Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Foliar application'

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:29:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-03-07Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:59:28Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 bertolin_dc_me_ilha.pdf: 681161 bytes, checksum: d149f0bf266b3c9d15ca7d759031910d (MD5)
O Brasil é o segundo maior produtor de soja, sendo esta uma cultura bastante tecnificada. A utilização de produtos bioestimulantes proporciona incremento no desenvolvimento vegetal e poucos estudos abordam aspectos fisiológicos da soja relacionados à aplicação destes. O uso de novas técnicas culturais tem sido uma das formas de buscar melhoria na produtividade e qualidade das sementes. Foi instalado na Fazenda de Ensino e Pesquisa da Faculdade de Engenharia de Ilha Solteira, no município de Selvíria-MS, um experimento com a cultura da soja, cujo objetivo foi avaliar a utilização de produto bioestimulante (citocinina, ácido indolbutírico, ácido giberélico) em aplicações via sementes e via foliar em diferentes estádios fenológicos da cultura, em duas cultivares, sendo uma convencional e outra geneticamente modificada na qualidade das sementes produzidas. Os tratamentos foram as duas cultivares, e aplicações do produto via sementes na dose de 6 mL do produto comercial por quilo de sementes, via foliar na dose de 0,25 L do produto comercial por hectare, nos estádios V5, R1 e R5, sendo realizada combinação desses fatores, resultando em 15 tratamentos de aplicação do produto bioestimulante, totalizando 30 tratamentos. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos ao acaso com 4 repetições. Foram avaliadas as variáveis altura de plantas, altura de inserção da primeira vagem, ramos por planta, número de vagens por planta e número de sementes por vagem, primeira contagem de germinação, porcentagem de germinação, índice de velocidade de germinação, envelhecimento acelerado, emergência de plantas em campo e massa de 100 sementes. A cultivar normal apresentou resultados superiores ao do cultivar geneticamente modificada para a maioria das variáveis estudas. A utilização do produto bioestimulante incrementou o...
Brazil is the second largest producer of soybean, being a culture quite advanced. The use of products provides bioestimulants increase in plant development and few studies address physiological aspects of the soybean related to the application of these. The use of new farming techniques has been one of the ways to seek improvement in productivity and quality seeds. The experiment was installed in the Farm of Teaching and Research of the UNESP, Universidade Estadual Paulista, in the Selvíria county MS, with the soybean crop, whose purpose was to evaluate the use of product bioestimulanting (cytokinin, indolebutyric acid, gibberellic acid), applications on seeds and foliar application at phenological different stages of crops in two varieties, one conventional and another genetically modified. The treatments were cultivars, and applications of the product in the seed in the dose of 6 mL of the commercial product per kilo of seeds, leaf at the dose of 0,25 liters of the commercial product per hectare, in stages V5, R1 and R5, and the combination of these factors totaling 30 treatments . The experimental design was randomized blocks with 4 repetitions. Were evaluated the variables: height of plants, height insertion of the first pod, branches per plant, number of pods per plant and number of seeds per pod, standard germination, first count, speed germination index, accelerated aging, field emergency and mass of 100 seeds. Cultivar presented results above the normal of cultivating genetically modified for all variables studied. The use of the product bioestimulantig increased the number of pods per plant and seed yiel. To seed yield treatment with bioestimulante provided increase of 59% compared to control. There were statistical differences between any treatment with the product in relation to the ...(Complete abstract click electronic access below)

4 pp.
Nitrogen fertilizer is normally applied later in the season around flowering time to boost grain protein content. The purpose of this study is to determine if the grain protein boost provided by late N application is affected by method of application. A trial testing late season N application methods was conducted at the Maricopa Ag Center in the 2016 growing season. The crop was grown 211 lb N/acre in split applications until flowering when 35 lb N/acre was applied as UAN32 in the irrigation water (fertigation), as low biuret urea in a foliar application, or as urea granules compared to no N application at all at flowering. In this study, we were not able to detect a difference in grain protein or any other variable measured due to the late N application method. We did measure a 0.4% increase in grain protein regardless of late season N application method compared to the control with no late N applied.

Orientador: Marco Eustáquio de Sá
Banca: Edson Lazarini
Banca: Gisele Herbst Vazquez
Resumo: O Brasil é o segundo maior produtor de soja, sendo esta uma cultura bastante tecnificada. A utilização de produtos bioestimulantes proporciona incremento no desenvolvimento vegetal e poucos estudos abordam aspectos fisiológicos da soja relacionados à aplicação destes. O uso de novas técnicas culturais tem sido uma das formas de buscar melhoria na produtividade e qualidade das sementes. Foi instalado na Fazenda de Ensino e Pesquisa da Faculdade de Engenharia de Ilha Solteira, no município de Selvíria-MS, um experimento com a cultura da soja, cujo objetivo foi avaliar a utilização de produto bioestimulante (citocinina, ácido indolbutírico, ácido giberélico) em aplicações via sementes e via foliar em diferentes estádios fenológicos da cultura, em duas cultivares, sendo uma convencional e outra geneticamente modificada na qualidade das sementes produzidas. Os tratamentos foram as duas cultivares, e aplicações do produto via sementes na dose de 6 mL do produto comercial por quilo de sementes, via foliar na dose de 0,25 L do produto comercial por hectare, nos estádios V5, R1 e R5, sendo realizada combinação desses fatores, resultando em 15 tratamentos de aplicação do produto bioestimulante, totalizando 30 tratamentos. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos ao acaso com 4 repetições. Foram avaliadas as variáveis altura de plantas, altura de inserção da primeira vagem, ramos por planta, número de vagens por planta e número de sementes por vagem, primeira contagem de germinação, porcentagem de germinação, índice de velocidade de germinação, envelhecimento acelerado, emergência de plantas em campo e massa de 100 sementes. A cultivar normal apresentou resultados superiores ao do cultivar geneticamente modificada para a maioria das variáveis estudas. A utilização do produto bioestimulante incrementou o ...(Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Brazil is the second largest producer of soybean, being a culture quite advanced. The use of products provides bioestimulants increase in plant development and few studies address physiological aspects of the soybean related to the application of these. The use of new farming techniques has been one of the ways to seek improvement in productivity and quality seeds. The experiment was installed in the Farm of Teaching and Research of the UNESP, Universidade Estadual Paulista, in the Selvíria county MS, with the soybean crop, whose purpose was to evaluate the use of product bioestimulanting (cytokinin, indolebutyric acid, gibberellic acid), applications on seeds and foliar application at phenological different stages of crops in two varieties, one conventional and another genetically modified. The treatments were cultivars, and applications of the product in the seed in the dose of 6 mL of the commercial product per kilo of seeds, leaf at the dose of 0,25 liters of the commercial product per hectare, in stages V5, R1 and R5, and the combination of these factors totaling 30 treatments . The experimental design was randomized blocks with 4 repetitions. Were evaluated the variables: height of plants, height insertion of the first pod, branches per plant, number of pods per plant and number of seeds per pod, standard germination, first count, speed germination index, accelerated aging, field emergency and mass of 100 seeds. Cultivar presented results above the normal of cultivating genetically modified for all variables studied. The use of the product bioestimulantig increased the number of pods per plant and seed yiel. To seed yield treatment with bioestimulante provided increase of 59% compared to control. There were statistical differences between any treatment with the product in relation to the ...(Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre

Submitted by MAIKON VINICIUS DA SILVA LIRA null (maikonvinicius@hotmail.com) on 2018-03-15T21:29:21Z No. of bitstreams: 1 004-2018-Maikon Vinicius da Silva Lira2 (2).pdf: 3463496 bytes, checksum: 5d689900d9a3e79d4e81e32ca6365f9f (MD5)
Approved for entry into archive by Fabio Sampaio Rosas null (fabio@dracena.unesp.br) on 2018-03-16T13:03:42Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 lira_mvs_me_dra.pdf: 3463496 bytes, checksum: 5d689900d9a3e79d4e81e32ca6365f9f (MD5)
Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-16T13:03:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 lira_mvs_me_dra.pdf: 3463496 bytes, checksum: 5d689900d9a3e79d4e81e32ca6365f9f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-01-16
O Brasil é hoje o maior produtor mundial de cana-de-açúcar, no entanto, a sua produtividade média ainda está muito baixa, isso devido a áreas de baixa fertilidade. O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da adubação de plantio e foliar com micronutrientes, nos atributos químicos do solo, no estado nutricional, na produção da massa de forragem, colmos e análise tecnológica da cana-de-açúcar. O experimento foi realizado na unidade produtora da Usina Rio Vermelho, município de Dracena, estado de São Paulo. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados com parcelas subdivididas e quatro repetições, totalizando 32 subparcelas. Nas subparcelas foram aplicadas quatro doses de micronutrientes no solo: 0, 10, 20, 40 L ha-1.Todos os resultados foram avaliados estatisticamente pela análise da variância, regressões em função das doses de micronutrientes aplicadas no solo e pelo teste de Tukey em 5% e 10% de probabilidade. Na cana-planta a concentração de macro e micronutrientes não foi afetada pela aplicação dos tratamentos, exceto o N. Verificou-se que teve um aumento do nitrogênio conforme houve aplicação de micronutriente. Os teores de nitrogênio apresentaram melhor resposta na dose 20 L ha-1, enquanto outros macronutrientes não foram afetados pelos tratamentos no cultivo da cana-planta, os teores de boro na cana-planta apresentaram maiores concentrações com o uso da dose 10 L ha-1 de micronutrientes aplicado via solo. No cultivo da cana-soca os teores de macronutrientes não sofreram efeitos com as doses via solo e foliar e os teores dos micronutrientes B e Zn na cana-soca não sofreram efeitos. A aplicação foliar de micronutriente, na dose de 6 L ha-1 do produto, aumentou 3,2% a ATR ha-1, que representou 270 kg ha-1. A produção de forragem e a produção de colmos apresentaram resposta semelhante, com produção máxima na dose 17 L ha-1 e 20 L ha-1, respectivamente. No primeiro ano o teor no solo de P, Mg, SB, V, Cu, Fe e Zn na profundidade de 0-20 cm foram afetados pela aplicação em sulco de plantio. O teor no solo de P, Mg, V, B, Fe, Mn e Zn na profundidade de 20-40 cm foram afetados pela aplicação em sulco de plantio. No segundo ano P, Mg, B, Cu, Fe e Zn na profundidade de 0-20 cm foram afetados pelos tratamentos.
Brazil is today the world's largest producer of sugarcane, however, its average productivity is still very low, due to areas of low fertility. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of planting and foliar fertilization with micronutrients, soil chemical attributes, nutritional status, forage mass production, stems and technological analysis of sugarcane. The experiment was carried out at the usina Rio Vermelho plant in Dracena, state of São Paulo. The experimental design was in randomized blocks with subdivided plots and four replications, totalizing 32 subplots. In the subplots, four doses of micronutrients were applied to the soil: 0, 10, 20, 40 L ha-1. All the results were statistically evaluated by analysis of variance, regressions as a function of doses of micronutrients applied in the soil and by the Tukey test in 5% and 10% of probability. In the cane-plant the concentration of macro and micronutrients was not affected by the application of the treatments, except N. It was verified that there was an increase of the nitrogen as there was micronutrient application. Nitrogen levels showed a better response at the 20 L ha-1 dose, while other macronutrients were not affected by treatments in cane-plant cultivation, boron levels in plant cane showed higher concentrations with the use of 10 L ha-1 of micronutrients applied via soil. Macronutrient contents were not affected by soil and leaf doses and the micronutrients B and Zn levels in the cane stalk were not affected. Foliar application of micronutrient, at the dose of 6 L ha-1 of the product, increased 3.2% to ATR ha-1, which represented 270 kg ha-1. Forage production and shoot production presented a similar response, with maximum yield at 17 L ha-1 and 20 L ha-1, respectively. In the first year the soil content of P, Mg, SB, V, Cu, Fe and Zn in the depth of 0-20 cm were affected by application in planting furrow. The soil content of P, Mg, V, B, Fe, Mn and Zn in the depth of 20-40 cm was affected by application in planting furrow. In the second year P, Mg, B, Cu, Fe and Zn in the depth of 0-20 cm were affected by the treatments.

Orientador: Carlos Gilberto Raetano
Resumo: Fungicidas multi-sítio, a exemplo do mancozebe tem sido cada vez mais utilizados no controle da ferrugem da soja (Phakopsora pachyrhizi) e como estratégia anti-resistência aos fungicidas de sítio de ação único, amplamente utilizados na agricultura. Dessa maneira, buscou-se entender como a tecnologia de aplicação por meio da redução da taxa de aplicação e pelo uso de adjuvantes podem influenciar no controle da doença causada por Phakopsora pachyrhizi, quando associada ao fungicida mancozebe. Para isso, no capitulo 1, o objetivo foi avaliar a retenção foliar do fungicida de contato mancozebe em diferentes formulações na interação com adjuvantes em folhas de soja. No capítulo 2, o objetivo foi avaliar o controle da ferrugem da soja sob variação da taxa de aplicação de mancozebe em mistura com adjuvantes. Para a superfície adaxial a formulação GD apresenta maiores volumes de líquido retido enquanto que para a superfície abaxial, em geral, a formulação não apresenta interferência significativa. No geral, maior retenção da calda foi constatada na superfície abaxial do folíolo de soja, com destaque para caldas fungicidas contendo o polímero natural J-S e o óleo mineral Argenfrut. A redução da taxa de aplicação para 50 L ha-1 e a associação do fungicida mancozebe com adjuvantes pode influenciar a severidade da ferrugem da soja, contudo, de maneira geral, se considerar apenas a redução da taxa de aplicação, de 120 L ha-1 para 50 L ha-1, não há interferência no controle da doença, prin... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Multi-site fungicides as mancozebe has been increasingly used to control soybean rust (Phakopsora pachyrhizi) and as an anti-resistance strategy to single-site fungicides, widely used on agriculture. Thus, this study aimed a better understanding on how the application technology through the reduction of application rate and the use of adjuvants can influence on the control of the disease caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizi, in association with the fungicide mancozeb. To do so, on chapter 1 the study aimed to evaluate the foliar retention of mancozeb fungicide, in the WP and WG formulations, mixed with adjuvants on soybean leaves. On chapter 2, the aim of this study was to evaluate the soybean rust control under different volume rates of mancozeb spraying mixed with adjuvants. On the adaxial surface, the WG formulation has higher volumes of liquid retained while for the abaxial surface, in general, the formulation does not present significant interference. In most cases, greater retention of the spray mixture was found on the abaxial surface of the soybean leaflet, with emphasis on those containing the natural polymer J-S and the mineral oil Argenfrut. The reduction of the application rate to 50 L ha-1 and the association of the fungicide mancozebe with adjuvants can influence the severity of soybean rust, however, in general, if we consider only the reduction of the application rate, of 120 L ha-1 to 50 L ha-1, there is no interference in disease control, especially in early stag... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre

Submitted by Jaine Aparecida de Camargo Dias Dias (inecamargo_agr@hotmail.com) on 2017-04-11T19:52:39Z No. of bitstreams: 1 jaine - Tese corrigida 03-04-2017prontoooo.pdf: 1143866 bytes, checksum: 9fa67396aff6d567d35e24c7086142ad (MD5)
Approved for entry into archive by Luiz Galeffi (luizgaleffi@gmail.com) on 2017-04-17T19:31:57Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 dias_jac_dr_ilha.pdf: 1143866 bytes, checksum: 9fa67396aff6d567d35e24c7086142ad (MD5)
Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-17T19:31:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dias_jac_dr_ilha.pdf: 1143866 bytes, checksum: 9fa67396aff6d567d35e24c7086142ad (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-02
A utilização de sementes ricas em molibdênio se constitui numa técnica promissora para sanar as deficiências desse micronutriente, o qual é importante para a fixação biológica do nitrogênio e metabolismo vegetal. O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a produtividade das plantas, o teor de molibdênio e a qualidade fisiológica das sementes em resposta às fontes, doses e épocas de aplicação foliar de molibdênio, bem como, o grau de nodulação das plantas originadas de sementes enriquecidas com molibdênio. Para tanto, foi conduzido um experimento na área experimental da Fazenda de Ensino, Pesquisa e Extensão da Faculdade de Engenharia/UNESP – Campus de Ilha Solteira, situada no município de Selvíria - MS, no período de outono e inverno de 2015 e de 2016. O delineamento experimental utilizado nessa fase foi em blocos casualizados com os tratamentos distribuídos no arranjo fatorial 2 x 5 x 2 (duas fontes de molibdênio (molibdato de amônio com 81% de Mo e produto Geoclean com 15 % de Mo), cinco doses de Mo (0, 300, 600, 900 e 1.500 g ha-1) e duas épocas de aplicação (V4.6 e R1)), totalizando 20 tratamentos com quatro repetições. Foram avaliadas o número de vagens por planta, número de sementes por planta, número de sementes por vagem, massa de 100 sementes e a produtividade de grãos. Posteriormente, foram avaliados a qualidade fisiológica (germinação e vigor) e nutricional (teor de proteínas e molibdênio) das sementes colhidas, assim como, o potencial de formação de nódulos das plantas originadas por sementes, enriquecidas por molibdênio na fase de campo. Para averiguar a qualidade fisiológica, o delineamento foi o inteiramente casualizado, com os mesmos 20 tratamentos e 4 repetições. Ainda, foram avaliados o teor de molibdênio nas sementes, qualidade nutricional e teores de macronutrientes. Na investigação do potencial de nodulação, o experimento foi conduzido sob condições de casa de vegetação, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com os 20 tratamentos, com as sementes obtidas da fase de campo, sendo inoculadas e semeadas em caixas plásticas contendo composto orgânico, semeando-se 20 sementes por caixa. Concluiu-se que as doses crescentes de molibdênio proporcionaram o enriquecimento do nutriente nas sementes de ervilha. A aplicação de molibdênio em ervilha deve ser efetuada no estádio R1. O produto Geoclean proporcionou maior acúmulo do nutriente, assim como, interferiu de forma positiva para a maioria dos atributos referentes à qualidade fisiológica das sementes de ervilha. A aplicação de molibdênio não promoveu aumento na produtividade de sementes de ervilha. O uso de sementes enriquecidas com Mo não favoreceu o processo de nodulação da ervilha.
The use of molybdenum-rich seeds constitutes a promising technique to remedy the deficiencies of this micronutrient, which is important for biological nitrogen fixation and plant metabolism. The objective of this work was to evaluate the plant productivity, molybdenum content and physiological quality of seeds in response to molybdenum foliar application, doses and times, as well as the degree of nodulation of the plants originated from seeds enriched with molybdenum. For that, an experiment was carried out in the experimental area of the Fazenda de Ensino, Pesquisa e Extensão da Faculdade de Engenharia/UNESP – Campus de Ilha Solteira, located in the country de Selvíria, MS, during the autumn and winter of 2015 and 2016. The experimental design used in this phase was randomized blocks with treatments distributed in the factorial arrangement 2 x 5 x 2 (two sources of molybdenum (ammonium molybdate with 81% Mo and Geoclean product with 15% Mo), five doses of Mo (0, 300, 600, 900 and 1,500 g ha-1) and two application times (V4.6 and R1), totaling 20 treatments with four replicates. The number of pods per plant, number of seeds per plant, number of seeds per pod, mass of 100 seeds and grain yield were evaluated. Afterwards, the physiological (germination and vigor) and nutritional quality (protein and molybdenum content) of the harvested seeds were evaluated, as well as the potential for nodule formation of seedlings enriched by molybdenum in the field phase. To determine the physiological quality, the design was completely randomized, with the same 20 treatments and 4 replicates. Also, the molybdenum content in the seeds, nutritional quality and macronutrient contents were evaluated. In the investigation of nodulation potential, the experiment was conducted under greenhouse conditions, in a completely randomized design with the 20 treatments, with the seeds obtained from the field phase, being inoculated and seeded in plastic boxes containing organic compound, 20 seeds per carton. It was concluded that increasing doses of molybdenum provided nutrient enrichment in pea seeds. The application of molybdenum to pea must be carried out at stage R1. The product Geoclean provided greater accumulation of the nutrient, as well as, it interfered in a positive way for most of the attributes related to the physiological quality of the pea seeds. The application of molybdenum did not promote increase in pea seed productivity. The use of seeds enriched with Mo did not favor the process of nodulation of the pea.

Dislodgeable foliar residues (DFR) can be a primary route for human exposure following pesticide application to turfgrass areas. Consequently, a significant portion of applied pesticide may be available for human exposure via dislodgeable residues. In this study, DFR were determined over a 15-day-period following application of the broadleaf weed herbicide carfentrazone (Ethyl alpha, 2-Dichloro-3-{2-chloro-4-fluoro-5-{4-(difluoromethyl)-4, 5-dihydro-3-methyl-5-oxo-1H-1, 2, 4-triazol-1-yl}-4-fluorobenzenepropanoate ), the pre-emergent herbicide prodiamine (5-dipropylamino-α,α,α-trifluoro-4,6-dinitro-o-toluidine or 2,6-dinitro-N1,N1-dipropyl-4-trifluoromethyl-m-phenylenediamine ) and the insecticide bifenthrin (2-methylbiphenyl-3-ylmethyl (1RS,3RS)-3-[(Z)-2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-enyl]-2,2-di-methylcyclopropanecarboxylate) to a mature stand of ?Confederate? Tall Fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb). Dislodgeable foliar residues were determined by wiping treated turfgrass with a distilled-water-dampened cheesecloth and analyzing samples using gas chromatography/ mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Less than 20% of the total applied carfentrazone was dislodged with 14% of DFR occurring immediately after application and a total of 6% for the remainder of the 15-day study. Prodiamine DFR averaged 80% over the 11-day study with dislodgeable residue levels ranging from a maximum of 17% of the total applied chemical 8 hours after treatment to a low of 4% 11 days after treatment. Approximately 35% of the total applied bifenthrin was available to be dislodged over 15-day study with 34% DFR loss occurring immediately after application and a total of 1% for the remainder of the sampling periods. If pesticides are allowed to dry on the leaf surface, shortly after application carfentrazone, prodiamine and bifenthrin pose minimal risk to human health via dermal exposure when applied at the labeled rate.

Crop diseases are a major impediment to food security in the developing world. The development of cheap and accurate crop diagnosis software would thus be of great benefit to the farming community. A number of previous studies, utilizing computer vision and machine-learning algorithms, have successfully developed applications that can diagnose crop diseases. However, these studies have primarily focussed either on developing large scale remote sensing applications more suited for large scale farming or on developing desktop/laptop applications and a few others on developing high end smartphone applications. Unfortunately, the attendant hardware requirements and expenses make them inaccessible to the majority of the subsistence farmers, especially those in sub-Saharan Africa where both smartphones and personal computers ownership is minimal. The primary objective of our research was to establish the feasibility of utilizing computer vision and machine learning techniques to develop a crop diseases diagnosis application that is not only accessible through personal computers and smartphones but is also accessible through any internet enabled feature phone. Leveraging methods established in previous papers, we successfully developed a prototype crop diseases diagnosis application capable of diagnosing two maize foliar diseases, Common Rust and Grey Leaf Spot. This application is accessible through personal computers and high end smartphones as well as through any internet enabled feature phones. The solution is a responsive web based application constructed using open source libraries whose diagnosing engine utilizes an SVM classifier that can be trained using either SIFT or SURF features. The solution was evaluated to establish classification accuracy, page load times when accessed from different networks and its cross-browser support. The system achieved 73.3% overall accuracy rate when tested using images identical to images end users would upload. Page load times were considerably long on GPRS and 2G network tests. However, they were comparable to average page load times users would experience when accessing google search engine pages from similar networks. Cross-browser support tests indicated that the system is fully compatible with all popular mobile and desktop browsers. Based on the evaluation results, we concluded that it is feasible to develop a crop diseases diagnosis application that in addition to being accessible through personal computers and smartphones can also be accessed through any internet enabled feature phones.

Mestrado em Engenharia de Viticultura e Enologia / Instituto Superior de Agronomia. Universidade de Lisboa / Faculdade de Ciências. Universidade do Porto
The present work was aimed to elaborate a bibliographic review about the importance and effects, in a viticultural and enological point of view, of a new and innovating product, the LalVigneâ, that consists in inactive dry yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) derivatives. It was discussed the ongoing challenges of climate change in wine industry, as the alterations of flowering, veraison and harvest, emphasizing the changes in the ripening process, the metabolism of the vine and also at sensorial level. It was referred in this work, some adaptation measures, being the application of LalVigneâ the most important and the one which was developed throughout the work. Elicitation topic went deeper, being referred what elicitor is and its mode of action. Bridging the gap between elicitors and its mode of action in vines, it was possible to develop the work about LalVigneâ. The LalVigneâ is an elicitor, consisting in inactive dry yeast derivatives, with foliar application. The characteristics of LalVigneâ, it’s mode of action, the advantages and disadvantages for viticulture and enology, as well as their side effects, were described. There are two types of LalVigneâ, Mature and Aroma, whose application is made in red and white grapes, respectively. Regarding the side effects, the use of LalVigneâ AROMA had: improvements in the skin thickness; developments in the aroma precursors; no impact in berry weight, Brix, pH or Tartaric acid; enhancements in the glutathione concentration; increases in thiolic varieties as 3MH and 3MHA; and reduction of herbaceous or aggressive character. The use of LalVigneâ MATURE had: improvements in the skin thickness; no impact in berry weight, Brix, pH or tartaric acid; a reduction of herbaceous or aggressive character; improvements in the concentration of extractable anthocyanins; improvements in the skin tannins; and developments in the degree of polymerization. Several trials were compared in this regard
N/A

Thesis (MScAgric)--Stellenbosch University, 2011.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Localized calcium (Ca) deficiencies frequently develop independent from total Ca supply and total fruit Ca concentration. Bulk mineral analyses is therefore not completely suitable for determination of the susceptibility of fruit in developing Ca-linked fruit physiological disorders like bitter pit, as it supplies insufficient information regarding the spatial accumulation of Ca within the fruit. Additional Ca is applied either as soil or foliar applications, where soil applications are applied either after fruit set (pre-harvest) or in the period after harvest. The contribution of these different methods of Ca application to the total Ca concentration in "Braeburn" fruit was quantified over three consecutive growing seasons. Foliar applications have been proven to be successful in suppressing bitter pit development and improving the Ca status of the fruit. The effectiveness of different formulations of foliar Ca products in influencing these parameters was also determined. Furthermore, the distribution pattern of fruit Ca resulting from different application strategies was mapped using particle induced X-ray emission technology. In the "Braeburn" trial, mineral analyses indicated no significant differences between treatments in terms of Ca concentration at 80 days after full bloom (dafb). However, when soil applications occurred with active root growth (visually monitored), treatments differed significantly 80 dafb. Weekly foliar Ca applications from 28 dafb resulted in higher fruit Ca concentrations 80 dafb than a pre-harvest soil Ca application (January, 2010). A possible explanation for the inefficiency of pre-harvest soil Ca is the disintegration of xylem vessels from 40 dafb (before root uptake) for sensitive cultivars such as Braeburn. Bitter pit initiation has been shown to occur in the earlier part of the season. This, together with a reduced Ca supply to the fruit early in the season due to xylem disintegration (for sensitive cultivars), indicates the importance of early season foliar Ca applications. PIXE analyses were used to establish the radial Ca distribution in apples. Ca was concentrated in the skin and core, with very low values in the outer cortex. PIXE results indicated fruit Ca concentrations to be the lowest in the pre-harvest soil application treatment. This was in agreement with mineral analyses results. Ca enriched areas resulting from effective Ca delivery via the vascular bundles, had a profound effect on fruit Ca concentrations in the immediate core and cortex. At harvest, this effect was much more subtle and emphasizes the importance of untimely xylem rupturing on eventual fruit Ca concentration. At 80 dafb, treatments where foliar Ca was applied showed higher Ca concentrations in the outer cortex (where symptoms of bitter pit typically occur). Calflo™ fruit had significantly higher Ca concentrations in "Braeburn" compared to fruits from Foliar GS™ and GG™ treatments. Calflo™ and Calcimax™ had a higher active Ca percentage (12%) compared to Foliar GSTM and GGTM (10%). Adding the Lecithin™ (surfactant) to Calcimax™ is not recommended as it did not improve its uptake. In "Golden Delicious", the commercial spray program of seven, weekly foliar applications (Calcinit™) resulted in fruit with significantly higher Ca concentrations compared to other treatments.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Kalsium (Ca) tekorte ontstaan gewoonlik in gelokaliseerde areas in die appelvrug en ontwikkel dikwels ten spyte van voldoende totale vrug Ca. Minerale analises van heel vrugte verskaf dus nie genoeg inligting aangaande die verspreiding van Ca in die vrug wanneer die ontwikkelling van fisiologiese defekte soos bitterpit ter sprake is nie. Addisionele Ca word gewoonlik aangewend as blaar- of grondtoedienings, waar grondtoedienings tipies voor-oes (net na set) of in die na-oes periode, toegedien word. Die bydraes van die verskillende toedieningsmetodes tot die totale Ca konsentrasie van "Braeburn" appels is geëvalueer oor drie agtereenvolgende seisoene. Blaartoedienings van Ca word algemeen gebruik om die voorkoms van bitterpit te beheer en die Ca konsentrasie van die vrug te verhoog. Die effektiwiteit van `n reeks blaartoedienings-produkte om hierdie faktore te verbeter, is ook ondersoek. Die spesifieke verspreiding van die Ca in die vrug is gekarteer na gelang van elke toediening deur middel van PIXE-analises (Particle induced X-ray emission). In die "Braeburn" proef was daar geen beduidende verskille in terme van vrug Ca konsentrasie op 80 dnvb (dae na volblom) nie. Daarteenoor, was daar wel beduidende verskille by 80 dnvb toe grond toedienings saam met aktiewe wortelgroei geskied het (visuele inspeksie). Weeklikse blaartoedienings vanaf 21 dnvb het gelei tot vrugte met betekenisvol hoër Ca konsentrasies as die behandeling waar grondtoedienings slegs voor-oes geskied het (Januarie 2010). `n Moontlike oorsaak vir die oneffektiwiteit van voor-oes grondtoedings is die vroeë disintigrasie van xileem vesels in die vrug (soms voor 40 dnvb en voor die aanvang van wortelopname) in sensitiewe kultivars soos "Braeburn". Hierdie vroeë inhibering van Ca voorsiening, tesame met die vroeë inisiasie van bitterpit, beklemtoon die belangrikheid van blaarbespuitings vroeg in die seisoen. Die PIXE-analises wat aangewend is om die radiale verspreiding van Ca in die vrug te bepaal het getoon dat Ca meestal in die skil en kern van die vrug gekonsentreer was, met baie lae konsentrasies in die buitenste korteks. Die laagste Ca konsentrasies is waargeneem in vrugte van die behandeling waar voor-oes Ca slegs as `n grondtoediening geskied het. Hierdie waarneming is in ooreenstemming met die mineraalanalise resultate. Ca verykte areas, afkomstig van die naby geleë vaatbundels (xileem vesels), het egter die grootste effek op vrug Ca konsentrasie gehad. Hierdie effek was nie so groot by oes nie en beklemtoon dus die belangrikheid van die funksionaliteit van die vaatbundels. Blaartoedienings kon die Ca konsentrasie in die buitenste korteks suksesvol verhoog - waar simptome van bitterpit tipies voorkom. Die Calflo™ behandeling het beduidende hoër Ca konsentrasies gehad as die Foliar GS™ en GG™ behandelings. Die Calflo™ en Calcimax™ behandelings het `n hoër aktiewe Ca persentasie (12%) relatief tot die Foliar GS™ en GG™ (10%) behandelings bevat. Die byvoeging van Lecithin™ by Calcimax™ word nie aanbeveel nie, omdat dit geensins Ca opname vermeerder het nie. In die "Golden Delicious" proef het die kommersiële behandeling (Sewe weeklikse spuite van Calcinit™) gelei tot vrugte met die hoogste Ca konsentrasie van al die behandelings.

Iron deficiency chlorosis (IDC) is a production challenge for farmers growing soybeans [Glycine max (L.) Merr.], especially in the Red River Valley. It is critical to correct this deficiency as soon as symptoms arise before growth, and ultimately yield, is negatively impacted. Field experiments of foliar applied iron fertilizers (o-o-EDDHA, o-o-EDDHSA, HEDTA, and an amino acid) and suitable adjuvants (HSOC [high surfactant oil concentrate], non-ionic surfactant, acidifier, and organosilicone surfactant), to control IDC were conducted during the 2013 and 2014 growing seasons, respectively. There was high variability among the results for both the SPAD meter readings and soil iron concentration. The yield values were greater in the treated plots than with control plots, but not significantly so. Further experiments should be conducted to gain more knowledge on the prolonged use and efficiency of these products in the correction of IDC.
North Dakota Soybean Council

The fungicide, benomyl (Benlate) was foliar applied by a commercial air blast sprayer at the rate of 1.0 lb. a.i. per acre in early to late August. Treatments varied with a number of applications i.e. one or two and were compared to an untreated control. Benomyl significantly reduced leaf necrosis surrounding nut clusters and the number of leaf spot lesions when compared to control. One or two applications were equally effective in controlling Septoria leaf spot.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior
O presente trabalho, teve por objetivo avaliar a influÃncia da aplicaÃÃo foliar de prolina no crescimento e desenvolvimento das plantas de milho, sob condiÃÃes de salinidade, analisando as alteraÃÃes fisiolÃgicas e bioquÃmicas envolvidas. Foram utilizadas sementes de milho (Zea mays), genÃtipo BR 205, sendo realizados dois experimentos em casa de vegetaÃÃo. No primeiro, foram avaliadas as respostas fisiolÃgicas e bioquÃmicas em plantas de milho, sob condiÃÃes de salinidade e submetidas à aplicaÃÃo foliar de prolina. Para isso, plantas de milho com 10 dias de idade crescendo em baldes plÃsticos individuais de 10 L, contendo soluÃÃo nutritiva de Clarck, foram distribuÃdas em quatro tratamentos: 1. plantas crescendo em soluÃÃo nutritiva e pulverizadas nas folhas com Ãgua destilada; 2. plantas crescendo em soluÃÃo nutritiva e pulverizadas nas folhas com prolina a 30 mM; 3. plantas crescendo em soluÃÃo nutritiva contendo NaCl a 80 mM e pulverizadas nas folhas com Ãgua destilada; e 4. plantas crescendo em soluÃÃo nutritiva contendo NaCl a 80 mM e pulverizadas nas folhas com prolina a 30 mM. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado, com dois nÃveis de prolina (0 ou 30 mM), dois nÃveis de salinidade (0 ou 80 mM de NaCl) e dois tempos de coleta (plantas com 7 e 14 dias apÃs a aplicaÃÃo dos tratamentos.), com seis repetiÃÃes. Nesse experimento, foram coletadas plantas aos 7 e 14 dias apÃs a imposiÃÃo dos tratamentos, sendo as plantas separadas em folhas, colmos + bainha e raÃzes. Foram analisadas: as massas secas da parte aÃrea, raÃzes e da planta inteira; a Ãrea foliar; os teores de solutos inorgÃnicos (Na+, K+ e Cl-) e orgÃnicos (carboidratos solÃveis, proteÃnas solÃveis, N-aminossolÃveis e prolina). Como resultado, observou-se que a aplicaÃÃo foliar de prolina, por si sÃ, nÃo causou efeito no crescimento das plantas de milho. Entretanto, em condiÃÃes salinas, tal tratamento foi eficaz em minorar a reduÃÃo no crescimento pela salinidade. Isso se deveu, em parte, pelo menor acÃmulo de Ãons tÃxicos (Na+ e Cl-), principalmente na parte aÃrea, aliado a uma menor reduÃÃo na relaÃÃo K+/Na+ das plantas tratadas com prolina exÃgena. O tratamento com prolina reverteu à reduÃÃo nos teores de proteÃnas solÃveis pela salinidade, na parte aÃrea, enquanto nas raÃzes esses teores foram aumentados a nÃveis maiores do que os dos prÃprios controles. Os teores de carboidratos solÃveis e de prolina foram alterados de formas diferentes pelo tratamento com prolina, dependendo do ÃrgÃo analisado. O segundo experimento foi realizado em condiÃÃes semelhantes Ãs do primeiro e seguindo-se os mesmos tratamentos e delineamento experimental. Ele teve como finalidade avaliar os efeitos da aplicaÃÃo foliar de prolina a 30 mM nas trocas gasosas, nos teores de malondialdeÃdo e de H2O2, e nas atividades das enzimas do sistema de proteÃÃo oxidativa e do metabolismo da prolina, em folhas e raÃzes de plantas de milho sob condiÃÃes de salinidade. A salinidade reduziu as trocas gasosas e a prolina exÃgena nÃo provocou alteraÃÃes nesses parÃmetros, exceto por uma pequena elevaÃÃo na taxa de transpiraÃÃo. Nas folhas e raÃzes, a salinidade aumentou os teores de H2O2 e de malondialdeÃdo, sendo ambos os efeitos parcialmente reduzidos pela aplicaÃÃo foliar de prolina nas plantas de milho. Esse tratamento aumentou as atividades das enzimas dismutase do superÃxido e catalase, especialmente dessa Ãltima nas folhas, tendo revertido sua reduÃÃo em atividade pela salinidade e, possivelmente, isso pode ter contribuÃdo para a reduÃÃo dos teores de H2O2 e de malondialdeÃdo, que à um indicador confiÃvel de danos de membrana. Por outro lado, no estudo sobre as enzimas do metabolismo da prolina, observou-se, nas folhas, que a atividade da sintetase da Δ1-pirrolina-5-carboxilato (P5CS), enzima da via de sÃntese da prolina, teve sua atividade aumentada pela salinidade, porÃm o tratamento com prolina exÃgena reduziu fortemente sua atividade aos 14 dias de tratamento. Jà a prolina desidrogenase (PDH), enzima da via catabÃlica da prolina, foi fortemente estimulada pela prolina exÃgena, em condiÃÃes controle ou de estresse salino, fato que sugere que essa enzima à induzida pelo excesso de prolina nos tecidos. O papel dessas enzimas nos nÃveis de prolina dos tecidos nÃo pÃde ser claramente estabelecido, desde que o padrÃo de resposta em suas atividades pelo tratamento com prolina exÃgena nÃo foi consistente entre os dois tempos de coleta das plantas de milho.
The present study aimed to evaluate the influence of foliar application of proline in growth and development of maize plants under saline conditions, analyzing physiological and biochemical alterations involved. Seeds of maize (Zea mays) genotype BR 205, being carried two experiments in greenhouse. At first experiment, we evaluated the physiological and biochemical responses in maize plants under saline conditions and subjected to foliar application of proline. For this, the maize plants with 10 days old growing in individual buckets with 10 L, containing nutrient solution of Clark. Four treatments were conducted: 1. plants growing in nutrient solution and leaves sprayed with distilled water, 2. plants growing in nutrient solution and leaves sprayed with 30 mM proline 3.plants growing in nutrient solution containing 80 mM of NaCl and leaves sprayed with distilled water, and 4. plants growing in nutrient solution containing 80 mM NaCl and leaves sprayed with 30 mM proline. The experimental design was completely randomized, with two levels of proline (0 or 30 mM), two levels of salinity (0 or 80 mM NaCl) and two haverst times (plants 7 and 14 days after treatment application. ) with six replications. In this experiment, plants were collected at 7 and 14 days after the imposition of the treatments, the plants were separated into leaves, stems and sheath and roots. Were analyzed: dried weight of shoots, roots and whole plant, leaf area, concentrations of inorganic solutes (Na+, K+ and Cl-) and organic (soluble carbohydrates, soluble proteins, N-aminosolubles and proline). As result, it was found that the foliar application of proline itself had no effect on the growth of maize plants. However, in saline conditions, such treatment was effective in alleviating the reduction in growth by salinity. This was due, in part, by lower accumulation of toxic ions (Na+ and Cl-), mainly in shoot, combined with a smaller reduction in K+/Na+ plants treated with exogenous proline. Treatment with proline reversed the reduction in soluble protein content by salinity in shoots, roots while these levels were increased to levels higher than those of the controls themselves. The soluble carbohydrates and proline have been changed in different ways by treatment with proline, depending on the organ examined. The second experiment was conducted under similar conditions to the first and following the same treatments and experimental design. The objective was to evaluate the effect of foliar application of proline 30 mM in gas exchange, the levels of malondialdehyde and H2O2, and the activities of protection enzyme system and oxidative metabolism of proline in leaves and roots of maize plants under saline conditions. Salinity reduced gas exchange and exogenous proline caused no changes in these parameters, except for a small increase in the rate of transpiration. In leaves and roots, salinity increased the levels of H2O2 and malondialdehyde, both effects being partially reduced by foliar application of proline in maize plants. This treatment increased the activities of the enzymes superoxide dismutase and catalase, this last especially in leaves, having reversed its reduction in activity by salinity and possibly this may have contributed to the reduction of the levels of H2O2 and malondialdehyde, an indicator reliable membrane damage. Moreover, the study on the enzymes of the metabolism of proline was observed in leaves, which activity Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthase (P5CS), enzyme of proline anabolic pathway, had increased his activity by salinity, but the treatment with exogenous proline strongly reduced its activity after 14 days of treatment. Already proline dehydrogenase (PDH), the enzyme proline catabolic pathway, was strongly stimulated by exogenous proline, under control or salt stress, which suggests that this enzyme is induced by excess proline in tissues. The role of these enzymes in tissue levels of proline could not be clearly established, since the response pattern in their activities by treatment with exogenous proline was not consistent between the two haverst times for maize.

FREITAS, Paulo André Ferreira de. Aplicação foliar de prolina como meio de minorar os efeitos do estresse salino em plantas de milho. 2013. 109 f. : Dissertação (Mestrado em Bioquímica) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza-CE, 2013.
Submitted by Eric Santiago (erichhcl@gmail.com) on 2016-06-27T13:45:35Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_dis_paffreitas.pdf: 2578027 bytes, checksum: 526a18fbbfe45aa94b6e45cddcd5dec7 (MD5)
Approved for entry into archive by José Jairo Viana de Sousa (jairo@ufc.br) on 2016-08-02T20:09:09Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_dis_paffreitas.pdf: 2578027 bytes, checksum: 526a18fbbfe45aa94b6e45cddcd5dec7 (MD5)
Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-02T20:09:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_dis_paffreitas.pdf: 2578027 bytes, checksum: 526a18fbbfe45aa94b6e45cddcd5dec7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013
The present study aimed to evaluate the influence of foliar application of proline in growth and development of maize plants under saline conditions, analyzing physiological and biochemical alterations involved. Seeds of maize (Zea mays) genotype BR 205, being carried two experiments in greenhouse. At first experiment, we evaluated the physiological and biochemical responses in maize plants under saline conditions and subjected to foliar application of proline. For this, the maize plants with 10 days old growing in individual buckets with 10 L, containing nutrient solution of Clark. Four treatments were conducted: 1. plants growing in nutrient solution and leaves sprayed with distilled water, 2. plants growing in nutrient solution and leaves sprayed with 30 mM proline 3.plants growing in nutrient solution containing 80 mM of NaCl and leaves sprayed with distilled water, and 4. plants growing in nutrient solution containing 80 mM NaCl and leaves sprayed with 30 mM proline. The experimental design was completely randomized, with two levels of proline (0 or 30 mM), two levels of salinity (0 or 80 mM NaCl) and two haverst times (plants 7 and 14 days after treatment application. ) with six replications. In this experiment, plants were collected at 7 and 14 days after the imposition of the treatments, the plants were separated into leaves, stems and sheath and roots. Were analyzed: dried weight of shoots, roots and whole plant, leaf area, concentrations of inorganic solutes (Na+, K+ and Cl-) and organic (soluble carbohydrates, soluble proteins, N-aminosolubles and proline). As result, it was found that the foliar application of proline itself had no effect on the growth of maize plants. However, in saline conditions, such treatment was effective in alleviating the reduction in growth by salinity. This was due, in part, by lower accumulation of toxic ions (Na+ and Cl-), mainly in shoot, combined with a smaller reduction in K+/Na+ plants treated with exogenous proline. Treatment with proline reversed the reduction in soluble protein content by salinity in shoots, roots while these levels were increased to levels higher than those of the controls themselves. The soluble carbohydrates and proline have been changed in different ways by treatment with proline, depending on the organ examined. The second experiment was conducted under similar conditions to the first and following the same treatments and experimental design. The objective was to evaluate the effect of foliar application of proline 30 mM in gas exchange, the levels of malondialdehyde and H2O2, and the activities of protection enzyme system and oxidative metabolism of proline in leaves and roots of maize plants under saline conditions. Salinity reduced gas exchange and exogenous proline caused no changes in these parameters, except for a small increase in the rate of transpiration. In leaves and roots, salinity increased the levels of H2O2 and malondialdehyde, both effects being partially reduced by foliar application of proline in maize plants. This treatment increased the activities of the enzymes superoxide dismutase and catalase, this last especially in leaves, having reversed its reduction in activity by salinity and possibly this may have contributed to the reduction of the levels of H2O2 and malondialdehyde, an indicator reliable membrane damage. Moreover, the study on the enzymes of the metabolism of proline was observed in leaves, which activity Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthase (P5CS), enzyme of proline anabolic pathway, had increased his activity by salinity, but the treatment with exogenous proline strongly reduced its activity after 14 days of treatment. Already proline dehydrogenase (PDH), the enzyme proline catabolic pathway, was strongly stimulated by exogenous proline, under control or salt stress, which suggests that this enzyme is induced by excess proline in tissues. The role of these enzymes in tissue levels of proline could not be clearly established, since the response pattern in their activities by treatment with exogenous proline was not consistent between the two haverst times for maize.
O presente trabalho, teve por objetivo avaliar a influência da aplicação foliar de prolina no crescimento e desenvolvimento das plantas de milho, sob condições de salinidade, analisando as alterações fisiológicas e bioquímicas envolvidas. Foram utilizadas sementes de milho (Zea mays), genótipo BR 205, sendo realizados dois experimentos em casa de vegetação. No primeiro, foram avaliadas as respostas fisiológicas e bioquímicas em plantas de milho, sob condições de salinidade e submetidas à aplicação foliar de prolina. Para isso, plantas de milho com 10 dias de idade crescendo em baldes plásticos individuais de 10 L, contendo solução nutritiva de Clarck, foram distribuídas em quatro tratamentos: 1. plantas crescendo em solução nutritiva e pulverizadas nas folhas com água destilada; 2. plantas crescendo em solução nutritiva e pulverizadas nas folhas com prolina a 30 mM; 3. plantas crescendo em solução nutritiva contendo NaCl a 80 mM e pulverizadas nas folhas com água destilada; e 4. plantas crescendo em solução nutritiva contendo NaCl a 80 mM e pulverizadas nas folhas com prolina a 30 mM. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado, com dois níveis de prolina (0 ou 30 mM), dois níveis de salinidade (0 ou 80 mM de NaCl) e dois tempos de coleta (plantas com 7 e 14 dias após a aplicação dos tratamentos.), com seis repetições. Nesse experimento, foram coletadas plantas aos 7 e 14 dias após a imposição dos tratamentos, sendo as plantas separadas em folhas, colmos + bainha e raízes. Foram analisadas: as massas secas da parte aérea, raízes e da planta inteira; a área foliar; os teores de solutos inorgânicos (Na+, K+ e Cl-) e orgânicos (carboidratos solúveis, proteínas solúveis, N-aminossolúveis e prolina). Como resultado, observou-se que a aplicação foliar de prolina, por si só, não causou efeito no crescimento das plantas de milho. Entretanto, em condições salinas, tal tratamento foi eficaz em minorar a redução no crescimento pela salinidade. Isso se deveu, em parte, pelo menor acúmulo de íons tóxicos (Na+ e Cl-), principalmente na parte aérea, aliado a uma menor redução na relação K+/Na+ das plantas tratadas com prolina exógena. O tratamento com prolina reverteu à redução nos teores de proteínas solúveis pela salinidade, na parte aérea, enquanto nas raízes esses teores foram aumentados a níveis maiores do que os dos próprios controles. Os teores de carboidratos solúveis e de prolina foram alterados de formas diferentes pelo tratamento com prolina, dependendo do órgão analisado. O segundo experimento foi realizado em condições semelhantes às do primeiro e seguindo-se os mesmos tratamentos e delineamento experimental. Ele teve como finalidade avaliar os efeitos da aplicação foliar de prolina a 30 mM nas trocas gasosas, nos teores de malondialdeído e de H2O2, e nas atividades das enzimas do sistema de proteção oxidativa e do metabolismo da prolina, em folhas e raízes de plantas de milho sob condições de salinidade. A salinidade reduziu as trocas gasosas e a prolina exógena não provocou alterações nesses parâmetros, exceto por uma pequena elevação na taxa de transpiração. Nas folhas e raízes, a salinidade aumentou os teores de H2O2 e de malondialdeído, sendo ambos os efeitos parcialmente reduzidos pela aplicação foliar de prolina nas plantas de milho. Esse tratamento aumentou as atividades das enzimas dismutase do superóxido e catalase, especialmente dessa última nas folhas, tendo revertido sua redução em atividade pela salinidade e, possivelmente, isso pode ter contribuído para a redução dos teores de H2O2 e de malondialdeído, que é um indicador confiável de danos de membrana. Por outro lado, no estudo sobre as enzimas do metabolismo da prolina, observou-se, nas folhas, que a atividade da sintetase da Δ1-pirrolina-5-carboxilato (P5CS), enzima da via de síntese da prolina, teve sua atividade aumentada pela salinidade, porém o tratamento com prolina exógena reduziu fortemente sua atividade aos 14 dias de tratamento. Já a prolina desidrogenase (PDH), enzima da via catabólica da prolina, foi fortemente estimulada pela prolina exógena, em condições controle ou de estresse salino, fato que sugere que essa enzima é induzida pelo excesso de prolina nos tecidos. O papel dessas enzimas nos níveis de prolina dos tecidos não pôde ser claramente estabelecido, desde que o padrão de resposta em suas atividades pelo tratamento com prolina exógena não foi consistente entre os dois tempos de coleta das plantas de milho.

Three studies were conducted with Fraser fir Christmas trees to determine the variation in foliar nitrogen (N) , phosphorus (P) , potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) levels among plantation ages, sample locations within the crown, and effects due to seasonal changes. Extensive variation in nutrient concentrations existed with age of tissue collected, sample location with respect to aspect and vertical position, and normal seasonal fluctuation. Tree to tree nutrient variation indicated that greater sampling intensities are required for younger (under four years) plantations as opposed to older (over four years) plantations to achieve comparable confidence and precision levels. The data clearly illustrated that comparisons of foliar nutrient levels without regard to these sampling variables could cause erroneous diagnoses. Recommended foliar sampling practices involved sampling current-year's tissue from 2- or 3-year-old south-facing branches in October or November for routine foliar diagnoses. Another study developed a DRIS application to evaluate N, P, K, Ca, and Mg nutrition on seventy-nine trees in a 3-year-old Fraser fir Christmas tree plantation. DRIS norms and index equations from premium grade Christmas tree were developed. In contrast to most crops where growth and yield are assessed, Fraser fir Christmas tree performance was evaluated by conventional grading procedures based on tree quality. A classification model utilizing several measured growth characteristics to predict Christmas tree grade was also investigated to objectively evaluate tree performance. Satisfactory grade-prediction results using a discriminant model were obtained yielding overall correct classification rates of 80 percent. Preliminary evaluation of DRIS performance suggested that assessments of nutritional balance, rather than examination of individual nutrient concentrations, may be more useful for prescribing fertilizer to improve Christmas tree quality.
M.S.

Orientador: Marco Eustáquio de Sá
Resumo: A utilização de sementes ricas em molibdênio se constitui numa técnica promissora para sanar as deficiências desse micronutriente, o qual é importante para a fixação biológica do nitrogênio e metabolismo vegetal. O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a produtividade das plantas, o teor de molibdênio e a qualidade fisiológica das sementes em resposta às fontes, doses e épocas de aplicação foliar de molibdênio, bem como, o grau de nodulação das plantas originadas de sementes enriquecidas com molibdênio. Para tanto, foi conduzido um experimento na área experimental da Fazenda de Ensino, Pesquisa e Extensão da Faculdade de Engenharia/UNESP – Campus de Ilha Solteira, situada no município de Selvíria - MS, no período de outono e inverno de 2015 e de 2016. O delineamento experimental utilizado nessa fase foi em blocos casualizados com os tratamentos distribuídos no arranjo fatorial 2 x 5 x 2 (duas fontes de molibdênio (molibdato de amônio com 81% de Mo e produto Geoclean com 15 % de Mo), cinco doses de Mo (0, 300, 600, 900 e 1.500 g ha-1) e duas épocas de aplicação (V4.6 e R1)), totalizando 20 tratamentos com quatro repetições. Foram avaliadas o número de vagens por planta, número de sementes por planta, número de sementes por vagem, massa de 100 sementes e a produtividade de grãos. Posteriormente, foram avaliados a qualidade fisiológica (germinação e vigor) e nutricional (teor de proteínas e molibdênio) das sementes colhidas, assim como, o potencial de formação de nódulos das plant... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Doutor

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:28:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-09-03Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:37:08Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 romualdo_lm_me_jabo.pdf: 350924 bytes, checksum: 1b8ed6948cf3c1b98f7a39b7205dfeb3 (MD5)
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
Existe pouca informação que fundamente os modos de aplicação de zinco, comparando as técnicas tradicionais de adubação via solo e foliar, à alternativa de tratamento de sementes para o milho e, principalmente, para o sorgo. Diante deste contexto, foram conduzidos experimentos em casa de vegetação, para avaliar os modos de aplicação de zinco nas culturas do milho e do sorgo. As unidades experimentais constaram de vasos com 9,5 dm3, preenchidos com 7 dm3 de amostra de um Latossolo Vermelho distrófico, textura argilosa. O delineamento experimental adotado foi inteiramente casualizado, com cinco tratamentos e cinco repetições. Os tratamentos foram constituídos por quatro modos de aplicação de zinco: 1) incorporado ao solo; 2) localizado ao lado do sulco de plantio; 3) foliar; 4) aplicação nas sementes; 5) testemunha (sem aplicação). Os ensaios para cada cultura foram individuais, conduzidos durante dois cultivos sucessivos, por cerca de 55 dias cada. Após cada cultivo foi realizado o corte das plantas para a determinação da massa seca, assim como para a avaliação do crescimento (altura, área foliar, número de folhas, número de internódios e diâmetro do caule), além da determinação dos teores de macro e micronutrientes nas plantas e no solo. Os resultados indicaram que os modos de aplicação de zinco foram semelhantes no crescimento inicial do milho e do sorgo.
Exists few information of works that base the manners of zinc application, comparing the traditional techniques way soil and foliar, to the alternative of treatment of seeds for the maize and, mainly, for sorghum. Ahead of this context, were carried out experiments in greenhouse, to evaluate the manners of zinc application in the crops of maize and sorghum. The units sample had consisted of pots with 9,5 dm3, filled with 7 dm3 of sample of a distrofic red latosol, clayey texture. The experiment was in a completely randomized design, with five treatments and five repetitions. The treatments were constituted for four manners of zinc application: 1) incorporated to the soil; 2) located to the side of the plantation ridge; 3) foliar; 4) application in the seeds; 5) control (without application). The practice for each culture was individual, carried out during two successive cultures, for about 55 days each. After each culture was realized the cut of the plants for the determination of the dry mass, as well as for the evaluation of the growth (height, foliar area, leaf number, number of internodes and diameter of stem), beyond the determination of tenor of macronutrients and micronutrients in the plants and the ground. The manners of zinc application were similar in the initial growth, in the cultures of maize and sorghum.

Most of the fields planted with clonal tea in Malawi are deficient in micronutrients. This was evident in leaf analysis data collected in 2007 from 170 mature clonal tea fields of some of the tea estates in Malawi, which showed very high incidences of B, Zn and Cu deficiencies. Current fertiliser recommendations have emphasised much on macronutrients, such as N, Pand K, but little attention has been paid to micronutrient elements despite continuous removal through harvesting. A study was therefore conducted to assess the effect of foliar applications of Cu, Zn and B containing fertilisers on yield and quality of mature clonal tea plants. Field experiments were laid out in randomised blocks in two fields planted with cultivars PC 105 and 108 at Mianga and Glenorchy estates in the Mulanje district in Malawi and were replicated four times at each site. The treatments were T1 (control, no spray), T2 [ 0.1% boric acid (190.8g B/ha)], T3 [1% copper sulphate solution (4.35kg Cu/ha)], T4 [1.25kg/ha zinc oxide (1kg Zn /ha)], T5 [0.1% boric acid, 1% copper sulphate solution, 1.25kg/ha zinc oxide], T6 [1% of Commercial micronutrient mix ( N 1.7%, P 2.3%, K 1.6%, Mg 0.25%, Fe 1288 mg/kg, Mn 1005 mg/kg, Zn 2182 mg/kg, Cu 732 mg /kg, B 8202 mg/kg, Mo 3681 mg/kg, kelp extract 75 mg/kg, amino acids 50 g/kg, phytofulvate 50 g/kg)], and T7 [2.48kg/ha zinc sulphate (1kg Zn /ha)]. Micronutrient foliar sprays affected yield significantly at Glenorchy tea estate, but had no significant effect on yield at Mianga estate. Copper sulphate solution applied at 1% concentration decreased yield, but the other foliar applications did not impact yield relative to the control at Glenorchy. Tea quality by taster’s scores was not affected at Mianga estate, whilst at Glenorchy quality was affected, with the commercial micronutrient mix giving the lowest total score. Individual parameters that contributed to the differences in total scores at Glenorchy estate included brightness, briskness, colour of liquor, colour of infusion and colour with milk. Thearubigin (TR) concentration was the only biochemical quality parameter that was affected by the micronutrient foliar sprays. The level of TR was increased in all treatments that received the foliar sprays and the control treatment gave the lowest amount of TRs at both sites. An increase in the Thearubigin/Theaflavin (TR/TF) ratio, obtained in all treatments that received the foliar sprays, provides evidence that more catechins were being converted to TRs than TFs during fermentation. Foliar levels of B, Zn and Cu were raised significantly by the application of the respective foliar sprays, except for the commercial micronutrient mix which did not significantly increase B and Zn levels at both sites, but raised Cu levels to the recommended level only at Mianga, but not at Glenorchy estate. Concentration of Cu was extremely high in tea leaves treated with copper sulphate either alone or in combination with boric acid and zinc oxide. Levels of other nutrient elements, namely N, P, K, S, Zn, Cu, Mg, Mn, Mo, Ca, Fe, B, Al and Na in the soils where different foliar sprays were applied were similar at both sites. Likewise, foliar levels of N, P, K, S, Zn, Cu, Mg, Mn, Mo, Ca, Fe, B, Al and Na were not different in all plots at Mianga, but at Glenorchy differences in foliar levels of Al and S were noted. High concentrations of Al and S in the leaves were observed in plots that received copper sulphate applied alone. High foliar concentrations of Al and Cu in leaves treated with copper sulphate could be the reason for the low yields obtained in the plots treated only with copper sulphate at Glenorchy estate. Foliar application of Cu, Zn and B in forms of 0.1% boric acid (190.8g B/ha)], 1% copper sulphate solution (4.35kg Cu/ha)], [1.25kg/ha zinc oxide (1kg Zn /ha)], 1% of a Commercial micronutrient mix (N 1.7%, P 2.3%, K 1.6%, Mg 0.25%, Fe 1288 mg/kg, Mn 1005 mg/kg, Zn 2182 mg/kg, Cu 732 mg /kg, B 8202 mg/kg, Mo 3681 mg/kg, kelp extract 75 mg/kg, amino acids 50 g/kg, phytofulvate 50 g/kg), and 2.48kg/ha zincsulphate (1kg Zn /ha) to mature clonal tea did not significantly increase yields and tea tasters scores, therefore their application to clonal tea with the aim of improving yield and quality may not be necessary. Results from this study indicated that clonal tea, specifically cultivars (PC 108 and PC 105), could not give positive results in terms of yield and quality of tea due to foliar application of Cu, Zn and B within the first season of application. However, if application is aimed at raising concentrations of Cu, Zn, and B, then boric acid, zinc sulphate, zinc oxide and the commercial micronutrient mix may be used without negatively affecting yield and quality of tea significantly. Copper sulphate however, at the application concentration and frequency used, should not be done because of the observed yield decline in copper sulphate treated plots. More prolonged research is required to determine if long term applications can correct perceived deficiencies and increase yield.
Dissertation (MSc(Agric))--University of Pretoria, 2012.
Plant Production and Soil Science
unrestricted

Orientador: Evandro Pereira Prado
Resumo: Diversos fatores podem interferir nos depósitos da pulverização em plantas sendo o tamanho de gotas e a ponta de pulverização uma das mais importantes nesse processo. Diante disso, objetivou-se avaliar como o tamanho de gotas e a ponta de pulverização afetarão a quantidade e qualidade dos depósitos da pulverização em plantas de amendoim (Arachis hypogaea L.) nos diferentes estádios de desenvolvimento. A verificação da deposição em plantas de amendoim nos estádios de desenvolvimento dos primeiros ramos (V1) e nos estádios de alongamento de ginóforos (R2) em função do tamanho de gotas (fina, média, grossa e muito grossa – experimento 1) e da ponta de pulverização (TXA 8002 VK - Cônico, TTJ 60 11002 - Plano duplo, AIXR 110025 - Plano com indução de ar, DGTJ 11002 - Plano duplo de deriva reduzida, XR 8003 - Plano de faixa ampliada – experimento 2) foram realizadas em delineamento de blocos inteiramente casualizados com 4 tratamentos e 40 repetições (experimento 1) e 5 tratamentos e 40 repetições (experimento 2), pela pulverização do corante alimentício Azul Brilhante na concentração de 1,5 g. L-1. Os valores de deposição obtidos nos experimentos foram submetidos à análise de variâncias e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Scott-Knott. A uniformidade de distribuição dos depósitos foi ajustada a regressão logística. No primeiro experimento (tamanho de gotas × estádios fenológicos) as médias de deposição no estádio V1 foram todas significativamente diferentes ente si, e no estádio R... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Several factors can interfere with spray deposits on plants. It is known that the droplet size and the spray tip are some of the most important in this process. Therefore, the objective was to evaluate how the droplet size and the spray tip will affect the quantity and quality of spray deposits on peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) plants at different stages of development. The verification of deposition in peanut plants in the stages of development of the first branches (V1) and in the stages of elongation of gynophores (R2), depending on the droplet size (fine, medium, coarse and very coarse - experiment 1) and the spray tip (TXA 8002 VK - Conical, TTJ 60 11002 - Double plane, AIXR 110025 - Air induction plane, DGTJ 11002 - Double reduced drift plane, XR 8003 - Extended range plane - experiment 2), were carried out in a completely randomized block design with 4 treatments and 40 repetitions (experiment 1) and 5 treatments and 40 repetitions (experiment 2), by spraying the Brilliant Blue dye food at concentration of 1.5 g L-1. The deposition values obtained in the experiments were subjected to analysis of variances and their averages were compared by the Scott-Knott test. The uniformity of deposit distribution was adjusted to logistic regression. In the first experiment (droplet size × phenological stages), the deposition averages in the V1 stage were all significantly different from each other; in the R2 stage, the treatments with fine and medium droplets differed from the treatm... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre

Resumo: Existe pouca informação que fundamente os modos de aplicação de zinco, comparando as técnicas tradicionais de adubação via solo e foliar, à alternativa de tratamento de sementes para o milho e, principalmente, para o sorgo. Diante deste contexto, foram conduzidos experimentos em casa de vegetação, para avaliar os modos de aplicação de zinco nas culturas do milho e do sorgo. As unidades experimentais constaram de vasos com 9,5 dm3, preenchidos com 7 dm3 de amostra de um Latossolo Vermelho distrófico, textura argilosa. O delineamento experimental adotado foi inteiramente casualizado, com cinco tratamentos e cinco repetições. Os tratamentos foram constituídos por quatro modos de aplicação de zinco: 1) incorporado ao solo; 2) localizado ao lado do sulco de plantio; 3) foliar; 4) aplicação nas sementes; 5) testemunha (sem aplicação). Os ensaios para cada cultura foram individuais, conduzidos durante dois cultivos sucessivos, por cerca de 55 dias cada. Após cada cultivo foi realizado o corte das plantas para a determinação da massa seca, assim como para a avaliação do crescimento (altura, área foliar, número de folhas, número de internódios e diâmetro do caule), além da determinação dos teores de macro e micronutrientes nas plantas e no solo. Os resultados indicaram que os modos de aplicação de zinco foram semelhantes no crescimento inicial do milho e do sorgo.
Abstract: Exists few information of works that base the manners of zinc application, comparing the traditional techniques way soil and foliar, to the alternative of treatment of seeds for the maize and, mainly, for sorghum. Ahead of this context, were carried out experiments in greenhouse, to evaluate the manners of zinc application in the crops of maize and sorghum. The units sample had consisted of pots with 9,5 dm3, filled with 7 dm3 of sample of a distrofic red latosol, clayey texture. The experiment was in a completely randomized design, with five treatments and five repetitions. The treatments were constituted for four manners of zinc application: 1) incorporated to the soil; 2) located to the side of the plantation ridge; 3) foliar; 4) application in the seeds; 5) control (without application). The practice for each culture was individual, carried out during two successive cultures, for about 55 days each. After each culture was realized the cut of the plants for the determination of the dry mass, as well as for the evaluation of the growth (height, foliar area, leaf number, number of internodes and diameter of stem), beyond the determination of tenor of macronutrients and micronutrients in the plants and the ground. The manners of zinc application were similar in the initial growth, in the cultures of maize and sorghum.
Orientador: William Natale
Coorientador: Renato de Mello Prado
Banca: José Carlos Barbosa
Banca: José Ricardo Mantovani
Mestre

La recherche d’une agriculture durable et respectueuse de l’environnement passe par une réduction de l’usage d’intrants de synthèse. L’agroécologie cherche à utiliser les interactions entre les organismes de l’agroécosystème pour optimiser son fonctionnement, comme la régulation naturelle des bioagresseurs. C’est dans cette optique que s’inscrit ce travail de thèse qui étudie l’effet de la fertilisation des cultures sur les épidémies de pathogènes foliaires fongiques des cultures. De plus, nous étudions l’évolution des pathogènes face à des scénarios de fertilisation. Cela questionne la durabilité des pratiques culturales qui participent à la régulation les épidémies. Pour répondre à ces questions, nous avons adopté une démarche de modélisation qui permet de simuler l’effet de différents scénarios de fertilisation. Le point de départ et l’originalité de notre démarche a été de considérer le système hôte-pathogène comme un système ressource-consommateur et d’y appliquer des concepts de l'écologie évolutive pour répondre à ces questions agronomiques. Dans les deux modèles construits durant cette thèse, la fertilisation influence directement la quantité de ressources disponible pour le pathogène. Nous nous y concentrons sur un trait d'histoire de vie du pathogène, la période de latence (durée séparant l'infection du début de la sporulation), qui correspond à la durée minimale d'un cycle infectieux et qui, conditionne la stratégie d'allocation des ressources du pathogène. La latence détermine en effet la quantité de ressource qui sera allouée à la croissance du mycélium (donc sa taille à maturité) et celle qui sera ensuite allouée à la sporulation (en relation avec sa taille). Les modèles développés permettent d'étudier les réponses épidémiologique et évolutive des pathogènes foliaires fongiques à la fertilisation des cultures, avec comme référence le système Blé d'hiver/Rouille brune. Nous avons considéré différentes échelles dans ce travail : depuis la lésion où le pathogène se nourrit directement sur son hôte, jusqu’à la parcelle où se développent les épidémies et au paysage où les flux de spores entre les parcelles sont source d’extension des épidémies dans l’agroécosystème. Un premier modèle, à l'intersection des modèles épidémiologiques "SEIR" et des modèles de populations structurées, couvre les échelles de la lésion à celles de l’épidémie et de la parcelle. Le second modèle, à l'intersection des modèles SEIR et des modèles spatiaux d'épidémiologie du paysage, couvre les échelles de la parcelle au paysage agricole. Nous étudions les dynamiques épidémiologiques et évolutives, en comparant des concepts de fitness empiriques et d’invasion. Nous montrons que la fertilisation des cultures, en déterminant la dynamique des ressources disponibles pour les pathogènes, impacte fortement les épidémies. Nos modèles prédisent que la latence des pathogènes évolue en réponse à des compromis écologiques variés, d’une part pour optimiser l’allocation des ressources au niveau des feuilles, mais également pour gagner la course face à la croissance du couvert. La fertilisation, en changeant les concentrations de métabolites foliaires et les dynamiques de croissance du couvert, impacte donc épidémies et réponses évolutives de la latence des pathogènes. A l’échelle du paysage, l’introduction de pratiques variées de fertilisation dans un paysage préalablement homogène pourrait permettre de réduire les épidémies. Cependant, notre modèle prédit une durée limitée de cet effet du fait de l’évolution et de la diversification des pathogènes dans un paysage hétérogène. Ce travail ouvre la voie à des travaux sur l’effet et la durabilité des pratiques pour réguler les épidémies dans l’agroécosystème. Enfin, nous montrons par un travail de méta-analyse qu’il existe une relation forte entre type trophique et latence du pathogène, suggérant que les différents types de pathogènes répondront différemment à des scénarios de réduction de fertilisation
The quest for a sustainable agriculture requires a reduction in the use of synthetic inputs. In this perspective, agroecology seeks to use interactions between organisms in the agroecosystem to replace inputs by ecosystem services, such as the natural regulation of pests and diseases. In this context, this thesis studies the effect of crop fertilization on epidemics of crop fungal foliar pathogens. We also take into account the evolution of these pathogens in response to fertilization scenarios. This allows us to study the sustainability of agricultural practices that contribute to the regulation of epidemics. To answer these questions, we adopted a modelling approach that simulates the effect of different fertilization scenarios. The starting point and originality of our approach was to consider the pathosystem as a consumer-resource system and to use concepts of evolutionary ecology to answer the abovementioned agronomic questions. In the two models developed in this thesis, fertilization directly determines the quantity of resources available for the pathogen. We focus on one of the pathogen's life history traits, the latent period (time period between infection and the onset of sporulating lesions), which corresponds to the minimum duration of an infectious cycle and constrains the pathogen's resource allocation strategy. The latent period determines the amount of resource that will be allocated to either growth of mycelium (and therefore to pathogen size at maturity) or to sporulation (proportional to the pathogen’s size). The models we developed make it possible to study the epidemiological and evolutionary responses of fungal foliar pathogens to crop fertilization. We parameterized our models according to our biological knowledge of the wheat-rust pathosystem. Our modelling work encompasses different spatial and temporal scales: from the lesion where the pathogen feeds directly on its host, to the field and the landscape where the spores that flow between fields are the source of epidemics in the agroecosystem. The first model, at the intersection of the "SEIR" epidemiological models and structured population models, covers the scales of a lesion, the crop canopy and the field. The second model, at the intersection of SEIR and spatial landscape epidemiology models, covers the scales of the field and the agricultural landscape. We study epidemiological and evolutionary dynamics of pathogen populations by comparing empirical and invasion fitness concepts. We show that crop fertilization, by determining the dynamics of available resources for pathogens, has a strong impact on foliar fungal epidemics. Our models predict that pathogen latent period evolves in response to various ecological trade-offs; on the one hand to optimize resources allocation at the leaf scale, on the other hand to win the race against canopy growth. By changing the leaf metabolite content and the rate of canopy growth, fertilization therefore impacts both epidemics and evolutionary responses of pathogen latent period. At the landscape scale, the introduction of various fertilization practices in a previously homogeneous landscape could help to partially regulate epidemics. However, our model predicts that the beneficial effects of heterogeneity will vanish due to the evolution and diversification of pathogens in heterogeneous landscapes. This work sets the stage for further work on the effect and sustainability of agricultural practices on the regulation of crop epidemics in agroecosystems. Finally, by performing a meta-analysis, we bring out a strong relation between pathogen trophic type and latent period, suggesting that different trophic types of pathogens will respond differently to decreasing fertilization scenarios

Knowledge of optimum concentrations and ratios of major nutrients in tree foliage is required to assess the nutrient status of the boreal forest. This thesis aimed at determining foliar nutritional standards for white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss), black spruce (Picea mariana Mill. B.S.P.) and jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) and to assess the nutrient status of forest stands across Canada for all major nutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mg and Mn) using critical values (CVA) and compositional nutrient diagnosis (CND). Trees were sampled at three locations in Ontario and Quebec to cover a gradient of soil fertility levels. A boundary line approach was used in combination with quadratic regression models to assess the relationship between growth and foliar nutrient concentrations or CND scores when free of the effects of interacting environmental factors. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Nitrogen (N) is the nutrient that has the greatest ability to influence and increase the productivity of grains of corn. The N is available in insufficient amounts in Brazilian soils, increasing the cost of crop production. So there is interest in using alternative sources to meet the demand of the plant, such as fixation, which is held by a group of bacteria called diazotrophic, which are able to fix nitrogen and make it available to plants. Among the most used in association with grasses is Azospirillum brasilense. Positive interaction with corn has been evaluated in several studies, however there are few studies that evaluate the foliar application, the contribution of N input and the enzymatic activity of inoculated plants. Thus the aim of the study was to establish the relationship between productivity components, enzymatic and morphological changes of different genetic bases of corn with seed inoculation and leaf of A. brasilense. This work is divided into two chapters. Chapter I aimed to establish the relationship between the hybrids and application forms of A. brasilense, unfolding the direct and indirect effects of the main components of grain yield and estimating the relative contribution of nitrogen. Therefore, we conducted experiments in 2013/14 and 2014/15 seasons, consisting of single cross hybrids, double and triple inoculated with A. brasilense via seed treatment and foliar application in growth stages V2, V4 + V2, V4 and without application of the bacteria. There was varied response as hybrid and year. In the 2013/14 harvest, grain yield was significant for the simple hybrid AG9045 applied via seed and leaf in V2. The seed inoculation showed grain yield increases for the triple hybrid BG7051 in season 2014/15. The variables in the path analysis have direct influence on grain yield, especially, the thousand grain weight. Considering the increase in hybrid it is estimated that there was accumulation of N fixed for the simple hybrid AG9045 and triple hybrid BG7051 in applications via seed and leaf in V2 and via seed, respectively. Thus it is concluded that there is no established relationship between the forms of application A. brasilense and genetics based hybrid. Chapter II aimed to evaluate the enzymatic and morphological changes of corn hybrids submitted to seed inoculation and leaf with A. brasilense. The test was composed of six corn hybrids inoculated with A. brasilense in the treatment of seeds and leaf via the V2 stage. Analyzed in shoots and roots, biochemical variables: lipid peroxidation, activity of superoxide dismutase, guaicaol peroxidase and nitrate reductase and chlorophyll content and carotenoids; and morphological leaf area, shoot dry weight, root length, projected area, surface area, diameter, volume, number of branches and dry mass of roots. The increased activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) of the shoot was the BG7060 with application V2, which prevented damage to the lipid membrane. The nitrate reductase, the shoot was most active in the control treatment, noting that the presence of bacteria reduced the activity of the enzyme. The bacteria showed to be efficient in the area of variables designed and superficial root area in the AG8025 and AG2040 hybrids. Thus, it can be seen that the hybrids have different behaviors in the presence of the bacterium, and the same positively affects the activity of antioxidant enzymes and increase the root system and plant leaf area.
O nitrogênio (N) é o nutriente que tem a maior capacidade de influenciar e aumentar a produtividade de grãos da cultura do milho. O N está disponível em quantidades insuficientes nos solos brasileiros, elevando o custo de produção da cultura. Assim há o interesse na utilização de fontes alternativas para suprir a demanda da planta, como a fixação biológica, que é realizada por um grupo de bactérias denominadas diazotróficas, as quais são capazes de fixar N e disponibiliza-lo para as plantas. Dentre as mais utilizadas em associação com gramíneas está a Azospirillum brasilense. A interação positiva com o milho tem sido avaliada em diversas pesquisas, entretanto são poucos os estudos que avaliam a aplicação foliar, a contribuição no aporte de N e a atividade enzimática das plantas inoculadas. Dessa forma o objetivo do trabalho foi estabelecer relação entre os componentes de produtividade, alterações enzimáticas e morfológicos de diferentes bases genéticas de milho com a inoculação via semente e foliar de A. brasilense. O presente trabalho é dividido em dois capítulos. O Capítulo I teve o objetivo de estabelecer relação entre os híbridos de milho e formas de aplicação de A. brasilense, desdobrando os efeitos diretos e indiretos dos principais componentes da produtividade de grãos e estimando a contribuição nitrogenada relativa. Para tanto foram conduzidos experimentos nas safras 2013/14 e 2014/15, compostos por híbridos simples, duplos e triplos inoculados com A. brasilense via tratamento de sementes e via aplicação foliar, nos estádios fenológicos V2, V2+V4, V4 e sem aplicação da bactéria. Houve resposta variada conforme o híbrido e o ano. Na safra 2013/14, a produtividade de grãos foi significativa para o híbrido simples AG9045 aplicado via semente e foliar em V2. A inoculação via semente apresentou aumentos de produtividade de grãos para o híbrido triplo BG7051 na safra 2014/15. As variáveis avaliadas, na análise de trilha têm influência direta sobre a produtividade de grãos, principalmente, a massa de mil grãos. Considerando o incremento dos híbridos estima-se que houve acúmulo de N fixado para o híbrido simples AG9045 e híbrido triplo BG7051 nas aplicações via semente e foliar em V2 e via semente, respectivamente. Assim conclui-se que não há relação estabelecida entre as formas de aplicação de A. brasilense e a base genética do híbrido. O Capítulo II objetivou avaliar as alterações enzimáticas e morfológicos de híbridos de milho submetidas a inoculação via semente e foliar com A. brasilense. O ensaio foi composto por seis híbridos de milho inoculados com A. brasilense no tratamento de sementes e via foliar no estádio V2. Analisou-se, na parte aérea e em raízes, as variáveis bioquímicas: peroxidação lipídica, atividade das enzimas superóxido dismutase, guaicaol peroxidase e nitrato redutase e conteúdo de clorofila total e carotenóides; e morfológicas: área foliar, massa seca da parte aérea, comprimento de raiz, área projetada, área superficial, diâmetro, volume, número de ramificações e massa seca de raízes. A maior atividade da superóxido dismutase (SOD) da parte aérea, foi no BG7060 com aplicação em V2, o qual evitou danos nos lipídeos de membrana. A nitrato redutase, na parte aérea apresentou maior atividade no tratamento controle, observando que a presença da bactéria reduziu a atividade da enzima. A bactéria apresentou-se eficiente para as variáveis de área projetada e área superficial da raiz nos híbridos AG8025 e AG2040. Assim, pode-se observar que os híbridos têm comportamentos diferentes com a presença da bactéria, sendo que a mesma afeta positivamente a atividade das enzimas antioxidantes e aumenta o sistema radicular e a área foliar das plantas.

A tecnologia da aplicação tem papel fundamental na agricultura, pois proporciona uma correta aplicação do produto biologicamente ativo no alvo, ocasionando um melhor aproveitamento dos agrotóxicos. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a influência de diferentes pontas e pressões na qualidade da pulverização na cultura do tomate por meio da quantificação do depósito e da cobertura foliar. Foram estudadas as pontas GA 11002 (jato plano com indução de ar), TTJ 60-11002 (jato plano duplo) e TT 11002 (jato plano padrão), todas nas pressões de 200, 350 e 500 kPa. Para todos os tratamentos a taxa de aplicação foi de 180 L ha-1. O percentual de cobertura foliar foi quantificado por meio da análise de imagens que detectaram o traçador fluorescente LRM 100 com o auxílio de luz ultravioleta. As imagens foram capturadas por uma câmera digital e processadas pelo software QUANT. O depósito foi quantificado pela extração e quantificação do traçador azul brilhante FD&C N°1 por meio de espectrofotometria. Para ambos os parâmetros foram analisadas amostras do estrato superior e inferior da planta. Houve diferença estatística somente para a cobertura foliar, sendo que na parte superior da planta a ponta de jato plano duplo apresentou menor cobertura na menor pressão. Nas maiores pressões houve um aumento da cobertura foliar favorecido pela formação de gotas médias e finas pelas pontas avaliadas. No estrato inferior a eficiência na cobertura foliar da ponta de jato plano diminui com o aumento da pressão. O depósito de pulverização foi favorecido pelo aumento da cobertura foliar.
The application technology plays a key role in agriculture as it provides a correct application of the product biologically active in the target, causing a better use of pesticides. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of different nozzles and spray pressures acting on tomato by quantifying the deposit and leaf coverage. Were studied the nozzles GA 11002 (flat fan air induction), TTJ 60-11002 (twin flat fan) and TT 11002 (standard flat fan), all pressures of 200, 350 and 500 kPa. For all treatments, the application rate was 180 L h-1. The percentage of leaf coverage was quantified by image analysis to detect the fluorescent tracer LRM 100 with the aid of ultraviolet light. The images were captured by a digital camera and processed by software QUANT. The deposit was quantified by extraction and quantification of tracer bright blue FD&C N° 1 by spectrophotometry. For both parameters were analyzed samples of top and bottom of the parts plant. Statistical difference only for leaf coverage, and at the top of the plant to twin flat fan nozzles showed lower coverage in less pressure. In the higher pressures there was an increase of leaf coverage favored by the formation of fine droplets medium and evaluated nozzles. In the bottom part plant coverage efficiency of foliar flat fan nozzles decreases with increasing pressure. The spray deposit was favored by increased leaf coverage.

Submitted by Felipe Matheus Santos e Souza null (felipemss@outlook.com) on 2017-09-07T13:49:42Z No. of bitstreams: 1 AVALIAÇÃO QUALI-QUANTITATIVA DA PULVERIZAÇÃO EM BARRA ASSISTIDA POR AR NA CULTURA DA SOJA EM DIFERENTES ESTÁDIOS FENOLÓGICOS.pdf: 1530915 bytes, checksum: 85c32ee7704cf819e405f4592eacf302 (MD5)
Approved for entry into archive by Monique Sasaki (sayumi_sasaki@hotmail.com) on 2017-09-11T20:17:25Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 souza_fms_me_bot.pdf: 1530915 bytes, checksum: 85c32ee7704cf819e405f4592eacf302 (MD5)
Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-11T20:17:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 souza_fms_me_bot.pdf: 1530915 bytes, checksum: 85c32ee7704cf819e405f4592eacf302 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-07-28
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
A homogeneidade na distribuição da pulverização no dossel das culturas pode melhorar a eficiência de controle de agentes fitopatogênicos e minimizar a contaminação do meio ambiente. Portanto, este trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar o efeito da velocidade do ar junto à barra de pulverização na distribuição e qualidade da pulverização e sua relação com a deriva de produtos fitossanitários sob diferentes índices de área foliar (IAF) da cultura da soja. Para as avaliações da pulverização um experimento foi conduzido no delineamento em blocos ao acaso com 4 tratamentos: 0, 10, 20 e 30 km.h-1 do fluxo de ar assistido junto à barra em 5 repetições. As pulverizações foram realizadas aos 30, 60 e 90 dias após a emergência (DAE) da cultura, com IAFs de 2.56, 6.67 e 4.64 m2.m-2 respectivamente. Um pulverizador com disponibilidade ou não de ar assistido junto à barra, equipado com pontas de pulverização de jato plano, modelo AXI 11003, espaçadas de 0,5 m, e regulado para pulverizar 200 L.ha-1 de calda foi utilizado nos ensaios experimentais. Antes da pulverização foram selecionadas, ao acaso, dez plantas em cada parcela para amostragem dos depósitos da pulverização. Alvos artificiais, papel filtro nas dimensões 3 x 3 cm foram fixados às plantas, dois na parte superior e outros dois na parte inferior, em ambas superfícies dos folíolos (adaxial e abaxial). Para avaliação de cobertura de pulverização e perda para o solo foram colocados papéis hidrossensíveis, um na parte superior e outro na parte inferior das plantas, bem como três alvos artificiais no solo em cada parcela para determinar a quantidade de produto não interceptada pelas plantas. Para as avaliações de depósito e perdas da pulverização um marcador cúprico foi usado e sua quantificação feita por espectrofotometria de absorção atômica. As avaliações qualitativas da cobertura foram determinadas pelo software GOTAS®. Aos 30 DAE, com IAF de 2.56 m2.m-2, a velocidade máxima de ar proporcionou maior depósito e cobertura da pulverização na parte inferior das plantas e melhor uniformidade na parte superior, entretanto houve incremento das perdas para o solo. Aos 60 DAE, com IAF de 6.67 m2.m-2, não houve diferença entre os tratamentos quanto à cobertura e perdas de pulverização para o solo. No entanto, a assistência de ar, independente da velocidade, melhorou a cobertura da pulverização. Já aos 90 DAE, com IAF de 4.64 m2.m-2, a assistência de ar em 30 km.h-1 incrementou os níveis de depósitos da calda na parte inferior da planta e na superfície adaxial dos folíolos, além de proporcionar maior cobertura em todas as partes do dossel da cultura. Também aos 90 DAE, quanto maior a velocidade do ar, menos foram as perdas para o solo.
Homogeneity in spray distribution into crop canopy can improve efficiency control of phytopathogenic agents and minimize the environment contamination. Therefore, the objective of this work is to evaluate velocity effect on an air-assisted boom spraying on spray quality and distribution and its relation with phytosanitary products drift under different leaf area indexes (LAI) of the soybean crop. For spray evaluations, an experiment was conducted in a randomized block design with 4 treatments: 0, 10, 20 and 30 km.h-1 of the airflow in 5 replications. It was sprayed at 30, 60 and 90 days after emergence (DAE) of the culture, also establishing LAI in the respective application period. A sprayer with or without air assistance, equipped with flat fan nozzles AXI 11003 model, spaced 0,5 m, and 200L.ha-1 volume rate was used in this experiment. During the spraying, ten plants were randomly selected in each plot to sample the spray deposits. Artificial targets, 3 x 3 cm dimensions, were fixed to the plants, two on the upper part and two on the lower part, on both leaflet surfaces (adaxial and abaxial). To evaluate spray coverage and soil loss, hydrosensible papers were placed, one at the top and one at the bottom of the plants, as well as three artificial targets in the soil in each plot to determine the amount of product not intercepted by the plants. For the deposition and spray loss evaluations a cupric marker was used and its quantification made by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. GOTAS® software to determine the qualitative evaluations of coverage percentage. At 30 DAE, with initial soybean development, the maximum air velocity provided greater deposit and spray coverage in the lower part of the plants and better uniformity in the upper part, however, there was an increase in soil losses. At 60 DAE, with maximum leaf density, there was no difference between the treatments in terms of coverage and spray losses to the soil. However, air assistance, regardless of speed, has improved spray coverage. At 90 DAE, air assistance at its maximum capacity increased spray deposit levels at the bottom of the plant and its adaxial surface of the leaflets, in addition to providing greater coverage in all parts of the canopy crop. Also at 90 DAE, the higher air velocity, the less is soil losses. In absolute values relating to spraying moment, the higher the LAI the lower is the soil losses.

Boron was applied as a foliar spray to pecan trees in a pecan orchard located in Cochise County. Single or repeated application prior to pollination did not affect nutlet set. Leaf analysis indicated that the boron levels in all trees were in the sufficient range for optimum growth and production.

Thesis (MScAgric)--Stellenbosch University, 2012.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Fruit trees are exposed to various factors that can adversely affect the production of quality fruit. These factors can directly affect the fruit and the health of the tree and can be classified according to their biotic or abiotic nature, such as pathogenic attacks and drought stress respectively. One of the cultural practices used commercially to address these stresses is the application of fungicides and bactericides. The fruit production industry is under severe pressure from consumers, retailers and environmentalists, locally and internationally, to reduce chemical applications to fruit and fruit trees. The use of natural plant defence elicitor compounds and nutrients offer a potential alternative to fungicide and bactericide sprays and may also increase fruit quality and size as result of a reduction of plant stress. Trials were conducted to evaluate the efficiency of natural plant defence elicitors i.e. salicylic acid (SA) and flavonoids, in addition to mineral nutrients and bactericide/fungicides, on peach (incidence of Xanthomonas infection), plum (induced drought stress and Mg/Mn deficiencies) and apple (Mg/Mn deficiencies) fruit and trees against specified biotic or abiotic stress factors. Trial on Prunus persica cv. ‘Sandvliet’were conducted over two seasons (2008/2009 and 2011/2012) on a commercial site, Protea Farm, in the Worcester area in the Western Cape Province. During the 2008/2009 season the SA (AlexinTM, AlexiboostTM) containing treatments were applied first at 75% petal drop at concentrations of 125 and 250 ml. 100 L-1. The copper (StCu, Cu)-containing treatment was applied at 50% petal drop, while dichlorophen (XanbacTM) treatments were applied at fruit set at concentrations of 150, 300 and 200 ml. 100 L-1. The flavonoid (CroplifeTM) treatment was applied at the start of petal drop at a concentration of 150 ml.100 L-1. During the 2011/2012 season, a new flavonoid (CropbiolifeTM) treatment, as well as potassium (K-MaxTM) treatment, were incorporated into the trial and applied at concentrations of 150 and 500 ml. 100 L-1 respectively. Additionally a SA (AlexinTM) and dichlorophen (XanbacTM) treatments that performed well during the first season, were incorporated into the second season with application times and rates similar to the first season’s protocol. In addition to fruit size and quality measurements, the percentage Xanthomonas infection was determined on the leaves and fruit of the experimental trees. The SA (AlexinTM) containing treatment significantly reduced the incidence of Xanthomonas infection on leaves and fruit compared to the control in the first season. However, results varied between the two seasons, as no significant difference from the control could be obtained in the following season. The AlexinTM treatments also significantly increased the fruit size and quality. The flavonoid (CropbiolifeTM) and K (K-MaxTM) containing treatments similarly reduced the Xanthomonas infection on leaves and fruit, as well as increasing the fruit size and quality in the second season. The dichlorophen (XanbacTM) containing treatment recorded varying results as it significantly reduced the Xanthomonas infection on the fruit only in the second season. The plum trials were conducted over the 2011/2012 season on ‘Laetitia’ and ‘Songold’ plum trees, Welgevallen Experimental Farm, Stellenbosch University. Three SA (AlexinTM, AlexSal and RezistTM) containing foliar treatments were applied on the ‘Laetitia’ trees. Only two SA (AlexinTM, AlexSal) containing foliar treatments were applied on the ‘Songold’ trees. Additionally, a foliar treatment containing only K, Ca, Mg and B, was applied in both the ‘Laetitia’ and ‘Songold’ trials. All the treatments were first applied at 75% petal drop, at the same concentration of 250 ml. 100 L-1. Additionally to fruit size and quality, the mineral nutrient content of the leaves and fruit was determined. The ascorbic acid and glutathione content was determined in fruit at harvest and again after storage. None of the treatments had a positive effect on the parameters measured, except the SA (AlexinTM) containing treatments which increased the titratible acidity (TA) in both at harvest and after storage. The treatments also did not alleviate the induced stress compared to the control. The apple and plum tree trials were conducted over the 2011/2012 season in a semi-closed greenhouse, at the Welgevallen Experimental Farm, Stellenbosch. Magnesium (Mg) and Manganese (Mn) deficiencies were induced in one-year-old ‘Royal Beaut’ apple and ‘Laetitia’ plum trees planted in 10 L nursery bags, by omitting these nutrients from a standard Long Ashton soil application. Foliar treatments of Mg (MagMaxTM) and Mn (ManMaxTM) containing sprays were subsequently applied at concentrations of 250 and 75 ml. 100 L-1 respectively, after deficiency symptoms for these nutrients were visually observed. Mineral nutrient analysis of the leaves were analysed on the 13th of February for the plums and 30th of March 2012, for the apples. The Mn (ManMaxTM) containing treatment successfully overcame the Mn induced deficiency. The Mg (MagMaxTM) containing treatment did not overcome the induced Mg deficiency and was probably due to the deficient nitrogen levels in the plants, caused by an error in the initial Long Ashton nutrient solution formulation. In conclusion AlexinTM, K-MaxTM and CropbiolifeTM have shown their ability to decrease Xanthomonas infection in peaches. Additionally to their positive effect on fruit size and quality on the peaches. SA was not able to overcome the induced stress on plums, but had a positive effect on the fruit quality and size. The ManMaxTM been proven to overcome the induced Mn deficiency, while MagMaxTM was unsuccessful to overcome the Mg deficiency.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Vrugtebome word blootgestel aan verskeie faktore wat die produksie van kwaliteit vrugte nadelig kan beïnvloed. Hierdie faktore kan ‘n direkte invloed hê op die vrugte en op die gesondheid van die boom en kan geklassifiseer word op grond van hulle biotiese of abiotiese natuur, soos patogeen infeksie en droogte stres onderskeidelik. Van die produksie praktyke wat gebruik word sluit in die toepassing van verskillende swamdoders en bakterisiede. Die vrugtebedryf is onder geweldige druk van verbruikers, die kleinhandel en omgewingsbewustes om die toediening van chemikalieë aan vrugte en vrugtebome te verminder. Die gebruik van natuurlike plant verdediging stimulerende verbindings en nutriënte, bied 'n moontlike alternatief tot die spuit van swamdoders en bakterisiede, en kan ook moontlik ʼn bydrae maak tot verbeterde vrugkwaliteit en -grootte. Proewe is uitgevoer om die effektiwiteit van die natuurlike plant verdediging stimulante, salisielsuur (SA) en flavonoïede, addisioneel tot verskillende voedingstowwe en bakterieële / swamdoders op perske, pruim en appels teen Xanthomonas infeksie, droogte stres en Mg / Mn tekorte as biotiese en abiotiese stres faktore onderskeidelik te evalueer. Die Prunus persica ‘Sandvliet’ proewe is oor twee seisoene (2008/2009 en 2011/2012) op 'n kommersiële perseel, Protea Farm, in die Worcester-area in die Wes-Kaap Provinsie, uitgevoer. Gedurende die 2008/2009 seisoen is die SA (AlexinTM, AlexiboostTM) bevattende behandelings eers toegedien by 75% blomblaarval teen konsentrasies 125 en 250 ml. 100 L-1. Die koper (StCu, Cu) bevattende behandeling is toegedien by 50% blomblaarval, terwyl die dichlorofen (XanbacTM) bevattende behandelings toegedien is by vrugset, teen konsentrasies van 150, 300 en 200 ml. 100 L-1. Die flavonoïde (CroplifeTM) behandeling is toegedien by die begin van blomblaarval teen 'n konsentrasie van 150 ml. 100 L-1. Gedurende die 2011/2012 seisoen was 'n nuwe flavonoïd (CropbiolifeTM) en ‘n kalium (K-MaxTM) behandeling toegevoeg tot die eksperiment, met ʼn toediening teen konsentrasies van onderskeidelik 150 en 500 ml. 100 L-1. Daarbenewens is die SA (AlexinTM) en dichlorofen (XanbacTM) behandeling van die 2008/2009 seisoen herhaal teen dieselfde konsentrasies en toedieningstye soos in die protokol van die eerste seisoen. Behalwe vir die bepaling van vruggrootte en –kwaliteit, is die persentasie Xanthomonas infeksie op blare en vrugte ook bepaal. Die SA (AlexinTM) bevattende behandeling het die voorkoms van Xanthomonas infeksie op die blare en vrugte betekenisvol verminder in vergelyking met die kontrole. Resultate het egter gewissel in die daaropvolgende seisoen en geen beduidende verskille tussen die behandelings is waargeneem nie. Hierdie SA-bevattende behandelings het ook tot ‘n toename in vruggrootte en -kwaliteit gelei. Die flavonoïde bevattende behandelings, (CropbiolifeTM) en K (K-MaxTM), het soortgelyke afnames in Xanthomonas infeksie op die blare en vrugte in die tweede seisoen getoon, sowel as ‘n toename in vruggrootte en -kwaliteit. Die dichlorofen (XanbacTM) bevattende behandeling het variërende resultate getoon aangesien dit slegs tot ‘n beduidende afname in Xanthomonas infeksie op die blare en vrugte in die tweede seisoen kon lei. Pruim proewe is uitgevoer in die 2011/2012 seisoen op ‘Laetitia’ en ‘Songold’ pruimbome te Welgevallen Proefplaas, Universiteit van Stellenbosch. Drie SA (AlexinTM, AlexSal en RezistTM) bevattende blaar behandelings is toegedien op die ‘Laetitia’ bome. Slegs twee SA (AlexinTM, AlexSal) blaar behandelinge is toegedien op die ‘Songold’ bome. ʼn Verdere K, Ca, Mg en B blaar behandeling is ook toegedien in beide die ‘Laetitia’ en ‘Songold’ proewe. Al die behandelings se eerste toediening het saamgeval met 75% blomblaarval, teen dieselfde konsentrasie van 250 ml. 100 L-1. Addisioneel tot vruggrootte en –kwaliteit, is die mineraal element inhoud van die blare en vrugte bepaal. Die askorbiensuur en glutatioon inhoud is bepaal in die vrugte met oes asook na opberging. Geen behandeling het 'n positiewe uitwerking op die parameters wat gemeet is getoon nie, behalwe een van die SA (AlexinTM) bevattende behandelings wat die titreerbare sure (TS) verhoog het in beide kultivars. Die behandelings kon ook nie die geïnduseerde stres verlig in vergelyking met die kontrole nie. Die appel- en pruim proewe is uitgevoer gedurende die 2011/2012 seisoen in 'n semi-geslote glashuis te Welgevallen Proefplaas, Universiteit van Stellenbosch. Magnesium (Mg) en Mangaan (Mn) tekorte is geïnduseer in een-jaar-oue ‘Royal Beaut’ appel en ‘Laetitia’ pruim bome, aangeplant in 10L kwekerysakke, deur dié elemente uit ʼn toediening van standaard Long-Ashton voedingsoplossing aan die grond weg te laat. Mg (MagMaxTM) en Mn (ManMaxTM) bevattende blaarspuite is daarna toegepas teen onderskeidelik konsentrasies van 250 en 75 ml. 100 L-1. ʼn Minerale analise van die blare is uitgevoer op 13 Februarie, op die pruime en 30 Maart 2012, op die appels. Die Mn (ManMaxTM) bevattend behandeling het die Mn-geïnduseerde tekort verlig. Die Mg (MagMaxTM) bevattende behandeling het nie die geïnduseerde Mg-tekort verlig nie. Dit is moontlik toe te skryf aan die stikstof tekort in die plante wat te wyte was aan ʼn foutiewe Long Ashton voedingsoplossing formulasie wat aanvanklik toegedien is. Ten slotte het AlexinTM, K-MaxTM en CropbiolifeTM getoon dat hul die vermoë het om Xanthomonas infeksie te verminder, asook om vruggrootte en kwaliteit in perskes te verbeter. SA was nie in staat om die geïnduseerde stres op pruime te oorkom nie, maar het 'n positiewe uitwerking op die vruggroote en kwaliteit gehad. ManMaxTM het getoon dat dit ʼn geïnduseerde, visuele Mn tekort kan oorkom, terwyl MagMaxTM onsuksesvol was om die Mg-tekort te oorkom

This experiment was established in January 2000 in a block of ‘Washington’ navel orange trees at Verde Growers, Stanfield, AZ. Treatments included: normal grower practice, winter low biuret (LB) urea application, summer LB urea application, winter LB urea application plus winter and spring potassium phosphite, winter LB urea application plus summer potassium phosphite, and normal grower practice plus spring potassium phosphite. Each treatment was applied to approximately four acres of trees. For 2000-01, yields ranged from 40 to 45 lbs. per tree, and there was no effect of treatments upon total yield, and only slight effect upon fruit size, grade and quality. For 2001-02, there was a slight effect of treatment upon yield as LB urea led to improved yield, while potassium phosphite led to reduced yield. Normal grower practice was intermediate between these two extremes. For 2002-03, we noted a large increase in yield, however the yield data was lost when the block was inadvertently harvested.

This experiment was established in January 2000 in a block of ‘Washington’ navel orange trees at Verde Growers, Stanfield, AZ. Treatments included: normal grower practice, winter low biuret (LB) urea application, summer LB urea application, winter LB urea application plus winter and spring potassium phosphite, winter LB urea application plus summer potassium phosphite, and normal grower practice plus spring potassium phosphite. Each treatment was applied to approximately four acres of trees. For 2000-01, yields ranged from 40 to 45 lbs. per tree, and there was no effect of treatments upon total yield, and only slight effect upon fruit size, grade and quality. For 2001-02, there was a slight effect of treatment upon yield as LB urea led to improved yield, while potassium phosphite led to reduced yield. Normal grower practice was intermediate between these two extremes. For 2002-03, we noted a large increase in yield, however the yield data was lost when the block was inadvertently harvested. For 2005, there was no effect of treatments upon total yield.

The commercial product PGRIV was tested in small plots on cotton at the Maricopa Agricultural Center. Multiple foliar applications of this product had no significant effect on lint yield of Pima S-7 and DPL 90 cotton.

The commercial product PGRIV was tested in small plots on cotton at the Maricopa Agricultural Center. Multiple foliar applications of PGRIV had no significant effect on lint yield or fiber properties of DP5415 or Pima S-7 cotton.

The effect of pre-harvest foliar application of calcium on yield and postharvest quality of whole and fresh-cut cantaloupe melons was investigated. The calcium product (Nutrical®) was applied five times before harvest to a melon field at 2 quarts/acre with a volume of 50 gallons/acre. The supplemented calcium increased by over 10% the weight of melons and increased external firmness at harvest but soluble solids was lower in treated melons than in the control. After 21 days of storage at 40 - 45 °F however, there was not difference in quality factors. Melons were processed in cubes and packaged in plastic lidded containers. The overall quality of calcium treated cubes was better after 5 and 10 days of storage. Juice leakage was also higher in the control than in the treated fruits after 5 days. After 10 days the L* values were lower in the control than in the treated fruits indicating that the tissue was darker in the control, which was an indicative of more water soaked tissue. In further trials conducted the following Spring the results obtained at harvest showed differences only in weight of melons that underwent water stress. The overall results in different experiments in the Yuma area indicate that application of foliar calcium can increase yield of melon crops, notably, when the plants undergo environmental stress.

Hydro-Gro ( 10-0-0) and UAN 32 (32-0-0) were applied once every 10, 15 or 30 days on a bermudagrass green overseeded with Poa trivialis at the rate of 9.0 lbs. PLS/M in mid October, 2007. Regardless of application frequency, each product was applied to achieve a 020. lb./N/1000 ft² nitrogen rate. Hydro-Gro produced a darker green turf than did the UAN, when averaged over all application timings. Enhanced turfgrass color was more consistent when Hydro-Gro was applied every 15 days (2x/monthly) compared to the 10 and 30 day application timings of this product. For the UAN source, no single application timing scheme produced a consistently darker Poa trivialis turf compared to any other application timing for the same product. Turfgrass quality was slightly greater on average for Hydro-Gro than that of the UAN treatments, although each source produced a better quality turf at one time or another within the two month application / evaluation period (Nov 15, 2007 to Jan 3, 2008). The addition of supplemental P and K did not enhance visual color or quality for either of these N source products from November to early January. Neither N source, their application timings, or the addition of supplemental P and K had any affect on turfgrass density, texture or overall uniformity.

This experiment was established in January 2000 in a block of 'Washington' navel orange trees at Verde Growers, Stanfield, AZ. Treatments included: normal grower practice, winter low biuret (LB) urea application, summer LB urea application, winter LB urea application plus winter and spring potassium phosphite, winter LB urea application plus summer potassium phosphite, and normal grower practice plus spring potassium phosphite. Each treatment was applied to approximately four acres of trees. For 2000-01, yields ranged from 40 to 45 lbs. per tree, and there was no effect of treatments upon total yield, and only slight effect upon fruit size, grade and quality. For 2001-02, there was a slight effect of treatment upon yield as LB urea led to improved yield, while potassium phosphite led to reduced yield. Normal grower practice was intermediate between these two extremes.

This experiment was established in January 2000 in a block of 'Washington' navel orange trees at Verde Growers, Stanfield, AZ. Treatments included: normal grower practice, winter low biuret (LB) urea application, summer LB urea application, winter LB urea application plus winter and spring potassium phosphite, winter LB urea application plus summer potassium phosphite, and normal grower practice plus spring potassium phosphite. Each treatment was applied to approximately four acres of trees. For 2000-01, yields ranged from 40 to 45 lbs. per tree, and there was no effect of treatments upon total yield. There was a slight effect upon fruit size and grade. Trees subject to summer LB urea application had significantly more fruit of size 56, compared to trees subject to winter LB urea, and untreated, and untreated trees had significantly more fruit of size 88 than did treated trees. Also, treated trees had slightly more fruit in the fancy grade than did untreated trees.

The effects of two applications of foliar sprays made from kelp (Macrocystis intearifolia Bory) on growth of beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) under three moisture regimes were investigated. Date of kelp harvest had little effect on plants grown in water excess or deficit conditions, although means for kelp collected in spring tended to be higher. On soils maintained near field capacity, spray made from kelp collected in July resulted in increases in some bean yield components beyond the effects of kelp collected in spring or fall. The effect of storage of liquefied kelp at room temperature was also investigated and found to be soil moisture dependent. Leaf and root weights of plants grown in field capacity and dry soil respectively were lower for plants treated with kelp aged for 118 days compared to plants treated with kelp stored for longer or shorter durations. In wet soil conditions, the effect of sprays on plant height was reduced by storage of the liquefied kelp. Kelp extracts were fractionated by solvent partition. The butanolic fraction was shown to increase significantly many yield variables under wet soil conditions. This fraction had cytokinin-like activity in two bioassay systems, and contained substances co-eluting with isopentenyl adenine and zeatin in column, thin layer, and gas-liquid chromatography systems. Non-significant increases for some plant yield components resulting from application of unfractionated kelp paralleled these increases. A kelp fraction with undefined constituents increased some yield variables of plants grown in field capacity soil, as did a fraction with auxin and gibberellin-like activities in bioassay. The presence of inhibitors in the kelp was indicated by significantly lower pod yields under dry soil conditions, and a reduction in cytokinin-like bioassay activity when increasing amounts of kelp were assayed. The possibility that phytohormone deficits resulting from root stress are ameliorated by some components of the kelp spray is discussed.
Land and Food Systems, Faculty of
Graduate