Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Fonction génétique'
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Kusy, Sophie. "Régulation de l'expression et fonction anti-tumorale de la sémaphorine SEMA3F." Poitiers, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005POIT2288.
Full textOur group cloned the SEMA3F gene in the 3p21. 3 chromosomic region. It is a secreted protein initially implicated in the cellular migration. Our aims were to study the regulation of SEMA3F expression and to verify its anti-tumoral rule in the animal. We have mapped the promoter of SEMA3F, localized the transcriptional initiation sites within the CpG-island and defined the region necessary for transcriptional activation. The methylation of SEMA3F and the chromatin remodeling are implicated in this regulation. We also have studied the expression and the biological properties of the two spliced forms of SEMA3F during the maturation of the mouse brain. Although functionally redundant, these forms are characterized by a temporal and regional specific regulation. Finally, we have described the anti-tumoral activity of SEMA3F into the lungs of nude rats. The neuropilin 2, integrins and MAPKinases seem to be implicated in this effect
Helleu, Quentin. "Nature, fonction et évolution d’un élément génétique égoïste chez Drosophila simulans." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015SACLS134.
Full textSegregation distorters are selfish genetic elements that promote their own transmission by subverting the meiotic process to their advantage. The spread of an X-linked distorter (Sex-Ratio) in populations results in an excess of females, which triggers a genetic conflict between the X chromosome and the rest of the genome. Such conflicts are important drivers of genome evolution, but little is known about the molecular nature and the function of the Sex Ratio selfish elements. The first chapter of this manuscript is a review of the current knowledge about X-linked segregation distorters. Then, I present my work on the « Paris » Sex Ratio system of Drosophila simulans, in which two distorter elements on the X chromosome co-operate to prevent Y chromosome sister chromatids segregation during meiosis II. I mapped a gene in one of the distorter loci and achieved the functional validation of its involvement in sex-ratio distortion. It is a young and rapidly evolving gene that belongs to a well-known gene family involved in chromatin state regulation. It emerged through duplication about 15-22 Myrs ago and has experienced multiple independant cis-duplications, loss or pseudogenization throughout its evolutionary history. This suggests that this gene could have been involved in multiple genetic conflicts. Finally, the last chapter is about an opening study of the strucural diversity of Y chromosomes in relation to « Paris » segregation distorter. These findings should help understanding the molecular basis of genetic conflicts and the evolutionary impact of heterochromatin regulation during meiosis
Renier, Nicolas. "Développement et fonction des commissures cérébrales." Paris 6, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA066393.
Full textRavet, Karl. "Les Ferritines chez A. Thaliana : fonction et régulation." Montpellier 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008MON20202.
Full textLarouche, André. "Étude structure-fonction des intégrases d'intégrons et de leurs sites d'attachement." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27153/27153.pdf.
Full textPronier, Elodie. "Etude de la fonction de TET2 dans l'hématopoïese normale et pathologique." Paris 7, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA077035.
Full textMyeloid malignancies are clonal disease of the hematopoietic stem cell develop following a skewed of the differentiation toward myeloid lineages associated with increased proliferation. Recently, many studies have demonstrated the involvement epigenetic factors in malignant transformation. Indeed, DNA sequencing of patients with diverse malignancies identified mutations in TET2 (TET methylcytosïne dioxygenase 2) gene. This gene encodes an enzyme that couverts 5-methylcytosines to 5-hydroxyméthylcytosines (5hmC). The biological impact of this new modification of DNA bases and the TET protein function during hematopoiesis is poorly understood. The objectives of my thesis were to determine the function(s) of TET2 in human hematopoiesis and involvement in malignant transformation. My results confirmed in the cells from MPN patients that TET2 mutation induces a decrease in the overall rate of 5hmC. Then we hâve shown that TET2 haploinsufficiency after infection of CD34+ using a specific shRNA induces differentiation skewed toward myeloid lineage. This haploinsufficiency also affects the terminal stages of myeloid three lineages. We also demonstrated that TET2 inhibition induces expression of several inflammatory cytokines such as MIF (Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor}. TET2 binds to it promoter regions and influence their transcription through the recruitment of EGR1 and active polymerase II. Finally, haploinsufficiency of TET2 induces a selective advantage of CD34+ cells for reconstitution of the hematopoietic System of highly immunodeficient mice. TET2 is involved in several steps of tumor transformation but these functions factor transcription remain poorly understood
Javot, Hélène. "Analyse physiologique et génétique de la fonction des aquaporines dans la racine d'Arabidopsis Thaliana." Paris 11, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA112257.
Full textAquaporins are water channel proteins which facilitate the diffusion of water across cell membranes. These proteins define a large multigenic family with 35 members in Arahidopsis thaliana. In a first part of this work, we addressed the relevance of aquaporin regulation by cytoplasmic pH at the root level, and especially in stress conditions. Cytoplasmic pH and root water transport were followed using NMR and pressure chamber techniques, respectively. Results indicate that a cytoplasmic acidification was associated to a strong, rapid and reversible diminution of the hydraulic conductivity of Arabidopsis excised root systems. A same behavior was observed, whether acidification was induced by means of weak acid diffusion, cell treatment with respiratory drugs, or anoxia. A second aspect of this work concerns the analysis of 6 aquaporin single knockout mutants in Arabidopsis. These mutants concern the PIP sub-family and were obtained after insertion of the T-DNA from Agrobacterium tumefaciens. No growth or developmental phenotype could be observed for any of the mutant plants in any of the conditions investigated. The expression pattern of the PIP2;2 et PIP2;3 genes in roots was determined by GUS reporter gene analyses. In two PIP2;2 mutant lines, the hydraulic conductivity of root cortex cells and whole root systems was diminished by 25 % and 14 %, respectively. Altogether, our results point to a predominant function for PIP2;2 in maintaining efficient water uptake in response to small osmotic gradients within the root. The identification of a function for a specific aquaporin isoform discards the idea of a total functional redundancy within the aquaporin family. In conclusion, our work brings novel insights into general and specific aspects of aquaporin function in plant roots
Populaire, Céline. "Etude des déterminants génétiques du diabète de type 2 de la fonction bêta pancréatique : combinaison des approches de la génétique inverse dans deux populations, japonaise et française." Lille 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004LIL2S031.
Full textThe pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes (T2D) is complex, with two distinct mechanisms: insulin resistance and insulin deficiency. These abnormalities are due to genetic and environmental factors. To allow a better understanding of T2D aetiology, we have undertaken the identification of genetic variants implied in the development of the disease, using 2 approaches: - a genome wide scan for T2D in diabetic Japanese sib-pairs revealed 2 linked regions at loci 3q26-q28 and 15q13-q21 where are located respectively APM1 and CX36 genes - genetic studies of KCNJ11, encoding the sub-unit of the channel Kir6. 2, and PDX-1, b cell pancreatic specific transcription factor were investigated in different French diabetic groups. We found activating mutations responsible for a neonatal form of diabetes and frequent variants implicated in mechanisms leading to an ordinary T2D
Compe, Emmanuel. "Etude de la fonction du produit du gène Spot 14." Aix-Marseille 2, 2001. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/2001AIX20673.pdf.
Full textLefèvre, Anick. "De la fonction des cellules de Leydig." Lyon 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992LYO10008.
Full textGanem, Guila. "Commensalisme, fonction corticosurrénalienne et évolution chromosomique chez la souris domestique." Montpellier 2, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991MON20053.
Full textManfruelli, Pascal. "Analyse génétique de lethal(2)giant larvae, un gène suppresseur de tumeur chez Drosophila melanogaster : fonction au cours du développement et interaction génétique." Aix-Marseille 2, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995AIX22078.
Full textJawhari, Anass. "Etude structure-fonction du facteur de transcription/réparation TFIIH." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2003. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2003/JAWHARI_Anass_2003.pdf.
Full textMilligan, Laura. "Régulation et fonction d'un ARN non traduit transcrit d'un gène soumis à empreinte génomique parentale : l'ARN H19." Montpellier 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000MON20186.
Full textBlanvillain, Robert. "Etude d'un marqueur génétique du suspenseur chez Arabidopsis thaliana et application d'un système d'activation de gène à la recherche de sa fonction." Perpignan, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PERP0433.
Full textThe 276S line displays a molecular marker from a promoter trap strategy (insertion of a T-DNA containing a promoterless GUS gene). In this line, GUS activity is restricted to the suspensor from the pre-globular stage to the torpedo stage when the suspensor degenerates. A trancript corresponding to the tagged gene is detected in silique extracts. Its sequence suggests the existence of a 25aa peptide :SUP25, which has similarities with HOK/GEF peptides involved in a bacterial PCD pathway
Scherrer, Grégory. "Etude de la fonction du récepteur aux opioïdes delta par modification génétique chez la souris." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005STR13151.
Full textThe opioid system is a neuromodulator system composed of mu, delta and kappa opioid receptors, and their endogenous peptidic ligands. The opioid system regulates numerous central and peripheral functions such as pain control and emotional responses. The goal of this work was to better understand delta opioid receptor function. The strategy relied on the study of mutant mice. In the first part of this work, we analyzed the behaviour of mice deficient for delta opioid receptors in several models of pain, anxiety, depression and memory. We managed both to clarify the involvement of delta opioid receptors in the control of acute thermal pain, and to reveal its participation to mechanisms underlying processing of contextual memory. In the second part of this work, we have established a mouse line harbouring a floxed delta opioid receptor gene. These animals, which express functional delta opioid receptors at physiological levels, will be useful to study the function of delta opioid receptors expressed in different brain structures through local gene invalidation gene by region-specific expression of the Cre recombinase. Finally, in the third part of this work, we have both generated and analyzed a mouse line expressing delta opioid receptors fused to the green fluorescent protein GFP. Direct visualization of delta on brain slices revealed its distribution and subcellular localization and allowed characterization of delta expressing neurons. Receptor trafficking was also studied, on tissue sections as well as in real-time on primary cultures, to reveal relationship existing between dynamic properties and subcellular localization of delta opioid receptors and their activity in vivo
Villard, Elise. "Impact de facteurs génétiques et métaboliques sur la fonction et la structure des HDL." Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066284.
Full textThe high HDL-C plasma levels observed in CETP-deficient subjects have afforded a rational to the development of pharmacological CETP inhibitors to increase HDL-C and to reduce cardiovascular diseases. However, clinical evaluation of 2 CETP inhibitors (Torcetrapib and Dalcetrapib) revealed that those treatments were surprisingly not able to reduce cardiovascular diseases. Indeed, these molecules induce significant elevation of plasma HDL-C levels and improve HDL efflux capacity, improving large HDL or small HDL particle function. These observations highlight the complexity of HDL function biology, which is modulated by many factors. Thus, my PhD work focused on the modulation of HDL structure and efflux capacity by clinical, genetic and metabolic factors. Furthermore, in the current context of CETP inhibitors failure, it is important to keep in mind the potent atheroprotective functions of CETP; those may be preserved to manage cardiovascular diseases. Indeed, this concept is supported by the contradictory conclusions reached by association studies between CETP and cardiovascular risk. Hence, CETP may have pro and anti-atherogenic functions, which result in either a global benefic or deleterious effect, according to individual metabolic context. Consequently, my PhD project aims to identify the extent of CETP atherogenicity in order to propose a relevant therapeutic strategy to prevent its deleterious effects and broadlier CAD development. My PhD research work affords a better understanding of HDL efflux capacity modulation by genetic and metabolic factors, highlighting that HDL-based therapy could have different effect according to metabolic and genetic context of treated patients. Moreover, as a putative explanation of CETP inhibitor failure, I demonstrated that CETP acts as an anti-atherogenic protein, as it improves plasma efflux capacity from human macrophage and modulates the postprandial inflammatory response
Le, Gourrierec José. "Fonction et mode d'action moléculaire du facteur de transcription GT-1 chez Arabidopsis thaliana." Amiens, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000AMIE0107.
Full textBonello, Jean-François. "La famille multigénique Esr : expression et fonction dans l'albumen de maïs." Lyon, École normale supérieure (sciences), 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000ENSL0162.
Full textZaidman-Rémy, Anna. "Analyse génétique de la fonction des peptidoglycan recognition proteins dans la réponse immunitaire de la drosophile." Paris 7, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA077216.
Full textIn Drosophila, two pathways regulate the expression of antimicrobial peptides in response to bacterial infection. The activation of these pathways relies on the detection of the peptidoglycan (PGN) of the bacterial cell wall by a conserved family of proteins, the Peptidoglycan Recognition Proteins (PGRPs). The receptors PGRP-SA and SD function upstream of the Toll pathway in the sensing of PGN from gram-positive bacteria while PGRP-LC and LE activate the Imd pathway upon recognition of PGN from gram-negative bacteria. In addition to these recognition PGRPs that can bind and recognize PGN, a second class of PGRPs named catalytic PGRPs can degrade PGN. A combination of biochemical and genetic approaches allowed us to determine two important functions for catalytic PGRPs. First, we shown that PGRP-LB is a secreted protein regulated by the Imd pathway, which specifically degrades gram-negative bacterial PGN into non-immunostimulatory fragments. We demonstrated that the regulation of PGRP-LB by the Imd pathway provides a negative feedback regulation to tightly adjust immune activation to infections. We also revealed a role of PGRP-LB in the control of the gut immune response and the tolerance to commensals. Second, we demonstrated in vivo an essential bactericidal function for the enzyme PGRP-SB1, which is strongly induced by the Imd pathway after an infection and is secreted into the hemolymph, where it participates in the elimination of bacteria. Collectively, our work indicates that PGRPs are essential components of the Drosophila host defence that act not only in the sensing of microbes but also as regulators and effectors of the antibacterial response
Chaoui, Asma. "Bases moléculaires et cellulaires du syndrome de Waardenburg : de la génétique à la fonction de SOX10." Thesis, Paris Est, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PEST0103.
Full textAfrache, Hassnae. "Prédiction de la fonction des butyrophilines par l'étude de leur évolution et de leur variabilité génétique." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM5032.
Full textIn this thesis we were interested in studying the evolution and the genetic variability of the butyrophilin family (BTN), a family of immune receptors belonging to the immunoglobulin superfamily implicated in the regulation of immune response. Through a thorough phylogenetic study of the family we characterized 14 phylogenetic groups in mammals resulting from a series of duplications from eight ancestral genes at the base of therian. Thereafter, we studied the evolution of the BTN of the MHC region and their genetic variability in human populations by a careful analysis of sequencing data generated by the consortium 1000 Genomes for more than 1,600 individuals representing 26 populations worldwide. We have shown that the evolution of BTNL2 gene is marked by a positive diversifying selection in placental mammals. This selection pressure is accompanied in hominoids of a high level of polymorphism inducing the formation of truncated BTNL2 variants. In humans this high level of polymorphism results in the presence of four ancient allele lineages that are maintained at intermediate frequencies by a strong balancing selection. On the other hand, a detailed phylogenetic analysis of BTN3 group (BTN3A1, 3A2 and 3A3) showed that these genes evolve in hominoids in a concerted manner characterized by a strong and recurrent homogenization of the regions encoding for the peptide signal and the IgV domain in which the 3A1 and 3A3 sequences are replaced by the 3A2 sequence. In humans these genes are polymorphic with over 46 alleles each, but with the presence of extreme homogenization of IgV domain sequences
Lavoie, Elyse. "Étude de la fonction cellulaire de SYP1 chez Saccharomyces cerevisiae." Thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2006/23617/23617.pdf.
Full textBouhali, Kamal. "Rôle des gènes Dlx5 et Dlx6 dans la fonction ovarienne : un nouveau modèle d'Insuffisance Ovarienne Prématurée." Paris 6, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA066236.
Full textBoisvert, Marie-Ève. "Les courts ARN chez C. elegans : spécificité et fonction des protéines argonautes." Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/24611/24611.pdf.
Full textThe molecular characteristics of the RNAi and microRNA pathways are different. In the RNAi pathway, fully base-paired dsRNA molecules trigger the production of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), which lead to the degradation of the complementary targeted mRNA. On the other hand, the stem-looped miRNA precursor is processed in mature miRNA, which then imperfectly interacts with the mRNA target, leading to the blocking of its translation. In the worm C. elegans, each of the RNAi and miRNA pathways needs its specific Argonautes proteins. RNAi requires RDE-1, while ALG-1 and ALG-2 act in the miRNA pathway. The restriction of siRNAs and miRNAs to specific Argonaute proteins might reflect the recognition of the trigger by specific factors targeting it to the correct Argonaute protein. To better understand the importance of the trigger in the selection of the adequate Argonaute and pathway, we designed a dsRNA trigger containing both miRNA and siRNA sequences. This chimeric molecule can rescue successfully the loss of function of the miRNA let-7, and can also initiate the gfp gene silencing by RNAi. We demonstrated that RDE-1 and the dsRNA-binding protein RDE-4 are essential for RNAi induced with our trigger, but are not involved in the let-7 function of the chimera molecule. On the other hand, we showed that ALG-2 is strictly required for the miRNA function, but not for the RNAi function. Interestingly, we also found that the let-7 miRNA processed from our molecule has a limited lifetime, while the RNAi response, initiated from the same dsRNA, is maintained for a longer period. We suggest that the specificity of the Argonautes and thus the choice of the small RNA pathway is not determined by the type of RNA trigger, but rather by their respective molecular response. Furthermore, we also tried to understand the roles of ALG-1 and ALG-2. An immunoprecipitation of these proteins and an analysis of the protein and RNA interactors were carried out.
Inscrite au Tableau d'honneur de la Faculté des études supérieures
Coiffier, Delphine [Marie Claude]. "Mise en évidence d'une fonction et d'une cible commune des gènes Hox chez Drosophila melanogaster." Aix-Marseille 2, 2007. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/2007AIX22027.pdf.
Full textHox genes, encoding homeodomain transcription factors, are conserved in higher animals and have been particularly well studied for their specialised functions: the formation of distinct morphologies along the anterior posterior axis. These genes are localised in complexes and are thought to have derived, via duplication followed by divergence, from a common ancestral gene. If so the current and diverged Hox genes may have retained a common, possibly ancient, function. During my PhD, I have re-examined a common activity of Hox genes in Drosophila : the repression of head in the trunk. Using genetic and molecular approaches, I show that the Hox genes Dfd, Scr, Antp, Ubx, abdA and AbdB are each, individually able to prevent head formation in the trunk, repressing the expression of the head specific gene optix in their specific domains of activity. Hox partners are essential for this common function as Teashirt, and their universal cofactors Extradenticle and Homothorax repress optix. Futhermore, my results indicate that Wg signalling acts together with Hox and Teashirt to repress optix in the trunk, a function previously limited to vertebrates. Finally, the study of optix during embryogenesis shows that it is required for the normal development of the cuticular structures derived from the labrum and for the formation of the mouth hooks. These results are discussed with respect to current knowledge concerning the evolution of Hox genes, their function and their cofactors
Colote, Soudhir A. "Approche des relations structure-fonction de protéines se liant à l'actine par la méthode de génie génétique." Montpellier 2, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991MON20063.
Full textKabore, Nongodo Firmin. "Analyse épidémio-génétique de la fonction rénale chez les personnes d’Afrique sub-Saharienne vivant avec le VIH." Thesis, Montpellier, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MONTT070.
Full textNearly 500 million people worldwide suffer from chronic kidney disease (CKD) and about 80% of them live in low- and middle-income countries. Paeople living with HIV (PLHIV) are at increased risk of renal disease, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. This situation is probably related to genetic susceptibility conferred by variants of the apolipoprotein L1 gene (APOL1). These variant highly prevalent in Africa, and particularly in West Africa, have been identified as being strongly implicated in the occurrence of serious renal diseases experienced by PLHIV.The aim of this thesis was to provide data about the long-term evolution of renal function in sub-Saharan African PLHIV treated for HIV infection and assess the risk of kidney complications associated with APOL1. We analyzed the medical and genetic data of several cohorts of PLHIV followed in different health care facilities in West and Central Africa.The prevalence and incidence of CKD in the different cohorts and estimated according to the recommendations of the Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative are low to moderate and contrast with the observations made in some countries of the region with prevalence reaching 30%.The frequencies of the 2 risk variants of the APOL1 gene are also lower than expected, with only 3 to 5% of carriers of the high-risk genotype. The observation of higher frequencies in West Africa than in Central Africa is, however, confirmed.Due to the low number of carriers of the high-risk genotype and the low prevalence of CKD, we were unable to demonstrate a significant effect of APOL1 variants on the risk of kidney complications.However, our work confirms the role of other risk factors such as age, immunosuppression, hypertension and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate exposure. These observations led us to evaluate the performance of a prediction score of CKD initially developed for Western PLHIV. We show that this score can be used in sub-Saharan Africa to identify people at risk of developing a CKD and provide them with targeted monitoring and prevention intervention.These findings provide reassuring information about the evolution of renal function in West African PLHIV followed and treated for their HIV infection. However, given that management of severe kidney disease is a major challenge is these settings, the implementation of screening and prevention strategies must be a public health priority
M'Rad, Amel. "Contribution à l'étude des hémoglobines anormales : épidémiologie, structure, fonction des hémoglobines anormales en Tunisie." Paris 12, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA120051.
Full textChoukrallah, Mohamed Amin. "Partie I, Étude structure-fonction de TBP dans les fibroblastes murins." Strasbourg, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010STRA6091.
Full textPart 1 : structure-function analysis of TBP in murine embryonic fibroblasts. The conserved C-terminal domain of the TATA binding protein (TBP) interacts with multiple partners to form several complexes required for transcription by RNA Polymerases I, II and III. To analyse these interactions in mammalian cells we used genetically modified mouse embryonic fibroblasts where endogenous TBP can be replaced by an exogenous wild-type or mutant TBP with a single aminoacid substitution in the C-terminal domain. We show that many TBP mutants can complement loss of the endogenous TBP, but induce a slow growth phenotype. Tandem immunopurifications and mass-spectrometry analysis identify two TBP mutations, R188E and K243E, that completely disrupt the TBP/BTAF1 interaction and formation of the B-TFIID complex. Transcriptome analysis shows that the R188E mutation affects the expression of only 474 genes. In agreement with this, ChIP-seq analysis does not show major changes in genomic TBP and Pol II distribution in cells expressing TBPR188E. However, at affected promoters, mutations in TBP result either in its de novo recruitment or in an exchange of the B-TFIID by TFIID, thus promoting Pol II recruitment and gene activation in R188E mutant cells. These data show that B-TFIID complex is not essential for cell viability, but is required for normal proliferation. The B-TFIID is required for regulation of only a small subset of genes. Part 2 : study of the role of retinoic acid in neuronal differentiation of embryonic stem cells. Mouse embryonic stem cells (ES) can be differentiated into glutamatergic pyramidal neurons in vitro following retinoic acid (RA) treatment. We used RNA-seq to identify genes that are deregulated after RA treatment during neuronal differentiation. We established gene expression profiles that characterize each stage of this process. Several transcription factors are regulated by RA. HES3 (Hairy and Enhancer of split) is one of the most upregulated genes. To better understand its function, we repressed its expression using shRNA. The loss of HES3 expression does not affect the early RA response nor the initiation of differentiation. Our results indicate that HES3 acts at a later stage where it is essential for Brn2 and Mapt neurogenic markers expression. These observations suggest that HES3 is essential for neuronal differentiation of ES cells in vitro
Côme, Christophe. "Fonction des facteurs de transcription de la famille snail dans les cancers du sein et du côlon." Montpellier 2, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005MON20197.
Full textLeston, Araujo Itaua. "Facteurs environnementaux et génétiques déterminant la fonction thymique chez l'adulte sain." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019USPCC092.
Full textThe thymus is a vital organ for homeostatic maintenance of the peripheral immune system. Age-associated thymic involution is associated with a reduction in tissue mass and thymic cellularity, loss of tissue structure and abnormal architecture leading to a decline in naïve T cell output. However, with the exception of age, the underlying parameters that govern thymic function in healthy humans remain to be defined. We characterized the variability of thymic function among 1000 age- and sex-stratified healthy adults of the Milieu Intérieur cohort, using quantification of TRECs in peripheral blood T cells as a surrogate marker of thymopoiesis. Age and sex were the only nonheritable factors identified that affect thymic function. TREC amounts decreased with age and were higher in women compared to men of all ages. In addition, a genome-wide association study revealed a common variant (rs2204985) within the T cell receptor TCRA-TCRD locus, between the DD2 and DD3 gene segments, which associated with TREC amounts. This association was validated in a replication cohort (MARTHA cohort). Strikingly, transplantation of human hematopoietic stem cells with the rs2204985 GG genotype into immunodeficient mice led to thymopoiesis with higher TRECs, increased thymocyte counts, and a higher TCR repertoire diversity. Our population immunology approach revealed a genetic locus that influences thymopoiesis in healthy children and adults, with potentially broad implications in precision medicine, especially in aging and vaccines, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and autoimmunity. This study leads also to further study the precise mechanisms of TCRA-TCRD rearrangements at early steps of thymopoiesis
Cler, Émilie. "Caractérisation d’un sous-complexe de TFIID et de la fonction anti-oncogène de sa sous-unité TAF4 dans les fibroblastes embryonnaires murins." Strasbourg, 2009. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2009/CLER_Emilie_2009.pdf.
Full textThe regulated initiation of RNA polymerase II transcription requires the formation of a multi-subunit preinitiation complex over the transcription start site. Amongst the general transcription factors in this complex, is TFIID formed by the TATA binding protein, TBP and a set of 13-14 TBP-associated factors, TAFs. I have focussed my work on TAF4, a 135 kDa protein that plays an important role in signalling by cAMP, retinoic acid, and stress kinases. This project began by considering the transcriptional properties of TAF4, but was enriched by the discovery of the anti-oncogene function of TAF4 in mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs). My thesis therefore comprises two distinct aspects that have TAF4 as a common denominator. To identify protein complexes containing TAF4, I generated MEF cell lines expressing a Flag-tagged TAF4. Immunoprecipitations as well as gel filtration and glycerol gradient centrifugation demonstrated that the majority of TAF4 is present in a sub-complex together with TAF5, TAF6, TAF9 and TAF12. In MEFs, this complex is much more abundant than full TFIID, however in other cell types expressing higher levels of TBP, TAF4 is found almost uniquely in the TFIID. We have therefore identified a subcomplex that may be an assembly intermediate of TFIID and shown that its abundance varies between cell types in relation to TBP expression levels. Inactivation of TAF4 in MEFs in vitro leads to autocrine growth, morphological changes and loss of contact inhibition. By injection of the Taf4-/- MEFs in nude mice, I found that they were oncogenically transformed and capable of forming large undifferentiated and locally invasive sarcomas. TAF4 therefore has an anti-oncogene function. Treatment of the MEFs with all-trans retinoic acid (RA) prior to injection completely suppressed their ability to form tumours, but did not affect their proliferation. We rather showed that RA induces changes in the motility and adhesive properties of these cells through regulation of several genes that can remodel the extracellular matrix. Taken together, the above results show that RA does not exert its anti-tumour effect by affecting proliferation or apoptosis, but rather by a novel mecanism involving the regulation of genes that remodel the extracellular matrix and thus the tumour microenvironment
Têtu, Jean-François. "Clonage et caractérisation du promoteur du gène de la nitrate réductase chez Cichorium intybus L. : recherche de facteurs de transcription contrôlant l'expression de la nitrate réductase en fonction de la source azotée." Lille 1, 2000. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2000/50376-2000-214.pdf.
Full textUne premiere analyse de la suspension cellulaire de chicoree transformee pnia : uida en condition nitrate et ammonium montre une regulation de l'activite -glucuronidase dependante du nitrate. Dans une derniere partie, nous avons tente de mettre en evidence des proteines impliquees dans la reponse a l'induction par le nitrate dans la suspension cellulaire. Au niveau des proteines tissulaires solubles, tres peu de differences sont notees. Par contre, les differences sont plus marquees au niveau des proteines nucleaires, tant au niveau de la presence des proteines que de leur accumulation. 5 proteines montrant des differences d'accumulation en fonction de la source d'azote ont ete prelevees afin de realiser un spectre de masse. La proteine 2 presente de fortes homologies avec la proteine narq d'escherichia coli. Narq est impliquee dans la reponse au facteur nitrate en activant les genes narp et narl. Cependant, une micro-sequence de la proteine 2 n'est retrouvee dans aucune proteine isolee jusqu'a ce jour. Enfin, par des experiences de retards sur gels, nous montrons que certaines proteines nucleaires pourraient se lier specifiquement au promoteur nia de chicoree en presence de nitrate dans la region 391 a 536
Siebert, Christelle. "Détection et fonction des récepteurs des androgènes tronqués dans le cancer de la prostate." Strasbourg, 2010. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/restreint/theses_doctorat/2010/SIEBERT_Christelle_2010_ED414.pdf.
Full textIn 2010, the number of new cases of prostate cancers (PCa) is estimated at 71 600. With 10 000 deaths per year, PCa is in France the second cause of male mortality due to cancer. The dependence of cancerous cells towards androgens is taken into account in hormonal therapies against PCa. However, physiopathology of escape from hormonal therapies may involve several types of mechanisms. One is the emergence of mutations in the androgen receptor (AR) gene to promote proliferation and survival of cancer cells in the absence of androgens. Thereby, expression of genes involved in signaling pathways of growths factors or cytokines (CXCR4, CXCL12, EGFR, HER2, HER3, ET-A, VEGFR and Wnt11) was analyzed by RT-QPCR from samples presenting truncated AR variants. This study showed significant variation in the expression of EGFR, HER2, HER3 and Wnt11. A functional test realized in yeast was developed in the laboratory to detect truncated AR variants from PCa samples, but it is long and tedious. To overcome this situation, a more suitable version for routine detection of truncated AR variants was developed. This test has also been miniaturized into a 96-well plate to facilitate its routine use and its sensitivity was increased by using 2 ADE2 and lacZ reporter systems. The first validation of the new test confirmed that the new method is faster and more sensitive than the former. The final goal is to propose this test as an innovative tool for early detection of truncated AR variants in PCa and determination of subpopulations of patients
Bonnet, Aline. "Etude de la fonction du gène Vestigial-like 2 dans la formation des muscles chez l'embryon de poulet." Paris 6, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA066372.
Full textAlarcon, Flora. "Estimation des risques de maladies dues à des mutations génétique à partir de données familiales." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00765543.
Full textRouget, Christel. "Etude de la fonction cytoplasmique de la protéine CstF-77K au cours de la maturation méiotique de l'ovocyte de xénope." Montpellier 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006MON20108.
Full textRodrigue, Marc-André. "Génétique moléculaire des glaucomes à angle ouvert, études structure/fonction de la protéine encodée par le gène TIGR/MYOC." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape2/PQDD_0016/MQ53979.pdf.
Full textLamprell, Helen. "Production des entéroxines dans les fromages en fonction de la diversité phénotypique et génétique des souches de Staphylococcus aureus." Dijon, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003DIJOS064.
Full textThe main objective of this study was evaluate S. Aureus growth and enterotoxin (SE) production under controlled cheese making conditions, according to the phenotypic and genetic diversity of the isolates. Of all the S. Aureus isolates collected from raw milk and raw milk cheeses from the Savoie, Haute Savoie and Massif Central regions, 6% were capable of producing enterotoxins in vitro. SED producing strains presented a distinct genetic fingerprint. FTIR spectroscopy is an interesting technique for the identification of S. Aureus. Only SEA and/or SED were shown to be produced in the semi-hard cheese model. No enterotoxins were found in the Cantal and Tomme de Savoie type cheeses. Traces of SEA and SED were detected in the Reblochon type cheese. The redox potential seems to be an interesting parameter to be studied for the control of enterotoxin production
Deba, Aurore. "Explorations fonctionnelles de la fonction vésicale chez la souris : études urodynamiques, pharmacologiques et génétiques." Toulouse 3, 2009. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/550/.
Full textThe aim of this present study was to characterize the bladder function in the mouse in both physiological and pathophysiological conditions using cystometric, pharmacological and genetic investigations. In a first time, we set up in vitro and in vivo experimental techniques to explore the bladder function. Then, we demonstrated the physiological importance of ATP and ACh in the micturition reflex and the involvement of P2X1 receptors in the bladder contraction. In addition, the role of ß3-adrenoceptors in the bladder relaxation was evidenced. Finally, functional modifications and underlying mechanisms leading to bladder dysfunctions after bladder outlet obstruction and spinal cord injury were proposed. Our results highlighted new therapeutic targets for the treatment of overactive bladder in Humans
Zwaenepoel, Ingrid. "Approche moléculaire des surdités héréditaires et de la fonction auditive." Paris 7, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA077192.
Full textMathieu, Noëlle. "Etude in vivo de la fonction de l'élément enhancer du gène TCRβ : Rôle sur la structure de la chromatine, l'expression et les recombinaisons V(D)J au locus TCRβ." Aix-Marseille 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000AIX22067.
Full textBrocard, Lysiane. "Etudes génétiques de la symbiose Medicago truncatula-Sinorhizobium melitoti : utilisation d'approches de génétique inverse pour l'étude de la fonction biologique d'ENOD40 : études de nouveaux mutants symbiotiques de Medicago truncatula." Paris 11, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA112309.
Full textThe symbiotic interaction between leguminous plants and soil bacteria leads to the formation of a new organ : the nodule. The molecular mechanisms controlling this interaction are not yet well understood. The interaction between Medicago truncatula and Sinorhizobium meliloti represents an interesting model to study this symbiotic interaction. We have used a silencing approach with RNAi to investigate the function of the ENOD40 gene that is induced during the symbiotic interaction and encodes a short ORFs-containing RNA. Because of the lack of an appropriated viral vector for Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) in M. Truncatula, transgenic lines expressing an RNAi construct directed against ENOD40 were produced. The phenotype and the molecular analysis of these transgenic lines, analyzed under three different growth conditions indicated that the ENOD40 induction is not required for the symbiotic interaction. Moreover, a second MtENOD40 gene, MtENOD40-2, was discovered during this study. These MTENOD40 genes differ by their transcription patterns and their putative peptide I sequences. In addition, in order to discover new nodulation mutants and the corresponding genes, we initiated the screening of two insertion mutant collections (T-DNA or Tnt1). Four untagged and two tagged symbiotic mutants were isolated using respectively 271 T-DNA lines and 200 Tnt1 lines. Thus, as a result of the multicopy nature of the Tnt1 element in the Tnt1 lines, screening of these lines seems to be more efficient for the discovery of new symbiotic mutants in M. Truncatula by forward and reverse genetic approaches
Gueydan, Charlotte. "Identification d'un réseau de gènes soumis à empreinte parentale et de sa fonction." Montpellier 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008MON20123.
Full textGenomic imprinting is an epigenetic mechanism of regulation that results in the expression of a single allele in a parent-of-origin-dependent manner. This form of epigenetic regulation restrains the expresion of a small subset of mammalian genes to one parental allele, and exists only in Marsupials and eutherians. Imprinted genes are members of genes families with various molecular functions such as cell cycle, metabolism or signalisation. This indicates that imprinting does not target a specific biochemical process. However, alteration of imprinted loci is consistently associated with developmental disorders in humans, and mouse mutants of several imprinted genes display embryonic and/or postnatal growth phenotypes, indicating that genomic imprinting targets preferentially genes involved in the control of embryonic growth. During my PhD, I had to anwser to the following question : Do imprinted genes work coordinately to regulate the same biochemical processes, or do they control growth through independent mechanisms ? A meta-analyse of micro-array data identified an imprinted gene network that regulates embryonic growth. This data were afterwards experimentally confirmed in vitro and in vivo. We then devised a strategy to identify the precise biological function associated with this imprinted gene network and looked for biological situations where this network of co-regulated genes is actually activated. We observed a concerted induction of the imprinted genes comprised in the network during the proliferation shutdown that follows serum deprivation, confluence and differentiation. These data strongly suggest that the biological function associated with the imprinted gene network previously identified is the control of quiescence and of proliferation shutdown that precedes differentiation
Zazopoulos, Emmanuel. "Étude de la structure et de la fonction de la protéine Nef du virus d'immunodéficience humaine de type 1." Lyon 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993LYO1T078.
Full textBoillot, Morgane. "Etude de la fonction de la protéine LGI1 impliquée dans les épilepsies du lobe temporal." Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066408.
Full textMutations in the gene LGI1 (leucine-rich, glioma-inactivated 1) have been reported in families with autosomal dominant epilepsy with auditory features (ADEAF). ADEAF is a well-defined inherited condition consisting of adolescence/early adulthood-onset lateral temporal seizures. Moreover, LGI1 antibodies are involved in autoimmune limbic encephalitis, an acquired epileptic disorder of adulthood associated with memory loss and confusion. LGI1 loss-of-function caused by haploinsufficiency (ADEAF) or by autoimmunity (limbic encephalitis) triggers seizures in Human. LGI1 is a secreted neuronal protein. Its function in the brain is still uncertain and controversial, but there is evidence that LGI1 acts at the glutamatergic synapses and in the maturation of glutamatergic neurons during postnatal development. To mimic LGI1 loss-of-function in animal, a knockout mouse model has been previously generated. Germline Lgi1-deficient mice (Lgi1-/-) recapitulate several features of the human disease with early-onset spontaneous seizures.During the first part of my thesis project, I generated Lgi1 conditional knockout mice and characterized their phenotype. Selective deletion of Lgi1 in glutamatergic neurons during embryogenesis or adulthood is sufficient to generate spontaneous seizures. In contrast, neither spontaneous seizures nor increased seizure susceptibility to convulsant were observed when Lgi1 deletion was restricted to parvalbumin-positive GABAergic interneurons. Together, these data suggested that Lgi1 secreted from excitatory neurons makes a major contribution to the pathogenesis of LGI1-related epilepsies. We also demonstrated that Lgi1 is required from embryogenesis to adulthood to maintain normal circuit excitability. During the second part, we showed, using germline Lgi1-/- mice, that Lgi1 deficiency does not alter the dendritic or synaptic morphology of glutamatergic neurons. However, it induces an increased synaptic release of glutamate that leads to an increased glutamatergic transmission. This effect suggests a presynaptic role for Lgi1. By preceding seizure onset, it may underlie the epileptic phenotype. Next step will be to precise how LGI1 acts at the presynaptic side. Also, the recent identification of mutations in the gene RELN in ADEAF will certainly open new avenue, especially LGI1 and Reelin interaction studies
Plé, Hélène. "Caractérisation et fonction des microARN plaquettaires chez l'humain : implication dans l'insuffisance rénale chronique et dans l'activation plaquettaire." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/24308.
Full textPlatelets play a central role in hemostasis and are involved in cardiovascular diseases. Devoid of a nucleus, platelets nevertheless contain messenger RNAs (mRNAs) and are capable of de novo protein synthesis. MicroRNAs are particularly abundant in platelets, suggesting that they may regulate mRNA translation. In this project, I characterized further the microRNA repertoire and pathway of human platelets in order to gain more insights into their role in platelet function. High-throughput sequencing analysis of human platelet small RNAs revealed an abundant array of microRNAs involved in cell differentiation or megakaryopoiesis. The diversity of platelet microRNAs is expanded by the expression of 5’ shifted isoforms, as observed with miR-140-3p that may regulate mRNAs different than the reference sequence. Most platelet microRNAs are extensively modified at their 3’ extremity, a process that is thought to alter their stability and function. The detection of two nucleotidytranferases, as well as uridylation activity in platelets, demonstrate their ability to modify and regulate their microRNAs. I then studied the implication of microRNAs in the platelet defects observed in uremic patients, undergoing dialysis or not. Although the complexes involved in microRNA biogenesis and function remain functional, the platelet microRNA profile of uremic patients was altered, but seems to be restored by dialysis. The identification of two genes that are regulated by microRNAs altered in uremic patients suggests that an alteration of microRNA-based mRNA regulatory mechanisms may underlie the platelet response to uremia. Consistent with a role for microRNAs in regulating platelet mRNAs, Ago2•microRNA complexes are associated with platelet mRNAs. In addition, certain mRNAs translated in platelets can be regulated by microRNAs that are particularly abundant in platelets. Following their activation, platelets secrete microRNAs, mainly via microparticles, in which they are found associated with Ago2. Altogether, my results suggest that platelet microRNAs may play an important role in the regulation of platelet mRNAs as well as in intercellular communications.
Lehmann, Sylvia. "Etude de DAX-1 et de sa perte de fonction dans l'hypoplasie congénitale des glandes surrénales." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2005. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2005/LEHMANN_Sylvia_2005.pdf.
Full textMutations in DAX-1 gene (DSS-AHC critical region on the X chromosome, gene 1) are responsible for the adrenal hypoplasia congenita (AHC). DAX-1 is a member of the nuclear receptor family, but is an orphan and acts as a transcriptional repressor. The aim of my thesis work was to better characterise DAX-1 and its loss of function induced by mutations identified in AHC patients. Concerning the intracellular distribution of DAX-1, the results obtained show that DAX-1 is nuclear in the majority of cells, but also cytoplasmic and nucleocytoplasmic in some cells. The aminoterminal repeats act cooperatively to determine the nuclear localization of DAX-1. Moreover, all the AHC point mutations induce a reversion in DAX-1 intracellular distribution which is now mainly localized in the cytoplasm even in a heterologous context. The AHC mutant proteins are more sensitive to limited trypsin digestion which suggests that their folding is affected. The AHC mutations induce an incorrect folding of DAX-1 that is not anymore localized in the nucleus and can’t repress target genes. Cell cycle and the pathways of PKA, PI3kinase, ERK and p38 kinases don’t seem to be involved in regulating DAX-1 localization. Among several stress tested, heat shock induce a specific relocalization of DAX-1 in the cytoplasm. Heat shock decreases DAX-1 solubility and changes DAX-1 post-translational modifications. Regarding DAX-1 repression mechanism, my results demonstrate that N-CoR probably doesn’t work as a DAX-1 corepressor. Moreover, the structure-function study shows that DAX-1 seems to act through a unique repression mechanism which differs from the one used by other members of the nuclear receptor family
Ramaekers, Ariane. "Etude de la fonction du récepteur métabotropique du glutamate de la drosophile, DmGluRA." Montpellier 2, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001MON20153.
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