand of children's Latgalian literature in Latvia. Research methods: theoretical - research and analysis of literature and Internet resources, empirical - questionnaire, analysis of analogues.

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Ferreira, Carla, Lina Lourenço-Gomes, Lígia M. Costa Pinto, and Ana Patrícia Silva. "Is there a gender effect on wine choice in Portugal? – A qualitative approach." International Journal of Wine Business Research 31, no. 4 (November 18, 2019): 618–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijwbr-08-2018-0040.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyze the existence and influence of gender effects on wine choice, specifically whether women and men seek the same cues in wine labelling. Design/methodology/approach Five focus groups, involving 45 regular wine consumers (22 women and 23 men) from four Portuguese wine regions of origin, were conducted. Sessions included two projective techniques. To gather more information, participants were asked to fill a short questionnaire, relating purchasing and consumption habits, knowledge and socioeconomic characteristics. Qualitative data were transcribed verbatim and content analysis was used. Findings Women frequently associate wine to the context of consumption; while men frequently associate wine to convivial and sensorial pleasure. Region of origin and prior knowledge experience seem to be the two main reasons for men to choose a wine; while, women seem to rely more on wine brand and previous experience. Front label information (region of origin, awards and region illustration) seems to be more important for women, while the back label descriptors (grape variety, world heritage site and wine history) are more relevant for men. The typography (font size) and information type were identified as negative aspects of the back label. Practical implications Understanding how men and women looking for information on a wine bottle can help marketers communicate with specific market segments. This paper provides insights to design marketing campaigns regarding product customization at the level of label information and design. Originality/value The present research contributes to current literature on wine consumer behaviour, exploring behavioural differences, perceptions and motivations by gender. In particular, the relevance of wine cues for choice decision is explored. The evidence of focus groups combined with projective techniques is complemented with data collected through a questionnaire.

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Malhotra, Rahul, Sumithra Suppiah, Yi Wen Tan, Semra Ozdemir Van Dyk, Pildoo Sung, Sarah Siew Cheng Tay, and Ngiap Chuan Tan. "OLDER ADULT PREFERENCES FOR THE FORMAT AND CONTENT OF PRESCRIPTION MEDICATION LABELS." Innovation in Aging 6, Supplement_1 (November 1, 2022): 184. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igac059.736.

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Abstract The risk of misinterpreting prescription medicine labels (PMLs) is higher among older adults. Given the limited space on PMLs, their format and content should cater to older adults’ medication information and legibility needs. We established the ranking of seven medication-related content variables (indication, precautions, interaction or paired medicines, food instructions, side effects, expiry date, and missed dose action; provision of these content is currently not legally mandated) to be prioritised on PMLs using best-worst scaling (BWS), and determined the relative utilities of five format attributes (presentation of dose-frequency instructions, font size, presentation of dose, presentation and colour of precautions) when incorporated onto PMLs using discrete choice experiment (DCE), from the perspective of older Singaporeans. The variables and attributes were informed by our prior qualitative study and best practices guidelines for PMLs. We recruited 280 older adults (mean age: 68.8±5.4 years). A BWS object case was used to evaluate the relative importance of medication-related content variables (range: 0 to 1). A mixed logit model estimated the relative utilities of attribute levels, which enabled calculation of importance scores for ranking the format attributes (range: 0% to 100%). The three most-preferred content variables were indication (1.000), precautions (0.853) and interaction or paired medicines (0.845). The top three format preferences were tabular presentation of dose-frequency instructions (43.7%), large font size (22.3%) and precautions in red colour (13.6%). The findings inform an actionable way to improve the content and format of PMLs in the real-world, which is aligned with the stated priorities of older adults.

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Carsana, Laurence, and Alain Jolibert. "The effects of expertise and brand schematicity on the perceived importance of choice criteria: a Bordeaux wine investigation." Journal of Product & Brand Management 26, no. 1 (March 20, 2017): 80–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jpbm-11-2015-1030.

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Purpose The purpose of this research is to understand the effects of expertise and brand schematicity on the perceived importance of choice criteria in the context of purchasing red wine purchase. Design/methodology/approach Data were collected via an online survey of 307 French wine consumers. The interaction effects of expertise and brand schematicity on the importance assigned to choice criteria were then investigated. Findings First, the results show that commercial brand is more important for brand-schematic consumers (novice and expert) than for brand-aschematic (novice and expert) consumers. Second, to make their choice, brand-schematic consumers place a greater reliance on quality cues than brand-aschematic consumers, whether they are novices or experts. Third, brand-aschematic novice consumers are only interested in two quality cues [Appellation d'Origine Contrôlée (AOC) label and wine category], but French brand-schematic novice and brand-aschematic expert consumers look for five quality cues (AOC label, wine category, vintage, commercial brand and place of bottling). Fourth, brand-schematic expert consumers take into account all quality cues. Practical implications The individual characteristics of consumers, that is, level of expertise and schematicity, influence the importance assigned to the information contained on the label. Care should be taken when designing a wine label, especially when consumers make their purchases in supermarkets and have no opportunity to seek advice. To convince these customers, it is essential that the font and size of the label ensure that the AOC label, wine category, vintage, commercial brand and place of bottling can be easily read. Brand-schematic consumers are interested in many quality cues to make their choice, and therefore, such information should be available in supermarkets (e.g. flyers and posters). Managers should also focus on brand content strategy to influence and hit brand-aschematic consumers. Originality/value There has been little research on the effect of brand schematicity on the importance of choice criteria. The interaction of brand schematicity and degree of expertise regarding product category has not been previously studied in relation to wine selection. Brand schematicity may be used as a segmentation criterion by managers in communication campaigns and brand content strategies.

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Khairunisa, Rahma, Gamal Kartono, and Sumarsono Sumarsono. "ANALISIS LOGO TOKO ROTI SEKITAR KECAMATAN MEDAN PETISAH BERDASARKAN TIPOGRAFI DAN WARNA." BAHAS 32, no. 3 (September 16, 2021): 237. http://dx.doi.org/10.24114/bhs.v32i3.29309.

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AbstractThe logo is an identity that is used to describe the image and character of an institution, company or organization. Logo or word mark is the name of an institution, a company or a product that appears in writing to describe its commercial characteristics. Basically, a logo is a symbol that represents the figure, face or existence of a company or a company's product. In addition to enhancing the image of the company, logos are often used to strengthen the spirit between components within the company. The results of this study show that the overall logo design is good in terms of color placement and typography. The choice of the font depends on the readability / display and the size of the font used also depends on the readability of the logo text. The font used in the logo is adapted to the theme. The colors used can emphasize the logo to create contrast and the correct reading flow. Average Scored Results for Typography get an average grade of 62.7 and fall into Category C, which is pretty good. And for color, the average is 67.7 and it's in category C, which is pretty good. Keywords: Logo, Typography, and Colours. AbstrakLogo merupakan identitas yang dipergunakan untuk meng-gambarkan citra dan karakter suatu lembaga atau perusahaan maupun organisasi. Logotype atau tanda kata (word mark) merupakan nama lembaga, perusahaan, atau produk, yang tampil dalam bentuk tulisan yang khusus untuk menggambarkan ciri khas secara komersial. Pada prinsipnya, logo merupakan simbol yang mewakili sosok, wajah, atau eksistensi suatu perusahaan atau produk dari sebuah perusahaan. Selain membangun citra perusahaan, logo juga sering kali dipergunakan untuk membangun spirit secara internal diantara komponen yang ada dalam perusahaan tersebut.Hasil temuan penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa secara keseluruhan desain logo sudah baik dalam penempatan warna dan tipografi. Pemilihan jenis huruf berkaitan dengan tingkat kemudahan untuk dibaca/dilihat dan ukuran huruf yang digunakan berkaitan pula dengan keterbacaan teks logo. Jenis huruf yang digunakan pada logo disesuaikan dengan tema. Warna yang digunakan dapat memberikan penekanan pada logo sehingga menimbulkan kontras dan alur baca yang tepat. Hasil rata-rata penilaia yang sudah di nilai untuk tipografi memperoleh nilai dengan rata-rata yaitu 62,7 dan termasuk dalam kategori C yang dimana cukup baik. Dan untuk warna diperoleh nilai dengan rata-rata yaitu 67,7 dan termasuk dalam kategori C yang dimana cukup baik. Kata Kunci : Logo , Tipografi, Warna

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Flórez Martínez, Diego Hernando, and Sídney Ward Argota. "Diseño de una minicadena productiva para apicultura orgánica en San Andrés Islas a través de un itinerario de ruta como herramienta de gestión e integración." Corpoica Ciencia y Tecnología Agropecuaria 14, no. 2 (October 4, 2013): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.21930/rcta.vol14_num2_art:404.

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En Colombia, la apicultura es una actividad económica en consolidación, que representa un potencial de riqueza por los múltiples beneficios que se pueden obtener a través de la explotación artesanal o industrial. En el sector agropecuario es una de las 37 cadenas productivas registradas ante el Ministerio de Agricultura y Desarrollo Rural; es objeto de priorización en procesos de investigación, desarrollo e innovación (I+D+i), en aras de incrementar su productividad y competitividad, involucrando la sostenibilidad de la población rural y el componente industrial. El Archipiélago de San Andrés, Providencia y Santa Catalina es objeto de iniciativas de desarrollo rural, impulso empresarial y fortalecimiento, pues ante la coyuntura socioeconómica por la disminución del territorio marítimo, busca diversificar las actividades económicas de la población raizal. Con la metodología de alianzas productivas y los itinerarios de ruta como herramienta de gestión e integración se diseñó, desde el enfoque tecnológico, la estructura de la minicadena productiva de eslabones y segmentos; las directrices fueron los procesos productivos de tipo orgánico, selección de tecnologías, proveedores y mecanismos de certificación al producto y capacitación al recurso humano requerido, mediante un proceso analítico jerárquico utilizando el software Expert Choice. Se estructuraron lineamientos desde la base de política pública y sectorial, consignada en la agenda única nacional de I+D+i de la cadena y lineamientos establecidos (plan de desarrollo del departamento, plan de ciencia y tecnología, CONPES y plan de ordenamiento territorial). La minicadena y el paquete tecnológico de apicultura orgánica son un insumo de competitividad para el archipiélago.

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Kozlova, Marina. "Legal Design as Means of Smart Regulation." Legal Linguistics, no. 27(38) (April 1, 2023): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/leglin(2023)2702.

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The article is dedicated to the exploration of possibilities of using legal design for smart regulation. Smart regulation aimed at obtaining the maximum effect by minimal means is connected to using a range of instruments, one of which is nudging. The nudge theory is used in behavioral economics; it is suggested to consider the peculiarities of human thought and behavior bearing in mind that in most cases humans behave irrationally, they are led by emotions, cognitive bias, they tend to follow the majority. It is suggested to form the choice architecture in such a way that a human would prefer the most sensible option while not losing the freedom of choice. An important element in forming the choice architecture is the availability of information, which provides effective communication. Availability and completeness of information provided by plain language let people fully comprehend the consequences of their actions. It is proven that comprehensibility can be achieved through legal design of documents, which implies applying different means of simplification of form and content to a legal document (a contract, a judicial act, a normative legal act). The means of simplification of form are structurization, visualization, using tables, diagrams, readable font, while the means of simplification of content is plain language of a document. Examples of requirements of the law to the structure and design of contracts that lead to financial obligations are listed in the article. The conclusion is drawn out that the means of legal design provide availability of information, which leads to using reflexive thinking, which implies realizing the consequences of one’s actions, making rational and informed decisions; all of it can be viewed as the aim of smart regulation.

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Todd, Marielle J., Kathleen M. Kelley, and Helene Hopfer. "USA Mid-Atlantic Consumer Preferences for Front Label Attributes for Local Wine." Beverages 7, no. 2 (April 23, 2021): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/beverages7020022.

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The purpose of this research was to investigate Mid-Atlantic USA wine consumers’ preferences for front wine label attributes for a lesser-known/unknown local wine variety. The wine consumer base in this part of the USA exceeds that of California. Although the mid-Atlantic is experiencing an increase in the number of wineries, there is a lack of region-specific consumer research that could be the basis for marketing strategies that may differ from those in more established wine regions, such as CA. We recruited 1011 mid-Atlantic consumers who drank wine (at least 1×/month) to view variations of a wine label, differing in wine tag, location description, font types, and images in a choice-based conjoint experiment. A greater percentage of consumers selected the “White Wine” tag and scripted fonts than the other options, with a generalized county text (“Proudly produced in Lehigh County, PA”) being selected by more participants than the American Viticultural Area (AVA) (“Lehigh Valley AVA”) or state (“Pennsylvania”) texts; however, the location text had a lower importance than the wine tag variable. This study implies that a generalized county text that describes a more specific location where the grapes were grown may be more favorable to mid-Atlantic consumers in comparison to AVA or state texts, and that traditional images and generic wine labels are more preferable than wine labels they have not seen before and more contemporary label styles. Wineries in the mid-Atlantic region may want to add generalized county texts to their labels to appeal to the regional audience. As AVAs are used to promote specific wine regions in the USA, and only some consumers choose wines based on these designations, governments and marketing organizations may want to increase education on local AVAs to increase consumer awareness and interest. In addition, consumer differences in variety-seeking behavior and subjective as well as objective wine knowledge, but not attitudes toward locally produced foods, affected wine label choice: Consumers scoring higher in variety-seeking and wine knowledge preferred the specific wine varietal over the generic wine tag; similarly, consumers that indicated familiarity with the wine varietal also preferred the specific wine tag over the generic label. Differences in consumer psychographics appear to modulate front wine label preferences.

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Ryu, Sungmin, and Ken Hung. "E-Commerce Transaction Mechanisms And Buyer-Supplier Relationship." Journal of Business & Economics Research (JBER) 7, no. 2 (February 3, 2011). http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jber.v7i2.2263.

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Information exchange between the buyer and supplier is an important aspect of supply chain management. B2B e-commerce helps firms to share information, maintain relationships, and conduct transactions more efficiently. The choice of B2B e-commerce transactions will influence, and as well as affect, the relationships between exchange parties. Thus, the choice of e-commerce transaction mechanisms has a relational context. An appropriate choice of a transaction mechanism can affect a firm’s strategy, procurement decisions, and performance. It had been argued that e-commerce facilitates both discrete and relational exchanges, and it has a dual impact on business relationships. In this paper, we examine a collection of diverse studies on EDI and e-marketplace from marketing and information systems literatures. We assimilate these findings for managers considering choices on e-commerce transaction mechanisms. We hope that this will provide managers a more consistent understanding of buyer-supplier relationships in the B2B e-commerce context.

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Sudirga, Rudy Santosa. "FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MENENTUKAN PARA MAHASISWA MEMILIH KULIAH DI UNIVERSITAS BUNDA MULIA DENGAN METODE FAKTOR ANALISIS." Business Management Journal 7, no. 2 (July 25, 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.30813/bmj.v7i2.601.

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Over the last three years the number of students choosing Bunda Mulia University as a university choice has steadily increased. This phenomenon is clearly portrayed from the results of a study that was undertaken to determine factors that influence choices that senior high school students make decision to enter university. This research examines this phenomenon in the context of students’ choice of a university. Results of a survey of students showed that parents, along with other family and friends, were the most influential sources of information. Factor analysis is a precise method to perform this research, since factor analysis will generate factors that demonstrate acceptable internal consistency and describe the important influences in shaping university preferences. The correlations between the factors and Bunda Mulia University as first university choice are in the expected directions of this research and provide evidence for construct validity of the questionnaire. Key Words,Factors, Influence, and Choices.

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Garvey, Phillip M., Wei-Yin Eie, and M. Jennifer Klenna. "The Effect of Font Characteristics on Large Format Display." Interdisciplinary Journal of Signage and Wayfinding 1, no. 1 (December 30, 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.15763/issn.2470-9670.2016.v1.i1.a3.

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Objective: To assess the legibility of a large set of existing large format display fonts. Background: The enormous selection of fonts allows for creative design; however, while there has been a lot of research on print and computer font legibility, only a limited number of large format display font studies have been conducted. Method: Sixty-four subjects from 19-87 years of age viewed 64 displays using 33 fonts shown on a computer monitor. Viewing began at a very small size, which grew larger to simulate a driver or pedestrian approaching a sign. Subjects attempted to read the displays at the smallest possible size. Threshold legibility was determined for each font. Results and Conclusions: Font selection can make a very big difference in the distance at which a display can be read; however, there are many fonts that have equivalent legibility. Case can sometimes, but not always, have a large impact on display legibility, with uppercase often performing significantly better than lowercase. The choice of serif versus sans-serif alone does not have an important effect on display legibility. Age impaired sign reading ability, but not until the participants were over sixty. Finally, fonts that share a family name (e.g., Times Bold versus Times New Roman) can have dramatically different legibility distances. Application: The results of this research can immediately and directly aid letter manufacturers, display designers, and display owners, as they now know how far away a large number of fonts can be read, and the impact of choosing one font style over another.

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Muryani, Desfi Ida, Padrul Jana, and Sitti Mutia Umasugi. "The Students’ Misconceptions in Using Three-tier Multiple Choice Diagnostic Test on the Angle Relationships." Formatif: Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan MIPA 12, no. 1 (March 30, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.30998/formatif.v12i1.9641.

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<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="IN">Understanding the concept is one<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-US"> ability<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="IN"> that students must master in learning mathematics<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-US"> b<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="IN">ecause concepts in mathematics are related to <span style="font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-US">each<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="IN"> other. Based on the result of observation, it show<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-US">ed<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="IN"> that not all students ha<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-US">d<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="IN"> a good<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-US"> conceptual<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="IN"> understanding<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-US">. <span style="font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="IN">Another finding <span style="font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-US">reported<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="IN"> that students ha<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-US">d met the<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="IN"> criteria for understanding concepts, <span style="font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-US">not <span style="font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="IN">understanding concepts, and <span style="font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-US">having <span style="font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="IN">misconceptions. <span style="font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-US">The conditions where s<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="IN">tudents experience misconception<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-US">s<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="IN"> need<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="IN">to be considered because the misconception is a condition in which students use a concept that is not following the agreement of the expert with full confidence in the correctness of the concept. If misconception is allowed, it will affect the fo<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-US">llowing <span style="font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="IN">concepts. This study aimed to determine the process and results of the analysis of student misconceptions and determined the causes of student misconceptions. Th<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-US">e design<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="IN"> of <span style="font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-US">this <span style="font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="IN">research <span style="font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-US">wa<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="IN">s descriptive qualitative with the number of subjects as many as 20 students. Data collection used a diagnostic test in the form of three-level multiple-choice questions and interview results. The method<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="IN">used a test,<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-US">an<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="IN"> interview, and documentation. The <span style="font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-US">steps <span style="font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="IN">in<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-US"> the<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="IN"> data analysis <span style="font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-US">of this research included<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="IN"> data collection, data reduction, data presentation, and concluding. The<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-US"> validity test of the data<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="IN"> used triangulation, namely, comparing the test results with the interview<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-US"> result<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="IN">. The research results<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="IN">showed that there were students' misconceptions in the low and medium-level understanding group<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-US">. <span style="font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="IN">Meanwhile, students in the high conceptual understanding group found False Positive criteria where false positive<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-US">s<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="IN"> were part<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-US">s<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="IN"> of the misconception. However, in this study, <span style="font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-US">the <span style="font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="IN">false positive<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-US">s <span style="font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="IN">were caused by students' inaccuracy in <span style="font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-US">answering <span style="font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="IN">the questions. The causes of student misconceptions include<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-US">d<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="IN"> using the concept of angle<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-US">s<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="IN"> that <span style="font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-US">were<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="IN"> not following the agreement of the experts; applying angles with the wrong concept; wrong in interpreting images or just seeing based on images; wrong in algebraic addition arithmetic operations; wrongly applying the concept of angles in triangles<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-US">,<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="IN"> and not being careful in solving algebraic equations. <w:LsdException Locked=

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