Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Fonction information'
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Masduraud, Claire. "Information présupposée et différenciation fonctionnelle des informations : étude de la fonction et du traitement de l'information présupposée." Poitiers, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995POIT5006.
Full textIn a first step, we postulated that the main function of presupposition is to mark the information as secondary, so prompting the hearer to process the information less deeply. Several experiments were performed to assess that the functional differentiation of presupposed and asserted information entails a differrent processing of the information. The experiments supported the hypothesis that presupposed information is processed less deeply : they showed that presupposed information is less available in memory and is less often checked than asserted information. However the experiments led us to wonder about the precise mechanisms of presupposed information's processing and memorizing. Hence, in a second step, we revisited our view of presupposition. We described it as a kind of reference operation. This description allowed us to specify (1) the processes which underlie presupposition's understanding and generation, and (2) some of the mechanisms which manage knowlege and dialogue
Piot, Alain. "Pouvoir des consommateurs ou pouvoir consommer. Fonction sociale du consumerisme francais." Paris 4, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA040217.
Full textThe consumerist discourse in france is revealed as the expression of social fractions belonging to the upwardly mobile middle classes who wish to acquire a greater part of the goods previously reserved for the more privileged classes. This attempt implies strategies which develop on two levels: that of concrete action and that of a symbolic struggle. The aim in fact, is to impose a new system of values on the production end so as to be able to gain access to them. The function of this system of values, or this ethic, is to legitimize the economic and rational accession by these social fractions to the dominant consumer models. A synergic mouvement is created between the consumerist current and the established actors of the "consumer system" to the benefit of the ascending strata of society
Quere, Bertrand. "L'information financière et comptable en Allemagne et en France du cadre conceptuel à la fonction sociale." Nice, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993NICE0039.
Full textThe fourth ec directive intended to harmonize rules regulating financial statements (individual accounts) in the different countries of the european community. These regulations have been introduced in france in 1982 and in germany in 1985 : one could think, therefore that financial reporting is unified in both countries on a standard basis. Nevertheless a comparative anlysis between german and french law and their normalisation systems actually shows that financial reporting in both countries is still strongly influenced by original interpretations and conceptuel frameworks inherited from different traditions and cultures. Theses specificities must not be neglected, because they lead to important divergences which are partially hidden by formal regulations issued by the fourth ec directive. German financial reporting system must not therefore be anylised on particularities opposed to a common framework, but understood by referring to a national context which makes these differences irreducible
Douyère, David. "Communication et poltique de la connaissance : le cas de la fonction hygiène, sécurité, conditions de travail chez France Télécom." Paris 13, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA131018.
Full textCauffriez, Laurent. "Contribution à la mesure en temps réel des performances de production d'ateliers manufacturiers dans les applications de supervision distribuées." Valenciennes, 1994. https://ged.uphf.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/597b9ca8-7598-4686-82b0-c5bebe7909ee.
Full textArchambault, Michèle. "Faculté imaginale du roman et fonction de médiation : vers la construction d’un domaine info-littéraire." Thesis, Lyon 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LYO20086/document.
Full textThe dissertation, which investigates the description of the novel and considers an answer by interrogating an information problem (offering a theoretical model of representation, a basis for the conception and creation of tools for a carefully thought out navigation within fiction), carries out a reflection about the role of literary fiction in the construction of bodies of knowledge and, by extension, of a culture. These reflection and experimentation take place in the school context of the “lycee d’enseignement general” [mainstream education high school] (definition of the status of the novel in the way that it is used in education programs and objectives, analysis of the notion of literary reading in high school) and through the analysis of a body of texts: study of La Mysterieuse Flamme de la Reine Loana / Umberto Eco, 2004, French translation, Paris, Grasset et Fasquelle, 2005, combined with the study of an unpredictable collection of texts about the theme of the Shoah. Since the object of study is the novel, the links between Information and Communication Sciences and semiotics are approached in a new light: construction of a semiotic theory (definition, setting up of a formal language, choice of a representation system) made suitable to the object of study by clarifying the conditions of meaning production, which implies a hybridization of the fields (Information and Communication Sciences and literary analysis). The theoretical elements for a representation model of fiction are developed. Definitions of the novel, of literary narrative fiction, of information, of fictiology (a new field of research opened up by the study) and of critical fictiological information, complemented by a description of positioning of this research in the field of Information and Communication Sciences, frame the reflection. A chapter tackling literature and the notion of memory allows for a delineation of the links between novel and representation of reality. For this purpose, the notions of text, reference, and context are defined. Finally, the title of the dissertation is explained through the description of the imaginal faculty, and of the mediation function attributed to the novel. To close this part of the study, drafting a panorama of the proposed and employed tools helps operate a state of the art of fiction classification, reinforced by the definition of an open information research and a study of the notion of meaning in the handling of fiction. Analyses in the practical field include a report of investigations on reading practices conducted in the contexts of secondary education and of the training of ‘Education Nationale’ information librarians. Analyzing bodies of texts allows the problem of visible reality in the novel to be interrogated. This research tests out a fictiologic ontology by examining the novel as document and by attempting a formalization of the camps literature. The proposition of a theoretical model to be experimented is concretized by the development of a system of organization of information and literary knowledge. A reflection on the current technical environment justifies the choices considered, the propositions and solutions offered. By presenting a fictiological information literaty, an extension of media information literaty, the dissertation ends with the description of fictiological mediation anchored into a renegotiation of information spaces and typologies, investigating participatory and collaborative practices
Brilland, Laurent. "Étude et réalisation de réseaux de Bragg inscrits dans une fibre optique monomode pour une fonction d'égalisation du gain des amplificateurs à fibre dopée." Lille 1, 2000. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/RESTREINT/Th_Num/2000/50376-2000-504.pdf.
Full textUn effort de modélisation nous a conduit à réaliser des fibres à structures d'indice particulières dans lesquelles nous avons inscrit des réseaux à pas longs mieux adaptés à la fonction d'égalisation. Les deux techniques d'inscription (photoinscription et déformation locale) sont analysées. Nous présentons un travail théorique et expérimental sur les caractéristiques spectrales des réseaux à traits inclinés photoinscrits dans une fibre à gaine photosensible. La stabilisation thermique de ces composants par un dispositif passif a été également effectuée. Une courbe de gain d'amplificateur à fibre dopée à l'erbium rendu uniforme par des réseaux à traits inclinés est présentée
Monod, Emmanuel. "Efficacité du développement des systèmes d'information : le cas de la transformation d'IBM France." Paris, ENST, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996ENST0044.
Full textSaoud, Mohamed. "Explorations neurocognitives chez des patients schizophrènes : études des fonctions attentionnelles et exécutives, des capacités d'identification olfactive et du traitement du contexte." Lyon 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999LYO1T290.
Full textShirota, Chieko. "Syntaxe et prosodie en japonais. Lecture d'Informations télévisées / Dialogue spontané." Thesis, Paris 3, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA030151/document.
Full textThis research has two objectives: a systematization of the fundamental prosody of Japanese as a common language, and an application of this prosodic system to teaching method. To attain these objectives, we first fix a theoretical framework adaptable to Japanese based on the theory "Grammaire de l’intonation" (Intonation Grammar) of Morel and Danon-Boileau (1998). We then analyze two types of corpus, readings of lead sentences of TV news, whose style are close to the written style, and extracts from spontaneous dialogues. The results of analysis of the corpus in uttered-written style corroborate the hypothesis that the discursive unit, which is in the fundamental constituent order defined by the function of determination corresponding to a specific syntactic/discursive marker, must be realized by the fundamental prosody conforming to the function of determination. The supra-segmental indicia of this prosody are the position and the length of pauses and the pitch pattern of sequences of modifier and modified. With application of this prosodic system, we propose a teaching method easily accessible both to the teacher and the learner in theoretical and didactical aspects through the binary criterion of the function of determination and a "written" indicium, the specific syntactic/discursive marker. The analysis of the corpus in spoken style shows that in this style, the function of determination is represented neither by the marker nor by the pause, which are replaced by the intonated indicium at the end of constituent, whereas the enunciative function is realized by intonation of the final particles
Lefeuvre, Luce. "Analyse des marqueurs de relations conceptuelles en corpus spécialisé : recensement, évaluation et caractérisation en fonction du domaine et du genre textuel." Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU20051.
Full textThe use of markers of conceptual relation for building terminological resources has been frequently emphasized. Those markers are used in corpora to detect “Term1 – marker – Term2” triple, which are then interpreted as “Term1 - Conceptual Relation – Term2” triple allowing to represent knowledge as a relational system model. The transition from one triple to another questions the stability of this link, regardless of corpora. In this thesis, we study the variation of the “candidate-markers” of relation taking into account the domain and the text genre. To this end, we identified the French markers for the hyperonym, the meronym and the causal relation, and systematically analyzed their functioning within corpora varying according to the domain (breast cancer vs. volcanology) and the text genre (popular science vs. specialized texts). For each context containing a candidate-marker, we evaluated the capacity of the candidate-marker to really indicate the required relation. Our researches attest to the relevance of taking into account the domain and the text genre when describing the functioning of conceptual relation markers
Petitjean, Caroline. "Recalage non rigide d'images par approches variationnelles statistiques - Application à l'analyse et à la modélisation de la fonction myocardique en IRM." Phd thesis, Université René Descartes - Paris V, 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00273241.
Full textCette thèse se propose de démontrer que les techniques de recalage non rigide statistique constituent un cadre approprié pour l'estimation des déformations myocardiques en IRM, leur quantification à des fins diagnostiques, et leur modélisation en vue d'établir une référence numérique de normalité. Ses contributions concernent :
1. l'élaboration d'une méthode robuste non supervisée d'estimation des déplacements myocardiques à partir de séquences d'IRM de marquage. Elle permet l'obtention de mesures de mouvement fiables en tout point du myocarde, à tout instant du cycle cardiaque et sous incidence de coupe arbitraire.
2. le développement d'un outil de quantification dynamique des déformations à l'échelle du pixel et du segment myocardique, intégrant un étape de segmentation automatique du coeur par recalage d'images ciné IRM acquises conjointement aux données de marquage. Pour le coeur sain, la comparaison des mesures obtenues à des valeurs de référence issues d'une synthèse approfondie de la littérature médicale démontre une excellente corrélation. Pour des coeurs pathologiques, les expériences menées ont montré la pertinence d'une analyse quantitative multiparamétrique pour localiser et caractériser les zones atteintes.
3. la construction d'un modèle statistique (atlas) de contraction d'un coeur sain. Cet atlas fournit des modèles quantitatifs de référence locaux et segmentaires pour les paramètres de déformation. Son intégration, en tant que modèle de mouvement, au processus de recalage des données d'IRM de marquage conduit en outre à une description très compacte des déplacements myocardiques sans perte de précision notable.
Marsollier, Isabelle. "De la conception de produits industriels à celle de prestations intellectuelles : essai de transfert à la définition de formations, l’identification des sources d'informations pour l'activité de veille stratégique." Angers, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995ANGE0016.
Full textFoucault, Nicolas. "Questions-Réponses en domaine ouvert : sélection pertinente de documents en fonction du contexte de la question." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00944622.
Full textChacornac, Jérôme. "Essai sur les fonctions de l'information en droit des instruments financiers." Thesis, Paris 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA020019.
Full textInformation constitutes the element or the stake of many a legal rule in financial Law. These rules dictate disclosure obligations to issuers, financial intermediaries and investors. Furthermore, they sanction market abuses, insofar as they undermine the qualities of the information, and provide a legal framework for the elaboration process of opinions voiced by financial analysts and credit rating agencies. In such a heterogeneous body of rules, diverse legal qualifications are applicable to information. The conistency of the discipline lies in the necessity to inform the participants of the risk inherent to financial instruments. From its intellectual functions, information can be studied as transmittable intelligence permitting a better understanding of the risk financial instruments entail. While some data allows for the description of the investment risk, other data enables its assesment over time in order to realize predictions. Substantive law evolves by drawing on the two intellectual functions of information: its descriptive function and its predictive function. This analysis helps to reinforce the intellegibility of constantly evolving legislation, which implies the joint study of company law, contract law and criminal business law. The law of financial instruments can thus be the subject of an analysis stemming from information as a requirement to the taking an investment risk
Fabre, Sophie. "Apport de l'information contextuelle à la fusion multicapteurs : application à la fusion pixel." Toulouse, ENSAE, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999ESAE0013.
Full textAvril, Eugénie. "Automatisation de l'information et fiabilité : effets sur le comportement humain." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulouse 2, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020TOU20073.
Full textIn our daily life, it is easy to notice the overwhelming increase of automated systems. Studying the consequences of reliability problems of these systems on human behavior has become a necessity for different fields and especially for the human factors. The purpose of this thesis is to study the effects of imperfect automated systems on human behavior, knowing that their reliability is not perfect. More specifically, it focuses on automated systems that support the information function as presented in the model of Parasuraman, Sheridan and Wickens (2000). These effects are studied across two mains sectors: the aeronautical sector and the road freight transport sector. Using these two sectors allow to implement complementary methods. More precisely two types of support of the information function with reliability problems have been investigated. One is through an aircraft piloting simulation task and the second on a planning scenario evaluation task. These studies allowed on one hand (1) to deepen the knowledge on the reliability of automated systems according to the functions supported and (2) on another hand to bring new knowledge on the implementation of new automated systems supporting the planning activity where studies on the reliability of a system supporting information are non-existent
Beauvais, Grégory. "Téléservice public et service public." Lille 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008LIL20011.
Full textFrench administration experiences and acceleration of new technologies uses. Tpublic services and administration’s internal organisation so the relationships with users. Inside this frame, new general interest services are provided : public teleservices. A public teleservice is a general interest activity, directly or inderectly applied by a public entity, wich uses telecommunication tools. This definition recalls the public services’ one which points out a general interest activity, assumed or endorsed by a public entity. Public teleservice constitutes, due to applicable rules, an emergent legal notion which is acquirring his autonomy from the public service’ definition. Rules applicable to public teleservices contain ad hoc legal notions whose normative value is not always clear. Some concepts and legal categories applicable to public services which know, by their adaptation to public teleservices, a redefinition
Mayère, Anne. "Information et système productif : essai d'analyse économique des fonctions et valeur de l'information." Lyon 2, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988LYO22010.
Full textMayère, Anne. "Information et système productif essai d'analyse économique des fonctions et valeur de l'information /." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1988. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37616116p.
Full textDaoudi, Khalid. "Généralisations des systèmes de fonctions itérées : applications au traitement du signal." Paris 9, 1996. https://portail.bu.dauphine.fr/fileviewer/index.php?doc=1996PA090078.
Full textPouget, Cécile. "Les fonctions économiques du marché des actions." Bordeaux 4, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002BOR40010.
Full textZayrit, Karima. "Fusion de données imparfaites multi-sources : application à la spatialisation qualifiée des pratiques agricoles." Thesis, Reims, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015REIMS041/document.
Full textOur thesis is part of a regional project aiming the development of a community environmental information system for agricultural practices in the watershed of the Vesle. The objective of this observatory is 1) to understand the practices of responsible of the water resource pollution by pesticides from agriculture in the study area and 2) to provide relevant and sustainable tools to estimate their impacts. Our open issue deals with the consideration of imperfection in the process of merging multiple sources and imperfect data. Indeed, information on practices is not exhaustive and is not subject to return, so we need to build this knowledge through the combination of multiple sources and of varying quality by integrating imperfect information management information in the system. In this context, we propose methods for spatial reconstruction of information related to agricultural practices from the RPG remote sensing, field surveys and expert opinions, skilled reconstruction with an assessment of the quality of the information. Furthermore, we propose a conceptual modeling of agronomic entities' imperfect information system building on UML and PERCEPTORY.We provide tools and models of representation of imperfect information from the various sources of information using fuzzy sets and the belief function theory and integrate these models into the computation of agri-environmental indicators such as TFI and ASQ
Marot, Pierre-Yves. "Les données et informations à caractère personnel : essai sur la notion et ses fonctions." Nantes, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007NANT4012.
Full textWhereas the primacy of the person is strongly stated by law, the splitting of the, legal sources devoted to the data and information pertaining to the person (personal data. Nominative information, privacy. . . ) is likely to set the dismantling of the person into as many specific legal statuses as there are data and information. The notion of privacy highly participates to this danger because, if its protection means the protection of an important amount of data and information, their nature doesn't indicate what legal status is to be applied in each case. In this context, it is not surprising to see courts allowing the modification of the civil status (names, surnames, sex. . . ) on the paradoxical rationale of the right of privacy, even if it in large parts depends on state decisions. Facing these conceptual contradictions, we note the emergence of a category of personal data and information which as common criterion holds the identification of the person thus allowed. Starting from this functional category, it becomes possible to explore its practical implication and to give an account of it. As it appears, if the use of personal data and information remains exceptional, it becomes massive as soon as public interest are concerned (e. G. Penal system, public health and public information). It is therefore advised to restore in all, its fullness. The principle of protection for personal data and information by strictly appreciating its exemptions and by relying on the necessary safeguard unavailability provides
Dibie-Krajcman, Dorothée. "Informations génétiques et fonctions médicales : (essai sur l'ambivalence de la condition juridique des médecins)." Paris 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA010268.
Full textDibie-Krajcman, Dorothée. "Informations génétiques et fonctions médicales : essai sur l'ambivalence de la condition juridique des médecins /." Bordeaux : les Études hospitalières, 2004. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb39293439p.
Full textJamet, Mallaury. "Place du traitement cognitif des informations sensorielles dans la performance de la fonction d'équilibration en situation multi-tâches." Nancy 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004NAN10173.
Full textNormal ageing or senescence is known to affect these three functions and incidentally balance control, reception of sensory information, integration of information destined to the construction and the programming by the nervous system of a set of instructions and motor execution of these orders by the muscular system. This work aimed to assess the place of cognitive sensorial information processing in balance performance. These results were discussed in terms of age-dependent evolution of the relative places of automatic and cognitive processings in balance performance, particularly for the validation of the assumption that ageing induces a requisite increase of cognitive load with expression in a large mobilisation of attentional resources and cognitive operative processes which, in the same time, decreased in availability and potentiality
Zheng, Lilei. "Triangular similarity metric learning : A siamese architecture approach." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSEI045/document.
Full textIn many machine learning and pattern recognition tasks, there is always a need for appropriate metric functions to measure pairwise distance or similarity between data, where a metric function is a function that defines a distance or similarity between each pair of elements of a set. In this thesis, we propose Triangular Similarity Metric Learning (TSML) for automatically specifying a metric from data. A TSML system is loaded in a siamese architecture which consists of two identical sub-systems sharing the same set of parameters. Each sub-system processes a single data sample and thus the whole system receives a pair of data as the input. The TSML system includes a cost function parameterizing the pairwise relationship between data and a mapping function allowing the system to learn high-level features from the training data. In terms of the cost function, we first propose the Triangular Similarity, a novel similarity metric which is equivalent to the well-known Cosine Similarity in measuring a data pair. Based on a simplified version of the Triangular Similarity, we further develop the triangular loss function in order to perform metric learning, i.e. to increase the similarity between two vectors in the same class and to decrease the similarity between two vectors of different classes. Compared with other distance or similarity metrics, the triangular loss and its gradient naturally offer us an intuitive and interesting geometrical interpretation of the metric learning objective. In terms of the mapping function, we introduce three different options: a linear mapping realized by a simple transformation matrix, a nonlinear mapping realized by Multi-layer Perceptrons (MLP) and a deep nonlinear mapping realized by Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN). With these mapping functions, we present three different TSML systems for various applications, namely, pairwise verification, object identification, dimensionality reduction and data visualization. For each application, we carry out extensive experiments on popular benchmarks and datasets to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed systems
Goswami, Parantapa. "Learning information retrieval functions and parameters on unlabeled collections." Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENM089.
Full textThe present study focuses on (a) predicting parameters of already existing standard IR models and (b) learning new IR functions. We first explore various statistical methods to estimate the collection parameter of family of information based models (Chapter 2). This parameter determines the behavior of a term in the collection. In earlier studies, it was set to the average number of documents where the term appears, without full justification. We introduce here a fully formalized estimation method which leads to improved versions of these models over the original ones. But the method developed is applicable only to estimate the collection parameter under the information model framework. To alleviate this we propose a transfer learning approach which can predict values for any parameter for any IR model (Chapter 3). This approach uses relevance judgments on a past collection to learn a regression function which can infer parameter values for each single query on a new unlabeled target collection. The proposed method not only outperforms the standard IR models with their default parameter values, but also yields either better or at par performance with popular parameter tuning methods which use relevance judgments on target collection. We then investigate the application of transfer learning based techniques to directly transfer relevance information from a source collection to derive a "pseudo-relevance" judgment on an unlabeled target collection (Chapter 4). From this derived pseudo-relevance a ranking function is learned using any standard learning algorithm which can rank documents in the target collection. In various experiments the learned function outperformed standard IR models as well as other state-of-the-art transfer learning based algorithms. Though a ranking function learned through a learning algorithm is effective still it has a predefined form based on the learning algorithm used. We thus introduce an exhaustive discovery approach to search ranking functions from a space of simple functions (Chapter 5). Through experimentation we found that some of the discovered functions are highly competitive with respect to standard IR models
Bou, Farah Mira. "Méthodes utilisant des fonctions de croyance pour la gestion des informations imparfaites dans les réseaux de véhicules." Thesis, Artois, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ARTO0208/document.
Full textThe popularization of vehicles has created safety and environmental problems. Projects havebeen launched worldwide to improve road safety, reduce traffic congestion and bring more comfortto drivers. The vehicle network environment is dynamic and complex, sources are often heterogeneous,and therefore the exchanged information may be imperfect. The theory of belief functionsoffers flexibility in uncertainty modeling and provides rich tools for managing different types of imperfection.It is used to represent uncertainty, manage and fuse the various acquired information.We focus on the management of imperfect information exchanged between vehicles concerningevents on the road. The carried work distinguishes local events and spatial events, which do nothave the same characteristics. In an environment without infrastructure where each vehicle is afusion center and creates its own vision, the goal is to provide to each driver the synthesis of thesituation on the road as close as possible to the reality. Different models using belief functionsare proposed. Different strategies are considered: discount or reinforce towards the absence of theevent to take into account messages ageing, keep the original messages or just the fusion result invehicle database, consider the world update, manage the spatiality of traffic jam events by takinginto account neighborhood. Perspectives remain numerous; some are developed in the manuscriptas the generalization of proposed methods to all spatial events such as fog blankets
Rebaï, Mohamed. "Lateralisation hemispherique des potentiels evoques visuels stabilises chez l'homme en fonction des informations physiques des stimuli et de dominance manuelle." Paris 6, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990PA066289.
Full textFrançois, Denis. "Approche méthodologique de la mise en place d'un réseau multiservice." Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées, 1994. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00520758.
Full textGergaud, Olivier. "Fonctions de prix hedonistiques et information imparfaite : le role de la reputation sur le marche du vin de champagne." Reims, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000REIME001.
Full textXu, Philippe. "Information fusion for scene understanding." Thesis, Compiègne, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014COMP2153/document.
Full textImage understanding is a key issue in modern robotics, computer vison and machine learning. In particular, driving scene understanding is very important in the context of advanced driver assistance systems for intelligent vehicles. In order to recognize the large number of objects that may be found on the road, several sensors and decision algorithms are necessary. To make the most of existing state-of-the-art methods, we address the issue of scene understanding from an information fusion point of view. The combination of many diverse detection modules, which may deal with distinct classes of objects and different data representations, is handled by reasoning in the image space. We consider image understanding at two levels : object detection ans semantic segmentation. The theory of belief functions is used to model and combine the outputs of these detection modules. We emphazise the need of a fusion framework flexible enough to easily include new classes, new sensors and new object detection algorithms. In this thesis, we propose a general method to model the outputs of classical machine learning techniques as belief functions. Next, we apply our framework to the combination of pedestrian detectors using the Caltech Pedestrain Detection Benchmark. The KITTI Vision Benchmark Suite is then used to validate our approach in a semantic segmentation context using multi-modal information
Duchesneau, Guylaine. "Évaluation de la sensibilité et de la validité concomitante du test informatisé des fonctions attentionnelles (TIFA)." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/43295.
Full textWu-Puigbo, Ya-Huei. "Validation d'un test de barrage informatisé sur tablette évaluant les fonctions exécutives auprès d'une population gériatrique." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCB210/document.
Full textIn the context of early detection of cognitive impairment associated with dementia, an area of research focus concerns development and validation of computerized tests. We have developed a tablet-based cancellation test (e-CT), based on an existing paper-and-pencil cancellation test (K-T test). We studied the variables influencing performance on the e-CT and its psychometric properties. Among healthy older adults, only age was found to be an influencing variable. The performance on the e-CT was not influenced by experience with a computer-based device. However, for patients suffering from cognitive impairment, those using a computer-based device daily outperformed those who were not daily users. Further analyses showed that daily users conserved better cognitive capacities than non-daily users. The e-CT showed significant correlations with several measures of executive functions (convergent validity), but there was no relationship between the e-CT and the episodic memory test (divergent validity). It showed good test-retest reliability. The e-CT had good diagnostic accuracy in differentiating between healthy elderly subjects and patients with cognitive impairment. In conclusion, the e-CT test shows satisfying psychometric properties and is a promising tool for neuropsychological assessment in older adults
Mallek, Sabrine. "Social Network Analysis : Link prediction under the Belief Function Framework." Thesis, Artois, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018ARTO0204/document.
Full textSocial networks are large structures that depict social linkage between millions of actors. Social network analysis came out as a tool to study and monitor the patterning of such structures. One of the most important challenges in social network analysis is the link prediction problem. Link prediction investigates the potential existence of new associations among unlinked social entities. Most link prediction approaches focus on a single source of information, i.e. network topology (e.g. node neighborhood) assuming social data to be fully trustworthy. Yet, such data are usually noisy, missing and prone to observation errors causing distortions and likely inaccurate results. Thus, this thesis proposes to handle the link prediction problem under uncertainty. First, two new graph-based models for uniplex and multiplex social networks are introduced to address uncertainty in social data. The handled uncertainty appears at the links level and is represented and managed through the belief function theory framework. Next, we present eight link prediction methods using belief functions based on different sources of information in uniplex and multiplex social networks. Our proposals build upon the available information in data about the social network. We combine structural information to social circles information and node attributes along with supervised learning to predict new links. Tests are performed to validate the feasibility and the interest of our link prediction approaches compared to the ones from literature. Obtained results on social data from real-world demonstrate that our proposals are relevant and valid in the link prediction context
Moisan, Patrick. "Utilisation pédagogique d'un environnement informatisé d'analyse de vidéos numériques dans un contexte d'apprentissage mathématique lié aux fonctions quadratiques." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/27274.
Full textPichon, Frédéric. "Fonctions de croyance : décompositions canoniques et règles de combinaison." Phd thesis, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00793859.
Full textSaha, Suman. "Amélioration de la qualité des codes de gestion d'erreur dans les logiciels système en utilisant des informations locales aux fonctions." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00937807.
Full textKetterer, Andreas. "Modular variables in quantum information." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCC290/document.
Full textQuantum information can be processed in two fundamentally different ways, using either discrete- or continuous-variable implementations. In this thesis we study theoretically how to implement discrete quantum information protocols in physical objects characterized by continuous variables. In order to do so we use modular variables as a helpful tool to reveal discrete structures in continuous-variable states, operations and observables. The present work is strongly guided by the experimental applicability of our ideas in quantum optics experiments, with a particular focus on the transverse degrees of freedom of single photons. One of the main themes of this thesis is the formulation of a framework for quantum information processing in phase-space based on the use of modular variables. The latter permit us to introduce logical states and operations allowing to manipulate discrete quantum information encoded in infinite dimensional Hilbert spaces. In particular, we consider protocols that involve measurements of judiciously chosen logical observables enabling the readout of the encoded discrete quantum information. Based on this framework we show how to perform tests of fundamental properties of quantum mechanics, such as entanglement, Bell nonlocality and contextuality, in Hilbert spaces of various dimensions. Further on, we discuss the transverse degrees of freedom of single photons as a natural platform to manipulate and measure modular variables. In particular, we demonstrate how to process discrete quantum information encoded in the spatial distribution of single photons via the optical Talbot effect - a near-field interference effect. Finally, we show for the first time how to produce deterministically d-dimensional entangled photon pairs using spontaneous parametric down-conversion and linear optical elements only
Zhao, Yunpeng. "Operations booléennes sur les solides eulériens défini par NURBS utilisant les informations de proximité topologique." Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992ECAP0214.
Full textUgur, Yigit. "An information-theoretic approach to distributed learning : distributed source coding under logarithmic loss." Thesis, Paris Est, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PESC2062.
Full textOne substantial question, that is often argumentative in learning theory, is how to choose a `good' loss function that measures the fidelity of the reconstruction to the original. Logarithmic loss is a natural distortion measure in the settings in which the reconstructions are allowed to be `soft', rather than `hard' or deterministic. Logarithmic loss is widely used as a penalty criterion in various contexts, including clustering and classification, pattern recognition, learning and prediction, and image processing. Considering the high amount of research which is done recently in these fields, the logarithmic loss becomes a very important metric and will be the main focus as a distortion metric in this thesis.In this thesis, we investigate a distributed setup, so-called the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) problem under logarithmic loss distortion measure. Specifically, agents observe independently corrupted noisy versions of a remote source, and communicate independently with a decoder or CEO over rate-constrained noise-free links. The CEO also has its own noisy observation of the source and wants to reconstruct the remote source to within some prescribed distortion level where the incurred distortion is measured under the logarithmic loss penalty criterion. One of the main contributions of the thesis is the explicit characterization of the rate-distortion region of the vector Gaussian CEO problem, in which the source, observations and side information are jointly Gaussian. For the proof of this result, we first extend Courtade-Weissman's result on the rate-distortion region of the discrete memoryless (DM) CEO problem to the case in which the CEO has access to a correlated side information stream which is such that the agents' observations are independent conditionally given the side information and remote source. Next, we obtain an outer bound on the region of the vector Gaussian CEO problem by evaluating the outer bound of the DM model by means of a technique that relies on the de Bruijn identity and the properties of Fisher information. The approach is similar to Ekrem-Ulukus outer bounding technique for the vector Gaussian CEO problem under quadratic distortion measure, for which it was there found generally non-tight; but it is shown here to yield a complete characterization of the region for the case of logarithmic loss measure. Also, we show that Gaussian test channels with time-sharing exhaust the Berger-Tung inner bound, which is optimal. Furthermore, application of our results allows us to find the complete solutions of three related problems: the quadratic vector Gaussian CEO problem with determinant constraint, the vector Gaussian distributed hypothesis testing against conditional independence problem and the vector Gaussian distributed Information Bottleneck problem.With the known relevance of the logarithmic loss fidelity measure in the context of learning and prediction, developing algorithms to compute the regions provided in this thesis may find usefulness in a variety of applications where learning is performed distributively. Motivated from this fact, we develop two type algorithms : i) Blahut-Arimoto (BA) type iterative numerical algorithms for both discrete and Gaussian models in which the joint distribution of the sources are known; and ii) a variational inference type algorithm in which the encoding mappings are parametrized by neural networks and the variational bound approximated by Markov sampling and optimized with stochastic gradient descent for the case in which there is only a set of training data is available. Finally, as an application, we develop an unsupervised generative clustering framework that uses the variational Information Bottleneck (VIB) method and models the latent space as a mixture of Gaussians. This generalizes the VIB which models the latent space as an isotropic Gaussian which is generally not expressive enough for the purpose of unsupervised clustering
Mumen, Mohamed. "Caractérisation du fonctionnement hydrique des sols à l'aide d'un modèle mécaniste de transferts d'eau et de chaleur mis en œuvre en fonction des informations disponibles sur le sol." Avignon, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006AVIG0600.
Full textNguyen-Thi, Thu-Hien. "Towards a realistic analysis of sorting and searching algorithms." Caen, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014CAEN2038.
Full textWe revisit classical textbook sorting or selecting algorithms under a complexity model that fully takes into account the elementary comparisons between symbols composing the records to be processed. Our probabilistic models belong to a broad category of information sources that encompasses memoryless (i. E. , independent-symbols) and Markov sources, as well as many unbounded-correlation sources. Under this perspective, commonly accepted assertions, such as ``the complexity of Quicksort is O(n log n)'', are to be challenged, and the relative merits of sorting and searching methods relying on different principles (e. G. , radix-based versus comparison-based) can be precisely assessed. For instance we establish that, under our conditions, the average-case complexity of QuickSort is O(n log2 n) (rather than O(n log n), classically),whereas that of QuickSelect remains O(n). In fact we propose a framework which allows to revisiting three sorting algorithms (QuickSort, Insertion Sort, Bubble Sort) and two selection algorithms (QuickSelect and Minimum Selection). For each algorithm a precise asymptotic estimate for the dominant term of the mean number of symbol comparisons is given where the constants involve various notions of coincidence depending on the algorithm. Explicit expressions for the implied constants are provided by methods from analytic combinatorics. As an aside, in our setting, we are able to derive a lower bound for the average number of symbol comparisons for algorithms solving the sorting problem and using usual comparisons between strings
Gutiérrez, Celaya Jorge Arturo. "Fusion d'informations en identification automatique des langues." Toulouse 3, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005TOU30098.
Full textFusing decision information coming out of different experts is an important issue in Automatic Language Identification. In order to explore and compare different fusion strategies, the information behaviour is modelled by means of formal classification methods provided either by the Statistics Theory, such as the Gaussian Mixture Model, the Neural Networks and the Discriminant Classifier, or by recent research advances in Possibility and Evidential Theories. As an alternative to empirical procedures, a formal fusion methodology within the Bayesian paradigm is proposed: evaluating expert performance by means of the Discriminant Factor Analysis provides us with confidence indices, aggregating expert decisions takes us to choose those fusion methods that provide us directly, or after transformation, with probability or likelihood values of languages, and building and weighting new loss functions with confidence indices lead us to make unique decisions by minimum risk
Siolas, Georges. "Modèles probabilistes et noyaux pour l'extraction d'informations à partir de documents." Paris 6, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA066487.
Full textRancourt, Julie. "L'évaluation des troubles de l'attention : validité discriminante et fidélité test-retest des sous-tests d'attendion sélective du test informatisé des fonctions attentionnelles (TIFA)." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/43331.
Full textDhouib, Sofiane. "Contributions to unsupervised domain adaptation : Similarity functions, optimal transport and theoretical guarantees." Thesis, Lyon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LYSEI117.
Full textThe surge in the quantity of data produced nowadays made of Machine Learning, a subfield of Artificial Intelligence, a vital tool used to extract valuable patterns from them and allowed it to be integrated into almost every aspect of our everyday activities. Concretely, a machine learning algorithm learns such patterns after being trained on a dataset called the training set, and its performance is assessed on a different set called the testing set. Domain Adaptation is an active research area of machine learning, in which the training and testing sets are not assumed to stem from the same probability distribution, as opposed to Supervised Learning. In this case, the two distributions generating the training and testing data correspond respectively to the source and target domains. Our contributions focus on three theoretical aspects related to domain adaptation for classification tasks. The first one is learning with similarity functions, which deals with classification algorithms based on comparing an instance to other examples in order to decide its class. The second is large-margin classification, which concerns learning classifiers that maximize the separation between classes. The third is Optimal Transport that formalizes the principle of least effort for transporting probability masses between two distributions. At the beginning of the thesis, we were interested in learning with so-called (epsilon,gamma,tau)-good similarity functions in the domain adaptation framework, since these functions have been introduced in the literature in the classical framework of supervised learning. This is the subject of our first contribution in which we theoretically study the performance of a similarity function on a target distribution, given it is suitable for the source one. Then, we tackle the more general topic of large-margin classification in domain adaptation, with weaker assumptions than those adopted in the first contribution. In this context, we proposed a new theoretical study and a domain adaptation algorithm, which is our second contribution. We derive novel bounds taking the classification margin on the target domain into account, that we convexify by leveraging the appealing Optimal Transport theory, in order to derive a domain adaptation algorithm with an adversarial variation of the classic Kantorovich problem. Finally, after noticing that our adversarial formulation can be generalized to include several other cases of interest, we dedicate our last contribution to adversarial or minimax variations of the optimal transport problem, where we demonstrate the versatility of our approach
Leclercq, Bastien. "Rôle de la rétine dans les fonctions non-visuelles : traitement des informations relatives à la photopériode et impact de la lumière bleue sur le comportement." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021STRAJ099.
Full textThe intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) constitute a key interface in the regulation of our physiology and behaviours by light. First, this thesis demonstrates that the ipRGCs are sufficient to ensure a normal photoperiod integration. Mice without rods nor cones still encode photoperiod variation through melatonin secretion and display photoperiod-dependent locomotor activity changes. This is the first time we describe photoperiod-dependent changes of the ipRGCs. These data suggest that the retina itself could integrate the photoperiod locally, and thus constitute an adaptative mechanism to regulate both visual and non-visual functions depending on the seasons. Secondly, this thesis assessed the effects of screen overexposure and notably to blue light enrichment on aggressive/anxious behaviour. ipRGCs are particularly sensitive to blue light (460-480nm) and are connected to various brain structures involved in behaviour regulation. We show that exposure to a blue light-enriched environment can modify behaviour such as aggressiveness