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Dunn, Caroline, and Gail Kauwell. "Women's Nutrition: Folate/Folic Acid." EDIS 2015, no. 3 (May 6, 2015): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/edis-fs265-2015.
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To decrease a baby’s chances of having certain types of births defects, mothers need to have already been consuming enough of the vitamin called folate, or folic acid, before they become pregnant. This article provides information about the folate/folic acid needs of women who are capable of becoming pregnant, including its role in preventing birth defects, sources, and strategies for meeting the recommended intake. This 4-page fact sheet was written by Caroline Dunn and Gail Kauwell, and published by the UF Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, February 2015. (Photo Credit: Mike Watson Images/moodboard/Thinkstock.com) FSHN15-03/FS265: Women's Nutrition: Folate/Folic Acid (ufl.edu)
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Ratajczak, Alicja Ewa, Aleksandra Szymczak-Tomczak, Anna Maria Rychter, Agnieszka Zawada, Agnieszka Dobrowolska, and Iwona Krela-Kaźmierczak. "Does Folic Acid Protect Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease from Complications?" Nutrients 13, no. 11 (November 12, 2021): 4036. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13114036.
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Folic acid, referred to as vitamin B9, is a water-soluble substance, which participates in the synthesis of nucleic acids, amino acids, and proteins. Similarly to B12 and B6, vitamin B9 is involved in the metabolism of homocysteine, which is associated with the MTHFR gene. The human body is not able to synthesize folic acid; thus, it must be supplemented with diet. The most common consequence of folic acid deficiency is anemia; however, some studies have also demonstrated the correlation between low bone mineral density, hyperhomocysteinemia, and folic acid deficiency. Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) frequently suffer from malabsorption and avoid certain products, such as fresh fruits and vegetables, which constitute the main sources of vitamin B9. Additionally, the use of sulfasalazine by patients may result in folic acid deficiency. Therefore, IBD patients present a higher risk of folic acid deficiency and require particular supervision with regard to anemia and osteoporosis prevention, which are common consequences of IBD.
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Pellis, Linette, Yvonne Dommels, Dini Venema, Ab van Polanen, Esther Lips, Hakan Baykus, Frans Kok, Ellen Kampman, and Jaap Keijer. "High folic acid increases cell turnover and lowers differentiation and iron content in human HT29 colon cancer cells." British Journal of Nutrition 99, no. 4 (September 10, 2007): 703–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114507824147.
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Folate, a water-soluble B vitamin, is a cofactor in one-carbon metabolism and is essential for DNA synthesis, amino acid interconversion, methylation and, consequently, normal cell growth. In animals with existing pre-neoplastic and neoplastic lesions, folic acid supplementation increases the tumour burden. To identify processes that are affected by increased folic acid levels, we compared HT29 human colon cancer cells exposed to a chronic supplemental (100 ng/ml) level of folic acid to cells exposed to a normal (10 ng/ml) level of folic acid, in the presence of vitamin B12and other micronutrients involved in the folate–methionine cycle. In addition to higher intracellular folate levels, HT29 cells at 100 ng folic acid/ml displayed faster growth and higher metabolic activity. cDNA microarray analysis indicated an effect on cell turnover and Fe metabolism. We fully confirmed these effects at the physiological level. At 100 ng/ml, cell assays showed higher proliferation and apoptosis, while gene expression analysis and a lower E-cadherin protein expression indicated decreased differentiation. These results are in agreement with the promoting effect of folic acid supplementation on established colorectal neoplasms. The lower expression of genes related to Fe metabolism at 100 ng folic acid/ml was confirmed by lower intracellular Fe levels in the cells exposed to folic acid at 100 ng/ml. This suggests an effect of folate on Fe metabolism.
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Wright, Anthony J. A., Maria J. King, Caroline A. Wolfe, Hilary J. Powers, and Paul M. Finglas. "Comparison of (6S)-5-methyltetrahydrofolic acidv.folic acid as the reference folate in longer-term human dietary intervention studies assessing the relative bioavailability of natural food folates: comparative changes in folate status following a 16-week placebo-controlled study in healthy adults." British Journal of Nutrition 103, no. 5 (October 26, 2009): 724–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114509992339.
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Folic acid (pteroylmonoglutamic acid) has historically been used as the reference folate in human intervention studies assessing the relative bioavailability of dietary folate. Recent studies using labelled folates indicated different plasma response kinetics to folic acid than to natural (food) folates, thus obviously precluding its use in single-dose experiments. Since differences in tissue distribution and site of biotransformation were hypothesised, the question is whether folic acid remains suitable as a reference folate for longer-term intervention studies, where the relative bioavailability of natural (food) folate is assessed based on changes in folate status. Healthy adults aged 18–65 years (n163) completed a 16-week placebo-controlled intervention study in which the relative bioavailability of increased folate intake (453 nmol/d) from folate-rich foods was assessed by comparing changes in plasma and erythrocyte folate concentration with changes induced by an equal reference dose of supplemental (6S)-5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid or folic acid. The relative increase in plasma folate concentration in the food group was 31 % when compared with that induced by folic acid, but 39 % when compared with (6S)-5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid. The relative increase in erythrocyte folate concentration in the food group when compared with that induced by folic acid was 43 %, and 40 % when compared with (6S)-5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid. When recent published observations were additionally taken into account it was concluded that, in principle, folic acid should not be used as the reference folate when attempting to estimate relative natural (food) folate bioavailability in longer-term human intervention studies. Using (6S)-5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid as the reference folate would avoid future results' validity being questioned.
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Nevins, Julie, Maureen Spill, Sharon M. Donovan, Kathryn Dewey, Rachel Novotny, Jamie Stang, Elsie Taveras, et al. "Folic Acid From Supplements or Fortified Foods Consumed During Pregnancy and/or Lactation and Health Outcomes in Mothers and Their Children: A NESR Systematic Review." Current Developments in Nutrition 5, Supplement_2 (June 2021): 795. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzab046_092.
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Abstract Objectives To inform the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2020–2025, USDA and HHS identified the following important public health question for the 2020 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee to answer with support from USDA's Nutrition Evidence Systematic Review (NESR) team: What is the relationship between folic acid from supplements and/or fortified foods consumed before and during pregnancy and lactation and health outcomes? Methods The Committee developed protocols to describe how they would use NESR's systematic review methodology to examine the evidence. NESR conducted a literature search and dual-screened the results using pre-defined inclusion and exclusion criteria for articles published between 1980 and 2019. NESR extracted data and assessed risk of bias of included studies. The Committee synthesized the evidence, developed conclusion statements, and graded the strength of the evidence underlying the conclusion statements. Results This systematic review included 30 articles, most of which were well-designed RCTs. Observational studies had risk of bias concerns. The study populations did not fully represent the diversity of the U.S. population. Conclusions Strong evidence indicates that folic acid supplements consumed before and/or during pregnancy are positively associated with folate status. Moderate evidence indicates that folic acid supplements consumed during lactation are positively associated with folate status. Limited evidence suggests that folic acid supplements consumed during early pregnancy may have a beneficial effect on reducing the risk of hypertensive disorders during pregnancy among women at high-risk versus no supplementation. Moderate evidence indicates that higher versus lower levels of folic acid supplements consumed during pregnancy does not affect the risk of hypertensive disorders during pregnancy among women at low-risk. Moderate evidence indicates that folic acid supplements consumed during lactation does not influence folate levels in human milk. Insufficient or no evidence was available to examine folic acid and gestational diabetes or child developmental, or folic acid from fortified foods and any outcome. Funding Sources USDA, Food and Nutrition Service, Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion.
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Zadarko-Domaradzka, Maria, Ewa Kruszyńska, and Emilian Zadarko. "Effectiveness of Folic Acid Supplementation Recommendations among Polish Female Students from the Podkarpackie Region." Nutrients 13, no. 3 (March 19, 2021): 1001. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13031001.
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Adequate folic acid supplementation during the preconception period is an important element in the primary prevention of neural tube defects (NTDs). This study aims to study the effectiveness of folic acid supplementation recommendations among women of childbearing age, and to assess and characterise their awareness about this public health measure. The cross-sectional study included women (N = 1285) aged 22.27 ± 4.6 years old on average. Some of the results were obtained on a subgroup of women (N = 1127) aged 21.0 ± 2.1. This study was performed using a questionnaire. The analysis was performed with the use of a logistic regression model, chi-square test for independence and odds ratio (OR). According to the results, only 13.9% of women supplement folic acid, and 65.3% of them do so daily. A total of 91.1% of the respondents were not aware of its recommended dose and 43% did not know the role it plays in the human body. Among women who do not currently supplement folic acid (N = 1052), 52.4% declared doing so while planning their pregnancy. Women’s awareness about the role of folic acid in NTD prevention (OR = 4.58) and the information they got from physicians (OR = 1.68) are key factors that increased the odds of the women taking folic acid before pregnancy. There is therefore a need for more information and education campaigns to raise awareness about folic acid.
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Cui, Shanshan, Wen Li, Xin Lv, Pengyan Wang, Guowei Huang, and Yuxia Gao. "Folic acid attenuates homocysteine and enhances antioxidative capacity in atherosclerotic rats." Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 42, no. 10 (October 2017): 1015–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2017-0158.
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Atherosclerosis is a chronic disease that can seriously endanger human life. Folic acid supplementation modulates several disorders, including atherosclerosis, via its antiapoptotic and antioxidative properties. This study investigated whether folic acid alleviates atherogenesis by restoring homocysteine levels and antioxidative capacity in atherosclerosis Wistar rats. To this end, 28 Wistar rats were randomly divided into 4 groups (7 rats/group) as follows: (i) wild-type group, fed only the AIN-93 semi-purified rodent diet (folic acid: 2.1 mg/kg); (ii) high-fat + folic acid-deficient group (HF+DEF) (folic acid: 0.2 mg/kg); (iii) high-fat + normal folic acid group (folic acid: 2.1 mg/kg); and (iv) high-fat + folic acid-supplemented group (folic acid: 4.2 mg/kg). After 12 weeks, histopathological changes in the atherosclerotic lesions of the aortic arch were determined. In addition, serum folate levels, plasma homocysteine levels, plasma S-adenosyl-homocysteine levels, antioxidant status, oxidant status, and lipid profiles were evaluated. The results show aggravated atherosclerotic lesions in the HF+DEF group. Folic acid supplementation increased concentrations of serum folate. Further, folic acid supplementation increased high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, decreased plasma homocysteine levels, and improved antioxidant capacity in atherogenic rats. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that folic acid alleviates atherogenesis by reducing plasma homocysteine levels and improving antioxidant capacity in rats fed a high-fat diet.
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Roth-Maier and Böhmer. "Fortification of Eggs with Folic Acid as a Possible Contribution to Enhance the Folic Acid Status of Populations." International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research 77, no. 4 (July 1, 2007): 297–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/0300-9831.77.4.297.
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The aim of the present study was to evaluate the enrichment of folic acid in eggs by supplementing hens’ diet. Seventy-two hens (LSL) were assigned to 5 dietary groups and supplemented with 0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 4.0 mg folic acid/ kg feed during an 8-week period. Eggs for folic acid analysis were collected in weeks 4 and 8 and analyzed by microbiological method using L. casei. The performance of the hens was not influenced by the supplementation. The content of folic acid in eggs increased significantly from 3.1 μg/g DM to 5.5 μ g/g DM (week 4) and from 2.1 μ g/g DM to 4.2 μ g/g DM (week 8), respectively. One fortified egg can provide up to 76 μ g folic acid. Additionally the intestinal availability of folic acid in eggs was determined in pigs as an animal model for human nutrition. Six pigs were fitted with ileorectal-anastomosis and received boiled eggs combined with a supplementary diet according to nutrient requirement. The metabolic trial ran for 12 days with a pre-period of 7 days and a collection period of 5 days. Feed and chyme were analyzed for folic acid as mentioned above. The availability of folate in eggs was determined as 68%, which means that one fortified egg provides up to 52 μ g folate equivalent to 13% of the recommended daily intake.
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Krishnaswamy, Kamala, and K. Madhavan Nair. "Importance of folate in human nutrition." British Journal of Nutrition 85, S2 (May 2001): S115—S124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn2000303.
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From a public health perspective, some of the new insights into folic acid nutrition are of significance. Folate intake recommendations vary under different conditions. Intake of 350 μg is required to maintain plasma homocysteine levels, 650 μg for those with elevated plasma homocysteine, about 400 μg for women planning to become pregnant and 4000 μg for those with history of neural tube defect affected pregnancy. This raises the question whether the folate intake is adequate for the general population, particularly in the vulnerable groups or whether there is a need for scientists to take a fresh view of the requirements, recommended dietary intakes, and consider intervention measures which will have impact on the folate nutritional status. The recommendations should provide a margin of safety to allow for decreased intake, increased requirements, individual variability and bioavailability of natural food folates. The folate intake and nutriture in relation to India and other developing countries needs careful consideration to reduce anemia, neural tube defects and possibly impact on the high incidence of cardiovascular diseases.
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Duthie, Susan J. "Folic-acid-mediated inhibition of human colon-cancer cell growth." Nutrition 17, no. 9 (September 2001): 736–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0899-9007(01)00595-0.
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Kalmbach, Renee, Ligi Paul, and Jacob Selhub. "Determination of unmetabolized folic acid in human plasma using affinity HPLC." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 94, no. 1 (May 18, 2011): 343S—347S. http://dx.doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.111.013433.
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Witthöft, Cornelia M., Karin Arkbåge, Madelene Johansson, Eva Lundin, Gerd Berglund, Jie-Xian Zhang, Hans Lennernäs, and Jack R. Dainty. "Folate absorption from folate-fortified and processed foods using a human ileostomy model." British Journal of Nutrition 95, no. 1 (January 2006): 181–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn20051620.
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Data on folate absorption from food from validated human studies using physiological folate doses are still needed to estimate dietary requirements and to formulate recommendations. The aim of the present work was to study the effects from fortified and processed foods on folate absorption in ileostomy volunteers (n 9) using the area under the plasma concentration curve (AUC) and kinetic modelling. Using a standardized single-dose protocol, dairy products fortified with a candidate fortificant (6S)-5-methyltetrahydrofolate ((6S)-5-CH3-H4folate), folic acid-fortified bread and a dessert crème containing natural yeast folate polyglutamates were compared with folate supplements. Absorbed folate was estimated by AUC and a kinetic model, and non-absorbed folate by ileostomal folate excretion. Median apparent absorption from test foods ranged from 55 to 86%. Added folate-binding proteins (FBP) significantly reduced folate absorption from dairy products, as in the absence of FBP, AUC–dose-corrected ratios were increased and ileal folate excretion decreased. After in vivo gastrointestinal passage of dairy products containing FBP, up to 43% of the ingested FBP was found in ileostomal effluent. Folate absorption was similar for (6S)-5-CH3-H4folate fortificant from fermented milk and for folic acid from fortified bread. Folic acid, ingested as food fortificant in bread, was significantly less absorbed compared with an isolated supplement. We conclude that all tested foods were suitable matrices for folate fortification. However, dairy products, fortified with the new candidate fortificant (6S)-5-CH3-H4folate, are suitable if no active FBP is present.
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Patanwala, Imran, Maria J. King, David A. Barrett, John Rose, Ralph Jackson, Mark Hudson, Mark Philo, et al. "Folic acid handling by the human gut: implications for food fortification and supplementation." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 100, no. 2 (June 18, 2014): 593–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.113.080507.
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Alnabbat, Khadijah I., Ali M. Fardous, Aiman Shahab, Andrew A. James, Manhel R. Bahry, and Ahmad R. Heydari. "High Dietary Folic Acid Intake Is Associated with Genomic Instability in Peripheral Lymphocytes of Healthy Adults." Nutrients 14, no. 19 (September 23, 2022): 3944. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14193944.
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Mandatory fortification of food with synthetic folic acid (FA) was instituted in 1998 to reduce the incidence of neural tube defects. Adequate folate status is correlated with numerous health benefits. However, elevated consumption of FA is controversially associated with deleterious effects on health. We previously reported that excess FA mimicked folate depletion in a lymphoblastoid cell line. To explore the impact of FA intake from fortified food, we conducted an observational human study on 33 healthy participants aged 18–40 not taking any supplements. Food intake, anthropomorphic measurements, and blood samples were collected and analyzed. Our results show that individuals belonging to the highest tertile of folic acid intake, as well as ones with the highest folic acid to total folate intake ratio (FAR), display a significantly greater incidence of lymphocyte genomic damage. A decrease in global DNA methylation is observed in the highest tertile of FAR compared to the lowest (p = 0.055). A downward trend in the overall gene expression of select DNA repair and one carbon cycle genes (MGMT, MLH1, UNG, MTHFR, MTR) is noted with increased folate status and FA intake. These results provide supporting evidence that high consumption of FA from fortified foods can precipitate genomic instability in peripheral lymphocyte in vivo.
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Ma, Fei, Xuan Zhou, Qing Li, Jiangang Zhao, Aili Song, Peilin An, Yue Du, Weili Xu, and Guowei Huang. "Effects of Folic Acid and Vitamin B12, Alone and in Combination on Cognitive Function and Inflammatory Factors in the Elderly with Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Single-blind Experimental Design." Current Alzheimer Research 16, no. 7 (September 4, 2019): 622–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1567205016666190725144629.
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Background: Folate and vitamin B12 are well-known as essential nutrients that play key roles in the normal functions of the brain. Inflammatory processes play at least some role in the pathology of AD. Effective nutritional intervention approaches for improving cognitive deficits that reduce the peripheral inflammatory cytokine levels have garnered special attention. Objective: The present study aimed to determine whether supplementation with folic acid and vitamin B12, alone and in combination improves cognitive performance via reducing levels of peripheral inflammatory cytokines. Methods: 240 participants with MCI were randomly assigned in equal proportion to four treatment groups: folic acid alone, vitamin B12 alone, folic acid plus vitamin B12 or control without treatment daily for 6 months. Cognition was measured with WAIS-RC. The levels of inflammatory cytokines were measured using ELISA. Changes in cognitive function or blood biomarkers were analyzed by repeatedmeasure analysis of variance or mixed-effects models. This trial has been registered with trial number ChiCTR-ROC-16008305. Results: Compared with control group, the folic acid plus vitamin B12 group had significantly greater improvements in serum folate, homocysteine, vitamin B12 and IL-6, TNF-α, MCP-1. The folic acid plus vitamin B12 supplementation significantly changed the Full Scale IQ (effect size d = 0.169; P = 0.024), verbal IQ (effect size d = 0.146; P = 0.033), Information (d = 0.172; P = 0.019) and Digit Span (d = 0.187; P = 0.009) scores. Post hoc Turkey tests found that folic acid and vitamin B12 supplementation was significantly more effective than folic acid alone for all endpoints. Conclusions: The combination of oral folic acid plus vitamin B12 in MCI elderly for six months can significantly improve cognitive performance and reduce the levels of inflammatory cytokines in human peripheral blood. The combination of folic acid and vitamin B12 was significantly superior to either folic acid or vitamin B12 alone.
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Businaro, Rita. "Food supplements to complement brain functioning: the benefits of a combination of magnesium, folic acid, omega-3 fatty acids and vitamin E." F1000Research 11 (February 3, 2022): 140. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.75856.1.
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Diet and nutrition play a fundamental role not only in human body composition and in physiology, but have also relevant effects on mood, mental well-being and cognitive performance. In particular, the preservation of mental well-being through a healthy lifestyle, including a well-balanced diet and, in case, through the intake of specific food supplements, is of particular relevance in the perspective of global human ageing, as the brain is affected significantly by a persistent presence of stress factors. Due to the increasing burden of mental and neurological disorders and to the universality of food as a modifiable risk factor, even limited improvements in nutritional habits may translate to a considerable rise of well-being and mental health in the global population. Moreover, the use of targeted, well-balanced food supplements aiming to support the mental health and well-being will probably represent a relevant tool in future decades, together with an increased awareness of the importance of nutrition, also considering the COVID-19 pandemic and the related stressful events and limitations we are still experiencing at global level. The aim of this review is to summarize the experimental and clinical data reported in the literature concerning the beneficial effects of a subset of micro- and macronutrients contained both in food and in supplements, namely magnesium, folic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, and alpha-tocopherol, on a series of disorders, including stress, anxiety, low sleep quality, and low cognitive performance.
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Laursen, Anne Sofie, Elizabeth E. Hatch, Lauren A. Wise, Kenneth J. Rothman, Henrik T. Sørensen, and Ellen M. Mikkelsen. "Preconception Dietary Folate Intake and Risk of Spontaneous Abortion." Current Developments in Nutrition 5, Supplement_2 (June 2021): 771. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzab046_068.
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Abstract Objectives Previous studies suggest a beneficial effect of supplemental folic acid use and dietary folate intake on fertility, while results for fetal loss are conflicting. Most previous research on fetal loss focused on folic acid supplement use. We therefore, investigated the association between dietary folate intake and spontaneous abortion (SAB) in a Danish preconception cohort of couples trying to conceive. Methods We recruited couples who were trying to conceive and did not receive fertility treatment. Pregnancies were ascertained through bimonthly follow-up questionnaires completed up to 12 months after study entry. SABs were identified by self-report on the follow-up questionnaires and through the Danish National Patient Registry. Dietary folate intake at study entry was estimated using a validated food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Folate intake was adjusted for total energy intake using the residual method and categorized as < 250,250–399 and > = 400µg/day. We used Cox proportional hazards regression models with gestational weeks as time scale to compute hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for SAB, adjusting for age, partner's age, educational attainment, smoking status, anthropometry, physical activity, alcohol intake, folic acid supplement use, time-to-pregnancy, gravidity and parity. In sensitivity analyses, we stratified by folic acid supplement use, body mass index (BMI) and alcohol intake. Results Of the 2,957 women who became pregnant within 12 months of study entry and completed the FFQ, we identified 432 SABs. HRs for an SAB among women who consumed 250–399 and >= 400 µg/day of dietary folate compared with <250 µg/day were 0.83 (95% CI: 0.53; 1.29) and 0.87 (95% CI: 0.54; 1.39), respectively. Comparing intake > = 400 with <250 µg/day, the association was stronger when the analysis was restricted to folic acid supplement users, 0.74 (95% CI: 0.39; 1.40), to women with a BMI >= 25, 0.67 (95% CI: 0.31; 1.43), and to a reported alcohol intake >4 drinks/week, 0.66 (95% CI: 0.16; 2.66). Conclusions Our study may suggest that high dietary folate intake among folic acid supplement users is associated with a lower risk of SAB, although our estimates are imprecise. Funding Sources National Institute of Child Health and Human Development.
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Hogervorst, Eef, Shelina Kassam, Atik Kridawati, Mira Soni, Xu Xin, Xiao Shifu, and Tri Budi Rahardjo. "Nutrition research in cognitive impairment/dementia, with a focus on soya and folate." Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 76, no. 4 (November 2017): 437–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0029665117000404.
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Observational studies and treatment trials investigating nutrition and cognitive function, with a focus on folate and soya and dementia, were reviewed. Data suggested that effects of folic acid based interventions may only be shown before cognitive decline is evident and/or if people are folate deficient. In older people in Indonesia, Hawai'i and China, tofu, which can contain high levels of phytoestrogens, was found to increase dementia risk. This association was not mediated by a vegetarian diet, socioeconomic status, formaldehyde, thyroid function, or loss of teeth. On the other hand, human observational and animal treatment studies suggested that tempe, a fermented soya product containing phytoestrogens and folate, reduced dementia risk and improved memory. High oestrogen levels were found to increase dementia risk in older women. However, in women with adequate serum folate, high oestrogen levels did not confer additional dementia risk and may protect ageing neurons. In conclusion, reviews seem to suggest that folic acid interventions are only effective on cognitive outcomes in people who are folate deficient and do not have cognitive impairment. Frequent consumption of tofu may have detrimental effects on memory and increase dementia risk in older East Asian people, while tempe may reduce these risks. Possibly folate in tempe offsets the potential negative effects of oestrogenic compounds on ageing neurons.
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Baggott, Joseph E., Tsunenobu Tamura, and Herman Baker. "Re-evaluation of the metabolism of oral doses of racemic carbon-6 isomers of formyltetrahydrofolate in human subjects." British Journal of Nutrition 85, no. 6 (June 2001): 653–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn2001323.
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The racemic mixture, [6RS]-5-formyltetrahydrofolate, is widely used clinically. In human subjects, orally-administered pure unnatural C-6 isomers, [6R]-5-formyltetrahydrofolate and [6S]-5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate, were recently shown to be metabolized to the natural isomer, [6S]-5-methyltetrahydrofolate. We re-analysed the data from human studies published during the past four decades in which oral doses (≤10 mg) of racemic mixtures of these folates were used. We re-evaluated the data to determine whether these racemic mixtures are only 50 % bioactive or, as we now predict, more than 50 % bioactive. Our analyses indicate that, in human subjects, oral doses of the racemic mixture of the two formyltetrahydrofolates are 20–84 % more bioactive than would be predicted. These data are consistent with the following pathway: chemical conversion of these folates to 10-formyltetrahydrofolate; oxidation of 10-formyltetrahydrofolate to 10-formyldihydrofolate; subsequent enzymic conversion of 10-formyldihydrofolate to dihydrofolate by 5-amino-4-imidazolecarboxamide ribotide transformylase; and finally the well-established metabolism of dihydrofolate to [6S]-5-methyltetrahydrofolate. An additional review of the literature supports thein vivooxidation of 10-formyltetrahydrofolate occurring to a certain extent, as 10-formyl-folic acid is rapidly formed after the administration of folic acid (pteroylglutamic acid) or 5-formyltetrahydrofolate in human subjects. The dogma that an oral dose of the unnatural C-6 isomer of 5-formyltetrahydrofolate is not bioactive in human subjects does not withstand scrutiny, most probably due to the previously unrecognizedin vivooxidation of 10-formyltetrahydrofolate. This discovery unveils new folate metabolism in human subjects.
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Vincenzetti, Silvia, Stefania Pucciarelli, Giuseppe Santini, Yulia Klimanova, Valeria Polzonetti, and Paolo Polidori. "B-Vitamins Determination in Donkey Milk." Beverages 6, no. 3 (July 23, 2020): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/beverages6030046.
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Background: Donkey milk is used in infant nutrition for the treatment of children affected by cow’s milk protein allergy, thanks to its hypo-allergenicity, mainly due to its protein profile, which is very close to that of human milk. Furthermore, donkey milk is characterized by the presence of a fair amount of bioactive proteins, that may have a positive impact on human health. Despite the presence of numerous articles that describe the chemical composition and nutraceutical properties of donkey milk, few works have been performed to determine its vitamin profile; therefore, the purpose of this work is to give further information on the B-vitamins profile of donkey milk. Methods: B-vitamins have been determined through a reversed-phase liquid chromatography analysis. Results: The results indicated that donkey milk (DM) contains thiamine 0.661 ± 0.26 μM, riboflavin 0.168 ± 0.04 μM, nicotinic acid 18.75 ± 1.92 μM, pyridoxine 5.38 ± 3.3 5μM, and folic acid 0.83 ± 0.08 μM. Conclusions: Donkey milk contains a high quantity of nicotinic acid, known for its lipid-lowering effect, and a good amount of vitamin B6 and folic acid, the latter very important for children’s growth. To notice, vitamin B6 has been determined for the first time in donkey milk.
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Nguyen, My Tuyen Thi, Jieun Kim, Hyunjun Lee, Soyoon Won, Yongki Kim, Ji A. Jung, Dan Li, et al. "A Comparison of Vitamin and Lutein Concentrations in Breast Milk from Four Asian Countries." Nutrients 12, no. 6 (June 17, 2020): 1794. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12061794.
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Vitamins are the essential elements for human life and, particularly, for infant health. Human milk is the best source of nutrients for newborns, however, the information of vitamins in Asian maternal milk is still limited. In this study, we have collected 580 Asian maternal milk samples from Korea (n = 254), China (n = 137), Pakistan (n = 92), and Vietnam (n = 97). The vitamin concentrations, including vitamin B-groups (8 vitamins), fat-soluble vitamin (retinol, D, E, K) and lutein in the breast milk of were investigated. The concentration of thiamin (B1), biotin (B7), and folic acid (B9) in mother’s milk of four countries were not considerably different, while riboflavin (B2), pantothenic acid (B5), and pyridoxine (B6) level in Vietnam samples were significantly lower than those in other countries. In contrast, retinol (A) and tocopherol (E) were found to be higher levels in Vietnamese maternal milk. Korean and Chinese maternal milk had low concentrations of retinol that may cause vitamin A deficiency in children. However, Chinese mother’s milk was distinguished with a high concentration of lutein. Pakistani mother’s milk was observed as having a significant problem of folic acid (B9) deficiency. Regardless of the country, vitamin B12, K, and D did not seem to be provided sufficiently through maternal milk. The moderate positive correlations were found between vitamin concentrations in each country and the pooled sample. The data obtained in this study were able to provide vital information to assess the nutritional status of breast milk in Asian countries and contributed to the efforts of ensuring the best nutrition for Asian children.
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von der Porten, Arlene E., Jesse F. Gregory, John P. Toth, James J. Cerda, Stephen H. Curry, and Lynn B. Bailey. "In Vivo Folate Kinetics during Chronic Supplementation of Human Subjects with Deuterium-Labeled Folic Acid." Journal of Nutrition 122, no. 6 (June 1, 1992): 1293–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jn/122.6.1293.
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Burdge, Graham C., and Karen A. Lillycrop. "Folic acid supplementation in pregnancy: are there devils in the detail?" British Journal of Nutrition 108, no. 11 (October 9, 2012): 1924–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114512003765.
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Maternal folic acid (FA) supplementation is well recognised to protect against neural tube defects. Folate is a critical cofactor in one-carbon metabolism involved in the epigenetic regulation of transcription that underpins development. Thus, it is possible that maternal FA supplementation may have additional, unforeseen persistent effects in the offspring. This is supported by the modification by maternal supplementation with one-carbon donors and FA of the epigenetic regulation of offspring phenotype in mutant mice. The present article reviews studies in human subjects and experimental animals of the effect of maternal FA intake and phenotypic outcomes in the offspring. Maternal FA intake was associated with a short-term increased incidence of allergy-related respiratory impairment in children and multigenerational respiratory impairment in rats. Higher maternal folate status during pregnancy was associated positively with insulin resistance in 6-year-olds. In rats, maternal FA supplementation modified hepatic metabolism and vascular function through altered transcription, in some cases underpinned by epigenetic changes. FA supplementation in pregnant rats increased mammary tumorigenesis, but decreased colorectal cancer in the offspring. Maternal FA supplementation decreased a range of congenital cardiac defects in children. These findings support the view that maternal FA supplementation induces persistent changes in a number of phenotypic outcomes in the offspring. However, the number of studies is limited and insufficient to indicate a need to change current recommendations for FA intake in pregnancy. Nevertheless, such effects should be investigated thoroughly in order to support firm conclusions about the risk of unanticipated long-term negative effects of maternal FA supplementation in humans.
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Maunder, Peter, Paul M. Finglas, Anthony I. Mallet, Fred A. Mellon, M. Aaqib Razzaque, Brian Ridge, Liisa Vahteristo, and Cornelia Witthöft. "The synthesis of folic acid, multiply labelled with stable isotopes, for bio-availability studies in human nutrition." Journal of the Chemical Society, Perkin Transactions 1, no. 10 (1999): 1311–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/a900944b.
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McNulty, Helene, and Kristina Pentieva. "Folate bioavailability." Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 63, no. 4 (November 2004): 529–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/pns2004383.
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The achievement of optimal folate status to prevent neural-tube defects, and possibly other diseases, is hindered by the well-recognised incomplete bioavailability of the natural folates found in foods compared with the synthetic vitamin, folic acid. Folate bioavailability from different foods is considered to be dependent on a number of factors, including the food matrix, the intestinal deconjugation of polyglutamyl folates, the instability of certain labile folates during digestion and the presence of certain dietary constituents that may enhance folate stability during digestion. There is conflicting evidence as to whether the extent of conjugation of polyglutamyl folate (in the absence of specific inhibitors of deconjugation in certain foods) is a limiting factor in folate bioavailability. Estimates of the extent of lower bioavailability of food folates compared with folic acid (relative bioavailability) show great variation, ranging anywhere between 10 and 98%, depending on the methodological approach used. The lack of accurate data on folate bioavailability from natural food sources is of particular concern in those countries in which there is no mandatory folic acid fortification, and therefore a greater reliance on natural food folates as a means to optimise status. Apart from the incomplete bioavailability of food folates, the poor stability of folates in foods (particularly green vegetables) under typical conditions of cooking can substantially reduce the amount of vitamin ingested and thereby be an additional factor limiting the ability of food folates to enhance folate status. A recent workshop convened by the Food Standards Agency concluded that gaining a better understanding of folate bioavailability in representative human diets is a high priority for future research.
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Babakobi, Michal Dayagi, Leah Reshef, Shalev Gihaz, Bogdan Belgorodsky, Ayelet Fishman, Yoram Bujanover, and Uri Gophna. "Effect of Maternal Diet and Milk Lipid Composition on the Infant Gut and Maternal Milk Microbiomes." Nutrients 12, no. 9 (August 21, 2020): 2539. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12092539.
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Inter-subject variability in human milk microbiome is well known; however, its origins and possible relationship to the mother’s diet are still debated. We investigated associations between maternal nutrition, milk fatty acids composition and microbiomes in mother–infant dyads. Breast milk and infant fecal samples were collected across three time points (one week, one month and three months postpartum) from 22 mother–infant pairs. Food frequency questionnaires for the months of pregnancy and three months postpartum were collected. Milk fatty acids were analyzed by GC–MS and the microbiome in breast milk and infant feces was determined by 16S rRNA sequencing. Statistical interactions were computed using Spearman’s method and corrected for multiple comparisons. We found significant negative correlation between Streptococcus relative abundance in maternal milk and intake of unsaturated fatty acids and folic acid at one month postpartum. At three months postpartum, vitamin B-12 consumption was significantly associated with a single operational taxonomic unit belonging to Streptococcus. Comparison between milk microbiome and lipid composition showed, one-month postpartum, significant negative correlation between Streptococcus relative abundance and the abundance of oleic acid. Additional correlations were detected between Staphylococcus hominis and two medium-chain saturated fatty acids. Our results reinforce the hypothesis that maternal nutrition may affect milk microbiome.
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Lester, Gene. "Melon (Cucumis melo L.) Fruit Nutritional Quality and Health Functionality." HortTechnology 7, no. 3 (July 1997): 222–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.7.3.222.
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This article examines the nutritional quality and human health benefits of melons, specifically, muskmelon or cantaloupe (Cucumis melo L. var. reticulatus Naud.) and honeydew melon (Cucumis melo L. var. inodorus Naud.) types. Melons are naturally low in fat and sodium, have no cholesterol, and provide many essential nutrients such as potassium, in addition to being a rich source of beta-carotene and vitamin C. Although melons are an excellent source of some nutrients, they are low in others, like vitamin E, folic acid, iron, and calcium. Since the U.S. diet is already high in fat and protein content, melons should be included in everyone's diet, along with five to eight servings per day of a variety of other fruit and vegetables, to ensure adequate nutrition, promote individual health, and reduce one's risk of cancer and certain other chronic diseases.
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Dimofski, Pauline, David Meyre, Natacha Dreumont, and Brigitte Leininger-Muller. "Consequences of Paternal Nutrition on Offspring Health and Disease." Nutrients 13, no. 8 (August 17, 2021): 2818. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13082818.
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It is well established that the maternal diet during the periconceptional period affects the progeny’s health. A growing body of evidence suggests that the paternal diet also influences disease onset in offspring. For many years, sperm was considered only to contribute half of the progeny’s genome. It now appears that it also plays a crucial role in health and disease in offspring’s adult life. The nutritional status and environmental exposure of fathers during their childhood and/or the periconceptional period have significant transgenerational consequences. This review aims to describe the effects of various human and rodent paternal feeding patterns on progeny’s metabolism and health, including fasting or intermittent fasting, low-protein and folic acid deficient food, and overnutrition in high-fat and high-sugar diets. The impact on pregnancy outcome, metabolic pathways, and chronic disease onset will be described. The biological and epigenetic mechanisms underlying the transmission from fathers to their progeny will be discussed. All these data provide evidence of the impact of paternal nutrition on progeny health which could lead to preventive diet recommendations for future fathers.
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Keating, J. N., L. Wada, E. L. Stokstad, and J. C. King. "Folic acid: effect on zinc absorption in humans and in the rat." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 46, no. 5 (November 1, 1987): 835–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/46.5.835.
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Ginting, Rehulina, and Yesica Elisabeth Tarigan. "Growth and Development Factors of Infants and Maternal Conditions During Pregnancy for the Eruption of the First Deciduous Teeth (Literature Review)." Dentika: Dental Journal 25, no. 1 (May 13, 2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/dentika.v25i1.6581.
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Tooth eruption is a condition in which the cusp or incisal of the tooth emerges through the gingiva, but not exceeding 3mm above this level after the corona is formed. The first human tooth that erupts is the mandibular primary central incisor, which is the reference for the eruption of others, including the primary and permanent teeth, that support the growth of the jaw, face, mastication, swallowing, speech, and aesthetics. Furthermore, tooth eruption is influenced by the growth and development of the fetus during pregnancy. Maternal conditions during pregnancy such as age, level of education, physical condition, and nutritional intake affect fetal nutrition which indicates the level of growth and development in the form of head circumference, birth weight, and height that affect the eruption time of the mandibular deciduous central incisor. During pregnancy, the maternal preparation to be considered is the age which might range from 20-35 years, adequate nutritional intake of carbohydrates, folic acid, protein, vitamin C, vitamin D, and minerals, prevention of physical fatigue, intelligence in choosing nutrition, and abstaining from alcohol and caffeine consumption. This study aims to provide information/education on the preparation of pregnant women for the eruption of the mandibular primary central incisor which is part of the infant's growth and development.
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Lin, Hui-Li, Chung-Jern Chen, Wen-Chan Tsai, Jeng-Hsien Yen, and Hong-Wen Liu. "In vitrofolate deficiency induces apoptosis by a p53, Fas (Apo-1, CD95) independent, bcl-2 related mechanism in phytohaemagglutinin-stimulated human peripheral blood lymphocytes." British Journal of Nutrition 95, no. 5 (May 2006): 870–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn20051579.
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Invitrofolate deficiency is associated with S phase accumulation and apoptosis in various cell types. To investigate the role of p53 and two apoptosis-related molecules, bcl-2 and Fas antigen (Apo-1, CD95), in the mechanism whereby folate-deficient lymphocytes accumulate and undergo apoptosis in the S phase, normal human peripheral blood lymphocytes were cultured for 3–9 d in control medium or in specially ordered and formulated HAM’ F-10 medium lacking folic acid, thymidine and hypoxanthine. Cells were stimulated with phytohaemagglutinin for the final 72 h prior to harvesting. The results indicate that p53 expression was downregulated in folate-deficient lymphocytes when compared with the control lymphocytes during the relevant period of S phase accumulation and apoptosis. In addition, folate deficiency was also found to downregulate IL-2, Fas antigen and bcl-2 expression, in terms of either mRNA or protein levels. The downregulation of Fas antigen suggests that folate deficiency-induced apoptosis probably does not occur via the Fas pathway. As IL-2 is a known inducer of bcl-2, and the downregulation of bcl-2 induces apoptosis, the downregulation of IL-2 and bcl-2 is suggested to play an important role in apoptosis. The complete rescue of folate-deficient lymphocytes from apoptosis was achieved by folic acid, thymidine or hypoxanthine alone or thymidine and hypoxanthine in combination. These results suggest that IL-2 depletion by folate deficiency in lymphocytes reduces the bcl-2 level, thereby triggering deoxynucleoside triphosphate pool imbalance and p53-independent apoptosis.
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Maunder, Peter, Paul M. Finglas, Anthony I. Mallet, Fred A. Mellon, M. Aaqib Razzaque, Brian Ridge, Liisa Vahteristo, and Cornelia Witthoeft. "ChemInform Abstract: The Synthesis of Folic Acid, Multiply Labelled with Stable Isotopes, for Bio-Availability Studies in Human Nutrition." ChemInform 30, no. 35 (June 13, 2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199935230.
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Keating, Elisa, Clara Lemos, Pedro Gonçalves, and Fátima Martel. "Acute and chronic effects of some dietary bioactive compounds on folic acid uptake and on the expression of folic acid transporters by the human trophoblast cell line BeWo." Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry 19, no. 2 (February 2008): 91–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jnutbio.2007.01.007.
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de Jong, R. J., M. Verwei, C. E. West, T. van Vliet, E. Siebelink, H. van den Berg, and J. J. M. Castenmiller. "Bioavailability of folic acid from fortified pasteurised and UHT-treated milk in humans." European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 59, no. 8 (June 1, 2005): 906–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602159.
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Kimura, Michiyo, Keizo Umegaki, Mitsuru Higuchi, Philip Thomas, and Michael Fenech. "Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase C677T Polymorphism, Folic Acid and Riboflavin Are Important Determinants of Genome Stability in Cultured Human Lymphocytes." Journal of Nutrition 134, no. 1 (January 1, 2004): 48–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jn/134.1.48.
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Ali, Mennatallah A., Hala A. Hafez, Maher A. Kamel, Heba I. Ghamry, Mustafa Shukry, and Mohamed A. Farag. "Dietary Vitamin B Complex: Orchestration in Human Nutrition throughout Life with Sex Differences." Nutrients 14, no. 19 (September 22, 2022): 3940. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14193940.
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The importance of B complex vitamins starts early in the human life cycle and continues across its different stages. At the same time, numerous reports have emphasized the critical role of adequate B complex intake. Most studies examined such issues concerning a specific vitamin B or life stage, with the majority reporting the effect of either excess or deficiency. Deep insight into the orchestration of the eight different B vitamins requirements is reviewed across the human life cycle, beginning from fertility and pregnancy and reaching adulthood and senility, emphasizing interactions among them and underlying action mechanisms. The effect of sex is also reviewed for each vitamin at each life stage to highlight the different daily requirements and/or outcomes. Thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, pyridoxine, and folic acid are crucial for maternal and fetal health. During infancy and childhood, B vitamins are integrated with physical and psychological development that have a pivotal impact on one’s overall health in adolescence and adulthood. A higher intake of B vitamins in the elderly is also associated with preventing some aging problems, especially those related to inflammation. All supplementation should be carefully monitored to avoid toxicity and hypervitaminosis. More research should be invested in studying each vitamin individually concerning nutritional disparities in each life stage, with extensive attention paid to cultural differences and lifestyles.
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Uauy, Ricardo, Camila Corvalan, and Alan D. Dangour. "Rank Prize Lecture Global nutrition challenges for optimal health and well-being." Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 68, no. 1 (November 17, 2008): 34–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002966510800880x.
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Optimal health and well-being are now considered the true measures of human development. Integrated strategies for infant, child and adult nutrition are required that take a life-course perspective to achieve life-long health. The major nutrition challenges faced today include: (a) addressing the pending burden of undernutrition (low birth weight, severe wasting, stunting and Zn, retinol, Fe, iodine and folic acid deficits) affecting those individuals living in conditions of poverty and deprivation; (b) preventing nutrition-related chronic diseases (obesity, diabetes, CVD, some forms of cancer and osteoporosis) that, except in sub-Saharan Africa, are the main causes of death and disability globally. This challenge requires a life-course perspective as effective prevention starts before conception and continues at each stage of life. While death is unavoidable, premature death and disability can be postponed by providing the right amount and quality of food and by maintaining an active life; (c) delaying or avoiding, via appropriate nutrition and physical activity interventions, the functional declines associated with advancing age. To help tackle these challenges, it is proposed that the term ‘malnutrition in all its forms’, which encompasses the full spectrum of nutritional disorders, should be used to engender a broader understanding of global nutrition problems. This term may prove particularly helpful when interacting with policy makers and the public. Finally, a greater effort by the UN agencies and private and public development partners is called for to strengthen local, regional and international capacity to support the much needed change in policy and programme activities focusing on all forms of malnutrition with a unified agenda.
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Melse-Boonstra, Alida, Petra Verhoef, Clive E. West, Johannes A. van Rhijn, Richard B. van Breemen, Johan JP Lasaroms, Spiros D. Garbis, Martijn B. Katan, and Frans J. Kok. "A dual-isotope-labeling method of studying the bioavailability of hexaglutamyl folic acid relative to that of monoglutamyl folic acid in humans by using multiple orally administered low doses." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 84, no. 5 (November 1, 2006): 1128–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/84.5.1128.
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Schiepers, Olga J. G., Martin P. J. van Boxtel, Renate H. M. de Groot, Jelle Jolles, Frans J. Kok, Petra Verhoef, and Jane Durga. "DNA methylation and cognitive functioning in healthy older adults." British Journal of Nutrition 107, no. 5 (July 27, 2011): 744–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114511003576.
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Long-term supplementation with folic acid may improve cognitive performance in older individuals. The relationship between folate status and cognitive performance might be mediated by changes in methylation capacity, as methylation reactions are important for normal functioning of the brain. Although aberrant DNA methylation has been implicated in neurodevelopmental disorders, the relationship between DNA methylation status and non-pathological cognitive functioning in human subjects has not yet been investigated. The present study investigated the associations between global DNA methylation and key domains of cognitive functioning in healthy older adults. Global DNA methylation, defined as the percentage of methylated cytosine to total cytosine, was measured in leucocytes by liquid chromatography–MS/MS, in 215 men and women, aged 50–70 years, who participated in the Folic Acid and Carotid Intima-Media Thickness (FACIT) study (clinical trial registration number NCT00110604). Cognitive performance was assessed by means of the Visual Verbal Word Learning Task, the Stroop Colour-Word Interference Test, the Concept Shifting Test, the Letter–Digit Substitution Test and the Verbal Fluency Test. Using hierarchical linear regression analyses adjusted for age, sex, level of education, alcohol consumption, smoking status, physical activity, erythrocyte folate concentration and 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase 677 C → T genotype, we found that global DNA methylation was not related to cognitive performance on any of the domains measured. The present study results do not support the hypothesis that global DNA methylation, as measured in leucocytes, might be associated with cognitive functioning in healthy older individuals.
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de Bree, Angelika, Linda A. van Mierlo, and Richard Draijer. "Folic acid improves vascular reactivity in humans: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 86, no. 3 (September 1, 2007): 610–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/86.3.610.
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Doszhanova, Gulnur N., and A. A. Abduldayeva. "HYGIENIC ASSESSMENT OF NUTRITION STATUS OF THE POPULATION OF THE GERONTOLOGICAL GROUP." Hygiene and sanitation 96, no. 11 (March 27, 2019): 1084–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/0016-9900-2017-96-11-1084-1087.
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Among many environmental factors nutrition is paramount, permanently and exclusively affecting in multidisciplinary mode on the biological and social essence of the human body. Therefore, this article describes the results of the actual supply of people aged of 60-89 years taking into account their eating habits associated with age-related changes in the gastrointestinal tract and metabolism. The study involved 611 respondents aged of 60-89 years, including men (23.9%) and women - 76.1%, living in Astana, the average age accounts of 73 ± 0.41years. The actual food was studied by frequency and a 24-hour simulation, recommended by the WHO for epidemiological studies. In assessing the adequacy of the supply of the reference values there were taken norms of physiological requirements in energy and nutrients for the population of gerontological groups of the Republic of Kazakhstan, as well as the norms of consumption of micronutrients on a scale of FAO / WHO. The study of the actual nutrition of the category of persons of Astana showed the diet of elderly people to be consisted of foods containing mostly protein and animal fats and digestible carbohydrates, while two latters were characterized by an excess of saturated fatty acids, the lack of polyunsaturated fatty acids, a high level of simple consumption carbohydrates from refined foods such as sugar, refined cereals, flour and poly- micronutrient failure of the nutrition on vitamins (deficiency of vitamin D, a, B1, E, C, biotin, folic and pantothenic acid) and minerals (calcium deficiency, potassium).
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Hampel, Daniela, Setareh Shahab-Ferdows, Kerry Schulze, and Lindsay Allen. "Comprehensive Analysis of B-vitamins in Human Milk." Current Developments in Nutrition 6, Supplement_1 (June 2022): 766. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzac063.008.
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Abstract Objectives B-vitamins are metabolic co-factors and an inadequate supply to the exclusively breast-fed infant can affect healthy growth and development. We developed a UPLC-MS/MS method for analyzing thiamin (T), thiamin-monophosphate, riboflavin, flavin adenine dinucleotide, flavin mononucleotide, nicotinamide, nicotinic acid, nicotinamide mononucleotide, nicotinamide dinucleotide, nicotinamide riboside, nudifloramide, pantothenic acid, pyridoxal, pyridoxal 5-phosphate, pyridoxamine, pyridoxine, 4-pyridoxic acid, biotin, 5-methyl-tetrahydrofuran (5MeTHF), and tryptophan in human milk. Methods Optimized results were obtained using a Phenomenex NX-C18 column, 250 × 3 mm, 3 µm, and a gradient of an aqueous solution of 10 mM ammonium formate + 0.05% ammonium hydroxide (A) and acetonitrile (B) from 99% to 5% A in a 12 min run (SCIEX ExionLC-AD -QTRAP6500+). Defatted and deproteinized milk (100 µL) was used and quantified by area ratio responses (external to internal standards). 50 milk samples from community-dwelling rural Bangladeshi mothers at 3.2 ± 0.2 months postpartum were analyzed and results were compared to the Adequate Intakes (AI) for infants 0–6 months. Results Analyte recoveries in pooled human milk ranged from 65–130% across vitamins with an overall process efficiency from 81–92% (T: 190%). Additional analytes were detectable but not yet quantifiable: nicotinamide dinucleotidephosphate, pyridoxamine 5-phosphate, 4-deoxypyridoxine, folic acid, and thiamin-diphosphate. 5MeTHF was detectable but given the sample preparation, only as a small concentration. Milk from Bangladeshi mothers had a large range of vitamin concentrations within and between analytes, including for samples meeting the AI. One sample (2%) reached the AI for vitamin B1, none for B2; 14% for niacin, 98% for pantothenic acid, 72% for B6, and 34% for biotin. Conclusions This method enables a comprehensive evaluation of milk B-vitamin concentrations to assess status and effects of maternal interventions on milk B-vitamins. Future application will be expanded to other matrices with further validation of the analytes currently only ascertainable qualitatively. Funding Sources Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (OPP1148405), USDA/ARS Intramural Project (5306-51,530-019-00).
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Vincenzetti, Silvia, Giuseppe Santini, Valeria Polzonetti, Stefania Pucciarelli, Yulia Klimanova, and Paolo Polidori. "Vitamins in Human and Donkey Milk: Functional and Nutritional Role." Nutrients 13, no. 5 (April 29, 2021): 1509. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13051509.
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Background: Whole milk is a good source of all the nutrients, and it also contains a sufficient number of vitamins to permit regular the growth of the neonate. Dairy cow milk can create allergy in infants less than 12 months old because of the high caseins and β-lactoglobulin content. In these circumstances, donkey milk can represent a good replacement for dairy cows’ milk in children affected by Cow Milk Protein Allergy (CMPA) because of its close chemical composition with human milk, mainly due to its low protein and low mineral content. Milk vitamin content is highly variable among mammalian species and it is strictly correlated with the vitamin status and the diet administered to the mother. Fat-soluble vitamins content in donkey milk is, on average, lower compared to ruminants’ milk, while vitamin C content determined in donkey milk is higher compared to dairy cows’ milk, showing a great similarity with human milk. In donkey milk, the content of vitamins of the B-complex such as thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, pyridoxine, and folic acid is higher compared to human milk. The use of donkey milk as a new functional food must be further evaluated in interdisciplinary clinical trials in which pediatricians, dietitians, and food scientists must be involved to deepen the knowledge about the positive health impact of donkey milk in different sensitive people, especially children and the elderly.
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Williamson, Jessica M., Anya L. Arthurs, Melanie D. Smith, Claire T. Roberts, and Tanja Jankovic-Karasoulos. "High Folate, Perturbed One-Carbon Metabolism and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus." Nutrients 14, no. 19 (September 22, 2022): 3930. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14193930.
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Folate is a dietary micronutrient essential to one-carbon metabolism. The World Health Organisation recommends folic acid (FA) supplementation pre-conception and in early pregnancy to reduce the risk of fetal neural tube defects (NTDs). Subsequently, many countries (~92) have mandatory FA fortification policies, as well as recommendations for periconceptional FA supplementation. Mandatory fortification initiatives have been largely successful in reducing the incidence of NTDs. However, humans have limited capacity to incorporate FA into the one-carbon metabolic pathway, resulting in the increasingly ubiquitous presence of circulating unmetabolised folic acid (uFA). Excess FA intake has emerged as a risk factor in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Several other one-carbon metabolism components (vitamin B12, homocysteine and choline-derived betaine) are also closely entwined with GDM risk, suggesting a role for one-carbon metabolism in GDM pathogenesis. There is growing evidence from in vitro and animal studies suggesting a role for excess FA in dysregulation of one-carbon metabolism. Specifically, high levels of FA reduce methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) activity, dysregulate the balance of thymidylate synthase (TS) and methionine synthase (MTR) activity, and elevate homocysteine. High homocysteine is associated with increased oxidative stress and trophoblast apoptosis and reduced human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) secretion and pancreatic β-cell function. While the relationship between high FA, perturbed one-carbon metabolism and GDM pathogenesis is not yet fully understood, here we summarise the current state of knowledge. Given rising rates of GDM, now estimated to be 14% globally, and widespread FA food fortification, further research is urgently needed to elucidate the mechanisms which underpin GDM pathogenesis.
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Rosenquist, Thomas H., and Richard H. Finnell. "Genes, folate and homocysteine in embryonic development." Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 60, no. 1 (February 2001): 53–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0029665101000088.
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Population-based studies of human pregnancies show that periconceptional folate supplementation has a significant protective effect for embryos during early development, resulting in a significant reduction in developmental defects of the face, the neural tube, and the cono-truncal region of the heart. These results have been supported by experiments with animal models. An obvious quality held in common by these three anatomical regions is that the normal development of each region depends on a set of multi-potent cells that originate in the mid-dorsal region of the neural epithelium. However, the reason for the sensitive dependence of these particular cells on folic acid for normal development has not been obvious, and there is no consensus about the biological basis of the dramatic rescue with periconceptional folate supplementation. There are two principal hypotheses for the impact of folate insufficiency on development; each of these hypotheses has a micronutrient component and a genetic component. In the first hypothesis the effect of low folate is direct, limiting the availability of folic acid to cells within the embryo itself; thus compromising normal function and limiting proliferation. The second hypothetical effect is indirect: low folate disrupts methionine metabolism; homocysteine increases in the maternal serum; homocysteine induces abnormal development by inhibiting the function of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors in the neural epithelium. There are three general families of genes whose level of expression may need to be considered in the context of these two related hypotheses: folate-receptor genes; genes that regulate methionine– homocysteine metabolism; NMDA-receptor genes.
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Rees, William D. "Manipulating the sulfur amino acid content of the early diet and its implications for long-term health." Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 61, no. 1 (February 2002): 71–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/pns2001137.
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Epidemiological studies of human populations show that poor growthin uteropredisposes an individual to the later development of type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus and hypertension in adulthood. This phenomenon is not confined to man; feeding pregnant rats diets moderately deficient in protein has a similar effect, programming the adult blood pressure and glucose metabolism of the offspring. A restriction in the amino acid supply was thought to cause poor fetal growth. However, recent experiments have shown that this is not the case and instead have implicated the metabolism of the S-containing amino acids. Many semi-synthetic experimental diets contain an imbalance in S-containing amino acids, forcing the animal to synthesise a sizeable part of its cysteine requirement from methionine. Unfortunately, when the diet is low in protein, the oxidation of amino acids is reduced, perturbing methionine metabolism and increasing levels of homocysteine. It is this interaction between protein content and composition of the diet which influences neonatal viability and may also determine the long-term health of the offspring. An excess of homocysteine is known to affect levels of two of the main mediators of cellular methylation reactions, S-adenosyl methionine and methylene tetrahydrofolate. S-adenosyl methionine is the methyl donor for the methylation of newly-synthesised DNA, regulating chromatin assembly and gene expression. The balance between S-adenosyl methionine and the methylated derivatives of folic acid may be critical for the development of differentiating cells and the long-term regulation of gene expression.
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Skinner, Margot A., Jacelyn M. S. Loh, Denise C. Hunter, and Jingli Zhang. "Gold kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis ‘Hort16A’) for immune support." Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 70, no. 2 (February 24, 2011): 276–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0029665111000048.
Full textAbstract:
Kiwifruit is a good source of several vitamins and minerals and dietary fibre, and contains a number of phytochemicals; so kiwifruit potentially provides health benefits beyond basic nutrition. Consumption of green kiwifruit can have positive effects on cardiovascular health through antioxidant activity, inhibition of platelet aggregation and lowered TAG levels, and gut health through improving laxation, aiding digestion and promoting a healthy gut microflora. The importance of nutrition on immune function is well recognised, with deficiencies in vitamins A, C, E, B6 and B12, folic acid, Zn, Cu, Fe and Se being associated with impaired immune function and increased susceptibility to diseases. Evidence is growing that kiwifruit enhances immunity, with several small murine studies showing enhancement of innate and adaptive immune function. Few studies have examined the effect of kiwifruit on immune function in human subjects, but a recent study has revealed that kiwifruit up-regulates several ‘immune’ and ‘DNA and repair’-related gene sets, and down-regulates one gene set related to Ig secretion. Taken together, the evidence from the literature provides supporting data for designing a human intervention trial to validate the ability of kiwifruit to support immune function in healthy and immunocompromised populations.
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Sijko, Monika, and Lucyna Kozłowska. "Influence of Dietary Compounds on Arsenic Metabolism and Toxicity. Part II—Human Studies." Toxics 9, no. 10 (October 11, 2021): 259. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics9100259.
Full textAbstract:
Exposure to various forms of arsenic (As), the source of which may be environmental as well as occupational exposure, is associated with many adverse health effects. Therefore, methods to reduce the adverse effects of As on the human body are being sought. Research in this area focuses, among other topics, on the dietary compounds that are involved in the metabolism of this element. Therefore, the aim of this review was to analyze the influence of methionine, betaine, choline, folic acid, vitamin B2, B6, B12 and zinc on the efficiency of inorganic As (iAs) metabolism and the reduction in the severity of the whole spectrum of disorders related to As exposure. In this review, which included 62 original papers (human studies) we present the current knowledge in the area. In human studies, these compounds (methionine, choline, folic acid, vitamin B2, B6, B12 and zinc) may increase iAs metabolism and reduce toxicity, whereas their deficiency may impair iAs metabolism and increase As toxicity. Taking into account the results of studies conducted in populations exposed to As, it is reasonable to carry out prophylactic activities. In particular nutritional education seems to be important and should be focused on informing people that an adequate intake of those dietary compounds potentially has a modulating effect on iAs metabolism, thus, reducing its adverse effects on the body.
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Et.al, Juli Yanto. "Development of Chicken Nutritional Quality Classification Methods and Algorithms Eggs Based on Characteristics of Yellow Eggs." Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education (TURCOMAT) 12, no. 3 (April 10, 2021): 1453–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/turcomat.v12i3.943.
Full textAbstract:
In order to sustain human life, food is a very necessary material, since the human body requires nutrition to be used in everyday activities. In this case, eggs are among the nutritional intake, a protein that is commonly consumed by the community, particularly native chicken eggs that are available quite a lot. The nutritional quality does have beneficial advantages for the human body in all areas of the egg. In eggs, 10.8 percent of the protein content the body requires is in egg whites and 16.3 percent in egg yolks. The consistency of the egg is defined by the yolk color strength. The principal characteristic of egg quality is the yolk color. There are three basic forms of widely discovered shades of egg yolk. Pale yellow, plain yellow and orange yellow. Vitamin A, vitamin B2, folic acid, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12, iron, calcium, phosphorus, potassium, and cholesterol are rich in vitamins and minerals in egg yolks. Using the object image of 30 egg yolks, the preprocessing process with the background image is then uniform in size and then grouped by color-dependent characteristics so that the nutritional quality can be identified and the attribute extract is grouped using matlab based on sample testing at the Broad Research and Implementation of Biotechnology BPPT Testing Laboratory The convolutional process of neural networks. Development of characteristic digital image-driven extraction of chicken egg yolk and implementation of nutritional quality grouping of eggs based on characteristic colour extraction of egg yolk. In yellow colour, chicken offers 94% similarity.
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Xiang, Baoyu, Liping Zhao, and Menghui Zhang. "Metagenome-Scale Metabolic Network Suggests Folate Produced by Bifidobacterium longum Might Contribute to High-Fiber-Diet-Induced Weight Loss in a Prader–Willi Syndrome Child." Microorganisms 9, no. 12 (December 1, 2021): 2493. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9122493.
Full textAbstract:
Gut-microbiota-targeted nutrition intervention has achieved success in the management of obesity, but its underlying mechanism still needs extended exploration. An obese Prader–Willi syndrome boy lost 25.8 kg after receiving a high-fiber dietary intervention for 105 days. The fecal microbiome sequencing data taken from the boy on intervention days 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, and 105, along with clinical indexes, were used to construct a metagenome-scale metabolic network. Firstly, the abundances of the microbial strains were obtained by mapping the sequencing reads onto the assembly of gut organisms through use of reconstruction and analysis (AGORA) genomes. The nutritional components of the diet were obtained through the Virtual Metabolic Human database. Then, a community model was simulated using the Microbiome Modeling Toolbox. Finally, the significant Spearman correlations among the metabolites and the clinical indexes were screened and the strains that were producing these metabolites were identified. The high-fiber diet reduced the overall amount of metabolite secretions, but the secretions of folic acid derivatives by Bifidobacterium longum strains were increased and were significantly relevant to the observed weight loss. Reduced metabolites might also have directly contributed to the weight loss or indirectly contribute by enhancing leptin and decreasing adiponectin. Metagenome-scale metabolic network technology provides a cost-efficient solution for screening the functional microbial strains and metabolic pathways that are responding to nutrition therapy.