Journal articles: 'Fomitiporia mediterranea'

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Markakis, Emmanouil A., Nektarios Kavroulakis, Spyridon Ntougias, Georgios C. Koubouris, Chrysi K. Sergentani, and Eleftherios K. Ligoxigakis. "Characterization of Fungi Associated With Wood Decay of Tree Species and Grapevine in Greece." Plant Disease 101, no. 11 (November 2017): 1929–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-12-16-1761-re.

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A two-year survey was conducted to identify fungi associated with wood decay in a range of tree species and grapevine. Fifty-eight fungal strains isolated from plants of 18 species showing typical wood decay symptoms were characterized by morphological, physiological, and molecular analyses. By 5.8S rRNA gene-ITS sequencing analysis, these isolates were classified into 25 distinct operational taxonomic units, including important phytopathogenic species of the phyla Pezizomycotina and Agaricomycotina, such as Fomitiporia, Inonotus, Phellinus, Inocutis, Fuscoporia, Trametes, Fusarium, Eutypa, Phaeomoniella, Phaeoacremonium, and Pleurostomophora spp. The white rot basidiomycetes Fomitiporia mediterranea (20 isolates, 34.5%) and Inonotus hispidus (6 isolates, 10.3%) were the most prevalent. Pathogenicity tests revealed for the first time that certain fungal species of the genera Fomitiporia, Inonotus, Phellinus, Pleurostomophora, and Fusarium caused wood infection of various tree species in Greece and worldwide. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of F. mediterranea as the causal agent of wood decay in pear, pomegranate, kumquat, and silk tree. This is also the first record of Inonotus hispidus, Phellinus pomaceus, Pleurostomophora richardsiae, and Fusarium solani in apple, almond, avocado, and mulberry tree, respectively, whereas P. richardsiae was associated with wood infection of olive tree for the first time in Greece. Cross pathogenicity tests with F. mediterranea strains originated from grapevine applied on other woody hosts and from olive on grapevine demonstrated partial host specificity of the fungus. The potential of F. mediterranea to transinfect hosts other than those originated, along with the host range extension of the fungus, is discussed.

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Pham, Le Thanh Mai, Kai Deng, Hemant Choudhary, Trent R. Northen, Steven W. Singer, Paul D. Adams, Blake A. Simmons, and Kenneth L. Sale. "An Engineered Laccase from Fomitiporia mediterranea Accelerates Lignocellulose Degradation." Biomolecules 14, no. 3 (March 8, 2024): 324. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom14030324.

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Laccases from white-rot fungi catalyze lignin depolymerization, a critical first step to upgrading lignin to valuable biodiesel fuels and chemicals. In this study, a wildtype laccase from the basidiomycete Fomitiporia mediterranea (Fom_lac) and a variant engineered to have a carbohydrate-binding module (Fom_CBM) were studied for their ability to catalyze cleavage of β-O-4′ ether and C–C bonds in phenolic and non-phenolic lignin dimers using a nanostructure-initiator mass spectrometry-based assay. Fom_lac and Fom_CBM catalyze β-O-4′ ether and C–C bond breaking, with higher activity under acidic conditions (pH < 6). The potential of Fom_lac and Fom_CBM to enhance saccharification yields from untreated and ionic liquid pretreated pine was also investigated. Adding Fom_CBM to mixtures of cellulases and hemicellulases improved sugar yields by 140% on untreated pine and 32% on cholinium lysinate pretreated pine when compared to the inclusion of Fom_lac to the same mixtures. Adding either Fom_lac or Fom_CBM to mixtures of cellulases and hemicellulases effectively accelerates enzymatic hydrolysis, demonstrating its potential applications for lignocellulose valorization. We postulate that additional increases in sugar yields for the Fom_CBM enzyme mixtures were due to Fom_CBM being brought more proximal to lignin through binding to either cellulose or lignin itself.

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Markakis, Emmanouil A., Eleftherios K. Ligoxigakis, Peter A. Roussos, Chrysi K. Sergentani, Nektarios Kavroulakis, Emmanouil N. Roditakis, and Georgios C. Koubouris. "Differential susceptibility responses of Greek olive cultivars to Fomitiporia mediterranea." European Journal of Plant Pathology 153, no. 4 (October 30, 2018): 1055–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10658-018-01622-w.

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RIEDLE-BAUER, Monika, Dragana BANDION, Monika MADERCIC, and Markus GORFER. "Activity of biocontrol agents against the grapevine pathogen Fomitiporia mediterranea." Phytopathologia Mediterranea 60, no. 2 (September 15, 2023): 213–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/phyto-14302.

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Biological control agents (BCAs) have shown efficacy against several pathogens associated with Esca of grapevines, but their effects on the white rot pathogen Fomitiporia mediterranea (Fmed) have not been extensively studied. An assessment of several potential BCAs evaluated activity against Fmed. This included isolates of Trichoderma simmonsii, T. citrinoviride, T. atroviride, Bacillus subtilis, B. amyloliquefaciens/velezensis and Pseudomonas koreensis, all obtained from grapevines in Austria. Effects of the BCAs on Fmed growth were assessed in dual culture assays and in assays with fresh and autoclaved grapevine wood disks. In the dual culture assays, all the BCAs reduced growth of Fmed compared to experimental controls. In the Trichoderma experiments, Fmed growth only marginally exceeded the size of the initial mycelium plugs, and growth inhibition for all Fmed isolates and strains was 91 to 97%. Growth of Fmed was inhibited by 55 to 66% by B. amyloliquefaciens/velezensis isolates, by 41 to 49% by B. subtilis isolates, and by 55 to 66% by P. koreensis. In the wood disc assays, Fmed colonized fresh and autoclaved wood. All the Trichoderma isolates almost completely suppressed Fmed growth on fresh and autoclaved wood. Less but statistically significant inhibition was recorded for an isolate of B. amyloliquefaciens/velezensis and one of P. koreensis.

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MORETTI, Samuele, Andrea PACETTI, Romain PIERRON, Hanns-Heinz KASSEMEYER, Michael FISCHER, Jean-Pierre PÉROS, Gabriel PEREZ-GONZALEZ, et al. "Fomitiporia mediterranea M. Fisch., the historical Esca agent: a comprehensive review on the main grapevine wood rot agent in Europe." Phytopathologia Mediterranea 60, no. 2 (September 13, 2021): 351–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/phyto-13021.

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Fomitiporia mediterranea M. Fisch. (Fmed) is a basidiomycete first described in 2002, and was considered up to then as part of Fomitiporia punctata (P. Karst) Murrill. This fungus can degrade lignocellulosic biomass, causing white rot and leaving bleached fibrous host residues. In Europe Fmed is considered the main grapevine wood rot (Esca) agent within the Esca disease complex, which includes some of the most economically important Grapevine Trunk Diseases (GTDs). This review summarises and evaluates published research on Fmed, on white rot elimination by curettage or management by treatments with specific products applied to diseased grapevines, and on the relationship between wood symptoms and Grapevine Leaf Stripe Disease (GLSD) in the Esca disease complex. Information is also reviewed on the fungus biology, mechanisms of pathogenicity, and their possible relationships with external foliar symptoms of the Esca disease complex. Information on Fmed control strategies is also reviewed.

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Roccotelli, Angela, Leonardo Schena, Simona M. Sanzani, Santa O. Cacciola, Saveria Mosca, Roberto Faedda, Antonio Ippolito, and Gaetano Magnano di San Lio. "Characterization of Basidiomycetes Associated with Wood Rot of Citrus in Southern Italy." Phytopathology® 104, no. 8 (August 2014): 851–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-10-13-0272-r.

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The characterization of Basidiomycetes associated with wood rots in commercial citrus orchards in southern Italy revealed that both white and brown rot fungi are implicated in this disease. Fomitiporia mediterranea was the most prevalent species causing a white rot, followed by Fomitopsis sp. which, by contrast, was associated with brown rot wood decay. Furthermore, Phellinus spp. and other nonidentified basidiomycetous fungi showing genetic affinity with the genera Phellinus and Coniophora were occasionally isolated. Artificial inoculations on lemon (Citrus limon) branches showed a faster wood colonization by Fomitopsis sp. compared with F. mediterranea, indicating that the former species as a potentially serious pathogen of citrus trees. The analysis of F. mediterranea internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences revealed a high level of genetic variability, with 13 genotypes which were both homozygous (6 genotypes) and heterozygous (7 genotypes). The presence of heterozygous genomes based on ITS sequences has never been reported before for F. mediterranea. This, together with the high frequency of basidiomata on infected wood, unambiguously confirms the outcrossing nature of reproduction in F. mediterranea and the primary role of basidiospores in the dissemination of inoculum. Similarly, high genetic variability was observed analyzing Fomitopsis sp. Because basidiomata of this fungus have not been observed on citrus trees, it can be hypothesized that basidiospores are produced on alternative host plants.

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Schilling, Marion, Marceau Levasseur, Muriel Barbier, Lydie Oliveira-Correia, Céline Henry, David Touboul, Sibylle Farine, Christophe Bertsch, and Eric Gelhaye. "Wood Degradation by Fomitiporia mediterranea M. Fischer: Exploring Fungal Adaptation Using Metabolomic Networking." Journal of Fungi 9, no. 5 (April 30, 2023): 536. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof9050536.

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Fomitiporia mediterranea M. Fischer (Fmed) is a white-rot wood-decaying fungus associated with one of the most important and challenging diseases in vineyards: Esca. To relieve microbial degradation, woody plants, including Vitis vinifera, use structural and chemical weapons. Lignin is the most recalcitrant of the wood cell wall structural compounds and contributes to wood durability. Extractives are constitutive or de novo synthesized specialized metabolites that are not covalently bound to wood cell walls and are often associated with antimicrobial properties. Fmed is able to mineralize lignin and detoxify toxic wood extractives, thanks to enzymes such as laccases and peroxidases. Grapevine wood’s chemical composition could be involved in Fmed’s adaptation to its substrate. This study aimed at deciphering if Fmed uses specific mechanisms to degrade grapevine wood structure and extractives. Three different wood species, grapevine, beech, and oak. were exposed to fungal degradation by two Fmed strains. The well-studied white-rot fungus Trametes versicolor (Tver) was used as a comparison model. A simultaneous degradation pattern was shown for Fmed in the three degraded wood species. Wood mass loss after 7 months for the two fungal species was the highest with low-density oak wood. For the latter wood species, radical differences in initial wood density were observed. No differences between grapevine or beech wood degradation rates were observed after degradation by Fmed or by Tver. Contrary to the Tver secretome, one manganese peroxidase isoform (MnP2l, jgi protein ID 145801) was the most abundant in the Fmed secretome on grapevine wood only. Non-targeted metabolomic analysis was conducted on wood and mycelium samples, using metabolomic networking and public databases (GNPS, MS-DIAL) for metabolite annotations. Chemical differences between non-degraded and degraded woods, and between mycelia grown on different wood species, are discussed. This study highlights Fmed physiological, proteomic and metabolomic traits during wood degradation and thus contributes to a better understanding of its wood degradation mechanisms.

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Morgenstern, Ingo, Deborah L. Robertson, and David S. Hibbett. "Characterization of Three mnp Genes of Fomitiporia mediterranea and Report of Additional Class II Peroxidases in the Order Hymenochaetales." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 76, no. 19 (July 30, 2010): 6431–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00547-10.

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ABSTRACT We report the sequence-based characterization and expression patterns of three manganese peroxidase genes from the white rot fungus and grape vine pathogen Fomitiporia mediterranea (Agaricomycotina, Hymenochaetales), termed Fmmnp1, Fmmnp2, and Fmmnp3. The predicted open reading frames (ORFs) are 1,516-, 1,351-, and 1,345-bp long and are interrupted by seven, four, and four introns, respectively. The deduced amino acid sequences encode manganese peroxidases (EC 1.11.1.13) containing 371, 369, and 371 residues, respectively, and are similar to the manganese peroxidases of the model white rot organism Phanerochaete chrysosporium. The expression of the genes is most likely differentially regulated, as revealed by real-time PCR analysis. Phylogenetic analysis reveals that other members of the order Hymenochaetales harbor mnp genes encoding proteins that are related only distantly to those of F. mediterranea. Furthermore, multiple partial lip- and mnp-like sequences obtained for Pycnoporus cinnabarinus (Agaricomycotina, Polyporales) suggest that lignin degradation by white rot taxa relies heavily on ligninolytic peroxidases and is not efficiently achieved by laccases only.

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Bruez, Emilie, Philippe Larignon, Christophe Bertsch, Guillaume Robert-Siegwald, Marc-Henri Lebrun, Patrice Rey, and Florence Fontaine. "Impacts of Sodium Arsenite on Wood Microbiota of Esca-Diseased Grapevines." Journal of Fungi 7, no. 7 (June 22, 2021): 498. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof7070498.

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Although sodium arsenite was widely used in Europe until its ban in 2003, its effects on microorganisms is not clearly understood. To improve our understanding of sodium arsenite curative effect on GTDs, grapevines displaying esca-foliar symptoms from different French regions (Alsace, Champagne, Languedoc) were treated or not with sodium arsenite, and analyzed for their wood microbiota. Using metabarcoding, we identified the fungal and bacterial taxa composition of microbiota colonizing woody trunk tissues. Large differences in fungal microbiota composition between treated and untreated grapevines were observed while no major impacts were observed on bacteria microbiota. The main fungal species detected in untreated necrotic woody tissues was Fomitiporia mediterranea (63–94%), a fungal pathogen associated with esca. The relative abundance of this fungal species significantly decreased after sodium arsenite treatment in the three vineyards, in particular in white-rot necrotic tissues and their borders (−90%). F. mediterranea was the most sensitive to sodium arsenite among fungi from grapevine woody tissues. These results strongly suggest that the effect of sodium arsenite on GTDs is due to its ability to efficiently and almost specifically eliminate F. mediterranea from white-rot necrotic tissues, allowing saprobic fungi to colonize the tissues previously occupied by this pathogenic fungus.

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Pilotti, M., F. Gervasi, and A. Brunetti. "Molecular Identification of Fomitiporia mediterranea and Eutypa lata/Libertella blepharis in Platanus x acerifolia." Journal of Phytopathology 153, no. 4 (April 2005): 193–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0434.2005.00950.x.

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Fischer, Michael. "A new wood-decaying basidiomycete species associated with esca of grapevine: Fomitiporia mediterranea (Hymenochaetales)." Mycological Progress 1, no. 3 (August 2002): 315–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11557-006-0029-4.

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Girometta, Carolina Elena, Annarosa Bernicchia, Rebecca Michela Baiguera, Francesco Bracco, Simone Buratti, Marco Cartabia, Anna Maria Picco, and Elena Savino. "An Italian Research Culture Collection of Wood Decay Fungi." Diversity 12, no. 2 (February 1, 2020): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d12020058.

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One of the main aims of the University of Pavia mycology laboratory was to collect wood decay fungal (WDF) strains in order to deepen taxonomic studies, species distribution, officinal properties or to investigate potential applications such as biocomposite material production based on fungi. The Italian Alps, Apennines and wood plains were investigated to collect Basidiomycota basidiomata from living or dead trees. The purpose of this study was to investigate the wood decay strains of the Mediterranean area, selecting sampling sites in North and Central Italy, including forests near the Ligurian and Adriatic seas, or near the Lombardy lakes. The isolation of mycelia in pure culture was performed according to the current methodology and the identity of the strains was confirmed by molecular analyses. The strains are maintained in the Research Culture Collection MicUNIPV of Pavia University (Italy). Among the 500 WDF strains in the collection, the most interesting isolates from the Mediterranean area are: Dichomitus squalens (basidioma collected from Pinus pinea), Hericium erinaceus (medicinal mushroom), Inocutis tamaricis (white-rot agent on Tamarix trees), Perenniporia meridionalis (wood degrader through Mn peroxidase) and P. ochroleuca. In addition, strains of species related to the Mediterranean climate (e.g., Fomitiporia mediterranea and Cellulariella warnieri) were obtained from sites with a continental-temperate climate.

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Del Frari, Giovanni, Helena Oliveira, and Ricardo Boavida Ferreira. "White Rot Fungi (Hymenochaetales) and Esca of Grapevine: Insights from Recent Microbiome Studies." Journal of Fungi 7, no. 9 (September 17, 2021): 770. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof7090770.

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Esca is a major grapevine trunk disease that heavily affects vineyards in the Northern hemisphere. The etiology and epidemiology of this disease have been subject of dispute ever since the earliest disease reports. The reason behind such debate is the presence of multiple internal and external symptoms, as well as several putative and confirmed wood pathogens. While the role of pathogenic fungi, as causal agents of wood symptoms, has been thoroughly assessed, their role in the expression of leaf symptoms remains to be fully elucidated. In this review, we analyzed etiological and epidemiological data, with a special focus on the microbiological aspect of esca and the involvement of Hymenochaetales (Basidiomycota). Vineyard studies have associated leaf symptoms with the presence of white rot, most frequently caused by Fomitiporia mediterranea (Hymenochaetales), while tracheomycotic fungi are commonly found, with similar abundance, in symptomatic and asymptomatic vines. Pathogenicity trials have excluded a direct effect of Hymenochaetales species in triggering leaf symptoms, while the data concerning the role of tracheomycotic fungi remains controversial. Recent microbiome studies confirmed that F. mediterranea is more abundant in leaf-symptomatic vines, and treatments that effectively control leaf symptoms, such as sodium arsenite spray and trunk surgery, act directly on the abundance of F. mediterranea or on the presence of white rot. This suggest that the simultaneous presence of Hymenochaetales and tracheomycotic fungi is a pre-requisite for leaf symptoms; however, the relation among fungal pathogens, grapevine and other biotic and abiotic factors needs further investigation.

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Berraf, Akila, and Jean-Pierre Péros. "Importance of eutypa dieback and esca in Algeria and structure of the associated fungal community." OENO One 39, no. 3 (September 30, 2005): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.2005.39.3.896.

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A preliminary survey performed in Algeria in 2003, revealed high percentages of dead vines and of vines affected by either Eutypa dieback or esca. Eutypa dieback appeared more frequent than esca. Cross sections revealed differents types of lesions whose frequency did not correlate with external symptoms. The main lesions were : black spots corresponding to plugged vessels, a central brown hard or soft lesion, a white rot lesion (amadou) and a sectorial brown hard lesion. The most frequent fungi isolated from the lesions were Phaeomoniella chlamydospora, Phaeoacremonium aleophilum, Botryosphaeria spp., Fomitiporia mediterranea, Phomopsis viticola et Eutypa lata. Several types of lesions and several fungi were encountered in the same vine. The association of fungi with lesions and their role in the functioning of the fungal community are discussed.

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DARDANI, Greta, Laura MUGNAI, Simone BUSSOTTI, M. Lodovica GULLINO, and Vladimiro GUARNACCIA. "Grapevine dieback caused by Botryosphaeriaceae species, Paraconiothyrium brasiliense, Seimatosporium vitis-viniferae and Truncatella angustata in Piedmont: characterization and pathogenicity." Phytopathologia Mediterranea 60, no. 2 (September 15, 2023): 283–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/phyto-14673.

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Grapevine Trunk Diseases (GTDs) are major threats in Mediterranean countries, causing economic losses due to reduced grape yields and long-term vine productivity, as well as death of grapevines. A survey was conducted in Piedmont (Northern Italy) during 2021-2022 to investigate the species diversity and distribution of GTD pathogens in this important Italian wine region. Morphological and multi-locus phylogenetic analyses (based on ITS, tef1, tub2, act and rpb2) identified species of Botryosphaeriaceae at high frequency, including Botryosphaeria dothidea, Diplodia mutila, Diplodia seriata and Neofusicoccum parvum. Other pathogens commonly associated with GTDs, including Eutypa lata, Fomitiporia mediterranea and Phaeomoniella chlamydospora, were also isolated. Less commonly isolated species included Neocucurbitaria juglandicola, Paraconiothyrium brasiliense, Seimatosporium vitis-viniferae and Truncatella angustata. Pathogenicity tests with two representative isolates of each species were carried out using one-year-old potted grapevine cuttings (‘Barbera’). All isolates (except N. juglandicola) caused brown wood necrotic vascular discolourations on inoculated plants and were successfully re-isolated. Effects of temperature on colony growth were also assessed. For all tested isolates there was no growth at 5°C, only four isolates (Botryosphaeriaceae) grew at 35°C, and optimum growth temperatures were between 20 and 25°C. This is the first record of Paraconiothyrium brasiliense and Neocucurbitaria juglandicola associated with symptomatic grapevines in Italy.

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ŠTŮSKOVÁ, Kateřina, Vincenzo MONDELLO, Eliška HAKALOVÁ, Dorota TEKIELSKA, Florence FONTAINE, and Aleš EICHMEIER. "Phenolic compounds inhibit viability and infectivity of the grapevine pathogens Diplodia seriata, Eutypa lata, Fomitiporia mediterranea, and Neofusicoccum parvum." Phytopathologia Mediterranea 60, no. 2 (September 15, 2023): 307–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/phyto-14716.

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Many fungal pathogens are associated with grapevine trunk diseases (GTDs), which cause important yield and economic losses in grape production. There are no effective control methods against GTDs once plants are infected, so research is aimed at preventive measures to avoid infections in nurseries and vineyards. Inhibitory activities of the phenolic compounds eugenol, epigallocatechin–3–O–gallate (EGCG) and thymol against the GTD fungi Diplodia seriata, Eutypa lata, Fomitiporia mediterranea and Neofusicoccum parvum were assessed in vitro, and in planta as grapevine pruning wound treatments. Greatest inhibition of pathogen mycelium growth was observed with eugenol (fungistatic at 1,500 µg mL–1, fungicidal at 2,500 µg mL–1). No inhibitory activity against GTD fungi was observed with EGCG. Minimum concentrations with in vitro inhibitory effects on D. seriata and N. parvum spore germination were 360 µg mL–1 for thymol and 750 µg mL–1 for eugenol. In the grapevine wound protection tests, thymol was effective against N. parvum at 360 µg mL–1, but eugenol was not.

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Pacetti, Andrea, Samuele Moretti, Catia Pinto, Stéphane Compant, Sibylle Farine, Christophe Bertsch, and Laura Mugnai. "Trunk Surgery as a Tool to Reduce Foliar Symptoms in Diseases of the Esca Complex and Its Influence on Vine Wood Microbiota." Journal of Fungi 7, no. 7 (June 29, 2021): 521. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof7070521.

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In the last few years, trunk surgery has gained increasing attention as a method to reduce foliar symptoms typical of some of the Esca complex diseases. The technique relies on the mechanical removal of decayed wood by a chainsaw. A study on a 14-year-old Cabernet Sauvignon vineyard was carried out to validate the efficacy of trunk surgery and explore possible explanations behind it. Three levels of treatment were applied to three of the most characteristic symptoms associated with some diseases of the Esca complex, such as leaf stripe symptoms (LS), wilted shoots (WS) and apoplexy (APP). The most promising results were obtained by complete trunk surgery, where the larger decay removal allowed lower symptom re-expression. According to the wood types analyzed (decay, medium and sound wood), different changes in microbiota were observed. Alpha-diversity generally decreased for bacteria and increased for fungi. More specifically, main changes were observed for Fomitiporia mediterranea abundance that decreased considerably after trunk surgery. A possible explanation for LS symptom reduction after trunk surgery could be the microbiota shifting caused by the technique itself affecting a microbic-shared biochemical pathway involved in symptom expression.

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Moretti, Samuele, Mary-Lorène Goddard, Alessandro Puca, Jacques Lalevée, Stefano Di Marco, Laura Mugnai, Eric Gelhaye, Barry Goodell, Christophe Bertsch, and Sibylle Farine. "First Description of Non-Enzymatic Radical-Generating Mechanisms Adopted by Fomitiporia mediterranea: An Unexplored Pathway of the White Rot Agent of the Esca Complex of Diseases." Journal of Fungi 9, no. 4 (April 21, 2023): 498. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof9040498.

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Fomitiporia mediterranea (Fmed) is the primary Basidiomycota species causing white rot in European vineyards affected by the Esca complex of diseases (ECD). In the last few years, an increasing number of studies have highlighted the importance of reconsidering the role of Fmed in ECD etiology, justifying an increase in research interest related to Fmed’s biomolecular pathogenetic mechanisms. In the context of the current re-evaluation of the binary distinction (brown vs. white rot) between biomolecular decay pathways induced by Basidiomycota species, our research aims to investigate the potential for non-enzymatic mechanisms adopted by Fmed, which is typically described as a white rot fungus. Our results demonstrate how, in liquid culture reproducing nutrient restriction conditions often found in wood, Fmed can produce low molecular weight compounds, the hallmark of the non-enzymatic “chelator-mediated Fenton” (CMF) reaction, originally described for brown rot fungi. CMF reactions can redox cycle with ferric iron, generating hydrogen peroxide and ferrous iron, necessary reactants leading to hydroxyl radical (•OH) production. These observations led to the conclusion that a non-enzymatic radical-generating CMF-like mechanism may be utilized by Fmed, potentially together with an enzymatic pool, to contribute to degrading wood constituents; moreover, indicating significant variability between strains.

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Zapolska, Anhelina, Chariton Kalaitzidis, Emmanouil Markakis, Eleftherios Ligoxigakis, and Georgios Koubouris. "Linear Discriminant Analysis of spectral measurements for discrimination between healthy and diseased trees of Olea europaea L. artificially infected by Fomitiporia mediterranea." International Journal of Remote Sensing 41, no. 14 (April 19, 2020): 5388–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01431161.2020.1731931.

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Orsoni, Nicolò, Francesca Degola, Luca Nerva, Franco Bisceglie, Giorgio Spadola, Walter Chitarra, Valeria Terzi, et al. "Double Gamers—Can Modified Natural Regulators of Higher Plants Act as Antagonists against Phytopathogens? The Case of Jasmonic Acid Derivatives." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 22 (November 17, 2020): 8681. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21228681.

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As key players in biotic stress response of plants, jasmonic acid (JA) and its derivatives cover a specific and prominent role in pathogens-mediated signaling and hence are promising candidates for a sustainable management of phytopathogenic fungi. Recently, JA directed antimicrobial effects on plant pathogens has been suggested, supporting the theory of oxylipins as double gamers in plant-pathogen interaction. Based on these premises, six derivatives (dihydrojasmone and cis-jasmone, two thiosemicarbazonic derivatives and their corresponding complexes with copper) have been evaluated against 13 fungal species affecting various economically important herbaceous and woody crops, such as cereals, grapes and horticultural crops: Phaeoacremonium minimum, Neofusicoccum parvum, Phaeomoniella chlamydospora, Fomitiporia mediterranea, Fusarium poae, F. culmorum, F. graminearum, F. oxysporum f. sp. lactucae,F. sporotrichioides, Aspergillus flavus, Rhizoctonia solani,Sclerotinia spp. and Verticillium dahliae. The biological activity of these compounds was assessed in terms of growth inhibition and, for the two mycotoxigenic species A. flavus and F. sporotrichioides, also in terms of toxin containment. As expected, the inhibitory effect of molecules greatly varied amongst both genera and species; cis-jasmone thiosemicarbazone in particular has shown the wider range of effectiveness. However, our results show that thiosemicarbazones derivatives are more effective than the parent ketones in limiting fungal growth and mycotoxins production, supporting possible applications for the control of pathogenic fungi.

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Mannerucci, Francesco, Giovanni D’Ambrosio, Nicola Regina, Domenico Schiavone, and Giovanni Luigi Bruno. "New Potential Biological Limiters of the Main Esca-Associated Fungi in Grapevine." Microorganisms 11, no. 8 (August 17, 2023): 2099. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11082099.

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The strains Trichoderma harzianum TH07.1-NC (TH), Aphanocladium album MX95 (AA), Pleurotus eryngii AL142PE (PE) and Pleurotus ostreatus ALPO (PO) were tested as biological limiters against Fomitiporia mediterranea Fme22.12 (FM), Phaeoacremonium minimum Pm22.53 (PM) and Phaeomoniella chlamydospora Pc22.65 (PC). Pathogens were obtained from naturally Esca-affected ‘Nero di Troia’ vines cropped in Grumo Appula (Puglia region, Southern Italy). The antagonistic activity of each challenge organism was verified in a dual culture. TH and PO completely overgrew the three pathogens. Partial replacement characterized PE-FM, PE-PM, PE-PC and AA-PC interactions. Deadlock at mycelial contact was observed in AA-FM and AA-PM cultures. The calculated antagonism index (AI) indicated TH and PE as moderately active antagonists (10 < AI < 15), while AA and PO were weakly active (AI < 10). The maximum value of the re-isolation index (s) was associated with deadlock among AA-PM, AA-PC and PE-FM dual cultures. The tested biological limiters were always re-isolated when PO and TH completely replaced the three tested pathogens. TH and AA confirmed their efficiencies as biological limiters when inoculated on detached canes of ‘Nero di Troia’ in dual combination with FM, PC and PM. Nevertheless, additional experiments should be performed for a solid conclusion, along with validation experiments in the field.

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BRUNO, Giovanni Luigi, Maria Paola IPPOLITO, Francesco MANNERUCCI, Luca BRAGAZZI, and Franca TOMMASI. "Physiological responses of ‘Italia’ grapevines infected with Esca pathogens." Phytopathologia Mediterranea 60, no. 2 (September 13, 2021): 321–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/phyto-12171.

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Physiological features were examined of a 20-year-old Vitis vinifera ‘Italia’ table grape vineyard cropped in Apulia, Italy. Healthy vines with no foliar symptoms and any indications of wood or berry alterations, vines with natural wood infections by Phaeoacremonium minimum (syn. P. aleophilum) and Phaeomoniella chlamydospora showing brown wood streaking symptoms, and vines naturally infected with P. minimum, P. chlamydospora and Fomitiporia mediterranea with brown wood streaking and white rot symptoms, were surveyed. Bleeding xylem sap, collected at bud-break from healthy vines showed the greatest total ascorbic acid level, while vines with brown wood streaking and white rot had the greatest viscosity coefficient, glutathione concentration, and plant growth regulator activities. Compared to healthy vines, leaves of wood affected vines, sampled during the unfolded leaf, fruit setting, cluster closing and bunch ripening vine growth stages, had reduced fresh and dry weights, total chlorophyll concentrations, and increased leaf surface area. Low ascorbic acid and reduced glutathione concentrations, weak redox state, and moderate levels of dehydroascorbic acid and oxidized glutathione were also detected in these vines. Analyses also detected reduced activities of dehydroascorbate reductase, ascorbate free radical reductase and glutathione reductase in diseased vines. The cell membrane damage, associated with lipid peroxidation, was coupled with high hydrogen peroxide concentrations. These changes could contribute to the cell death of leaves and foliar symptom development. The ascorbate-glutathione cycle supports grapevine susceptibility to Esca complex-associated fungi.

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Pan, Ronghua, Yimei Hu, Liangkun Long, Jing Wang, and Shaojun Ding. "Extra carbohydrate binding module contributes to the processivity and catalytic activity of a non-modular hydrolase family 5 endoglucanase from Fomitiporia mediterranea MF3/22." Enzyme and Microbial Technology 91 (September 2016): 42–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enzmictec.2016.06.001.

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Choueiri, Elia, Fouad Jreijiri, Paulette Chlela, Valérie Mayet, Gwénaelle Comont, Jean-Michel Liminana, Lizel Mostert, Michael Fischer, and Pascal Lecomte. "Fungal community associated with grapevine wood lesions in Lebanon." OENO One 48, no. 4 (December 31, 2014): 293. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.2014.48.4.1696.

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Aims: To detect and identify the cultivable microorganisms putatively associated with esca disease in representative Lebanese vineyards.Methods and results: Two field surveys were conducted in Lebanon in 2005 and 2007 to study the fungal community associated with grapevine wood lesions. A total of 68 vines showing typical esca symptoms were randomly sampled in 17 vineyards and cross sections were obtained of cordons and trunks. The shape and type of inner necrosis and discoloration were examined and isolations were made from the symptomatic wood. Isolation results showed that inner necrosis and isolated fungi were similar to those previously found elsewhere, namely in Central Europe or Mediterranean countries. Additionally, three methods for numerical evaluation of micro-organisms found were compared.Conclusion: Most fungal pathogens generally associated with grapevine trunk diseases were detected, of which the basidiomycete Fomitiporia mediterranea and species of the ascomycete family Botryosphaeriaceae were the most frequently encountered. Additionally, a large diversity of other wood colonizing micro-organisms was detected. The putative role of some of the obtained micro-organisms in the process of wood degradation related to esca disease is discussed.Significance and impact of the study: This isolation study is presently the most completed that was carried out with grapevine wood samples collected in Lebanon. Besides, it is the first to provide isolation results based on a classification of inner necrosis in five categories and to compare three criteria for numerical evaluation. This study also tends to further highlight that Botryosphaeriaceae species are common wood inhabiting fungi that should be associated with esca.

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Testempasis, Stefanos I., Emmanouil A. Markakis, Georgia I. Tavlaki, Stefanos K. Soultatos, Christos Tsoukas, Danai Gkizi, Aliki K. Tzima, Epameinondas Paplomatas, and Georgios S. Karaoglanidis. "Grapevine Trunk Diseases in Greece: Disease Incidence and Fungi Involved in Discrete Geographical Zones and Varieties." Journal of Fungi 10, no. 1 (December 20, 2023): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof10010002.

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A three-year survey was conducted to estimate the incidence of grapevine trunk diseases (GTDs) in Greece and identify fungi associated with the disease complex. In total, 310 vineyards in different geographical regions in northern, central, and southern Greece were surveyed, and 533 fungal strains were isolated from diseased vines. Morphological, physiological and molecular (5.8S rRNA gene-ITS sequencing) analyses revealed that isolates belonged to 35 distinct fungal genera, including well-known (e.g., Botryosphaeria sp., Diaporthe spp., Eutypa sp., Diplodia sp., Fomitiporia sp., Phaeoacremonium spp., Phaeomoniella sp.) and lesser-known (e.g., Neosetophoma sp., Seimatosporium sp., Didymosphaeria sp., Kalmusia sp.) grapevine wood inhabitants. The GTDs-inducing population structure differed significantly among the discrete geographical zones. Phaeomoniella chlamydospora (26.62%, n = 70), Diaporthe spp. (18.25%, n = 48) and F. mediterranea (10.27%, n = 27) were the most prevalent in Heraklion, whereas D. seriata, Alternaria spp., P. chlamydospora and Fusarium spp. were predominant in Nemea (central Greece). In Amyntaio and Kavala (northern Greece), D. seriata was the most frequently isolated species (>50% frequency). Multi-genes (rDNA-ITS, LSU, tef1-α, tub2, act) sequencing of selected isolates, followed by pathogenicity tests, revealed that Neosetophoma italica, Seimatosporium vitis, Didymosphaeria variabile and Kalmusia variispora caused wood infection, with the former being the most virulent. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of N. italica associated with GTDs worldwide. This is also the first record of K. variispora, S. vitis and D. variabile associated with wood infection of grapevine in Greece. The potential associations of disease indices with vine age, cultivar, GTD-associated population structure and the prevailing meteorological conditions in different viticultural zones in Greece are presented and discussed.

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KASSEMEYER, Hanns-Heinz, Fabian KLUGE, Evi BIELER, Markus ULRICH, Jörg GRÜNER, Sigfried FINK, Markus DÜRRENBERGER, and René FUCHS. "Trunk anatomy of asymptomatic and symptomatic grapevines provides insights into degradation patterns of wood tissues caused by Esca-associated pathogens." Phytopathologia Mediterranea 61, no. 3 (November 25, 2022): 451–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/phyto-13154.

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Wood colonizing fungi are specialists that exploit the lignocellulose of cell wall components in host wood cylinders as a carbon sources. Some of these specialized fungi, including Fomitiporia mediterranea (Fmed) and Phaeomoniella chlamydospora (Pch), cause the disease Esca of grapevine. This disease complex includes grapevine leaf stripe disease (GLSD) of canopies and white rot and black wood streaking in trunks. The present study gained insights into the activity of Esca pathogens in host xylem of the trunk tissues at an anatomical level. Lesions with white rot and brown wood streaking were microscopically analyzed, and the structures of affected tissues were compared with intact xylem. In trunks with white rot, demarcation zones separated intact tissues from the lesions. Immediately adjacent to the demarcation zones, cell wall decomposition initiated in the xylem. At this initial stage, cavities appeared in the secondary cell walls of libriform fibres, which expanded and closely resembled the degradation pattern of soft rot. In the advanced stage, the fibre cell walls were completely decomposed, and the vessels were attacked with a degradation pattern similar to white rot. Only remnants of the xylem elements remained, forming amorphous matrices. These decomposition patterns occurred in field samples and in wood cores artificially infected with Fmed. The obvious compartmentalization of the tissue affected by Fmed indicated a defense reaction in the xylem, according to the CODIT model. In contrast, brown wood streaking affected only small groups of vessels, adjacent libriform fibres and parenchyma. Dark inclusions in cells and tyloses in vessels indicate a defense reaction against the pathogens causing brown wood streaking. Artificial inoculation of sterile wood cores with Pch confirmed the contribution of this pathogen to brown wood streaking. This research provides insights into the structural and functional anatomy of intact and infected tissues of grapevines, which clarify the etiology of Esca, and provide new knowledge for developing new approaches to control of this disease complex.

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CABI and EPPO. "Fomitiporia mediterranea Fischer." Distribution Maps of Plant Diseases, April 12, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dmpd.2023.1323.

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Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Fomitiporia mediterranea Fischer. Agaricomycetes: Hymenochaetales. Main host: grapevine ( Vitis vinifera ) but also occurs on a wide variety of hardwood genera.

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"Fomitiporia mediterranea (esca disease)." CABI Compendium CABI Compendium (January 7, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/cabicompendium.24296.

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This datasheet on Fomitiporia mediterranea covers Identity, Overview, Distribution, Dispersal, Hosts/Species Affected, Diagnosis, Biology & Ecology, Impacts, Uses, Prevention/Control, Further Information.

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"Fomitiporia mediterranea (esca disease)." PlantwisePlus Knowledge Bank Species Pages (January 7, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/pwkb.species.24296.

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Christopoulou, Marilena, Christos Tsoukas, Danai Gkizi, Alexandra Triantafyllopoulou, Aliki K. Tzima, and Epaminondas J. Paplomatas. "Development of a molecular diagnostic to discriminate between Fomitiporia species and advancements in detection of the main grapevine decline‐related pathogens in propagating material and mature vines." Plant Pathology, November 10, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ppa.13812.

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AbstractA comprehensive study was conducted on the prevalence of grapevine trunk diseases in Greece, focusing specifically on contamination of grapevine propagation material by Phaeomoniella chlamydospora and black foot disease‐related species. Additionally, detection of esca pathogen Fomitiporia mediterranea, causing white rot in grapevine and other woody hosts, was assessed using a new PCR‐based assay that distinguishes F. mediterranea from F. punctata. Development of a nested PCR assay, combined with a cost‐effective DNA extraction protocol, revealed a high percentage of infection by P. chlamydospora (51%) and Ilyonectria species associated with black foot disease (28%) in different types of grapevine propagation material (dormant cuttings, field‐rooted benchgrafts and green‐growing plants). Interestingly, black foot disease‐related pathogens were more prevalent in nursery plants grown in the field for 6 months (57%) than in other types of propagation material and compared with P. chlamydospora (43%), indicating increased infection of propagation material during growth in the nursery field. The cost‐effective molecular method developed in this study could be used in mass inspections of propagation material for phytosanitary purposes. Finally, using primers specific for F. mediterranea and F. puncata developed in this study, combined with the universal ITS4 primer, a collection of Fomitiporia isolates from mature grapevine and other woody hosts from Greece and Italy (southern Europe) were characterized as F. mediterranea, whereas German and Swedish isolates from forest plants (central Europe) were classified as F. punctata. The developed primers can discriminate between the two Fomitiporia species, which are indistinguishable based on culture and morphological characteristics alone.

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Pacetti, Andrea, Samuele Moretti, Célia Perrin, Eric Gelhaye, Evi Bieler, Hanns-Heinz Kassemeyer, Laura Mugnai, Sibylle Farine, and Christophe Bertsch. "Grapevine Wood-Degrading Activity of Fomitiporia mediterranea M. Fisch.: A Focus on the Enzymatic Pathway Regulation." Frontiers in Microbiology 13 (March 18, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2022.844264.

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Fomitiporia mediterranea is a Basidiomycetes fungus associated with some of the Esca complex diseases and responsible for decay in grapevine wood. Its role in the onset of foliar symptoms has recently been reconsidered, mainly after evidence showing a reduction in foliar symptom expression after removal of rotten wood. The study of its degradation pathways has already been approached by other authors, and with this study much information is consolidated. A microscopic observation of degraded wood provides a first approach to the characterization of F. mediterranea modalities of wood cellular structure degradation. The decay of grapevine wood was reproduced in vitro, and the measurement of each wood-forming polymer loss highlighted characteristics of F. mediterranea common to selective white rot and showed how fungal strain and vine variety are factors determining the wood degradation. All these observations were supported by the analysis of the laccase and manganese peroxidase enzyme activity, as well as by the expression of the genes coding 6 putative laccase isoforms and 3 manganese peroxidase isoforms, thereby highlighting substantial intraspecific variability.

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Schilling, Marion, Alessandra Maia-Grondard, Raymonde Baltenweck, Emilie Robert, Philippe Hugueney, Christophe Bertsch, Sibylle Farine, and Eric Gelhaye. "Wood degradation by Fomitiporia mediterranea M. Fischer: Physiologic, metabolomic and proteomic approaches." Frontiers in Plant Science 13 (September 26, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.988709.

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Fomitiporia mediterranea (Fmed) is one of the main fungal species found in grapevine wood rot, also called “amadou,” one of the most typical symptoms of grapevine trunk disease Esca. This fungus is functionally classified as a white-rot, able to degrade all wood structure polymers, i.e., hemicelluloses, cellulose, and the most recalcitrant component, lignin. Specific enzymes are secreted by the fungus to degrade those components, namely carbohydrate active enzymes for hemicelluloses and cellulose, which can be highly specific for given polysaccharide, and peroxidases, which enable white-rot to degrade lignin, with specificities relating to lignin composition as well. Furthermore, besides polymers, a highly diverse set of metabolites often associated with antifungal activities is found in wood, this set differing among the various wood species. Wood decayers possess the ability to detoxify these specific extractives and this ability could reflect the adaptation of these fungi to their specific environment. The aim of this study is to better understand the molecular mechanisms used by Fmed to degrade wood structure, and in particular its potential adaptation to grapevine wood. To do so, Fmed was cultivated on sawdust from different origins: grapevine, beech, and spruce. Carbon mineralization rate, mass loss, wood structure polymers contents, targeted metabolites (extractives) and secreted proteins were measured. We used the well-known white-rot model Trametes versicolor for comparison. Whereas no significant degradation was observed with spruce, a higher mass loss was measured on Fmed grapevine culture compared to beech culture. Moreover, on both substrates, a simultaneous degradation pattern was demonstrated, and proteomic analysis identified a relative overproduction of oxidoreductases involved in lignin and extractive degradation on grapevine cultures, and only few differences in carbohydrate active enzymes. These results could explain at least partially the adaptation of Fmed to grapevine wood structural composition compared to other wood species, and suggest that other biotic and abiotic factors should be considered to fully understand the potential adaptation of Fmed to its ecological niche. Proteomics data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD036889.

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DI MARCO, Stefano, Fabio OSTI, and Laura MUGNAI. "First studies on the potential of a copper formulation for the control of leaf stripe disease within esca complex in grapevine." Phytopathologia Mediterranea, December 18, 2011, 300–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/phyto-5458.

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An experimental formulation based on copper oxychloride and gluconates, which is able to penetrate vine foliar tissue, was tested for wood treatment against some of the fungi involved in the diseases included in the esca disease complex. In vitro trials were carried out to: i) test the effect of the formulationon the mycelial growth rate of Phaeomoniella chlamydospora (Pch), Phaeoacremonium aleophilum (Pal) and Fomitiporia mediterranea (Fmed), and on the conidial germination of Pch and Pal; and ii) conduct a preliminaryinvestigation of the presence of the copper formulation on the ability of Pal to produce toxic metabolites. Trials were also conducted on potted vines to i) measure copper penetration into the trunk of potted vines using atomic absorption spectrophotometry; and ii) test the effect of the copper formulation on colonization ofthe fungus in trunks. Finally, the copper formulation was field-tested in vineyards showing leaf stripe. The implications of the tests in the control of the esca disease complex are discussed.

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Dula, T. "Propagation material borne fungus pathogens causing early stock decay in vineyards." International Journal of Horticultural Science 17, no. 3 (June 25, 2011). http://dx.doi.org/10.31421/ijhs/17/3/957.

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A decline, a slow or sudden decay of vine trunks can occur in any phase of trunk life. In senescent or old plantages the increase in trunk decay is quite common but it is unacceptable in young plantage in their best production years.All over the world as well as in Hungary, a drastic decay of young trunks in nurseries and new plantages have caused panic in the past decades. From among the numerous fungal pathogens which are responsible for considerable financial and yield losses and threaten stock vigour Petri disease, esca and Black foot are the most important. In young decaying plants the fungal species Phaeomoniella chlamydospora, Phaeoacremonium spp. and Cylindrocarpon spp. were the most frequent while other fungi causing different trunk diseases, cancer or decay, like Eutypa lata, Botryosphaeria spp. and Fomitiporia mediterranea were also found. The most important infection source is the infected propagation material. Infection is systematic, the disease process is latent, diseased plants cannot be cured, thus, prevention is the only answer to the challenge.

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Haidar, Rana, Amira Yacoub, Jessica Vallance, Stéphane Compant, Livio Antonielli, Ahmad Saad, Birgit Habenstein, et al. "Bacteria associated with wood tissues of Esca‐diseased grapevines: functional diversity and synergy with Fomitiporia mediterranea to degrade wood components." Environmental Microbiology, July 31, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1462-2920.15676.

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Vaghari Souran, Seyedeh Elham, Azam Shekariesfahlan, Fatemeh Ashrafi, Shahram Naeimi, and Abolghasem Ghasemi. "Isolation and identification of grapevine endophytic bacteria with antagonistic potential against Fomitiporia mediterranea, a pathogen involved in grapevine trunk disease." Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection, August 4, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41348-023-00788-8.

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Agnestisia, Retno, Tomohiro Suzuki, Akiko Ono, Luna Nakamura, Ikumi Nezu, Yuki Tanaka, Haruna Aiso, Futoshi Ishiguri, and Shinso Yokota. "Lignin-degrading enzymes from a pathogenic canker-rot fungus Inonotus obliquus strain IO-B2." AMB Express 13, no. 1 (June 11, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13568-023-01566-3.

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AbstractInonotus obliquus is a pathogenic fungus found in living trees and has been widely used as a traditional medicine for cancer therapy. Although lignocellulose-degrading enzymes are involved in the early stages of host infection, the parasitic life cycle of this fungus has not been fully understood. In this study, we aimed to investigate the activities of laccase (Lac), manganese peroxidase (MnP), and lignin peroxidase (LiP) from I. obliquus cultivated in Kirk’s medium. The fungus was subjected to genome sequencing, and genes related to wood degradation were identified. The draft genome sequence of this fungus comprised 21,203 predicted protein-coding genes, of which 134 were estimated to be related to wood degradation. Among these, 47 genes associated with lignin degradation were found to have the highest number of mnp genes. Furthermore, we cloned the cDNA encoding a putative MnP, referred to as IoMnP1, and characterized its molecular structure. The results show that IoMnP1 has catalytic properties analogous to MnP. Phylogenetic analysis also confirmed that IoMnP1 was closely related to the MnPs from Pyrrhoderma noxium, Fomitiporia mediterranea, and Sanghuangporus baumii, which belong to the same family of Hymenochaetaceae. From the above results, we suggest that IoMnP1 is a member of MnPs.

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Duan, Yingce, Haiyan Han, Jianzhao Qi, Jin-ming Gao, Zhichao Xu, Pengchao Wang, Jie Zhang, and Chengwei Liu. "Genome sequencing of Inonotus obliquus reveals insights into candidate genes involved in secondary metabolite biosynthesis." BMC Genomics 23, no. 1 (April 20, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12864-022-08511-x.

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Abstract Background Inonotus obliquus is an important edible and medicinal mushroom that was shown to have many pharmacological activities in preclinical trials, including anti-inflammatory, antitumor, immunomodulatory, and antioxidant effects. However, the biosynthesis of these pharmacological components has rarely been reported. The lack of genomic information has hindered further molecular characterization of this mushroom. Results In this study, we report the genome of I. obliquus using a combined high-throughput Illumina NovaSeq with Oxford Nanopore PromethION sequencing platform. The de novo assembled 38.18 Mb I. obliquus genome was determined to harbor 12,525 predicted protein-coding genes, with 81.83% of them having detectable sequence similarities to others available in public databases. Phylogenetic analysis revealed the close evolutionary relationship of I. obliquus with Fomitiporia mediterranea and Sanghuangporus baumii in the Hymenochaetales clade. According to the distribution of reproduction-related genes, we predict that this mushroom possesses a tetrapolar heterothallic reproductive system. The I. obliquus genome was found to encode a repertoire of enzymes involved in carbohydrate metabolism, along with 135 cytochrome P450 proteins. The genome annotation revealed genes encoding key enzymes responsible for secondary metabolite biosynthesis, such as polysaccharides, polyketides, and terpenoids. Among them, we found four polyketide synthases and 20 sesquiterpenoid synthases belonging to four more types of cyclization mechanism, as well as 13 putative biosynthesis gene clusters involved in terpenoid synthesis in I. obliquus. Conclusions To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported genome of I. obliquus; we discussed its genome characteristics and functional annotations in detail and predicted secondary metabolic biosynthesis-related genes, which provides genomic information for future studies on its associated molecular mechanism.

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Marek, David, Daniel Eberl, Khaled Otba, Ruth Walter, Andreas Kortekamp, Wilfried Schwab, and Ludwig Niessen. "Detection of Esca‐Associated Fungi in Grapevine Trunks Using Loop‐mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP) Assays." Annals of Applied Biology, October 30, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/aab.12878.

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AbstractEsca is a grapevine trunk disease (GTD) that is caused by filamentous fungi. It is responsible for considerable economic losses in viniculture on a global scale. Despite many unknown factors contributing to the development of symptoms in affected plants, Phaeoacremonium minimum (PMI), Phaeomoniella chlamydospora (PCH), and Fomitiporia mediterranea (FMED) are generally considered as the main causative fungal species. Early detection and specific identification of these pathogens therefore play an important role in disease control and evaluation of suitable countermeasures. In this study, loop‐mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assays were developed for each of the three pathogens. A genome‐based approach was applied for detection and selection of unique target DNA sequences. The designed primer sets showed overall good specificities, with some observed cross‐reactions towards closely related Phaeoacremonium species for the PMI primer set. The developed assays had detection limits of 100 pg (FMED, PMI) and 1 pg (PCH) per reaction (corresponding to 1,460 (FMED); 1,950 (PMI); 342 (PCH) genome copies per reaction). The application of the assays to field samples was demonstrated by testing individual infected grapevine trunks from two European viticultural regions using crude DNA obtained in a rapid sample preparation step. LAMP assay results matched those of PCR following a conventional DNA extraction protocol. The study showed that LAMP‐based rapid molecular detection of major Esca agents can serve as a useful tool for further research and surveillance of a highly devastating grapevine disease.The application of computer‐based whole genome comparison between target and non‐target species for the identification of unique target sequences as the basis for LAMP (or PCR) primer design was demonstrated to be a useful approach in species for which scarce sequence information is available. Moreover, the developed method for rapid DNA preparation from grapevine trunks may potentially be adapted to the DNA‐based detection also of other fungal species that cause grapevine trunk diseases.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Fomitiporia mediterranea'

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