Journal articles on the topic 'Foliar fertiliser'
To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Foliar fertiliser.
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'Foliar fertiliser.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Jolanta, Kowalska, and Drożdżyński Darius. "Effects of potassium fertilisation on late potato blight and yield – short communication." Plant Protection Science 54, No. 2 (February 10, 2018): 87–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/79/2017-pps.
Full textAbstract:
Potato yields and infestation by P. infestans are related to the supply of potassium. Potassium was applied as soil fertilisation combined with split foliar applications or only as split foliar treatments at a maximum dose of 150 kg/ha K<sub>2</sub>O in both strategies, Lord and Ditta cultivars were used. Additionally, water spraying was included as an alternative treatment in order to maintain uniform moisture in the rows of plants. Plants fertilised with foliar spraying only were more infested than plants fertilised with combined methods. The fertiliser increased the protection impact of copper treatments against P. infestans. This may suggest a possible synergistic effect in reducing the symptoms of the disease, however not always statistically significant in both cultivars. Plants sprayed with water but without soil application of fertiliser showed a statistically significantly higher infestation rate, both in Lord and Ditta cultivars, compared to plants with soil application of fertiliser but without watering.
2
Świerczyński, Sławomir, and Maciej Bosiacki. "The Effect of Foliar Spray Treatments with Various Biostimulants and Fertilisers on the Growth of M.9 Rootstock Stoolings." Agronomy 12, no. 3 (March 12, 2022): 689. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12030689.
Full textAbstract:
An experiment was conducted to compare the effect of applying half a dose of a mineral fertiliser combined with a foliar treatment with four biostimulants and two fertilisers in relation to a full dose of a mineral fertiliser. The M.9 rootstock stoolings were sprayed four times during their growth. Each year of the experiment, the height, the diameter, the fresh weight of leaves and the leaf surface area of all stoolings were measured. The efficiency of rootstocks from one mother plant was assessed. Some parameters of physiological processes as well as the content of micro- and macronutrients in the leaves were also assessed. The research results showed that the reduced dose of the mineral fertiliser with foliar treatment did not significantly decrease the growth parameters of the M.9 rootstock stoolings. Some foliar treatments, especially Bioamino Plant and Bispeed, resulted in higher fresh weight and larger leaf area of the stoolings. The treatment with the Bioamino Plant biostimulant and two foliar fertilisers resulted in parameters of the physiological processes of stoolings that were the same as or better than those in the control plants. After the foliar application of two fertilisers, the content of macronutrients in the leaves of the stoolings was usually the same as in the control. The treatment with the biostimulants resulted in a lower content of most macronutrients in the plants (N, K and Ca). The only exception was the higher magnesium content than in the control after the treatment with all biostimulants and the same phosphorus content after the treatment with most of the biostimulants. The Aminoplant and Bispeed biostimulants increased the accumulation of iron in the leaves, whereas the Basfoliar 6-12-6 fertiliser resulted in higher zinc and copper content than in the control plants.
3
McBeath, Therese M., Evelina Facelli, Courtney A. E. Peirce, Viran Kathri Arachchige, and Michael J. McLaughlin. "Assessment of foliar-applied phosphorus fertiliser formulations to enhance phosphorus nutrition and grain production in wheat." Crop and Pasture Science 71, no. 9 (2020): 795. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp20241.
Full textAbstract:
The ability to utilise foliar-applied phosphorus (P) as a strategy to increase the P status and yield of grain crops grown in dryland regions with variable climates is attractive. Several P formulations with varying pH, accompanying cations and adjuvants were tested for their effectiveness as foliar fertilisers for wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants, first under controlled and then under field conditions. Experiments under controlled conditions suggested that several formulations with specific chemistries offered promise with respect to wheat fertiliser-P recovery and biomass responses. These formulations were then evaluated in two field experiments, and although wheat grown at the sites showed substantive responses to soil-applied P, there was no significant grain-yield response to foliar-applied P. Following the limited responses to foliar-applied fertiliser in the field, we used an isotopic dilution technique to test the hypothesis that the variation in responses of wheat to foliar addition of P could be explained by a mechanism of substitution, whereby root P uptake is downregulated when P is taken up through the leaves, but this was proven not to be the case. We conclude that foliar P application cannot be used as a tactical fertiliser application to boost grain yield of wheat in dryland regions.
4
El-Mogy, Mohamed M., Azza M. Salama, Hanaa F. Y. Mohamed, Karima F. Abdelgawad, and Emad A. Abdeldaym. "Responding of Long Green Pepper Plants to Different Sources of Foliar Potassium Fertiliser." Agriculture (Pol'nohospodárstvo) 65, no. 2 (July 1, 2019): 59–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/agri-2019-0007.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The aim of this study was to explore the efficiency of foliar potassium fertiliser relative to morphological, physiological and biochemical properties of hybrid long pepper (Capsicum annuum). Pepper plants were grown in a greenhouse and supplied with three sources of foliar potassium fertilisers, i.e., potassium-humate (1 g/L = 1,250 g/ha), potassium sulfate (1 g/L = 1,250 g/ha), and potassium chloride (1 g/L = 1,250 g/ha). Water served as control. The impacts of these treatments on the phytosynthetic parameters (photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, intercellular CO2, leaf carotenoids) and chlorophyll a and b, metabolic compounds and nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium were measured. The phytosynthetic parameters significantly improved by different foliar potassium application and the highest level of photosynthetic activity was noted in plants supplied with potassium sulfate, followed by potassium-humate and potassium chloride. Plant biomass accumulation, cholorophyll (a and b), and total yield showed larger increases in plants fertilised with potassium sulfate than those fertilised with potassium-humate; smallest increases occurred with potassium chloride. Concentrations of total sugars, carotenoids, chlorophyll (a and b), and endogenous level of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium contents in plants and fruits were possitively influenced by varying sources of potassium. The fruit color parameters and total soluble solid were also significantly increased with all foliar potassium treatments compared with control. Foliar application of potassium sulfate recorded the highest values and significantly increase all anatomical characters for leaf, stem and fruit of pepper plant.
5
Dykyi, Olexander, Volodymyr Lykhochvor, and Taras Bahay. "Influence of Mineral Fertiliser and Foliar Dressing Rates on Buckwheat Yield." Scientific Horizons 25, no. 2 (June 29, 2022): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.48077/scihor.25(2).2022.47-54.
Full textAbstract:
A significant problem in the cultivation of buckwheat is its low yield, therefore, it is relevant to improve the elements of the technology for growing this crop. The purpose of the study was to establish optimal norms and terms for applying mineral fertilisers and foliar dressing with chelated microfertilisers in the forest-steppe conditions of Western Ukraine, in a zone of sufficient moisture to obtain stable and high yields of buckwheat grain. For this purpose, a two-factor experiment was conducted on the experimental fields of the Lviv National Agrarian University on dark grey podzolized light loamy soil, which included fertiliser rates: N20P20K20, P20K20+N20 (foliar dressing), N40P40K40, P40K40+N40 (foliar dressing), N60P60K60, P60K60+N60 (foliar dressing) and foliar dressing: control (without foliar dressing), Vuksal Boron 2.0 l/ha, Intermag Legumes 2.0 l/ha. Research methods: field studies – to determine the interaction of the object of research with weather factors and elements of the fertiliser system; calculation and weight – setting parameters of crop structure indicators and determining buckwheat yield; methods of mathematical statistics – dispersion, correlation, regressive and graphical display of findings. An increase in fertiliser rates from N20P20K20 to N60P60K60 provided an increase in all indicators of the buckwheat crop structure. Without foliar dressing, they reached the following values: the number of first-order branches – 1.56 pcs./plant, the number of inflorescences and flowers – 10.68 and 1,011 pcs, respectively, the number of full-size and undeveloped grains (pcs./plant) – 41.23 and 11.37, the weight of full-size grains – 1.15 g and the weight of 1,000 grains – 28.00 g. The introduction of nitrogen fertilisers in foliar dressing (at the beginning of flowering) has significant advantages over the introduction of nitrogen for pre-sowing cultivation. One of the proofs of this assumption is the increase in the number of grains, their weight, and the weight of 1,000 grains, respectively, from 35.43 pcs., 0.97 g, and 27.37 g (variant with N40P40K40) up to 37.27 pcs., 1.03 g, 27.80 g (variant with P40K40+N40). This trend is typical for all experiment designs. A positive effect of foliar dressing with microfertilisers on the elements of the crop structure was observed. The use of Vuksal Boron 2 l/ha was more effective. The maximum weight of full-size grains was in the variant P60K60+N60 (foliar dressing) + Vuksal Boron 2 l/ha – 1.21 g, while the use of Intermag Legumes 2 l/ha on a similar background of mineral fertilisers provided this indicator at the level of 1.17 g. Studies have established the positive effect of nitrogen application by foliar dressing during the beginning of flowering on the yield level, and buckwheat yield also increased with an increase in the rate of mineral fertiliser application from N20P20K20 to N60P60K60 and under the influence of foliar dressing with microfertilisers. The maximum yield indicator on average for three years of research is obtained in variant P60K60+N60 (foliar dressing) + Vuksal Boron 2.0 l/ha – 2.64 t/ha
6
Jesulana, Oluwasegun Samuel, Victor Idowu Olowe, Olusegun Raphael Adeyemi, and Christopher Olu Adejuyigbe. "Agronomic response of soybeans (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) to organic soil and foliar fertilisation in a forest savanna transitory location." Agricultura Tropica et Subtropica 54, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 97–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ats-2021-0010.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Organic soybean is presently less than 0.1% of total world production partly because of inappropriate fertiliser regime on degraded tropical soils. Therefore, two field trials were carried out during the late cropping seasons (June – November) of 2017 and 2018 to evaluate the agronomic performance of three soybean varieties: TGx 1448-2E, TGx 1835-10E and TGx 1989-9F as affected by foliar organic fertilisers: Arati Baja, Arati Nawoz, DI Grow, and soil applied organic fertiliser (Aleshinloye Grade B), and the control. The experimental design was Randomised Complete Block Design in a 3 × 5 factorial arrangement with three replications. Data were collected on yield attributes and seed yield of soybeans. Significant varietal difference (P < 0.05) in both years was recorded for number and weight of pods and seeds per plant, 100 seed weight, harvest index, and grain yield, except number of seeds per plant in 2018. Fertiliser × Variety interaction effect significantly (P < 0.05) affected above-ground plant weight and pod weight per plant in both years. On average, application of organic fertilisers resulted in grain yield (1.30–2.28 t/ha) comparable with Nigeria’s (0.97 t/ha) and Africa’s (1.37 t/ha) but lower than the world’s (2.85 t/ha) average values. The three foliar fertilisers and soil applied organic fertiliser enhanced seed yield of soybeans and are therefore recommended for soybean cultivation in the tropics.
7
Kolenčík, Marek, Dávid Ernst, Martin Urík, Ľuba Ďurišová, Marek Bujdoš, Martin Šebesta, Edmud Dobročka, et al. "Foliar Application of Low Concentrations of Titanium Dioxide and Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles to the Common Sunflower under Field Conditions." Nanomaterials 10, no. 8 (August 18, 2020): 1619. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10081619.
Full textAbstract:
Nano-fertilisers have only recently been introduced to intensify plant production, and there still remains inadequate scientific knowledge on their plant-related effects. This paper therefore compares the effects of two nano-fertilisers on common sunflower production under field conditions. The benefits arising from the foliar application of micronutrient-based zinc oxide fertiliser were compared with those from the titanium dioxide plant-growth enhancer. Both the zinc oxide (ZnO) and titanium dioxide (TiO2) were delivered by foliar application in nano-size at a concentration of 2.6 mg·L−1. The foliar-applied nanoparticles (NPs) had good crystallinity and a mean size distribution under 30 nm. There were significant differences between these two experimental treatments in the leaf surfaces’ trichomes diversity, ratio, width, and length at the flower-bud development stage. Somewhat surprisingly, our results established that the ZnO-NPs treatment induced generally better sunflower physiological responses, while the TiO2-NPs primarily affected quantitative and nutritional parameters such as oil content and changed sunflower physiology to early maturation. There were no differences detected in titanium or zinc translocation or accumulation in the fully ripe sunflower seeds compared to the experimental controls, and our positive results therefore encourage further nano-fertiliser research.
8
Wigley, K., J. L. Owens, J. A. K. Trethewey, D. C. Ekanayake, R. L. Roten, and A. Werner. "Optical sensors for variable rate nitrogen application in dairy pastures." Journal of New Zealand Grasslands 79 (January 1, 2017): 223–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/jnzg.2017.79.533.
Full textAbstract:
Reducing the amount of nitrogen (N) fertiliser applied to dairy pastures down to agronomically optimised levels would have positive economic and environmental results. The ability of commercially available optical sensors to estimate biomass yield and foliar-N uptake in pastures was investigated. Vegetative indices (Simple Ratio, SR; Water Index, WI; and Normalised Difference Vegetation Index, NDVI) from two active optical reflectance sensors (N-Sensor, Yara; and Greenseeker, Trimble) were compared with manually measured biomass and N-uptake in above-ground foliage. There were three measurements over time, from pastures that had received different N fertiliser applications rates (0, 10, 20, 40 and 80 kg N/ha). It was found that the sensors were able to detect differences in biomass and foliar N-uptake following defoliation of grazed pastures. The tested optical sensors have the potential to inform a real-time variable rate fertiliser application system. Keywords: pasture, nitrogen, optical sensors
9
Janmohammadi, Mohsen. "Evaluation Of The Impact Of Chemical And Biological Fertiliser Application On Agronomical Traits Of Safflower (Carthamus Tinctorius L.) / Íîmiskâ Un Bioloìiskâ Mçslojuma Pielietojuma Ietekme Uz Saflora (Carthamus Tinctorius L.) Agronomiskâm Pazîmçm." Proceedings of the Latvian Academy of Sciences. Section B. Natural, Exact, and Applied Sciences. 69, no. 6 (December 1, 2015): 331–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/prolas-2015-0049.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract In order to investigate the influence of biological and chemical fertilisers on morphological traits, yield and yield components of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.), a field experiment was conducted in Maragheh (37°23' N; 46°16' E), in north western Iran, for one year in the 2014 growing season. The effect of seven treatments was evaluated: T1 - control (no fertiliser application), T2 - seed inoculation with P biofertiliser (contains phosphate solubilising bacteria; Pantoea agglomerans strain P5 and Pseudomonas putida strain P13), T3 - seed inoculation with N biofertiliser (contains Azotobacter vinelandii strain O4), T4 - foliar application of iron chelate, T5 - soil application of complete NPK, T6: foliar application of manganese chelate, and T7 - foliar application of zinc sulphate. The result showed that although application of N biofertiliser did not have a significant effect on the evaluated traits, P biofertiliser slightly improved grain yield. However, the application of complete NPK fertiliser improved most of the traits, compared to the control and biofertiliser treatment. The best performance was obtained by foliar application of manganese chelate and zinc sulphate. The results showed that micronutrient-deficiencies have to be managed to unlock the potential yield of safflower in semiarid production systems.
10
Świerczyński, Sławomir, and Agnieszka Antonowicz. "The Effects of Reduced Mineral Fertilisation Combined with the Foliar Application of Biostimulants and Fertilisers on the Nutrition of Maiden Apple Trees and the Contents of Soil Nutrients." Agronomy 11, no. 12 (November 29, 2021): 2438. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11122438.
Full textAbstract:
The experiment compared the use of a dose of mineral fertilisation reduced by half in a nursery, which was replaced by foliar treatment with biostimulants and fertilisers. The control combination was a full dose of mineral fertilisation without foliar treatments. The half dose of mineral fertiliser applied into the soil decreased its acidity and salinity. At the same time, it decreased the soil content of macro- and micronutrients, except for calcium and iron. In most cases the simultaneous foliar application of the four biostimulants tested in our experiment reduced the content of macronutrients in the leaves of maiden apple trees, except for calcium. On the other hand, it increased the iron (28.2% average) and manganese (24.8% average) levels in the leaves but reduced the levels of zinc (11.8% average) and copper (25% average). The foliar application of two fertilisers increased the leaf contents of phosphorus (12% average) and calcium (9.3% average). One of the fertilisers also increased the leaf contents of potassium, magnesium, and micronutrients.
11
Jaskulski, Dariusz, Iwona Jaskulska, Joanna Majewska, Maja Radziemska, Ayla Bilgin, and Martin Brtnicky. "Silver Nanoparticles (AgNPs) in Urea Solution in Laboratory Tests and Field Experiments with Crops and Vegetables." Materials 15, no. 3 (January 24, 2022): 870. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15030870.
Full textAbstract:
Nanotechnology and nanomaterials, including silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), are increasingly important in modern science, economics, and agriculture. Their biological activity involves influencing plant health, physiological processes, growth, and yields, although they can also be toxic in the environment. A new fertiliser was made based on a urea solution with a relatively low content of AgNPs obtained by the reduction of silver nitrate V. Laboratory tests were used to assess the effect of a fertiliser solution containing 10 ppm AgNPs on the germination of agricultural plant seeds (barley, peas, oilseed rape) and vegetables (radish, cucumber, lettuce) and its foliar application on chlorophyll content, stomatal conductance, and seedling biomass. Field experiments were conducted to assess the effect that a foliar application of 15 ppm AgNPs in working liquid had on physiological plant parameters and yields of rape and cucumber. The AgNPs in the tested fertiliser reduced infestation of the germinating seeds by pathogens and positively affected the physiological processes, productivity, and yields of plants. Plant response depended on plant species and habitat conditions. Reduced pathogen infestation of seeds, higher germination energy, increased chlorophyll content and stomatal conductance, and higher seedling masses all occurred under the influence of AgNPs, mainly in oilseed rape and cucumber, and especially under thermal stress. The beneficial effect of AgNPs on the yield of these plants occurred in years of unfavourable weather conditions. The positive agricultural test results, especially under stress conditions, indicate that fertiliser produced with AgNPs as an ingredient may reduce the use of pesticides and highly concentrated mineral fertilisers. Such a fertiliser is fully in line with the idea of sustainable agriculture. However, research on the effects that AgNPs and fertiliser have on the environment and humans should continue.
12
Oljaca, Snezana, Zeljko Dolijanovic, Djordje Glamoclija, Snezana Djordjevic, and Jasmina Oljaca. "Productivity of winter rye in organic vs. Conventional cropping system." Journal of Agricultural Sciences, Belgrade 55, no. 2 (2010): 123–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jas1002123o.
Full textAbstract:
Rye is a cereal which is very much demanded at the market, for making a special kind of bread, but it is little grown in Serbia. The aim of this paper is to investigate possibilities of organic growing of winter rye, comparing with the conventional one, in agroecological conditions of Valjevo hilly region during 2008/2009 and 2009/2010 cropping seasons. The trial was set up in a village of Kotesica, on soil which had not been used for agriculture for 7 years. In organic cropping system three combinations of microbiological fertiliser baktofil with zeolite and hydrogel were used prior to sowing. Half of each plot was treated with foliar microbiological fertiliser Slavol during crop growing period. In conventional cropping system three variants with mineral fertilisers were included: NPK, NPK+zeolite, NPK+hydrogel. Results of the yield obtained in the experiment showed a significant difference between two seasons, 2008/2009 and 2009/2010. In comparison with the control, the treatments in an organic cropping system resulted with statistically insignificant differences for mean values in both years, while the mean in conventional cropping system has significantly higher yield of winter rye. Organic cropping system under conditions of Valjevo hilly region did not give significantly lower rye yield compared with the conventional one in a moderate growing season such was 2008/2009. The combination of soil microbiological fertiliser (Baktofil) with foliar fertiliser (Slavol) and zeolite gave the highest winter rye grain yield in all other treatments in the second year of investigation. In a very wet season (2009/2010) mineral fertiliser NPK showed an advantage, especially in combinations with zeolite, and this treatment can be recommended.
13
Turnbull, C. R. A., C. L. Beadle, P. W. West, and R. N. Cromer. "Copper deficiency a probable cause of stem deformity in fertilised Eucalyptusnitens." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 24, no. 7 (July 1, 1994): 1434–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x94-185.
Full textAbstract:
Serious malformation of tree stems and branches was first observed 17 months after planting Eucalyptusnitens (Deane & Maiden) Maiden trees on an improved pasture site in southern Tasmania. The trees were planted in a 52 factorial fertiliser trial with application of nitrogen at 0, 60, 120, 240, and 480 kg/ha and phosphorus at 0, 30, 60, 120, and 240 kg/ha. The phosphorus was semibroadcast as a single dose just after planting in September 1990 and the nitrogen was applied over a 2-year period from planting. At 21 months of age, the degree of malformation increased significantly with increasing levels of nitrogen or phosphorus fertilisers and was most severe at the highest levels of application. There was a significant linear trend of decreasing diameter growth with increasing levels of phosphorus fertiliser. The concentration of Cu in the foliage was significantly lower in malformed than unaffected trees whilst other macro- and micro-nutrient foliar levels were within the normal range for healthy individuals. Whilst the symptoms appear similar to those of "Toorour syndrome" previously reported for Pinusradiata D. Don on improved pasture sites in Australia, we believe the present symptoms may result from Cu deficiency induced at high fertiliser levels. The deformations substantially reduce the merchantability of trees from the plantation.
14
Diatloff, E., C. J. Asher, and F. W. Smith. "Foliar application of rare earth elements to maize and mungbean." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 39, no. 2 (1999): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea98149.
Full textAbstract:
The foliar application of rare earth elements to plants has been reported to increase yields of a range of crops particularly when soils contain low levels of rare earth elements. A rare earth element fertiliser obtained from China was chemically analysed and found to contain 45.3% nitrate plus 8.7% lanthanum and 12.4% cerium; lanthanum and cerium were the most abundant rare earth elements measured. This fertiliser was applied once, as 0, 0.025, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0% (w/v) aqueous solutions to the foliage of 10-day-old maize (Zea mays L. cv. Hycorn 82) and 14-day-old mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek cv. Berken] plants grown in a nutrient-rich potting mix of low total rare earth element status. For comparison, a duplicate set of plants was sprayed with solutions containing analytical grade lanthanum and cerium nitrate at concentrations equivalent to those measured in the rare earth element fertiliser. No beneficial effects of the rare earth element treatments were observed. The shoots of maize and mungbean sprayed with ≤0.1% rare earth element fertiliser or equivalent appeared completely healthy throughout the experiment, but plants in the 0.5 and 1.0% treatments showed symptoms of leaf burn in maize, and small necrotic spots on mungbean leaves within 1–3 days of treatment. These symptoms became more severe over the next 5–9 days. The shoot dry weight of mungbean sprayed with 0.5 and 1.0% solutions was significantly (P<0.05) reduced by 27%. Symptoms observed on plants sprayed with lanthanum and cerium nitrate solutions were similar to those observed on plants sprayed with the rare earth element fertiliser, and similar growth reductions occurred also.
15
Rivera-Martin, Angelica, Martin R. Broadley, and Maria J. Poblaciones. "Soil and foliar zinc biofortification of broccolini: effects on plant growth and mineral accumulation." Crop and Pasture Science 71, no. 5 (2020): 484. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp19474.
Full textAbstract:
Millions of people have Zn-deficient diets, so Zn-biofortified crops could prevent such deficiency. The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of agronomic Zn biofortification of broccolini – a new hybrid crop variety derived from a cross between kalian cabbage and broccoli. Plants were grown in pots using a Zn deficient soil. Four fertiliser treatments were tested: (1) control; (2) soil application of 5 mg ZnSO4•7H2O kg–1 soil; (3) foliar application at the early flowering stage of 0.5% (w/v) ZnSO4•7H2O; (4) combined soil and foliar treatments. Florets were harvested in four sequential harvests. There was a decrease in both growth and leaf composition of Zn, Ca, Fe and Mg. Soil Zn application increased floret production. There were increases in the Zn concentration stem+leaves and florets of 12- and 2.5-fold in foliar and soil+foliar treatments respectively. PA:Zn molar ratios decreased under both foliar and soil+foliar treatments. Boiling reduced Zn concentration by 40%, along with a decrease of other mineral nutrients. A soil+foliar treatment can increase both plant growth and Zn concentration in broccolini, and boiled 100 g portion of biofortified florets fertilised at rates in this study would deliver ~49 mg Zn, a 46% increase than in the non-biofortified broccolini.
16
Świerczyński, Sławomir, Agnieszka Antonowicz, and Joanna Bykowska. "The Effect of the Foliar Application of Biostimulants and Fertilisers on the Growth and Physiological Parameters of Maiden Apple Trees Cultivated with Limited Mineral Fertilisation." Agronomy 11, no. 6 (June 15, 2021): 1216. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11061216.
Full textAbstract:
The article describes an experiment conducted on maiden apple trees of selected cultivars growing in a nursery. The aim of the study was to investigate how the foliar application of four biostimulants (Aminoplant 0.4%, Biamino Plant 0.2%, Bispeed 0.2% and Fylloton 0.4%) and two fertilisers (Basfoliar 6-12-6 and Basfoliar 12-4-6+S both at a concentration of 0.5%) affected the growth of the trees cultivated with the mineral fertilisation reduced by half. The plants were sprayed with the preparations and fertilisers four times at three-week intervals, between late May and late July. Selected parameters of the plants’ physiological processes were also assessed: net photosynthetic rate (Pn), transpiration rate (E), stomatal conductance (C) and intracellular CO2 (I). The foliar application of all the biostimulants and fertilisers significantly improved the growth of the maiden apple trees. The lowest values of the plant growth parameters were noted in the control combination, which was treated with a full dose of mineral fertiliser. The foliar spraying of the apple trees particularly improved the total length and number of side shoots and the fresh weight of maiden apple trees. The apple tree cultivars differed in their growth parameters, and the influence of individual foliar treatments was not conclusive. The foliar application of selected preparations intensified the leaf transpiration coefficient and the internal concentration of carbon dioxide, but it did not increase the net photosynthesis intensity or stomatal conductance.
17
White, Philip J., Martin R. Broadley, John P. Hammond, Gavin Ramsay, Nithya K. Subramanian, Jacqueline Thompson, and Gladys Wright. "Bio-fortification of potato tubers using foliar zinc-fertiliser." Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology 87, no. 2 (January 2012): 123–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14620316.2012.11512842.
Full text
18
Alwi, Agustan, Roger Meder, Yani Japarudin, Hazandy A. Hamid, Ruzana Sanusi, and Khairul H. Mohd Yusoff. "Near infrared spectroscopy of Eucalyptus pellita for foliar nutrients and the potential for real-time monitoring of trees in fertiliser trial plots." Journal of Near Infrared Spectroscopy 29, no. 3 (April 12, 2021): 158–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09670335211007971.
Full textAbstract:
Eucalyptus pellita F. Muell. has become an important tree species in the forest plantations of SE Asia, and in Malaysian Borneo in particular, to replace thousands of hectares of Acacia mangium Willd. which has suffered significant loss caused by Ceratocystis manginecans infection in Sabah, Malaysia. Since its first introduction at a commercial scale in 2012, E. pellita has been planted in many areas in the region. The species replacement requires new silvicultural practices to induce the adaptability of E. pellita to grow in the region and this includes relevant research to optimise such regimes as planting distance, pruning, weeding practices and nutrition regimes. In this present study, the nutritional status of the foliage was investigated with the aim to develop near infrared spectroscopic calibrations that can be used to monitor and quantify nutrient status, particularly total foliar nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in the field. Spectra acquired on fresh foliage in situ on the tree could be used to predict N and P with accuracy suitable for operational decision-making regards fertiliser application. If greater accuracy is required, spectra acquired on dry, milled foliage could be used to predict N and P within a relative error of 10% (R2c, r2CV, RMSEP, RPD = 0.77, 0.71, 0.02 g 100 g-1, 1.9 for foliar P and = 0.90, 0.88, 0.21 g 100 g-1, 3.0 for foliar N on dry, milled foliage). The ultimate application of this is in situ nutrient monitoring, particularly to aid longitudinal studies in fertiliser trial plots and forest operations, as the non-destructive nature of NIR spectroscopy would enable regular monitoring of individual leaves over time without the need to destructively sample them. This would aid the temporal and spatial analysis of field data.
19
Płaza, Anna, Emilia Rzążewska, and Barbara Gąsiorowska. "Effect of Bacillus megaterium var. phosphaticum Bacteria and L-Alpha Proline Amino Acid on Iron Content in Soil and Triticum aestivum L. Plants in Sustainable Agriculture System." Agronomy 11, no. 3 (March 9, 2021): 511. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11030511.
Full textAbstract:
Research was conducted in Poland in 2017–2019 at Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities in Siedlce. It aimed at determining the effect of the bacteria Bacillus megaterium var. phosphaticum, the amino acid L-alpha proline, and the mineral nitrogen fertiliser regime on iron content in soil during the period of rapid growth of spring wheat plants, as well as in spring wheat grain and straw. The following two factors were examined: (I) biological products: untreated control, Bacillus megaterium var. phosphaticum, L-alpha proline, Bacillus megaterium var. phosphaticum + L-alpha proline; (II) mineral nitrogen fertiliser regime: nonfertilised control, 60 kg N·ha−1, 90 kg N·ha−1, 90 kg N·ha−1 + foliar fertilisation. The study demonstrated that, during the period of rapid spring wheat plant growth, Fe content was the highest in the soil following an application of Bacillus megaterium var. phosphaticum + L-alpha proline + mineral nitrogen fertiliser applied at the rate of 90 kg N·ha−1. This combination resulted in the highest concentration and uptake of iron by spring wheat grain, whereas for straw, the same result was also achieved following mineral nitrogen fertiliser at a rate of 90 kg N·ha−1 + foliar fertilisation.
20
Percival, Glynn, and Sean Graham. "Calcium and Silicon Fertiliser Influence on Fungicide Efficacy Against Guignardia Leaf Blotch and Apple Scab Management." Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 47, no. 4 (July 1, 2021): 170–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.48044/jauf.2021.016.
Full textAbstract:
Management of fungal diseases within urban landscapes relies heavily on repeat fungicide sprays. Environmental concerns have led to a need to eliminate or reduce fungicide use. Foliar sprays of calcium- (Ca) and silicon- (Si) based fertilisers have been shown to reduce symptom severity of several fungal pathogens. The aim of our research was to evaluate the influence of Ca chloride, Ca metasolate, tetra ethyl silicate, and potassium silicate fertilisers, applied independently and in combination with a synthetic fungicide (penconazole) at full and half strength, on apple scab (Venturia inaequalis) and Guignardia leaf blotch (Guignardia aesculi) symptom severity, as well as leaf chlorophyll content, fruit yield, and crown volume. Trials used container-grown Aesculus hippocastanum and field-grown Malus domestica cv. ‘Golden Delicious’. Applications of Ca, Si, and penconazole sprays alone significantly reduced scab and leaf blotch severity compared to water-sprayed controls; however, a significant difference between the type of Ca and Si fertilisers was recorded. A combined mix of a Ca or Si fertiliser with a full or half dose of penconazole was more effective at reducing symptom severity of both foliar pathogens than a full or half dose of penconazole alone. Data analysed with Limpel’s formula indicated positive synergistic effects between Ca and Si and penconazole in some, but not all, cases. The integration of Ca and Si foliar sprays as an alternative to, or additive with, penconazole for scab and leaf blotch management appears feasible based on results of our studies and may have applicability against other fungal pathogens.
21
Doolette, C. L., T. L. Read, N. R. Howell, T. Cresswell, and E. Lombi. "Zinc from foliar-applied nanoparticle fertiliser is translocated to wheat grain: A 65Zn radiolabelled translocation study comparing conventional and novel foliar fertilisers." Science of The Total Environment 749 (December 2020): 142369. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142369.
Full text
22
McBeath, T. M., M. J. McLaughlin, and S. R. Noack. "Wheat grain yield response to and translocation of foliar-applied phosphorus." Crop and Pasture Science 62, no. 1 (2011): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp10237.
Full textAbstract:
It is important to apply phosphorus (P) to the soil at the beginning of the crop growth cycle to provide essential P for early growth and to replace P exported in previous crops. With low rates of P added at sowing there may be sufficient P supply to grow crops to tillering, but in seasons of increased yield potential a top-up application of P may be required. Foliar P can be applied directly to the plant when required and in some cases have been shown to provide benefits for increasing P-use efficiency and the P concentration in grain. Wheat (Triticuum aestivum cv. Frame) was grown in two soils of marginal P status with soil moisture maintained at 80% of field capacity. Seven foliar P treatments labelled with 33P as a tracer were applied at Zadoks growth stage 39, at 1.65 kg P/ha with 120 L water/ha equivalent. Grain, chaff and shoots were harvested to measure yield and then digested to measure P concentrations and 33P activities. There was no crop response to top-up soil or foliar P on one soil, but on the other soil, foliar phosphoric acid plus adjuvant gave a 25% wheat grain yield response. The use of the tracing technique enabled measurement of the portioning of foliar P fertiliser between stem, chaff and grain. The most responsive treatment had the greatest amount of grain P uptake and the greatest partitioning of the foliar P fertiliser to grain.
23
CHWIL, STANISŁAW. "The effect of magnesium and nitrogen on the quality parameters of winter wheat yield." Agronomy Science 64, no. 2 (June 19, 2009): 61–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.24326/as.2009.2.9.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of the study was to determine the influence of foliar and soil magnesium fertilisation at two levels of nitrogen fertilisation, 74 and 114 kg N ha-1, on basic quality parameters of winter wheat yield. Four magnesium fertilisation objects were used: 1. the control without magnesium application, 2. foliar-applied 5% MgSO4 7 H2O + Wuxal top N, 3. foliar-applied 5% MgSO4 7 H2O, 4. soil-applied MgSO4 7 H2O. The studies demonstrated a favourable effect not only of nitrogen, but also magnesium, on the major part of the analysed quality traits. From particular magnesium fertilisation objects, the best effects were achieved by the soil application of magnesium, weaker effects after foliar application, in particular in the measures combined with foliar fertiliser Wuxal top N.
24
Khan, TN, and KJ Young. "Effects of fungicide seed dressings and fungicide-treated fertiliser on the severity of leaf diseases and yield of barley in Western Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 29, no. 4 (1989): 565. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9890565.
Full textAbstract:
Standard and increased rates of seed dressings with triadimenol, flutriafol and experimental formulations of flutriafol, and triadimefon and flutriafol coated on double superphosphate and drilled at sowing were assessed for control of leaf diseases of barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Stirling). Scald, (Rhynchosporium secalis (Oud.) Davis), powdery mildew (Erysiphe graminis f. sp. hordei March.) and Drechslera verticillata (O'Gara) Shoem. appeared in various experiments. Fungicide-coated fertilisers provided the most disease control for the longest duration, triadimefon coated fertiliser increasing yield by up to 30%. Fungicide-treated fertilisers therefore show great promise in increasing the level and duration of disease control as well as the yield of barley where foliar diseases are known to be a problem.
25
Mitchell, A. D., P. Loganathan, T. W. Payn, and R. W. Tillman. "Effect of calcined magnesite on soil and Pinus radiata foliage magnesium in pumice soils of New Zealand." Soil Research 37, no. 3 (1999): 545. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/s98085.
Full textAbstract:
Magnesium (Mg) deficiency is common in a number of forest regions in the world. It has been linked to a condition in P. radiata called ‘upper mid crown yellowing’ (UMCY) in New Zealand and ‘new type forest decline’ in Europe. Mg concentrations are low in many of New Zealand"s forest soils. With increases in the number of rotations and increased growth rates through tree breeding, Mg deficiency is expected to increase. This study was conducted to determine the fate of calcined magnesite (calmag) fertiliser applied at 150 kg Mg/ha at 2 sites in the Kaingaroa Forest near Rotorua, New Zealand. It also investigated the effectiveness of calmag in increasing the soil solution and soil exchangeable Mg in pumice soils and Mg concentrations in the pine needles, and in reducing the likelihood of UMCY 2 and 3 years after fertiliser application. In both sites and for both years of sampling the application of calmag fertiliser resulted in a significant increase in soil exchangeable and soil solution Mg in the 0–5 cm soil layer. Soil and soil solution pH had also been increased in the top 5 cm soil layer. Two years after application about 90% of the fertiliser applied had dissolved and about 70–80% of the Mg remained in a plant-available form (ammonium acetate exchangeable Mg) in the top 10 cm of soil. Calculations suggest that 3–10% of applied fertiliser had been lost due to leaching. Magnesium fertiliser application also resulted in significant reduction in the exchangeable K: Mg ratio and reduced exchangeable Al in the 0–5 cm soil layer. After 3 years, foliar Mg concentrations increased at all sites in the fertilised trees compared with the control trees, although differences were not yet significant. UMCY severity in the trees was also not significantly affected by the application of Mg fertiliser.
26
Read, Thea L., Casey L. Doolette, Tom Cresswell, Nicholas R. Howell, Robert Aughterson, Inna Karatchevtseva, Erica Donner, Peter M. Kopittke, Jan K. Schjoerring, and Enzo Lombi. "Investigating the foliar uptake of zinc from conventional and nano-formulations: a methodological study." Environmental Chemistry 16, no. 6 (2019): 459. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/en19019.
Full textAbstract:
Environmental contextZinc, an essential micronutrient often applied to crops as a fertiliser, can be difficult to analyse in plants due to limitations of conventional techniques. Here, we use radiotracers and a non-destructive imaging technique to visualise how zinc applied as a nanofertiliser moves within wheat plants over time. This is an important step towards developing cost-effective fertilisers to help solve one of the world’s most widespread plant deficiencies. AbstractZinc (Zn) deficiency affects half of the world’s arable soil and one-third of the world’s human population. Application of Zn foliar fertilisers to cereal crops can be an effective way to increase grain Zn content; however, commonly used formulations can scorch the leaf (e.g. soluble Zn salts) or are prohibitively expensive (e.g. chelated Zn, ZnEDTA). Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) may offer an efficient and cost-effective alternative, but little is known regarding the mechanisms of Zn uptake and translocation within the plant. Foliar-applied Zn is analytically challenging to detect, locate and quantify, as it is omnipresent. Furthermore, any single analytical technique does not have the detection limit or spatial resolution required. In this study, the uptake and mobility of foliar-applied ZnEDTA, ZnO-NPs and ZnO microparticles (ZnO-MPs) to wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were investigated using inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS), synchrotron-based X-ray fluorescence microscopy (XFM) and radiotracing techniques using 65Zn-labelled formulations. The three techniques were compared to highlight limitations and advantages of each. We also report, for the first time, a novel time-resolved invivo autoradiography imaging technique that can be used to visualise 65Zn in live plants treated with foliar applications of 65ZnO-NPs and MPs. The images were supplemented by gamma spectroscopy analysis for quantification. The results of this study provide important insights into the analytical challenges faced when investigating foliar-applied Zn nanofertilisers in plants. Potential solutions using nuclear techniques are also discussed, which in turn may ultimately lead to the development of more efficient foliar fertilisers.
27
Milenko, Olha, Mykola Shevnikov, Yuliia Solomon, Anna Rybalchenko, and Nataliia Shokalo. "Influence of Foliar Top-Dressing on the Yield of Soybean Varieties." Scientific Horizons 25, no. 4 (2022): 61–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.48077/scihor.25(4).2022.61-66.
Full textAbstract:
The use of complex microfertilisers on a chelated basis in agricultural technologies of the main crops is limited due to the lack of clear recommendations on the norm, methods, and timing of their use in particular production conditions and the levels of expected yield increase. Based on the rather specific mechanism of action of drugs, these recommendations are adjusted by investigating the level of reaction of plants and crops in particular zonal and weather conditions. The purpose of this study was to establish the reaction of soybean varieties to foliar top-dressing with complex Vuksal Microplant microfertiliser. Scientific research was conducted according to the field method during 2019-2021. According to the scheme of the experiment, the following varieties were investigated: Krynytsia, ES Hladiator, Melodiia, Korona, Feieriia, Etiud, Sava, Orfei, Everest, which are classified as early-maturing. The crop was fertilised according to the following variants: N15P30K40; N15P30K40+1 Vuksal Microplant top-dressing and N15P30K40+2 Vuksal Microplant top-dressing. According to the tasks of experimental studies, the field germination rate of seeds was identified by calculating the density of plants in the phase of full germination for all repetitions of the experiment; phenological observations were made in variants of the experiment using the method of variety testing of agricultural crops; the leaf surface area was determined according to the clear-cutting method and the yield was established according to the weight method using direct combining of each site. Statistical processing of experimental data was performed using the Microsoft Excel and Statistica 10.0 application software package. A variant of the fertiliser system was established, which provides a substantial impact on soybean yield and a variety that formed stable productivity over years with changing weather conditions. Based on the results of the study, it is recommended to grow the Etiud soybean variety in production crops with culture fertilisation according to the system of applying macroelements at the rate of N15P30K40 and performing two top-dressings with the Vuksal Microplant complex fertiliser on a chelate basis at the rate of 2 l/ha. The first spraying should be carried out in the phase of 2 ternate leaves (BBCH 13-14), and the second in the phase of bean formation (BBCH 70-71)
28
Noack, S. R., T. M. McBeath, and M. J. McLaughlin. "Potential for foliar phosphorus fertilisation of dryland cereal crops: a review." Crop and Pasture Science 61, no. 8 (2010): 659. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp10080.
Full textAbstract:
Although not commonly used in dryland cropping systems to date, foliar phosphorus (P) fertilisation may allow a tactical response to prevailing seasonal climatic conditions, with the added benefit of reduced input costs at sowing. However, variable outcomes have been reported from field trials predominantly conducted in the USA, and to a lesser degree in Australia. The effectiveness of foliar P is dependent on soil P status, soil water status, crop type, fertiliser formulation and prevailing climatic conditions. This review argues that the potential of foliar P fertilisation in Australian dryland cereal cropping could be enhanced by altering formulations for enhanced leaf penetration using adjuvants, and by accurately assessing the responsiveness of sites before application. This review demonstrates that it is important to use appropriate techniques such as isotopic labelling, to measure the efficacy and mode of action of foliar formulations.
29
Paramesh, Venkatesh, Shiva Dhar, Anchal Dass, Bipin Kumar, Amit Kumar, Diaa O. El-Ansary, and Hosam O. Elansary. "Role of Integrated Nutrient Management and Agronomic Fortification of Zinc on Yield, Nutrient Uptake and Quality of Wheat." Sustainability 12, no. 9 (April 25, 2020): 3513. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12093513.
Full textAbstract:
Phosphorus (P) and zinc (Zn) are essential plant nutrients, and their deficiency in soils and the antagonistic effect of P on Zn are important concerns world-over. Thus, a two-year (2012–13 to 2013–14) experimentation was carried out to assess grain yield, nutrient uptake and quality parameters of wheat by various levels of P and Zn. The results revealed that 50% recommended dose of P (RDP) through phospho-enriched compost (PEC) + 50% RDP through fertiliser and soil application of 12.5 kg ZnSO4.7H2O ha−1 + one foliar spray of 0.5% ZnSO4.7H2O recorded significantly higher grain yield (4.81 and 4.61 t ha−1, respectively), straw yield (7.20 and 6.92 t ha−1, respectively) and protein content (11.5% and 11.3%, respectively). The concentrations of Zn in grain (35.6%) and straw (57.3%) were not affected due to organic P application but 100% P through P fertilizer reduced the Zn content in the grains. Both soil and foliar application of Zn were found to be more promising in increasing Zn and Fe concentration in grains (37.5 and 30.9 mg kg−1, respectively) and straw (60.3 and 398 mg kg−1, respectively). Overall, the treatment combination of 50% RDP through PEC + 50% RDP through fertiliser and soil applied 12.5 kg ZnSO4.7H2O ha−1 + one spray of 0.5% Zn was beneficial in reducing antagonistic effect of P on Zn and increasing Zn and Fe concentration in wheat grain and, thus, could be used for improving the yield of Zn and Fe enriched wheat grains.
30
Cooper, JL, and AB Blakeney. "The effect of two forms of nitrogen fertiliser applied near anthesis on the grain quality of irrigated wheat." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 30, no. 5 (1990): 615. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9900615.
Full textAbstract:
In 1976, the feasibility of using nitrogen (N) fertiliser to raise the protein levels of irrigated wheat was investigated using 3 rates of fertiliser (0, 40 and 80 kg N/ha) applied either at anthesis or 3 days later to the soil surface (ammonium nitrate), or as a foliar spray (urea). Each 40 kg/ha increment in N applied as ammonium nitrate or urea produced a 1.1% increase in grain protein. Ammonium nitrate produced significantly (P<0.01) higher protein levels than urea. The relationships between grain protein level and several grain quality criteria (farinograph absorption, extensibility, loaf volume, bake score) were examined to determine whether protein quality was maintained when protein levels were increased by late application of N fertiliser. All the criteria examined indicate that protein quality was maintained. Although it is possible to raise protein levels with N fertiliser, large price premiums for high protein would be necessary to make the practice economic.
31
Brennan, R. F., and K. W. Jayasena. "Increasing applications of potassium fertiliser to barley crops grown on deficient sandy soils increased grain yields while decreasing some foliar diseases." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 58, no. 7 (2007): 680. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar06286.
Full textAbstract:
Most sandy soils used for cropping in south-western Australia (SWA) have now become potassium (K) deficient due to removal of K in hay and grain, so it is now profitable to apply K fertiliser to most barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) crops in the region. Leaf diseases of barley crops in the region have increased in recent years particularly in the in medium to high (350–600 mm annual average rainfall) areas of SWA. Seventeen field experiments were undertaken to determine the effect of applications of K fertiliser, either the chloride (KCl) or sulfate source (K2SO4), on grain yield increases and on the percentage leaf area diseased (%LAD) when diseases were controlled or not controlled by fungicide sprays. Maximum grain yield of barley was achieved where adequate K fertiliser (~8–22 kg K/ha) was applied and leaf diseases were controlled by fungicide. Applying increasing amounts of applied K fertiliser (0–120 kg K/ha) to barley decreased the %LAD by powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei Syn.) and spot-type net blotch (Pyrenophora teres f. maculata (Sacc.) Shoem.) and increased grain yield. By contrast, when leaf rust (Puccinia hordei G. Otth) was present the %LAD was unaffected by K application. When powdery mildew was the major disease, larger increases in grain yields and larger reductions in %LAD were obtained when KCl was used instead of K2SO4. About twice as much K fertiliser as K2SO4 was required for 90% maximum grain yield compared with KCl where powdery mildew was present. Applying larger amounts (>40 kg K/ha) of K fertiliser than required to achieve maximum grain yields did not further reduce %LAD by powdery mildew. There were no significant differences between the 2 sources of K fertiliser on the %LAD by spot-type net blotch. Generally, the percentage protein content and hectolitre weight of grain were unaffected by K fertiliser. Potassium fertiliser decreased the percentage grain < 2.5 mm (known locally as screenings) and control of the foliar leaf diseases by applications of fungicide resulted in a decrease in protein content and screenings and increased hectolitre weight of barley grain. The concentration of K in dried shoots that was related to 90% of the maximum shoot yield (critical diagnostic K) decreased as the plant matured, and was ~41 g/kg at Z22, ~30 g/kg at Z32, ~20 g/kg at Z40, and ~15 g/kg at Z59. The concentration of K in dried shoots which was related to 90% of the grain yield (critical prognostic K) decreased as plant matured, and was similar to critical diagnostic K values. Leaf disease had little effect on critical concentrations of K at early growth stages (Z22 and Z32).
32
Mkindi, Angela G., Yolice L. B. Tembo, Ernest R. Mbega, Amy K. Smith, Iain W. Farrell, Patrick A. Ndakidemi, Philip C. Stevenson, and Steven R. Belmain. "Extracts of Common Pesticidal Plants Increase Plant Growth and Yield in Common Bean Plants." Plants 9, no. 2 (January 23, 2020): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9020149.
Full textAbstract:
Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) is an important food and cash crop in many countries. Bean crop yields in sub-Saharan Africa are on average 50% lower than the global average, which is largely due to severe problems with pests and diseases as well as poor soil fertility exacerbated by low-input smallholder production systems. Recent on-farm research in eastern Africa has shown that commonly available plants with pesticidal properties can successfully manage arthropod pests. However, reducing common bean yield gaps still requires further sustainable solutions to other crop provisioning services such as soil fertility and plant nutrition. Smallholder farmers using pesticidal plants have claimed that the application of pesticidal plant extracts boosts plant growth, potentially through working as a foliar fertiliser. Thus, the aims of the research presented here were to determine whether plant growth and yield could be enhanced and which metabolic processes were induced through the application of plant extracts commonly used for pest control in eastern Africa. Extracts from Tephrosia vogelii and Tithonia diversifolia were prepared at a concentration of 10% w/v and applied to potted bean plants in a pest-free screen house as foliar sprays as well as directly to the soil around bean plants to evaluate their contribution to growth, yield and potential changes in primary or secondary metabolites. Outcomes of this study showed that the plant extracts significantly increased chlorophyll content, the number of pods per plant and overall seed yield. Other increases in metabolites were observed, including of rutin, phenylalanine and tryptophan. The plant extracts had a similar effect to a commercially available foliar fertiliser whilst the application as a foliar spray was better than applying the extract to the soil. These results suggest that pesticidal plant extracts can help overcome multiple limitations in crop provisioning services, enhancing plant nutrition in addition to their established uses for crop pest management.
33
Sheriff, DW, and EKS Nambiar. "Effect of Subsoil Compaction and Three Densities of Simulated Root Channels in the Subsoil on Growth, Carbon Gain and Water Uptake of Pinus radiata." Functional Plant Biology 22, no. 6 (1995): 1001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pp9951001.
Full textAbstract:
The experiment investigates effects of subsoil compaction, of three densities of simulated root channels through the compacted layer, and of fertiliser addition on growth, carbon gain and water relations of Pinus radiata. Treatments were designed to simulate subsoil compaction produced by a previous tree crop and access to depth through the compacted layer via old root channels. Comparisons were also made of diurnal carbon assimilation, micro-climate, water potential, and mineral nutrition of well-exposed foliage. Subsoil compaction was negatively associated with growth, plant water potential, foliar nutrient concentration, water uptake and diurnal carbon gain per unit foliage area. All treatments with compacted subsoil grew more slowly than controls, and an interaction between root access to depth and nutrition is indicated. Diurnal carbon gain per unit foliage area of trees growing on unperforated, compacted subsoil was about 0.78 that of controls, while stem growth was about 0.56 that of controls. Root growth of trees on compacted subsoil with the largest number of root channels showed an effect of fertilisation on growth. Fertilised trees in this compaction treatment had a significantly greater fine root biomass in the upper 0.3 m of the profile, greater access to water at depth, higher plant water potential, higher soil water content below the compacted subsoil layer, and greater growth than unfertilised trees in the same soil compaction treatment.
34
Kuneš, I., M. Baláš, V. Balcar, D. Kacálek, K. Millerová, A. Jančová, and O. Nováková. "Effects of fertilisation on growth and nutrition of Norway spruce on a harsh mountain site." Journal of Forest Science 59, No. 8 (September 24, 2013): 306–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/6988-jfs.
Full textAbstract:
We evaluated the potential of crushed amphibolite and artificial slow-release N-P-K-Mg fertiliser to stimulate the survival, growth and nutrition of Norway spruce planted on an acidified air-polluted mountain site. Control plots and treatments with slow-release fertiliser (SRF) and amphibolite (AMT) were installed. In the SRF, forty grams of tabletted amendment were applied in the close vicinity of the trees. In the AMT, two kilograms of amendment were incorporated into the soil inside the planting hole of each tree at planting. The SRF application resulted in a significant growth stimulation of spruces. The growth stimulation by amphibolite was perceptible but not significant; this amendment, however, significantly reduced mortality. None of the amendments induced marked changes in foliar nutrient concentrations.
35
Miroslav, Šlosár, Mezeyová Ivana, Hegedüsová Alžbeta, Andrejiová Alena, Kováčik Peter, Lošák Tomáš, Kopta Tomáš, and Keutgen Anna J. "Effect of zinc fertilisation on yield and selected qualitative parameters of broccoli." Plant, Soil and Environment 63, No. 6 (June 14, 2017): 282–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/220/2017-pse.
Full textAbstract:
Three treatments were used in two-year (2014–2015) field experiments with broccoli cv. Bejo 2914 F1: (1) untreated control; (2) Zn<sub>0.75</sub> – Zinkuran SC as foliar fertiliser at the rate of 0.75 L/ha (375 g Zn/ha); (3) Zn<sub>1.50</sub> – Zinkuran SC as foliar fertiliser at the rate of 1.50 L/ha (750 g Zn/ha). The statistically significant differences of individual broccoli parameters were found after zinc applications. In both experimental years the yield of broccoli with additional zinc fertilisation was significantly higher by about 8.2–14.4% (Zn<sub>0.75</sub>) and 12.5–17.5% (Zn<sub>1.50</sub>), respectively, than in the control. Foliar zinc application significantly increased the sulforaphane content in broccoli florets by about 19.8–32.9% (Zn<sub>0.75</sub>) and 37.2–49.3% (Zn<sub>1.50</sub>), respectively, compared to the control. By contrast, the content of total polyphenolics (of about 9.0–12.5% (Zn<sub>0.75</sub>) and 33.9–35.2% (Zn<sub>1.50</sub>)) and antioxidant activity (Zn<sub>0.75</sub> (3.7–4.2%) and Zn<sub>1.50</sub> (5.3–7.0)) decreased as a result of zinc fertilisation. The investigations pointed to zinc as a very important micronutrient with strong influence on the yield and chosen qualitative, health promoting parameters of broccoli.
36
De Silva, Anushika L., Stephen J. Trueman, Wiebke Kämper, Helen M. Wallace, Joel Nichols, and Shahla Hosseini Bai. "Hyperspectral Imaging of Adaxial and Abaxial Leaf Surfaces as a Predictor of Macadamia Crop Nutrition." Plants 12, no. 3 (January 26, 2023): 558. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants12030558.
Full textAbstract:
Tree crop yield is highly dependent on fertiliser inputs, which are often guided by the assessment of foliar nutrient levels. Traditional methods for nutrient analysis are time-consuming but hyperspectral imaging has potential for rapid nutrient assessment. Hyperspectral imaging has generally been performed using the adaxial surface of leaves although the predictive performance of spectral data has rarely been compared between adaxial and abaxial surfaces of tree leaves. We aimed to evaluate the capacity of laboratory-based hyperspectral imaging (400–1000 nm wavelengths) to predict the nutrient concentrations in macadamia leaves. We also aimed to compare the prediction accuracy from adaxial and abaxial leaf surfaces. We sampled leaves from 30 macadamia trees at 0, 6, 10 and 26 weeks after flowering and captured hyperspectral images of their adaxial and abaxial surfaces. Partial least squares regression (PLSR) models were developed to predict foliar nutrient concentrations. Coefficients of determination (R2P) and ratios of prediction to deviation (RPDs) were used to evaluate prediction accuracy. The models reliably predicted foliar nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), sulphur (S) and zinc (Zn) concentrations. The best-fit models generally predicted nutrient concentrations from spectral data of the adaxial surface (e.g., N: R2P = 0.55, RPD = 1.52; P: R2P = 0.77, RPD = 2.11; K: R2P = 0.77, RPD = 2.12; Ca: R2P = 0.75, RPD = 2.04). Hyperspectral imaging showed great potential for predicting nutrient status. Rapid nutrient assessment through hyperspectral imaging could aid growers to increase orchard productivity by managing fertiliser inputs in a more-timely fashion.
37
Wilson, D. J., and P. J. Gerard. "Investigating foliar fertiliser effects on the incidence of clover flea (Sminthurus viridis) damage on white clover." New Zealand Plant Protection 67 (January 8, 2014): 245–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2014.67.5787.
Full textAbstract:
Clover flea (Sminthurus viridis (L) is a sporadic and at times serious pest of white clover in New Zealand Clover flea feeding is reduced in the laboratory by application of foliar fertilisers The possibility that this was related to potassium status was tested in outdoor were placed in a paddock where clover flea were active while in the second treated plants were surrounded by a barrier and clover flea released into the enclosure Three treatments significantly reduced the incidence of feeding damage 79 days after treatment compared to the water treatment with diazinon (4257 reduction in the incidence of damage) more effective than Nitrosolreg; (2644) and potash (38) There was no evidence the effect was related to potassium Only Thrivereg; increased the amount of foliage
38
Płaza, Anna, and Emilia Rzążewska. "The influence of biological preparations Azofix and Maxprolin and nitrogen fertilisation on soil mineral nitrogen content in growing season and after spring wheat harvest." Agronomy Science 77, no. 3 (October 28, 2022): 67–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.24326/as.2022.3.5.
Full textAbstract:
The objective of the research reported here was to determine the effect of Azofix and Maxprolin against nitrogen fertiliser on mineral nitrogen content in the soil during the period of intensive growth of spring wheat plants and after its harvest. The following two factors were chosen: I. Biological products: control, Azofix, Maxprolin, Azofix + Maxprolin; II. Nitrogen fertilisation: non-fertilised control, 60 kg N ha–1, 90 kg N ha–1, 90 kg N ha–1 + foliar fertilisation. During the period of intensive growth of spring wheat plants and after harvesting, mineral nitrogen content in the soil was determined. The research demonstrated that, during the period of their intensive growth, spring wheat plants had access to the largest amount of mineral nitrogen in the topsoil following treatment with Azofix + Maxprolin and an application of the nitrogen rate of 90 kg N ha–1.
39
Cresswell, GC, and RJ Wickson. "Seasonal variation in the nutrient composition of the foliage of pecan (Carya illinoensis)." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 26, no. 3 (1986): 393. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9860393.
Full textAbstract:
Leaves were sampled every 2 weeks throughout the 1980-81 and 1981-82 growing seasons from a commercial pecan orchard in New South Wales. Leaf concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium were highest at leaf emergence and decreased with time. Concentrations of calcium, magnesium and boron were lowest early in the season and increased with time. There was no true seasonal pattern in leaf zinc which varied in apparent response to foliar zinc spray use. These trends were similar for the cultivars Witchita and Western Schley. Minimum seasonal variation in nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, the main fertiliser nutrients, occurred between 1 February and 21 March. This period is therefore the most suitable for general diagnostic purposes such as the evaluation of fertiliser programs and surveys of crop nutrient status.
40
Lteif, Arlette, Joann K. Whalen, Robert L. Bradley, and Claude Camiré. "Diagnostic tools to evaluate the foliar nutrition and growth of hybrid poplars." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 38, no. 8 (August 2008): 2138–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x08-069.
Full textAbstract:
This 2-year study examined the effect of fertilizers on tree growth and foliar nutrition in a Populus trichocarpa Torr. & A. Gray × Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh. plantation located in southwestern Québec. The treatments included a control that did not receive N or P fertilizer, inorganic NP fertilizers, organic fertilizers applied at 65–70 kg N·ha–1, and organic fertilizers applied at 130–140 kg N·ha–1. Fertilized trees were taller and had larger diameters than control trees. Three methods were used to diagnose limiting nutrients and nutrient imbalances, and compare the nutrient supply from different fertilizer sources. The critical value approach and the compositional nutrient diagnosis methods found below-optimum N and P concentrations, sufficient K and Mg concentrations, and an excessive Ca concentration in foliage. Vector analysis compared the N nutrition in foliage from fertilized trees and the control trees. The compositional nutrient diagnosis r2(nutrient imbalance index) was negatively correlated with annual tree growth in height (r = –0.46, P < 0.05) and diameter (r = –0.59, P < 0.05), meaning that trees with a greater nutrient imbalance grew less in height and diameter than trees with balanced foliar nutrition. Of these diagnostic methods, compositional nutrient diagnosis holds promise for identifying nutrient limitations and predicting growth responses to fertilization in hybrid poplar plantations.
41
Schutz, C. J., and J. M. de Villiers. "6. Foliar Diagnosis and Fertiliser Prescription in Forestry—The DRIS System and its Potential." South African Forestry Journal 141, no. 1 (June 1987): 6–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00382167.1987.9630254.
Full text
42
Fabrice, Kamdem Kaigom, Tchuenteu Tatchum Lucien, Maimouna Abba, and Megueni Clautilde. "The Combination of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi with Rock Powder and Poultry Litter: An Appropriate Natural Fertiliser for Improving the Productivity of Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr)." Agriculture (Pol'nohospodárstvo) 66, no. 3 (November 1, 2020): 108–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/agri-2020-0010.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThe present study aimed to evaluate the effect of the combination of various natural fertilisers on growth and seed yield of the soybean plants. Field experimentations were carried out during two cropping seasons (2018 and 2019). A randomized complete block experimental design with 11 treatments (F1: 30 g of poultry litter, F2: 60 g of poultry litter, MP: 10 g of mycorrhizae + 10 g of vivianite powder, MF1: 10 g of mycorrhizae + 30 g of poultry litter, MF2: 10 g of mycorrhizae + 60 g of poultry litter, PF1: 10 g of vivianite powder + 30 g of poultry litter, PF2: 10 g of vivianite powder + 60 g of poultry litter, MPF1: 10 g of mycorhizae + 10 g of vivianite powder + 30 g of poultry litter, MPF2: 10 g of mycorrhizae + 10 g of vivianite powder + 60 g of poultry litter, T+: chemical fertiliser, T–: unfertilised plants) and three replications were used. The growth parameters and seed yield were evaluated. The results showed that the growth and seed yield of soybean varied depending on the fertiliser and the cropping season. Plants that have received the MPF2 treatment exhibited significantly (p ˂ 0.05) the highest values of the studied parameters (plants height, foliar production, plants dry biomass, seed yield). The MPF2 treatment increased the seed yield of soybean by 20.08% and 184.76% compared to T+ and T– treatments, respectively. The supply of the following combination, 10 g of mycorrhizae + 10 g of vivianite powder + 60 g of poultry litter was found to be very promising in improving the soybean plant growth and therefore, can be used as an alternative to replacing the mineral fertilisers usually employed for the cultivation of this crop.
43
Zhang, Z., Wu Qikui, Luo Ying, Wang Xiaojun, and Yu Fangyuan. "FOLIAR POTASSIUM FERTILISER HELPS TO INCREASE KERNEL OIL CONTENT IN STYRAX TONKINENSIS, A NONFOOD FEEDSTOCK." JOURNAL OF TROPICAL FOREST SCIENCE 33, no. 3 (July 29, 2021): 261–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.26525/jtfs2021.33.3.261.
Full text
44
Peirce, C. A. E., T. M. McBeath, V. Fernández, and M. J. McLaughlin. "Wheat leaf properties affecting the absorption and subsequent translocation of foliar-applied phosphoric acid fertiliser." Plant and Soil 384, no. 1-2 (August 21, 2014): 37–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11104-014-2245-z.
Full text
45
Kowalska, Iwona, and Włodzimierz Sady. "Effects of polyethylene film covering the greenhouse, nitrogen fertiliser form, and foliar nutrition on the yield and quality of lettuce." Folia Horticulturae 22, no. 1 (June 1, 2010): 37–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/fhort-2013-0149.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract This study investigates the effects of two types of polyethylene films covering the greenhouse, differing in PAR transmittance, as well as two forms of nitrogen fertiliser (100% N-NO3 vs. 57% N-NO3+ 43% N-NH4), and the use of foliar nutrition on the quality and yield of lettuce grown in the spring and summer-autumn seasons. Lettuce was grown on rockwool in a film greenhouse divided into two parts, each covered with one type of film. Three times per season the plants were sprayed with a solution of molybdenum, benzyladenine, urea with molybdenum, urea with benzyladenine, and the three substances combined. The yields were examined for dry matter, nitrates, ammonia nitrogen, protein nitrogen, soluble sugars, vitamin C, and macronutrients (phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium). In both seasons, lettuce cultivated in the greenhouse covered with film having a higher PAR transmittance resulted in heavier heads and contained significantly lower levels of nitrates, NH4+, P and Mg. The effect of plot (type of film) on vitamin C content depended on the season. The form of nitrogen fertiliser influenced dry matter, vitamin C, protein nitrogen, P and Mg contents; in the summer-autumn season it also affected head weight. The plants grown on a nitrate medium produced a higher single head mass and accumulated a larger amount of nitrates than those cultivated on a nitrate-ammonia medium. No effects were observed of foliar nutrition with salt solutions on the yield and quality of lettuce in either season.
46
Fulton, MC, LC Bell, and CJ Asher. "Mineral nutrition of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) grown in replaced soil after bauxite mining at Weipa, Queensland." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 36, no. 7 (1996): 905. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9960905.
Full textAbstract:
The yield potential of cassava with optimal mineral nutrition was evaluated in a lateritic red earth that was replaced after bauxite mining at Weipa, Queensland. There were 9 field experiments. In 8 separate experiments, 5 rates each of nitrogen (N), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), sulfur, copper, zinc (Zn), boron or molybdenum fertilisers were banded into the soil. In the phosphorus (P) experiment, triple superphosphate and rock phosphate were compared, each with 5 rates of P banded, broadcast or spot-placed into the soil. After 2 wet seasons (66 weeks after planting), maximum tuber yields were produced by the banded application of 200 kg P/ha as triple superphosphate, 20 kg Mg/ha and 8 kg Zn/ha. With rock phosphate, only the broadcast placement produced an increase in the yield of cassava, maximum yields being achieved with 400 kg P/ha. In addition, there was evidence that 100 kg N/ha and 300 kg K/ha were needed for maximum yields. Therefore, based on the results of these individual experiments over 2 seasons, 100 kg N/ha, 200 kg P/ha as triple superphosphate or 400 kg P/ha as rock phosphate, 300 kg K/ha, 20 kg Mg/ha and 8 kg Zn/ha are the fertiliser recommendations for cassava grown in replaced soil at Weipa. In addition, early Zn deficiency symptoms (not related to any applied fertilisers) may necessitate a foliar spray of 4 kg Zn/ha as well as the soil-applied Zn fertiliser. However, the use of dolomite at 80 kg Mg/ha may have decreased the tuber yields and/or increased the requirements for certain soil-applied fertilisers. An average yield of 26.0 t/ha of tubers (fresh weight) was obtained with a 51-week growing season, and the recommended rates of fertilisers. This yield was reasonable when compared with 32 t/ha of fresh tubers predicted by a growth model for cassava, grown in North Queensland for 52 weeks without irrigation.
47
Paunović, S. M., R. Miletić, D. Janković, S. Janković, and M. Mitrović. "Effect of Humisol on survival and growth of nursery grafted walnut (Juglans regia L.) plants." Horticultural Science 40, No. 3 (August 28, 2013): 111–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/78/2013-hortsci.
Full textAbstract:
The effect of Humisol organic fertiliser (150 g humic acid/l + 20 g/l mineral nutrients) on plant survival and growth of five walnut cultivars grown over a period of two years in the nursery were evaluated. Walnut plants treated with Humisol at the total annual rate of 0.75 ml/plant had a significantly higher survival rate in the first year, greater height and diameter in both years, and a higher percentage of first-class plants at the end of the second year, as compared to untreated control plants. Soil application of Humisol led to better performance of nursery grafted plants, compared to foliar application. Nursery plants receiving 1.5 ml Humisol per year through both soil and foliar application exhibited the best performance in the parameters analysed. In the first year, a decrease in plant growth rate in all treatments was observed in August and September; in the second year, growth rate started to significantly decline in the second half of August.
48
JORDAN, V. W. L., and G. R. STINCHCOMBE. "Interactions between fungicide, plant growth regulator, nitrogen fertiliser applications, foliar disease and yield of winter barley." Annals of Applied Biology 108, no. 1 (February 1986): 151–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7348.1986.tb01976.x.
Full text
49
Fulkerson, William J., and Nathan Jennings. "Urea applied as a foliar spray or in granular form to subtropical dairy pastures of kikuyu (Cenchrus clandestinus) and Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) in eastern Australia." Crop and Pasture Science 71, no. 12 (2020): 1067. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp20193.
Full textAbstract:
The nitrogen-use efficiency (NUE) of a fertiliser has implications for pasture growth and the environment. This study aimed to compare application of urea as a foliar spray or in granular form, to kikuyu (Cenchrus clandestinus (Hochst. ex Chiov.) Morrone) and short-rotation ryegrass (Italian ryegrass, Lolium multiflorum Lam.) pastures in the subtropical dairy region of eastern Australia. The first experiment was a replicated grazing study on a site with a high plant-available soil N (75 mg nitrate-N/kg). The granular rate of urea was 46 kg N/ha.month equivalent, and the foliar spray rate was 40% of the granular rate. Pasture growth rate (51 DM/ha.day with foliar spray vs 45 kg DM/ha.day with granules) and pasture consumed (4942 vs 4382 kg DM/ha) were not significantly different between treatments. However, over the 8 months of the study, soil nitrate-N levels fell from 75 to 22 mg/kg on the foliar plots but only fell to 60 mg/kg on the granular plots. The second experiment was a replicated plot-cut experiment on a site with a low plant-available soil N (8.7 mg nitrate-N/kg). The NUE for kikuyu grass was similar for all treatments with a mean of 14.8 kg DM/kg N for the four foliar treatments (high and low, with and without wetting agent) and 17.4 kg DM/kg N for the granular treatment. The NUE for the ryegrass was also similar for all treatments, with a mean of 13.2 kg DM/kg N for the foliar treatments and 15.8 kg DM/ha for the granular treatment. A third experiment, evaluating absorption of foliar-sprayed urea over time, found that >80% of the urea applied to kikuyu was absorbed by 7 h; for ryegrass, the amount absorbed was only ~45% but increased to ~75% if wetting agent was included. We suggest that the lack of benefit in NUE achieved by applying urea as a foliar spray, which contrasts with results from studies in temperate dairy farm systems, is primarily associated with the substantially lower tiller density and hence the smaller canopy area for absorption of the foliar spray by the new regrowth shoots post-grazing.
50
K. TREWREN. "A REVIEW OF FERTILISER TRIALS IN TUVALU AND KIRIBATI." CORD 10, no. 02 (December 1, 1994): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.37833/cord.v10i02.280.
Full textAbstract:
A brief introduction is given to a programme of 34 fertiliser trials (possibly the largest programme of fertiliser trials in the world) that have been carried out in Tuvalu and Kiribati. Some of the more striking results that have emerged have been presented, and it is hoped that readers who would find more detailed information for use to them will ask for the relevant reports from the Department of Agriculture of the two countries concerned.
The majority of the trials were conducted within the 1978 and 1993 period, being started by Trewren, and the longer running trials in Kiribati were continued by Edwards and, in most cases to their conclusion, by Barr.
The results obtained have made it possible to formulate with some confidence recommendations on the manuring of coconuts on atolls, from seedlings in the nursery to mature palms in the field, including the rehabilitation of palms suffering from very severe deficiencies of trace elements and potassium. From foliar analysis, much useful information has been obtained on the inter‑relationships between nutrients, and in particular, on the fundamental importance of iron and other trace elements on the assimilation of macro‑nutrients and on the need to maintain a correct balance amongst trace elements.
Further research is needed to identify a suitable source of nitrogen. Less important topics for research could be investigations into the optimum quantity of potassium chloride application to nursery seedlings and the optimum frequency of application of potassium chloride in the field.