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Xiang, Chun Ping. "A study on task-based language teaching and learning : tasks and language focus." Thesis, University of Macau, 2010. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b2180749.
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Aziz, Asad. "Striving or coasting on collective tasks: A regulatory focus perspective." Connect to online resource, 2008. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3337044.
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Alves, Ballón Tedesqui Rafael. "Exploring Elite Soccer Players' Attentional Focus in Performance Tasks and Game Situations." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/26141.
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The purpose of this study was to investigate elite soccer players' attentional focus during their best performances, better understand the strategies they use to enter or re-enter optimal attentional states, and explore potential attentional differences according to soccer positions, performance tasks, and game situations. No previous studies have explored elite soccer players' attentional skills from a naturalistic and qualitative perspective in such detail. The growing interest in soccer among Canadians provided further justification for this study. Data collection consisted of individual semi-structured interviews with eight elite soccer players from five main soccer positions, namely goalkeeper, defender, wing, midfielder, and forward. Cross-case thematic analysis indicated positive thinking and pre-performance routines as important sources of optimal focus. Attentional focus varied according to soccer positions and performance tasks. Information processing, sport expertise, and attentional systems theoretical frameworks informed the discussion of results. Applied and theoretical implications were drawn and future studies were recommended.
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Saunders, Deanna. "Postural Control and Ankle Muscle Stiffness During Continuous Cognitive Tasks and External Focus of Attention." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/36382.
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The objective of the present study was to; 1) determine if the use of a continuous cognitive task demonstrates distinct characteristics of a more automatic control of posture, compared to an external focus (EF) and feet together (FT) postural task, and to 2) examine which condition, if any, exhibits the characteristics of increased ankle stiffness proposed by Winter et al. (1998), as well as displaying increased ankle muscular co-contractions, which are a suggested neuromuscular mechanism that stiffens posture. Fifteen young adults stood on a force platform and performed 4 separate conditions: FT, EF, single number sequence (SNS), and double number sequence (DNS). Throughout the session, surface electromyography (EMG) signals were collected from the tibialis anterior (TA) and medial gastrocnemius (MG) of each leg. Each testing session consisted of 24 trials, with 6 per condition. Results displayed decreased sway area for SNS and DNS compared to FT. Sway variability in the anterior/posterior (AP) direction SNS and DNS were smaller compared to EF and FT. As well sway variability in the medial/lateral (ML) direction was smaller for SNS and DNS compared to FT. ML Mean velocity (MV) did not differ across conditions, though in the AP direction it was larger for SNS and DNS compared to EF and FT. AP Mean power frequency (MPF) was larger for SNS compared to FT. In the ML direction MPF was larger for SNS and DNS compared to FT. Co-Contraction indices revealed no differences across conditions. Conversely the left TA for DNS revealed increased EMG activation compared to EF and SNS.
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Kinrade, Noel Peter. "The role of dispositional reinvestment in choking during decision-making tasks in sport." Thesis, Brunel University, 2010. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/5512.
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This thesis examines the moderating effect of dispositional reinvestment upon ‘choking’ in cognitive based tasks such as decision-making. Study 1 tested sixty-three participants’ performances on low- and high-complexity tests of motor skill, psychomotor skill and working memory under low- and high-pressure conditions. The association between reinvestment and choking was shown to extend beyond the motor skill domain to cognitive tasks, particularly those that tax working memory, with task complexity moderating this relationship. Next, a psychometric scale to identify individuals more susceptible to impaired decision-making under pressure was developed. A 13-item decision-specific version of the Reinvestment Scale (Masters, Polman, & Hammond, 1993) measuring an individual’s propensity to engage in conscious control and manifestations of ruminative thoughts emerged following factor analysis. Initial assessment of the scale’s predictive validity showed scores were highly correlated with coaches’ ratings of players’ tendency to choke. The final two studies examined choking using sport specific decision-making tasks. Initial findings were inconclusive, as choking was not observed. It was suggested the task lacked the sufficient cognitive demands to induce reinvestment. The last study, manipulating task complexity, found dispositional reinvestment to be associated with choking in the high complexity condition. The Decision-Specific Reinvestment Scale was also shown to be a better predictor of choking than the original scale. Overall, support was found for the hypothesis that Reinvestment is detrimental to performance under pressure in cognitive based tasks; however may not be the sole cause of disrupted performance. Masters and Maxwell’s (2004) concept of a working memory based explanation and Mullen and Hardy (2000) attentional threshold hypothesis offer a potential explanation to the findings.
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Hosogoshi, Kyoko. "Development and Validation of Skill-Integrated Tasks in EAP Contexts: A Focus on Input Processing Facilitation." Kyoto University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/227645.
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Mason, Amanda. "Integrating a focus on form into task-based language teaching : an investigation of four communicative tasks conducted by advanced learners of English using synchronous text-based computer-mediated communications." Thesis, Liverpool John Moores University, 2010. http://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/6010/.
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Mordeglia, Cristina. "The Home-Office Lighting Kit." Thesis, KTH, Ljusdesign, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-297959.
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This Master Thesis, inspired by the relevance that home-offices have assumed as a consequence of the COVID-19 pandemic, originated from the architectural, quantitative, and qualitative analysis of lighting within the author’s student accommodation on KTH Main Campus, in Stockholm (Sweden). As a matter of fact, this background study proved that recommended lighting levels (Illuminance, Contrast Ratio, CCT, CRI, M-EDI, and DER values) were not met, making the space unsuitable and unhealthy to both live and work in. Moreover, evaluating individual lighting preferences, it was demonstrated that flexibility, customizability, and adaptability to daylighting and tasks are fundamental requirements for working from home.Considering the temporary nature of students’ leases, the idea of developing an inexpensive and easily assemblable kit of smart products, aimed at improving lighting in dormitories, came quite naturally.To study the implementation of visual comfort and focus on tasks, literature review, market analysis, quantitative measurements, and hands-on experiments were carried on.Thus, with the gained knowledge and experience, the Home-Office Lighting Kit, an array of commercially available sockets, shades, and smart sources, supporting circadian rhythm and individual preferences, was proposed. Along with it, instructions on set-up and scenarios were provided.Although the overall conclusion was that the market needs products with a better balance between price, sturdiness, and reliability, the lighting conditions within the case study space were substantially improved, making other students interested in doing the same.Eventually, interesting cues for the sector’s development were proposed.
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Forbes, Michael. "Examining Visual and Attentional Focus Influences on Golf Putting Performance Using a Dual-Task Paradigm." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/36216.
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Visually focusing on the hole versus the ball in golf has shown some positive effects on putting performance (Heath et al., 2008), yet the reason for these benefits have not been tested. Considering the benefits of adopting an external focus, the purpose here was to examine whether attentional focus mechanisms contribute to the positive effects reported by Heath et al. (2008). Thirty experienced golfers were assigned to either a visual-ball focus or visual-hole focus group. Following warm-up putts, 48 experimental putts, divided equally into 16 putts across three conditions: control, task-relevant, and task-irrelevant, were performed. In the control condition, participants putted under single-task conditions, maintaining their assigned visual focus. In the other two conditions, participants putted under dual-task conditions and were instructed to focus on their wrist angles upon hearing a tone (task-relevant), or to identify an irrelevant sound (task-irrelevant). A questionnaire, designed to represent equal proportions of the ‘distance’ effect (Wulf, 2013; i.e., internal, proximal external, or distal external focus), served as a manipulation check to determine the attentional focus adopted under each condition. Analysis of the manipulation check for the control condition data only showed a significant interaction of Group and Attentional Focus F(2,56) = 4.5, p = .01. Post-hoc showed that participants had a significantly higher proximal external focus in the visual-ball focus group compared to the visual-hole focus group, whereas the visual-hole focus group was significantly higher than the visual-ball focus group for distal external focus. Additionally, an analysis with all three putting conditions indicated that participants had significantly higher internal focus for task-relevant trials, as compared to task-irrelevant or control trials. There were no significant differences found for any of the putting performance measures., however, the main effect of Condition did approach significance for MRE F(2,56) = 2.8, p = .068. This replicates the general finding that putting performance is poorest when golfers self-report using a higher internal focus. In conclusion, these results suggest that visually focusing on the hole results in a more distal external attentional focus in a golf environment than that of a ball-focus, but this does not translate to performance benefits.
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Gray, James Wesley. "Task-Based English Grammar Instruction: A Focus on Meaning." Kyoto University, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/253376.
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Kyoto University (京都大学)0048
新制・課程博士
博士(人間・環境学)
甲第22540号
人博第943号
新制||人||224(附属図書館)
2019||人博||943(吉田南総合図書館)
京都大学大学院人間・環境学研究科共生人間学専攻
(主査)准教授 高橋 幸, 教授 谷口 一美, 教授 STEWART Timothy William, 准教授 笹尾 洋介, 教授 田地野 彰
学位規則第4条第1項該当
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Krige, Andrew Richard. "CFD analysis of reactive crystallisation in stirred tanks : a focus on nickel hydroxide." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/5303.
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Includes bibliographical references.The recovery of metal values from aqueous streams via precipitation, or reactive crystallisation, is both an economically and environmentally significant unit operation in a wide spectrum of industries. However, the control and operability of these systems is hampered by the limited fundamental basis for their design, frequently resulting in downstream processing difficulties. Previous work by Dustan (2001) considered precipitaion and subsequent dewatering as an integral system, and quantified, to a first order, the relationship between the various sub-processes. The current study is aimed at further resolving the upstream components of this intergrated model (i.e. the precipitation itself), with a particular focus, due principally to the rapid kinetics typically exhibited by precipitaion systems, on mixing and representation of time-dependent spatial inhomogeneities.
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Nilsson, Viktor, and Alexander Sundkvist. "Promotion and Prevention Goal Focus : the Effects of Goal Pursuit on Experimentally Induced Pain." Thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för juridik, psykologi och socialt arbete, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-33923.
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Smärta har stor roll i dagens samhälle och vikten av att utveckla ett effektivt behandlingsprogram bör uppmärksammas. Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka distraktionens effekt på personlig målinriktning. Om målinriktningen handlar om positivt eller negativt vinklad målinriktning. Smärta framkallades genom att deltagarna ombads utföra ett så kallat cold pressor task. Deltagarna blev indelade i tre grupper, kontrollgrupp, en grupp med positivt vinklad målinriktning och en grupp med negativt vinklad målinriktning. Resultatet indikerade på en icke signifikant skillnad mellan de tre grupperna gällande grader av smärta men deltagare som oroade sig över smärtan visade på högre smärta än de som inte oroade sig i den positiva gruppen. Resultatet kan vara vägledande för framtida studier i syftet att utveckla smärthanterings program.Physical pain is a burden to pain patients and society. Interest has risen to develop effective pain treatment. The aim of this study was to examine if the impact of distraction on pain perception depends on the motivational characteristics of the distraction task. We examined whether the impact of distraction depended on the distraction task had a promotion or a prevention goal focus. Pain was induced using a cold pressor task. Participants were divided into three groups: a control, a promotion and a prevention group. Results indicated no significant difference between the three groups in pain intensity but among high catastrophizers in the promotion group. This result provides guidelines for further studies in the purpose of conducting effective pain treatment.
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Morrison, Alexandra Beth. "INFLUENCE OF TASK AND STRATEGY ON THE NEURAL AND BEHAVIORAL CORRELATES OF THE FOCUS OF ATTENTION." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2012. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/172139.
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PsychologyPh.D.
Working memory (WM) is often described as a mental workspace where information can be maintained and manipulated in the service of ongoing cognition. Theoretical accounts describe the focus of attention as a state within working memory where a limited number of items can be briefly maintained in a heightened status of awareness. Ongoing debate and conflicting empirical evidence surrounds the capacity and characteristics of the focus of attention. Substantial recency effects are reported in a group of WM studies, and these recency effects are interpreted as a marker of the focus of attention (e.g., Nee & Jonides, 2008; Oztekin, Davachi, & McElree, 2010). The present work considers whether these findings are specific to parameters of these particular studies or whether they generalize across a broader range of tasks. An initial behavioral experiment tested performance across two tasks (judgment of recency and judgment of primacy), two information types (verbal and spatial), and two self-reported strategies (maintenance-based and retrieval-based). Central analyses averaged trials by the serial position of the correct item, and compared the accuracy and speed of retrieval of trials in different serial positions. Results showed evidence of both recency effects and primacy effects in all four types of task (verbal judgment of recency, verbal judgment of primacy, spatial judgment of recency, and spatial judgment of primacy). Moreover, a significant task by effect-type interaction showed that the size of recency and primacy effects shifted with the demands of the task (e.g., larger recency effects in judgment of recency than in judgment of primacy). Some similarities and some differences were found between verbal and spatial domains, while no differences were found across self-reported strategy. A subsequent fMRI experiment examined the neural correlates of verbal judgment of recency and primacy. Again, behavioral results showed a task by effect-type interaction where there was a larger recency effect in judgment of recency and a larger primacy effect in judgment of primacy. FMRI results showed no distinct correlates of a recency effect. In other words, , contrasts comparing fMRI signal during retrieval of recency item trials and middle item trials did not reveal above threshold clusters of activation. In contrast, neural correlates of primacy were found in frontal lobe brain regions (BA 4, 6, 32) associated with active maintenance of information. Moreover, the precise neural correlates of primacy were task-specific. In sum, two experiments demonstrate that the behavioral and neural signatures of WM, specifically related to primacy and recency effects, are dependent on task-demands. Accounts of the architecture of WM should address these observations, which inform how competing claims are supported across studies of WM.
Temple University--Theses
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Heffner, Jaimee L. "The Effect of Competitive Motivation on the Attentional Focus of Distance Runners." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1127231288.
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Atchley, Anthony R. "An Examination of the Effects of Mindfulness and Task-Relevant Attentional Focus on Running Performance." TopSCHOLAR®, 2011. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/1069.
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The purpose of the current study was to investigate the effect of mindfulness and task-relevant attentional focus on running performance. WKU psychology undergraduate students were assigned to one of two conditions: task-relevant attentional focus experimental training and no training control. Participants in the experimental condition received training designed to optimize the use of attentional focus strategies in a running context. Trait level mindfulness was examined as a covariate. Participants were compared on two mile run times and the use of attentional focus strategies. Differences were expected to reveal the effectiveness of the training by showing faster running times in the experimental group, and higher use of task-relevant attentional focus strategies. Only higher use of task-relevant attentional focus strategies, specifically focus on bodily sensation was supported by the data. Explanations of the results as well as exploratory analyses are provided in addition to suggestions for future research.
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Hafsteinsson, Leifur Geir. "The Interactive Effects of Achievement Goals and Task Complexity on Effort, Mental Focus and Enjoyment." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/11225.
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The popular construct of goal orientation has been widely researched by industrial and organizational psychologists in recent years. Unfortunately there are several issues with the goal orientation framework that have not been properly addressed in the literature. The present research introduced the three-dimensional achievement goal framework as a plausible and less problematic alternative to the three-dimensional goal orientation framework. Hypotheses regarding the interactive effects of each of the three achievement goals and task complexity on task enjoyment, mental focus and exerted effort, were derived and tested. The results indicated that the positive effects of mastery goals on the motivational variables are stronger for more complex tasks, the positive effects of performance-approach goals are stronger for simpler tasks, and the negative effects of performance-avoid goals are less severe for simpler tasks.Ph. D.
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Almstedt, Jansson Malin. "Information in social practice : Information-related activities engaged in by engineers." Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Akademin för bibliotek, information, pedagogik och IT, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-443.
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In this study information-related activities engaged in by engineers during work task performance in the research and development centre at Sandvik Materials Technology AB are investigated. The purpose of the present study was to identify and achieve an understanding of the information-related activities performed by engineers during work task performance in a corporate context. The work task performance in focus is the task of writing a technical report.The study rests on methodological triangulation through the use of a work task diary, a semi-structured questionnaire and focus groups. In total 16 engineers participated in the study. The theoretical framework is based on theories of information in social practice, the information seeking process and the concept of task.The study presents results showing that engineers work in a highly complex information environment and their work task performance is to a high degree affected by situational attributes such as previous experience, type of work task, time, target group, and access to information. The results show that the information sources preferred by engineers have not changed over time; rather a change is seen in the type of sources. There is a distinct increase in the use of electronic sources; which in turn seem to affect the way engineers perceive accessibility. The study also shows that there are evident situational and contextual attributes affecting the information-related activities. Information needed to perform a work task is strongly related to data retrieved from experiments. There also seems to be an embedded tolerance for a low scientific level in technical reports, even though the scientific practice is the norm.This study also shows that the concept of work task forms a relevant basis for studies of information-related activities, particularly in combination with theories on information in social practice. The model of the work task process combined with a faceted classification of work tasks provides a sound methodological tool for the analysis of work tasks in different contexts.
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Chan, Alan. "The Effects of Attentional Focus and Dual-Tasking on Conventional Deadlift Performance in Experienced Lifters." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/38646.
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Previous attentional focus literature suggests that adopting an external focus (EF) results in greater force production through a variety of mechanisms. The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of attentional focus and dual-tasking when performing heavily loaded barbell movements that are specific to strength-based sports. Fifteen resistance-trained males (age = 23.3 ± 3.4 years) reported to the laboratory for three visits. The first visit consisted of a five-repetition maximum (5RM) test on the conventional deadlift. During the subsequent sessions, the participants performed a total of twelve single conventional deadlift repetitions while adopting an internal focus (IF), an external focus (EF), or while performing the cognitive task (COG). The IF and EF consisted of focusing on activating the quadriceps and maintain a straight bar path, respectively. The COG consisted of counting the total occurrence of two single-digits in a sequence of three-digit numbers, separately. Three-dimensional motion capture and force platforms were used to collect kinematic and kinetic data. No significant differences were found between the IF, the EF and the COG for lift duration, peak barbell velocity, peak vertical ground reaction force, area of 95% confidence ellipse, peak hip moments and peak hip powers. Adopting an EF significantly reduced variability of the barbell trajectory and centre of pressure (COP) in the anterior-posterior direction. Mean velocity of COP was also significantly lower for the EF. Our findings suggest that adopting an EF may lead to greater postural stability when performing heavily loaded barbell movements.
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Harrysson, Daniel. "You, Your Music and Your Work : A quantitative study into the relationship between listening to music, task performance and individual differences." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för hälsa, lärande och teknik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-86225.
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Simultaneously listening to music whilst doing other tasks has become more common with the development of mobile technology and the rise of streaming platforms, but what affect does listening to music have on task performance? There have been several theories on this both advocating for and against the effects of music. This study has two primary questions to answer. Does background noise (condition 1: no music, condition 2: music with words, condition 3: same music without words) influence reading comprehension, and does how well individuals perform on complex tasks correlate with individual differences particularly their ability to media multitask and their boredom proneness. The findings are generally in-line with the consensus of prior research that music does have a negative impact on complex tasks when compared to performing them without auditory stimuli. Although there are differences depending on what stimuli is used. A correlation was found that has not been extensively studied by prior research to my knowledge. It pertains to the relationship of media multitasking and boredom proneness. It seems like the higher an individual’s MM score is the lower their BP score will be, on average. What implications this might have for the larger attention research field needs to be further explored before any inference can be made. The ANOVA and regression results for the other variables showed no significant correlations.Att lyssna på musik samtidigt som man utför andra uppgifter har blivit allt vanligare med utvecklingen av mobil teknik och uppkomsten av streamingplattformar, men vilken påverkan har egentligen musiklyssnande på uppgiftprestanda. Det har funnits flera teorier om detta som förespråkande för och emot effekterna av musik. Denna studie har primärt två frågor att svara på. Påverkar bakgrundsljud (villkor 1: ingen musik, villkor 2: musik med ord, villkor 3: samma musik utan ord) läsförståelsen, och finns det ett samband mellan hur bra en individ utför en komplex uppgift, och individuella skillnader, särskilt förmågan för "media multitasking" och deras "boredom proneness". Resultaten är allmänt i linje med konsensusen från tidigare forskning att musik har en negativ inverkan på komplexa uppgifter jämfört med att utföra dem utan auditivt stimuli. Även om det finns skillnader i inverkan beroende på vilka stimuli som används. En korrelation hittades som inte har undersökts noggrant genom tidigare forskning, enligt min vetskap. Det avser förhållandet mellan "media multitasking" och "boredom proneness". Det verkar som att ju högre en individs MM-poäng är desto lägre blir deras BP-poäng. Vilka konsekvenser detta kan ha för forskningsfältet i stort är svårt att säga och måste undersökas ytterligare innan någon slutsats kan göras. Resultaten från utförd ANOVA och regressionsanalys påvisade inga andra signifikanta korrelationer mellan de andra variablerna i insamlade data.
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Breland, Benjamin Tyson. "The Role of 3-Dimensional State Goal Orientation in the Process of Goal Establishment and Task Performance." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/27691.
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The present research expanded upon the work of Breland and Donovan (in press) and examined the role of three-dimensional state goal orientation in an integrative model of goal setting and task performance. In addition, mental focus (Lee, Sheldon, & Turban, 2003) was also incorporated into the model. Results indicated that each of the three-dimensions of state goal orientation uniquely affected oneâ s level of self-efficacy. More specifically, state learning goal orientation and state performance-approach goal orientation both enhanced an individualâ s level of self-efficacy, while state performance-avoidance goal orientation reduced their level of self-efficacy. In turn state goal orientation indirectly impacted mental focus, goals, and performance through its influence on self-efficacy. Implications of these findings as well as suggestions for future research on the personality construct of state goal orientation are discussed.Ph. D.
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Steenkamp, Andries Willem. "Focus on form in a framework for task-based Xhosa instruction in a specific purposes multimedia curriculum." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/1247.
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Thesis (DLitt (African Languages))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009.This study explores how focus on form can be included by means of computer within a task-based approach to the teaching of as specific purposes isiXhosa course for student teachers ...
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Chalupnik, Malgorzata. "Beyond politeness : shifting focus to the management of relations and task in the analysis of workplace discourse." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2015. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.738336.
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With communication being a crucial element of everyday workplace interaction, the thesis attempts to provide a detailed account of the processes involved in the management of relations and tasks at work. The findings of the thesis are produced with the intention of devising new ways of analysing workplace communication, providing a firm basis for the development of training materials. One of the main premises of the research that was conducted is, thus, also refining the way in which relational and transactional aspects of workplace communication are being analysed, described and, then, fed back to the workplace environment. The research that was conducted represents an under-researched auto-ethnographic perspective on communicative practices of members of a community of practice. In order to provide a 'thick description' of the practices taking place in this setting, I adopt a multi-method approach which draws on models embedded in sociolinguistics, pragmatics and ethnography. The data that was collected consists of 30 hours of naturally occurring workplace discourse and field notes which are supplemented by observations made in relation to participants' communicative practices. The findings discussed in the thesis provide new insights not only into how relations and tasks are managed in the workplace but also into methods which are employed in order to analyse this process. The exhaustive analysis of the data that was collected confirmed the inextricable nature of both person- and task-oriented aspects of communication embedded in the workplace setting. The thesis also proposed a new framework for the analysis of the relational and transactional aspects of workplace discourse, arguing the relevance of expanding the scope of this type of research beyond the predominantly adopted lines of exploring politeness phenomena.
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Markina, Elena. "Comparing Focus on Forms and Task-Based Language Teaching in the Acquisition of Russian as a Foreign Language." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/666176.
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The present study explores the impact that task-supported language teaching (TSLT) and task- based language teaching (TBLT) have on the acquisition of case forms and verbs of motion in Russian and on learners’ written and oral production. From a methodological point of view, the study follows a pre-test – immediate post-test – delayed post-test design. Data have been obtained from first and second year students of the University of Barcelona (n=54) with a low level of proficiency in Russian. Each learner was assigned to a task-supported (TS) or task-based (TB) group and received 14 hours of corresponding treatment. The TSLT treatment for the first year students focused on the use of prepositions and case forms, and the treatment for the second year students involved the Russian verbs of motion with and without prefixes. For the TBLT treatment, the acquisition of the same linguistic items was analysed. These items were present in the tasks designed for the experiment. Data were obtained by means of three grammar tests (fill in the blanks, multiple choice and grammaticality judgment tests), a written task which required learners to write a letter / an email to a friend and two oral tasks (room description and map task). Measures include the target-like use of prepositions, case forms and verbs of motion in the grammar tests and in oral and written production, the number of errors per words for general accuracy, the number of clauses per T-unit and the mean length of clause for syntactic complexity, Guiraud’s Index of lexical richness for lexical complexity, and speech rate for oral fluency. Statistical tests related to the use of prepositions and case forms show that both approaches provided positive results in the immediate post-test, however, neither task-supported nor task-based treatment led to a significant improvement in the long-term perspective. On the other hand, participants in both groups demonstrated a significant improvement in the target-like use of verbs of motion produced in their oral and written performance and used in their grammar tests. In written production, learners’ syntactic complexity measured by means of clauses per T- unit and lexical complexity significantly increased after the treatment, whereas phrasal complexity (mean length of clause) did not change over time. Written accuracy significantly improved in both groups immediately after the treatment. However, learners in the TB group maintained this improvement three months after the treatment, whereas the accuracy of learners in the TS group decreased to the level they had before the treatment. In oral production, learners in both groups significantly improved their general accuracy in the performance of the map task. Lexical complexity and fluency improved in both oral tasks. As for syntactic complexity, no changes were found in any of the tasks. The comparison of the effects that the two types of treatment have had on different aspects of learners’ production reveals that participants in the TS and the TB groups have not significantly differed on accuracy, syntactic complexity and fluency of their oral and written performance. Task-supported and task-based treatments also had a similar effect on accuracy in the use of Russian prepositions and case forms. However, learners in the TB group have showed significantly better results than learners in the TS group as far as lexical complexity and the target-like use of verbs of motion are concerned.El presente estudio explora el impacto en la adquisición del ruso como lengua extranjera de TSLT (Task-supported language teaching) y TBLT (Task-based language teaching). El objeto de análisis es la adquisición de los casos y de los verbos de movimiento en la producción oral y escrita en los parámetros de la complejidad, corrección y fluidez. El estudio experimental sigue el diseño de pre-test ‒ post-test inmediato ‒ post-test diferido. Los datos han sido obtenidos a partir del trabajo con estudiantes de primer y segundo curso de la Universidad de Barcelona (n=54) con un nivel elemental de competencia en lengua rusa. Dos grupos de estudiantes han trabajado con la metodología TSLT y otros dos con TBLT. Cada uno de los 4 grupos ha recibido 14 horas de formación. Los datos analizados se han obtenido a partir de tests gramaticales (espacios en blanco, selección múltiple y tests de gramaticalidad), una tarea escrita consistente en escribir una carta a un amigo, y dos tareas orales (la descripción de una habitación y una Map task). El análisis estadístico de la adquisición de las preposiciones y las formas declinadas muestra que tanto con TSLT como TBLT se consiguen resultados satisfactorios en el post-test inmediato, pero no en el post-test diferido. En cambio, independientemente del tipo de instrucción, los participantes sí han demostrado progresos significativos en su competencia de los verbos de movimiento. En la producción escrita, la complejidad sintáctica medida en proposiciones por T-unit y la complejidad léxica aumentan significativamente después de la instrucción. La corrección mejora significativamente en ambos grupos en el post-test inmediato y en el post-test diferido del grupo TBLT. En la producción oral, los estudiantes de ambos grupos mejoran su corrección en la tarea Map task, la complejidad léxica y fluidez en ambas tareas orales, pero no consiguen progresos significativos en lo que respecta a la complejidad sintáctica en ninguna de las dos tareas. La comparación de los dos tipos de instrucción muestra que los estudiantes de los grupos TBLT consiguen mejores resultados que los de TSLT en lo que se refiere a complejidad léxica y verbos de movimiento.
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Holbrook, Chuck. "Input Methods for Notification Systems: A design analysis technique with a focus on input for dual-task situations." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/33637.
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Design and evaluation of input methods for secondary tasks in dual-task systems presents specific challenges not covered by traditional human-computer interaction design techniques. Emerging trends in the fields of mobile, ubiquitous, and in-vehicle information systems demonstrate a desire for users to interact with information systems while engaging in other tasks. Research on interaction within these various fields has revealed input methods that perform well for a particular task. However, few focus on the tradeoffs of attention that must be made to react to this notification information. A design analysis technique for input methods is proposed focusing on the design objectives of interruption, reaction, and comprehension for the secondary task made at the cost of primary task attention. Through a study conducted using a reusable usability test platform constructed for this thesis, a typical in-vehicle information system is analyzed using the proposed design analysis. Three input methods were designed and compared: a graffiti character recognizer, a touch screen, and a remote control for their proficiency at selecting an item from a list while operating a driving simulator. The results of the study revealed similar task performance between the varied input methods; however, the design analysis enabled recommendations about future design directions, confirming the viability of the technique for notification systems research.Master of Science
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McAlister, Robert Barron Fischman Mark G. "The effects of attentional focus instructions on simulated upper extremity amputees' movement kinematics when learning a novel functional task." Auburn, Ala., 2006. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/2006%20Fall/Dissertations/MCALISTER_ROBERT_20.pdf.
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Grostern, Jessica. "The Effect of a Concomitant Cognitive Task on One’s Unperceived Displacement and Knee Height in Stepping in Place Without Vision: A Kinematic Study." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/37033.
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While stepping in place without vision, individuals displace linearly and rotate, without perceiving these displacements. The aims of this study were to evaluate the effect of a concomitant cognitive task and the influence of knee height on these displacements in stepping in place for 50 steps. Sixteen adults (mean age = 22 years) performed four conditions of stepping: normal knee height and high knee height with and without a cognitive task. Antero-posterior (AP) displacement was significantly smaller in dual task than in single task at normal knee height, and AP and medio-lateral displacements were significantly larger at high than at normal knee height for single and dual task. No changes in body rotation were found. These findings suggest that automaticity is involved in the control of stepping in place with a concurrent cognitive task and that one’s attentional capacity is exceeded when stepping in place with high knees and a cognitive task.
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Lee, Allen. "Insecurity Threat and its Implications for Leadership Preference." TopSCHOLAR®, 2016. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/1583.
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I investigated insecurity threat and its implications for employee leadership preferences. Preferences for three types of leadership style were examined: charismatic, relationship-oriented, and task-oriented leadership. It was anticipated that individuals’ salient work values would predict leadership preference more strongly after insecurity threat than under control conditions. Two different types of threats were investigated in comparison to a neutral control condition.
Results showed that there were no statistically significant differences in leader ratings between threat conditions. My results suggest that threat does not significantly influence preference for charismatic or task-oriented leaders. Work values did not significantly predict a preference for a leadership type.
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Gahlin, Alfonz, and Emil Mårtensson. "Kontexten i fokus : En kvalitativ studie om den inre organisatoriska kontextens påverkan på förstalinjechefers ledarskapsbeteende och ledarskapseffektivitet." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Sektionen för hälsa och samhälle (HOS), 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-26122.
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Studiens syfte är att få kunskap om hur den inre organisatoriska kontexten kan påverka förstalinjechefers ledarskapsbeteende gentemot underställda och hur den inre kontexten kan påverka ledarskapseffektiviteten. Studien har genomförts med en kvalitativ forskningsansats där tre stycken avdelningschefer samt en HR-chef i en organisation har intervjuats. Studien fokuserar på hur kontexten påverkar, begränsar, förstärker eller styr en organisations avdelningschefer till att använda en viss form av ledarstil eller beteende. De ledarstilar vi har utgått från är ett uppgiftsorienterat- samt relationsorienterat ledarskap. I studien har vi funnit att den inre kontextens variabler påverkar både ett uppgiftsorienterat- och ett relationsorienterat ledarskapsbeteende hos avdelningschefer. Vi har kunnat urskilja hur variabler i den inre organisatoriska kontexten påverkar avdelningschefers ledarskapsbeteende är individuellt. I studien har vi använt engagemang samt sjukskrivningsstatistik hos de underställda som mått på ledarskapseffektivitet. Studien visar att i en inre organisatorisk kontext med flertalet substitut för ett uppgiftsorienterat ledarskapsbeteende, kan en relationsorienterad ledarstil vara mer effektiv för att öka engagemang och minska sjukfrånvaron bland underställda.The purpose of this study is to gain knowledge about how the internal organizational context may affect the first line managers leadership behavior toward subordinates and how the internal context can influence leadership effectiveness. The study was conducted using a qualitative research approach where three department managers and one HR manager in an organization were interviewed. The study focuses on how the context affects, restricts, amplifies or controls an organization's department managers to use a certain kind of leadership style and behavior. The leadership styles we have used in this study is based on a task- and relationship-oriented leadership. The study found that the internal contextual variables affects both the task- and relationship-oriented leadership behavior of the department managers. We have been able to discern that there are individual differences in how the variables in the internal organizational context affects department managers leadership behavior and style. We have used the commitment and level of absenteeism of subordinates as a measure of leadership effectiveness. The study shows that in an internal organizational context with several substitutes for a task-oriented leadership behavior, a relationship-oriented leadership style could be more effective in increasing the level of commitment and reduce the level of absenteeism of subordinates.
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Cavallet, Mikael. "Um estudo sobre a distribuição da atenção pelo campo visual usando o Julgamento de Ordem Temporal (JOT)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/59/59134/tde-01022007-103757/.
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Nós realizamos três experimentos para estudar a distribuição da atenção pelo campo visual e a possibilidade dos recursos atentivos serem mais concentrados no interior de uma área delimitada por uma figura geométrica de aparecimento abrupto. Os participantes realizaram uma tarefa de julgamento de ordem temporal (JOT), na qual julgaram a ordem de duas letras apresentadas em seqüência. Uma letra foi apresentada dentro e a outra fora de uma moldura, que não foi relacionada com a tarefa. A percepção de ordem temporal foi influenciada pela moldura nos três experimentos. A variação da distância entre as duas letras e o tempo de exposição da moldura foram manipulados, alterando o julgamento dos participantes. Os resultados demonstraram uma variação na concentração dos recursos atentivos em função da distância entre as duas letras e em função do tempo de exposição da moldura. Os resultados sugerem que a forma de uma figura geométrica pode produzir uma reorganização dos recursos atentivos, que parecem estar mais concentrados dentro do que fora das suas bordas.We conducted three experiments to examine the distribution of visual attention and the possibility of the attentional resources to be concentrated along an area delimited by a frame of abrupt onset. The participants performed a temporal order judgment (TOJ) task, in which judged the order of two letters presented in sequence. One letter was showed inside and other outside a frame that was not related to the task. Perception of temporal order was influenced by the frame in all experimental conditions. The judgement of participants was affected by the distance between the two letters and the cue lead time. The findings suggest that the form of a geometric figure can reallocate the resources of attention that should be more concentrated inside than outside of its borders.
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Ölmefors, Oscar. "Student Attitudes towards Flipped Classroom : A Focus Group Study on Attitude Change in Swedish Upper Secondary School, within Mathematics towards Flipped Classroom." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskaplig kommunikation och lärande (ECE), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-189170.
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In traditional schooling, one-way monologue from teacher to student is the established way of communication in the classroom. Modern pedagogues are presently breaking free of this status quo. This master thesis explores whether there is a change in the student’s attitudes towards their schooling and whether there is an academic benefit for the student when applying a flipped classroom model. This study was performed in Swedish upper secondary school during the students’ last course in mathematics. The study was carried out using focus group interviews and direct participating observation. During the six-week period of interviews and participating in the classroom written tasks were collected and analysed, and the classroom was filmed to help analysing behaviour of the students, both with flipped classroom and without. The outcome shows positive reactions from the students concerning this change in pedagogics, but also some inertia in some individuals. The result shows a positive attitude change concerning communication and collaboration in the classroom, although no difference in academic achievement were visible. More studies are needed, but a theoretical base needs to be built before future studies can be conducted. Today flipped classroom is undertheorized in ways of an academic model. Future research could be theorizing flipped classroom and exploring whether implementing this pedagogic model also brings forth a change in academic achievement apart from changing the attitudes of the students.
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Doan, Julie. "Contribution des jeunes neurones dans les neurotransmissions dans l’hippocampe après un traitement chronique avec la fluoxétine Role of adult-born granule cells in the hippocampal functions: Focus on the GluN2B-containing NMDA receptors Antidepressant-like effect of intrahippocampal Ro25-6981 administration in a neurogenesis-dependent task and induction of GABA and glutamate neurotransmissions." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASQ023.
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Les épisodes dépressifs caractérisés sont la première cause d’incapacité dans le monde d’après l’OMS. Les inhibiteurs sélectifs de la recapture de la sérotonine (ISRS) sont la classe d’antidépresseurs la plus prescrite, mais ils ont un délai d’action retardé, non entièrement expliqué par la stimulation de la neurotransmission sérotoninergique. L’intégration des jeunes neurones issus de la neurogenèse adulte hippocampique dans le gyrus dentelé (GD) de l’hippocampe jouerait un rôle clef dans l’efficacité des ISRS. Nous nous sommes intéressés aux variations de neurotransmissions dans le GD ventral engendrées par l’intégration de ces nouveaux neurones après un traitement chronique avec la fluoxétine, grâce à un couplage de la microdialyse intracérébrale à des outils pharmacologiques et optogénétiques chez la souris. L’administration chronique de fluoxétine a engendré une diminution des transmissions glutamatergiques dans le GD. La sous-unité GluN2B du récepteur NMDA du glutamate des jeunes neurones jouant un rôle important dans les effets antidépresseurs, nous avons souhaité inhiber les jeunes neurones par l’administration locale dans le GD ventral d’un antagoniste sélectif de la sous-unité GluN2B du récepteur NMDA (Ro25-6981) après un traitement chronique avec la fluoxétine, produisant ainsi une libération des concentrations extracellulaires de glutamate et de GABA dans le GD. Enfin, la stimulation sélective des jeunes neurones par optogénétique a révélé une augmentation des concentrations extracellulaires de GABA dans le GD. Mes travaux de thèse apportent des éléments indirects et directs des effets neurochimiques des jeunes neurones. Ces effets neurochimiques constitueraient le lien entre les effets électrophysiologiques et comportementaux attribués aux jeunes neurones de l’hippocampeMajor depressive episodes are the leading cause of disability worldwide. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors are the most prescribed antidepressant class of drugs. However, they have a delayed onset of action, which is not fully explained by the activation of serotoninergic neurotransmission. Does the integration of young neurons from adult hippocampal neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus play a key role? To answer this question, we investigated the changes in neurotransmissions in the ventral DG caused by the integration of these new neurons after chronic fluoxetine treatment, by coupling intracerebral microdialysis to pharmacologic and optogenetic tools. Chronic fluoxetine decreased glutamatergic transmissions in the DG. Since the GluN2B subunit of NMDA receptors in young neurons has a key role in antidepressant effects, we aimed to inhibit young neurons by local administration of a selective GluN2B subunit antagonist (Ro25-6981) in chronically-treated mice with fluoxetine, which increased DG extracellular levels of glutamate and GABA. Finally, the selective optogenetic stimulation of young neurons revealed an increase in DG extracellular GABA levels. My thesis work provides indirect and direct arguments for the role of adult-born granule cells’ in neurochemical effects, which would provide the link between the electrophysiological and behavioral effects attributed to young neurons
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Nogueira, Leila de Mello Yañez. "Estabilidade versus flexibilidade: a dicotomia necessária à inovação na gestão de recursos humanos em uma organização pública, estatal eestratégica como Bio-Manguinhos / Fiocruz." reponame:Repositório Institucional da FIOCRUZ, 2009. https://www.arca.fiocruz.br/handle/icict/2500.
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Made available in DSpace on 2011-05-04T12:36:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0
Previous issue date: 2009Este trabalho propõe analisar o fenômeno da terceirização desenvolvido ao longo das duas últimas décadas em Bio-Manguinhos. Trata-se de um estudo de caso realizado na unidade de produção de vacinas e reagentes para diagnóstico da Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Inicialmente foi realizado um estudo de cenário, analisando a política de gestão do trabalho desenvolvida pelo Estado brasileiro para as instituições públicas. A seguir, a análise passou a verificar a inserção da Fiocruz nessas políticas, desde a sua criação e no decorrer de vigência de diferentes formas de contratação, alternando da extrema rigidez para a total flexibilidade sempre com foco na gestão do trabalho, e, como essas políticas se refletiram no desempenho de Bio-Manguinhos. Baseado no contexto da conformação do Estado e na análise do desempenho da unidade, o trabalho critica a falta de planejamento e de prospecção dessas políticas, que favoreça a inovação de processos, produtos e procedimentos e o desempenho pleno de uma unidade de produção de insumos para a saúde, tão necessários ao atendimento das necessidades da população brasileira. Critica também, a ausência de um modelo de Estado consolidado que sirva de arcabouço à formulação dessas políticas. Devido às fortes críticas dos órgãos de controle acerca da extrapolação dos limites da terceirização praticada nas últimas duas décadas e à falta de definição clara desses marcos legais, o trabalho apresenta uma metodologia baseada nas atribuições dos cargos do plano de carreiras da Fiocruz e culmina com a apresentação de uma matriz de atribuições passíveis de serem realizadas por contratação indireta. Conclui pela necessidade de convivência de dois quadros de trabalhadores: um permanente formado por servidores, estáveis e de carreira e outro flexível, executado por contratação indireta, de caráter eventual, temporário ou de apoio às atividades relacionadas à missão de Bio-Manguinhos. O trabalho ainda sugere a aplicação da mesma metodologia às demais unidades da Fiocruz e que a instituição afirme, frente aos órgãos de controle, quais atividades que ela precisa manter no quadro de servidores permanente e quais ela quer delegar a terceiros sem contudo, ferir a legislação vigente. Por fim, constata-se que a metodologia apresentada ameniza, mas não resolve o problema, dessa forma, recomenda-se à Fiocruz buscar mecanismos que altere o modelo de gestão pelo qual está submetida a fim de viabilizar as duas formas de incorporação de mão-de-obra.
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Chung, Hye-Yoon. "Two types of focus in Castilian Spanish." 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/19471.
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This dissertation proposes an experimental study of focus in Spanish, investigating, in particular, if two types of focus – Contrastive focus and Non-contrastive focus – are syntactically and prosodically distinguished. The evidence that the conceptual distinction between the focus subtypes can be represented linguistically has been found in languages (Drubig 2003, É. Kiss 1998, Gundel & Fretheim 2001, Zubizarreta 1998 to name a few). As for Spanish, Zubizarreta (1998) argued that the two types of focus most noticeably differ syntactically. While Non-contrastive Focus should appear at utterance-final position, Contrastive Focus may appear in-situ. Nevertheless, not all the studies seem to accept Zubizarreta’s (1998) syntax-oriented distinction between the two focus types. A few studies suggest that not only Contrastive Focus but also Non-Contrastive Focus can indeed occur sentence-internally (Cabrera Abreu & García Lecumberri 2003, Kim & Avelino 2003, Toledo 1989). Inspired by a handful of studies and motivated by empirical data gathered for the pilot study, the current study sets out to investigate Zubizarreta’s (1998) syntax-oriented claim on the distinction between the focus subtypes. Focus in Spanish is known to be prosodically marked by its particular intonational contour- higher pitch and the early peak, and secondarily longer duration and/or higher intensity, compared to unfocused elements in a given utterance (Cabrera Abreu & García Lecumberri 2003, Domínguez 2004a & b, Face 2000, 2001, 2002b, Hualde 2003, 2005, Kim & Avelino 2003, de la Mota 1995, 1997, Navarro Tomás 1918, Nibert 2000, Quilis 1971, Sosa 1998, Toledo 1989, Zubizarreta 1998). We assume that the distinction between the two types of focus would also be made using the existing cues, as suggested by a handful of studies on focus types (Cabrera Abreu & García Lecumberri 2003, Kim & Avelino 2003, Zubizarreta, 1998).
The findings of our experiments clearly indicate that Spanish speakers consistently use different phonetic and phonological cues such as duration and pitch in order to make a distinction between the two types of focus. These findings give clear evidence that the pragmatically defined notion of focus (Lambrecht 1994) is indeed further divided into two types in Castilian Spanish, somewhat similar to the distinction made in English (Selkirk 1984, 1995).text
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Wilson, Thompson Bronwen. "Factors influencing teachers'choice and use of tasks for formative assessment of mathematics in grades 2-6." Thesis, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/1441.
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MEd thesisAbstract This study explores teachers’ understanding about ways in which assessment supports learning and teaching within the context of grappling with the new curriculum. It argues that formative assessment, supports a socialconstructivist view of learning and teaching. It suggests that formative assessment functions in a fundamentally different way to summative assessment, and could assist teachers in moving towards a more conceptual approach to learning and teaching. Teachers’ views are explored in focus groups in which teachers discuss their choice and use of either traditional or alternative assessment tasks, in their mathematics lessons. The findings suggest, however, that teachers’ ability to use assessment in this way is influenced by their own views of mathematics learning, their current views of assessment, the amount of support provided in the assessment materials, and the practices of the school. Key words Formative assessment Social constructivist Focus groups Phenomenography Primary school Mathematics Assessment Investigations
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Zinnick, Shauna Gerry. "Developing a taxonomy of health care aide tasks in a personal care home." 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/31797.
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Purpose: to understand the tasks that health care aides (HCAs) are responsible for in a nursing home setting, and to understand which of these tasks HCAs feel are more important.
Methods: In Phase 1, focus groups were conducted to validate the list of tasks and ensure HCAs could differentiate between them, according to task urgency, quality of care, and quality of life. During Phase 2, HCAs participated in a Delphi process to reach consensus on the relative importance of these tasks.
Results: Participants reached consensus that 12 of 31 tasks were highly important according to task urgency. Of these, 10 were from the medical domain (e.g., skin care). Similar results were reached for the other definitions of importance.
Conclusions: This study provides a framework for classifying HCA tasks into three domains (medical, social and indirect). Irrespective of the definition of importance used, medical tasks are consistently deemed as more important.October 2016
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Fojtík, Jan. "Obtížnost učebních úloh v předmětech se zaměřením na ICT a informatiku na ZŠ." Master's thesis, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-343216.
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The aim of the thesis is based on the existing approaches to the assessment of the difficulty of the task of teaching with a focus on ICT and computer science to design a methodology for determining the difficulty of the task and verify it on the model examples for elementary schools. The methodology will be to respond to the theoretical background, which are based, in particular, of the parameters, forms, functions, and the specifics of teaching jobs. Other theoretical basis for the analysis of the teaching jobs are from the known taxonomies, Focus group research method and statistical data processing. The empirical part qualitative research including the multi-round testing pupils Elementary school and the analysis of the data obtained.
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CHU, SZU-CHIEH, and 朱思潔. "The Impact of Regulatory Focus on Attribute Focus under the Moderation of Task Format." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/68990026862123298638.
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碩士國立臺灣科技大學
企業管理系
101
This article discuss how do regulatory focus of consumers focus on different hedonic versus utilitarian attribute under the moderation of task format. We find that promotion focused consumer tend to focus more on hedonic attribute when they are under choosing task but prevention focused people tend to focus more on utilitarian attribute. However, the situation in rejecting task is opposite. We adopt different type of product in two experiments and both measurement and manipulation to access consumers’ regulatory focus, the results from the experiments are consistent. Moreover, we find the boundary condition on purchase involvement in this effect that when people is in low-involvement purchase condition, people will focus on the attribute which is fitted with their regulatory focus. However, when they are in high-involvement purchase condition, this effect cannot be observed.
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Harris, Thomas. "The Functionality of Focus: An Investigation into the Interactive Effects of Leader Focus and Team Interdependence." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2012-05-10943.
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Team leadership research has largely relied on traditional dyadic models (i.e., those capturing one-on-one relationships between a leader and follower) to explain team-level phenomena. Despite recent advancements, much of this research falls short of addressing the complexity inherent to teams. One promising alternative to the traditional perspectives, functional leadership theory, moves beyond the constraints of dyadic models and instead advances a needs-based approach for understanding team leadership (i.e., effective leaders are those that meet any and all team needs). Although intuitive, the ambiguous nature of simply meeting team needs does not provide sufficient specificity as to how exactly leaders meet team needs. In an effort to address this issue, I introduce a multi-dimensional construct, called leader focus, to explain how leaders meet team needs by focusing their efforts on teamwork or taskwork (i.e., person-task focus) as well as different relational entities in the team (i.e., entity focus). In total, I propose six unique foci of team leadership: individual task-focus, team task-focus, subgroup task-focus, individual person-focus, team person-focus, and subgroup person-focus. Next, using social interdependence theory, I hypothesize that individual-focused leadership is most effective when task interdependence is low, whereas team- and subgroup-focused leadership are most effective when task interdependence is high. Further, person-focused leadership is hypothesized to influence team effectiveness by way of interpersonal processes; task-focused leadership is argued to influence team effectiveness via task-related processes. In a sample of 89 firefighting crews, partial support is found for the multi-foci model of team leadership. Team task-focused leadership influences team task performance indirectly through task processes; team person-focused and subgroup person-focused leadership influence team helping behaviors through interpersonal processes. Moreover, the relationship between individual task-focused and subgroup task-focused leadership on team processes is contingent on task interdependence. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
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Huang, Ke-Shin, and 黃可欣. "Effects of Attentional Focus and Task Difficulty on Dart Throwing." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/27039930819637314130.
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碩士國立彰化師範大學
運動健康研究所
101
This study uses internal and external focus of attention instructions, and dart throwing at different distances as a measure of task difficulty to observe the difference in darts score and kinematics parameters. Study participants were 15 male college students, who were all healthy and have not received darts training, the average age was 21.73 ± 2.49 years. Based on within-subjects design, every participant under both internal and external focus of attention instruction threw darts at target distances of 2.37 meters and 3.56 meters. The kinematic parameters were collected by the VICON 3D Motion Capture System, while the darts score was simultaneously recorded. The resulting data, organized using a 2 (task difficulty) 2 (focus of attention) study design, was statistically analyzed using two-way ANOVA, with an alpha level of .05. The results showed that only the elbow’s action time and the finger’s maximum speed have a significant interaction effect with task difficulty and focus of attention. The main factor affecting elbow movement time was focus of attention, with elbow movement time being longer with internal focus of attention than with external focus of attention, regardless of the throwing distance; the main factor affecting the finger’s maximum speed was distance, with maximum speed at 3.56 meters being greater than at 2.37 meters. Exploring the other kinematic parameters found that energy consumption for darts throwing is higher at 3.56 meters than at 2.37 meters; in addition, energy consumption was higher with internal focus of attention than with external focus of attention. Furthermore, the results of the darts scores showed that there was no interaction between task difficulty and focus of attention. However, dart scores were affected by both task difficulty and focus of attention with scores at 2.37 meters being higher than at 3.56 meters and scores with external focus of attention being higher than with internal focus. Based on these results, it is readily seen that task difficulty will affect dart throwing performance, and furthermore, external focus of attention will not only result in better dart scores, but the energy consumption is also less.
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Boshoff, W. S. (Willem Sterrenberg) 1958. "Gemeentebou en die begeleiding van rouprosesse in ‘n konteks van omvattende verandering (stemme uit drie gemeentes van die NG Kerk se noordelike sinode) (Afrikaans)." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/28486.
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This study examines the impact of rapid and multi-faceted change (both domestically and inter-nationally over the past four decades) on the Dutch Reformed Church. 2 February 1990 is taken as a water shed date in the history of South-Africa: a speech in parliament of former president FW de Klerk put South-Africa on a course of fundamental change in all spheres of society. The research problem deals with loss the Afrikaans community experiences as a result of societal change. The result of change and loss is long-lasting, collective grief. Grief is defined as the nor-mal, spontaneous reaction to change and loss. Unresolved grief and nostalgia saps a lot of energy and tends to turn a congregation’s attention to itself, thereby contradicting the sound reformed ecclesiology. There is no appropriate practical theological theory to help congregations address unresolved grief. Change, loss and grief are made focus points for theological reflection and empirical study. The guiding hypothesis states that efforts to build up the local church are more likely to succeed, once the “black holes” of unaddressed grief have been dealt with by a collective and on-going process of mourning. Mourning is defined as an intentional and courageous process of letting go of different losses. It is hard work, but the result of deliberate mourning is growth – and eventually a more appropriate, new identity. Unresolved grief causes congregations to get stuck in survival mode, in stead of reaching out to the nations with the gospel of Jesus Christ. Mourning is an antidote (Hamman 2005:35). The research model of G Heitink (1993) is employed to generate fresh practical theological thinking on the research problem: that congregations fail to live according to their missional identity. The hermeneutical cycle explores the “new” practical theology in the framework of a post-Einstein epistemology, as well as the theory of building up the local church in the framework of an ecosystemic meta-theory. The hermeneutical cycle is concluded with the study of contemporary theories of loss, grief and mourning. The empirical cycle reports the results of a qualitative empirical study in three local congregations of the Northern Synod of the Dutch Reformed Church. A rich description is given of 31 respondents’ experience of loss and grief in the new South-Africa. It is established that unresolved grief indeed impacts negatively on efforts to build up the local church. The strategic cycle searches for practical theological wisdom and for a theory that can guide congregations to more productive responses to change and loss. The research boils down to twelve strategic suggestions for local congregations on how to make collective mourning a normal and on-going part of their ministry. The study concludes with the hypothesis that practical theology can serve the church by developing a theory that integrates intentional mourning and grief work as a necessary and normal aspect of ministry.Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2011.
Practical Theology
unrestricted
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CHO, PEI-PEI, and 卓佩佩. "Attentional Focus in Motor Learning：The Effects of Distance and Task Difficulty." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/n5xg6k.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立體育大學
體育研究所
104
Attentional Focus in Motor Learning：The Effects of Distance and Task Difficulty Previous studies (e.g., Wulf, Höß, & Prinz,1998) have shown that motor learning can be enhanced by directing performers’ attention to the place that out of their body (‘‘external focus’’).The effects of distance and task difficulty might further effect the learning advantages associated with an external focus of attention(e.g., Wulf,2007).The purpose of the present study was to test the previous finding. 78 novice badminton players were recruited to be the participants, randomly assigned into four attentional focus groups to learn forehand (relatively simple)/backhand (relatively difficult) short service of badminton. The four groups included internal attentional focus (focus on the hand), near external focus (focus on the face of racket), far external focus (focus on the net) and farthest external focus (focus on the service line). In acquisition phases, neither forehand service nor backhand service showed significant difference between four group, and showed blocks main effect in both of service. In test phase (include retention and transfer test) administered after one days of practice, there had no significant difference between four group during retention test with both of service. In the transfer test, there had no significance difference between four groups with forehand service, but a significance difference was showed between four group with backhand service. Results of study indicated that attentional focus has no effective on learning in forehand service and in backhand service; far external focus has more effective than internal focus.
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"Focus on form in task-based language teaching: exploring the effects of post-task activities and task practice on learners' oral performance." Thesis, 2010. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b6075273.
Full textAbstract:
Given the small body of existing research concerning focus on form at post-task stage in task-based language teaching, the present study adopts post-task transcribing as a focus on form activity and explores the effects of transcribing under various conditions. In addition, two task types are adopted in multiple task sessions to explore task effects and task practice effects on learners' oral performance.Ninety-six participants, divided into five experimental groups and one control group completed four tasks with a one-week interval between each task. Different experimental groups were assigned various post-task activities respectively. No post-task activity was adopted in the control group. Task performance was measured in terms of complexity, accuracy, fluency and lexical performance.
The findings are multifaceted. First of all, the adoption of post-task transcribing was found to be efficient for different formal aspects of task performance. In the second place, the pair-based transcribing brought about more syntactically complicated language, whereas the individual condition at the post-task stage led to an improvement in lexical sophistication. Thirdly, further revision after transcribing had complex effects on accuracy and complexity. Fourthly, interactive tasks proved to be more promising for a better overall task performance. Last but not least, multiple task practices were found to be beneficial for learners' lexical performance.
The findings were discussed in light of the concept of noticing and attention, Levelt's speaking model, socio-cultural theory and other related SLA theories. Based on the theoretical discussion, pedagogical implications have been proposed.
This research argues that in task-based language teaching, more attention should be paid to the post-task stage regarding its effect on focus on form. Specifically, it suggests that (a) a post-task transcribing activity can be adopted as a feasible focus on form activity in L2 classrooms; (b) different conditions for the operation of post-task transcribing may bring about distinct effects on various aspects of task performance; (c) different task types have different effects on learners' performance; (d) multiple task sessions are necessary for L2 language improvement. Further, the present study calls for a process-product approach in further studies concerning the effects of post-task focus on form activities.
Li, Qian.
Adviser: Peter Skehan.
Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 73-03, Section: A, page: .
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2010.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 254-278).
Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web.
Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [201-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web.
Abstract also in Chinese; appendix III also in Chinese.
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Delden, Dave Van. "Achievement goal adoption: the interplay between strategic task framing and regulatory focus." Master's thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/39718.
Full textAbstract:
In the present study, I investigate whether employees' achievement goal adoption (mastery goal on skill development versus performance goal on outperforming others) can be predicted based on the regulatory fit or misfit between the means required by strategic task framing (eagerness versus vigilance) and individuals' regulatory focus (promotion focus on gains versus prevention focus on non-losses). Specifically, I argue that mastery goals will be more strongly pursued for tasks framed in a fitting, relative to misfitting way, mainly as a result of the autonomous feeling one experiences when executing a task with a preferred strategy. In contrast, performance goals are expected to be pursued in case of tasks that are framed in a misfitting, relative to fitting way, mainly due to the externally controlled feeling one perceives when executing a task with an assigned strategy that would not be one's preferred strategy. These expectations are tested in an experiment in which I measured individuals' (N = 186) regulatory focus, after which they engaged in an eager-framed or vigilant-framed task, in relation to which their achievement goals were assessed (prior to the task). Results indicated the existence of a fitting effect, since prevention focus is positively related to mastery goals when tasks required vigilance, but negatively when tasks required eagerness. In addition, prevention focus was found to be positively related to performance goals when tasks required eagerness, and negatively when tasks required vigilance. However, no significant findings occurred for promotion focus. These findings provide initial support for the notion that managers can predict and influence employees' achievement goal adoption.
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Pelleck, Valerie. "The effects of attentional focus on performance, neurophysiological activity and kinematics in a golf putting task." 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/30187.
Full textAbstract:
Impaired performance while executing a motor task is attributed to a disruption of normal automatic processes when an internal focus of attention is used (Wulf, McNevin, & Shea, 2001). When an external focus of attention is adopted, automaticity is not constrained and improved performance is noted. What remains unclear is whether the specificity of internally focused task instructions may impact task performance. In the present study, behavioural, kinematic and neurophysiological outcome measures assessed the implications of changing attentional focus for novice and skilled performers in a golf putting task. Findings provided evidence that when novice participants used an internal focus of attention related to task execution, accuracy, kinematics of the putter, and variability of EMG activity in the upper extremity were all adversely affected as task difficulty increased. Instructions which were internal but anatomically distal to the primary movement during the task appeared to have an effect similar to an external focus of attention and did not adversely affect outcomes.
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Wu, Yueh-Feng, and 吳岳峰. "Research on the Privatization of Governmental Task－Focus on the National Defense Affairs－." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/60431293645410590722.
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LIN, CHIEN-MIN, and 林建銘. "Research on the Privatization of Executive Task－Focus on the Governmental Affairs Outsourcing." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/71972369544342462043.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺北大學
法學系
93
Since the traditional governmental system cannot shoulder the financial deficits and to face the challenge of the globally international competition, decreasing the financial burden of executing the governmental tasks and promoting the executive efficiency have become the common target of most countries in recent years. Thus the privatization of the executive tasks has been a global trend. It has been also a hot theme for discussion in Taiwan recently. However, the administrative issues relevant to this target should be concerned and discussed. The privatization of executive task, not a legal phraseology, means the governments transfer legal tasks to the privates. There are three main kinds－the privatization in appearance, the privatization in essence, and the privatization in function, that have different private participation models. This article focus on the governmental affairs outsourcing. It did works in finance and efficiency in the recent experiences.
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Hu, gi-su, and 胡柜澍. "The Effects of the Anger on Military Task Performance：Regulatory Focus Motivation as a Moderator." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/17912168008361549720.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國防大學政治作戰學院
心理碩士班
103
The purpose of the present study was to explore the effects of the anger on military task performance and regulatory focus motivation moderated the relationship between the anger and military task performance. In the two experiments reported below, we examined the reltionship between regulatory focus motivation of 60 participants in study 1. First, participants randomly assigned to the anger of control group, experimental group. Second, Participants were then asked to complete two questionnaire, State Anger Scale, Pressure self-reported Scale. Further, participants were then asked to trial by throwing away grenade two times. Furthermore, the two independent variables were manipulated by written essay of pure feedback. Finally, we asked participants to complete trial twice through the measure stimulus intensity. According to research by the experimental group is far away than the control group by throwing away grenade. The results of experiment show that the anger condition could enhance the distance by throwing away grenade. The effects of regulatory on performance, that’s no discrepancy between higher prevention-focused individual in anger condition and lower prevention-focused individual in control group. Therefore, regulatory focus didn’t moderator the effects of the anger in the distance by throwing away grenade. In study 2, 61 participants randomly assigned as study 1. The difference of the study1 is changing form thrown away grenade to the laser shooting. As a result, there wasn't main effects of laser shooting for participants. Higher prevention-focused individual's shooting accuracy is better than lower prevention-focused individual's shooting accuracy in anger condition.
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Lu, Tai-Chen, and 呂玳丞. "Simultaneous EEG/NIRS method for prefrontal cortex detection with mental focus task by WCST." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/h4q4p3.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立交通大學
光電工程研究所
103
Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a noninvasive neuroimaging tool for measuring evoked functional changes of brain oxygenation. Electroencephalography (EEG) coherence can be used to evaluate the functionality of cortical connections and to obtain information of regional cortical activity. Coregistration of EEG-NIRS is a recent technique that was used to analyze the changes in both electrical and local hemodynamic activities of human brain. This coregistration is useful to avoid misleading interpretation of NIRS, especially in the diagnosis of neurological disorders. In this research, we investigate an approach to the analysis of enhance accuracy of NIRS by EEG for physiological activities in mental focus task. We use the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) as subjects mental focus task, and we found that EEG and NIRS signals has two types’ trends for normal subjects. These information can help us to understand brain activation status and we can determine subject’s degree of mental concentration. If we can develop standards for the diagnosis of neurological disorders, it can help doctor to diagnosis cognitive disorders patient, then we will abandon traditional methods of questionnaire to determine patients.
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Lin, Hsin-Yu, and 林心伃. "Attentional Bias in People with Insomnia:A Focus on Dot-Probe Task with Sleep-Related Stimuli." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/b6ut53.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立中正大學
臨床心理學研究所
102
Attentional bias may be one of the prominent factors for maintaining insomnia. People with insomnia may show selective attention to either internal cues (e.g. body sensation) or external sleep-relevant stimuli (e.g. environmental noise), result in multiple sleep complaints. In addition, cognitive activities (e.g. worry) before sleep may amplify the effect of attentional bias(Harvey, 2002). Few studies have investigated attentional bias in insomnia via dot-probe task. However, the results of these studies are inconsistent. According to the review, the using of sleep-related negative pictures and the effect about presleep cognitive activities (e.g. worry) are not be considered in these studies. The present study aimed to investigate in whether individuals with insomnia show an attentional bias toward neutral and negative sleep-related picture stimuli in the dot-probe task. Furthermore, in order to increase the level of participant's cognitive arousal, we use the worry-induction manipulation .Twenty-nine people with insomnia and thirty good sleepers were asked to complete twice random dot-probe task before and after the worry-induction task respectively. An attentional bias index were subjected to a analysis-of covariance(ANCOVA), with age as an covariate. Results indicate that worry-induction task could make some of the participants worried. And good sleepers demonstrated a tendency towards negative sleep-related attentional bias , while insomnia individuals showed a tendency to attentional avoidance to negative sleep-related stimuli. There was no significant attentional bias toward neutral sleep-related stimuli in both groups. Our findings are not entirely consistent with previous studies in insomnia, but line with the vigilance-avoidance model in clinical anxiety (Mogg, Mathews, & Weinman, 1987). Which suggests that insomnia individuals may attempting to strategically regulated negative affect via attentional avoidance. Thus, this attempt turns automatic sleep process into conscious control, and insomnia becomes sustained. On the other hand, the good sleepers prioritizing of threat cues in a threat situation is adaptive behavior. The results of this study improve our understanding of the mechanism that maintains insomnia. Further work, time- course of attentional bias in insomnia individuals, and modify the worry-induction task, is still necessary. Moreover, try to use the Attention Bias Modification Treatment (ABMT) into the therapy of insomnia. Key words: insomnia, attentional bias, dot-probe task, cognitive arousal, worry, avoidance.
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(7027463), Vincent L. Ng. "Just (not) doing my job: The moral imperativeness and aspiration of task execution." Thesis, 2019.
Find full textAbstract:
Drawing from literature on job performance, moral intensity (Jones, 1991), and job characteristics theory (Grant, Fried, & Juillerat, 2011; Hackman & Oldham, 1976; Oldham & Fried, 2016), I propose a core feature of work that is not currently recognized or studied in extant work design research: the degree of moral imperativeness and aspiration. That is, jobs differ in how much their performance (i.e., task execution) is a moral imperative or aspiration. I first distinguish the moral imperativeness and aspiration of task execution (MITE and MATE) from related concepts such as task significance (Hackman & Oldham, 1975), prosocial characteristics of work (Grant, 2007, 2008a), and moral intensity of a task (Opoku-Dakwa, 2017, 2018). I then develop and validate a scale. In Study 1, I used job incumbents to provide empirical support that moral imperativeness and aspiration of task execution is distinguishable from related constructs, converge with theoretically-relevant constructs, and predict work criteria as experienced by job incumbents. In Study 2, I used naïve raters to judge the moral imperativeness and aspiration of work tasks at the task level to provide further evidence that they tap objective aspects of occupations.