Books: 'Focus on tasks'

1

Harper, David E. Pacific focus. Moscow Mills, MO: Letterman Publications, 2004.

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2

Force, Missouri Commission on Management and Productivity Management Improvement and Customer Focus Task. The final report, Management Improvement and Customer Focus Task Force. [Jefferson City, Mo: The Commission, 1994.

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3

Commerce, Canadian Chamber of. Focus 2000: Report of the Task Force on Technology and Canadian Business. [S.l.]: [s.n.], 1988.

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4

Werner, Abraham, and Meij Sjaak de, eds. Topic, focus, and configurationality: Papers from the 6th Groningen Grammar Talks, Groningen, 1984. Amsterdam: J. Benjamins Pub. Co., 1986.

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5

Boor, Ilja, Debby Gerritsen, Linda Greef, and Jessica Rodermans. Meaningful Assessment in Interdisciplinary Education. NL Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789463729048.

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Today’s university lecturers are faced with the challenge of educating students to see beyond the limits of their own discipline and to come up with innovative solutions to societal challenges. Many lecturers would like to put more emphasis on teaching students how to integrate diverse forms of knowledge, work together in teams, critically reflect and become self-regulated learners. These lecturers are breaking down the silos of scientific disciplines as well as the barriers between academia and society and responding to the changing role of universities in society. Just as teaching and learning are ready for change, so is assessment. In this book, we call for an assessment strategy with a greater emphasis on assessment for and assessment as learning, with a focus on giving powerful feedback and the use of authentic assessment tasks as well as alignment with the intended learning outcomes and your pedagogical beliefs. If you are looking for ways to assess integration, collaboration, reflection, and critical thinking rather than only assessing the acquisition of knowledge, the examples in this handbook are inspiring initiatives that can point you to new directions in assessment.

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6

Richards, John Allen. The effects of augmented attentional focus on the performance with practice of a closed perceptual-motor task for individuals who differ in task mastery. Eugene: Microform Publications, College of Human Development and Performance, University of Oregon, 1986.

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7

), United States Congress Senate Committee on Indian Affairs (1993. BIA task force: Hearing before the Committee on Indian Affairs, United States Senate, One Hundred Fourth Congress, first session, on to focus on the report and recommendations of the Joint Tribal BIA/DOI Reorganization Task Force, May 18, 1995, Washington, DC. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1995.

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8

United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Indian Affairs (1993- ). BIA task force: Hearing before the Committee on Indian Affairs, United States Senate, One Hundred Fourth Congress, first session, on to focus on the report and recommendations of the Joint Tribal BIA/DOI Reorganization Task Force, May 18, 1995, Washington, DC. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1995.

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9

Care, New Jersey Legislature General Assembly Task Force on Child. Public hearing before General Assembly Task Force on Child Care to focus on identifying problems and issues relating to child care which can be addressed by the legislative and executive branches: February 14, 1991, Georgian Court College, Little Theatre, Lakewood, New Jersey. Trenton, N.J: The Committee, 1991.

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10

New Jersey. Legislature. General Assembly. Task Force on Child Care. Public hearing before General Assembly Task Force on Child Care: To focus on the needs of parents and other consumers of day-care services that can be addressed by the Legislature and the Executive Branch : March 25, 1991, First Steps for Kids Day-Care Center, Totowa, New Jersey. Trenton, N.J. (State House Annex, CN 068, Trenton 08625): The Unit, 1991.

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11

HARLEY, BIRGIT. THE ROLE OF FOCUS-ON-FORM TASKS IN PROMOTING CHILD L2 ACQUISITION. 1998.

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12

Khabrieva, T. Ya, A. I. Kovler, and A. M. Belyalova. Legal Values in the Focus of Comparative Law. Jurisprudence PH, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12731/978-5-9516-0888-8.

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The Institute of legislation and comparative law under the Government of the Russian Federation, as the organizer of The international Congress of comparative law in partnership with the European Commission for democracy through law (the Venice Commission of the Council of Europe), seeks to attract representatives of various legal systems, schools, and generations to cooperate. It is as a result of such cooperation that it is possible to get the most adequate picture of the modern legal world. The topic of the IX Congress was chosen as the problem of value orientations in various branches of law, since in the field of comparative legal research it is often the starting point of scientific research. The purpose of this publication is to enrich the methodology of comparative legal research, fill in theoretical developments and help in the implementation of practical tasks of jurisprudence, which are set by modern society. The materials of the collection convincingly show the importance of socially significant values for increasing the effectiveness of legal regulation in various areas of public and state life. For practicing lawyers, employees of public authorities, representatives of the scientific community, teachers, students and postgraduates of law schools and faculties, as well as for anyone interested in the value sources of law and legislation.

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13

Tran, Thanh V., Tam Nguyen, and Keith Chan. Adopting or Adapting Existing Instruments. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190496470.003.0003.

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Cross-cultural translation is one of the major tasks in cross-cultural research. The task of translation becomes more challenging when an instrument is translated into two or more target languages simultaneously, especially with the translation of special constructs. This chapter (1) reviews existing cross-cultural translation approaches and offers the reader with practical guidelines; (2) presents a multilevel translation process encompassing back translation, expert evaluation, cognitive interviews, focus group evaluation, and field evaluation; and (3) offers a guide for best practices in selecting translators to perform cross-cultural translation.

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14

Washington (State). Spill Prevention, Preparedness and Response Program. and Washington (State). Dept. of Ecology., eds. Focus on aboveground storage tanks. [Olympia Wash.]: Washington State Dept. of Ecology, 2003.

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15

Butz, Martin V., and Esther F. Kutter. Attention. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198739692.003.0011.

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Cognition does not work without attention. Attention enables us to focus on particular tasks and particular aspects in the environment. Psychological insights show that attention exhibits bottom-up and top-down components. Attention is attracted from the bottom-up towards unusual, exceptional, and unexpected sensory information. Top-down attention, on the other hand, filters information dependent on the current task-oriented expectations, which depend on the available generative models. This computational interpretation enables the explanation of conjunctive and disjunctive search. Different models of attention emphasize the importance of the unfolding interaction processes and a processing bottleneck can be detected. As a result, attention can be viewed as a dynamic control process that unfolds in redundant, neural fields, in which the selection of one interpretation and thus the processing bottleneck is strongest at the current focus of attention. The actual focus of attention itself is determined by the current behavioral and cognitive goals.

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16

Criss, Amy H., and Marc W. Howard. Models of Episodic Memory. Edited by Jerome R. Busemeyer, Zheng Wang, James T. Townsend, and Ami Eidels. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199957996.013.8.

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Episodic memory refers to memory for specific episodes from one’s life, such as working in the garden yesterday afternoon while enjoying the warm sun and chirping birds. In the laboratory, the study of episodic memory has been dominated by two tasks: single item recognition and recall. In single item recognition, participants are simply presented a cue and asked if they remember it appearing during the event in question (e.g., a specific flower from the garden) and in free recall they are asked to generate all aspects of the event. Models of episodic memory have focused on describing detailed patterns of performance in these and other laboratory tasks believed to be sensitive to episodic memory. This chapter reviews models with a focus on models of recognition with a specific emphasis on REM (Shiffrin & Steyvers, 1997) and models of recall with a focus on TCM (Howard & Kahana, 2002). We conclude that the current state of affairs, with no unified model of multiple memory tasks, is unsatisfactory and offer suggestions for addressing this gap.

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17

and, Bruno. Attention and Learning. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198725022.003.0009.

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Attention can be defined as a multifaceted gateway to consciousness. We use attention to focus on specific sensory signals (selective attention), to allocate resources to concurrent relevant sources (divided attention), to switch between tasks (alternate attention), to maintain focus on a task for a prolonged period (sustained attention), to ready ourselves for a quick response to sudden novel information (alertness); and all these processes, to some extent, control what sensory signals are processed up to the level of conscious awareness. The multifarious functions of attention often involve multisensory interactions, and in this chapter, will we discuss three broad issues in studying multisensory attention. We will start by considering multisensory spatial attention to signals within different sensory channels in a goal directed manner, in comparison to conditions whereby attention is automatically engaged by external multisensory signals. Next, we will discuss multisensory non-spatial attention. In conclusion, we will discuss the implications for multisensory learning and memory.

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18

Salaberry, M. Rafael, and Alfred Rue Burch, eds. Assessing Speaking in Context. Multilingual Matters, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21832/salabe3811.

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This book takes a critical perspective of research on assessing speaking in second and foreign languages. Chapters focus on the complexity brought about by actual interactional competence in speaking tasks and discuss how testing and assessment models and practices can incorporate recent research on the dynamic and situated nature of language use.

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19

Ruskin, Keith J., and Ori Gottlieb. Anesthesia Information Management Systems (AIMS) for the OOOR Setting. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190495756.003.0008.

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Anesthesia information management systems (AIMS) offer significant benefits to an anesthesiologist who practices beyond the operating room. AIMS systems have the potential to improve patient care because they deliver a customized, legible anesthesia record while storing the patient’s physiologic data in an easily searchable database. An electronic workflow allows the anesthesiologist to focus on patient care while facilitating tasks such as quality assurance, compliance, research, and billing.

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20

Batz, Thomas, ed. Betriebliches Bildungsmanagement. Tectum – ein Verlag in der Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783828877139.

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Bringing employees to a high level of education and keeping them there permanently is one of the core tasks of human resource development. In principle, the question is whether to entrust one's training needs to external providers or to realise this central task oneself. Many companies have reacted to the existing training and further education needs of their employees by founding their own academy. The opportunity to ensure the value of the "human capital" itself seems too important. Often, company-owned academies are only available to the company's own employees, but in some cases they are also open to external interested parties. As part of a cooperation between Academy Würth and the DHBW Heilbronn, students of the HR focus examined the possibilities of company education management. With contributions by Constanze Albrecht, Kim Celina Binder, Daniel Börner, Francis Fahnert, Kim Herbstritt, Hanna Hummel, Ilias Kassaras, Cassandra Klocek, Natascha Matkic, Anne Maurer, Angela Di Pinto, Katharina Rupp, Denise Schick,Stefan Schwartl, Roman Suhr and Anouk Walter.

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21

Boehmer, Ulrike, Melissa A. Clark, and Lisa Fredman. Female Caregivers to Female Cancer Survivors (DRAFT). Edited by Youngmee Kim and Matthew J. Loscalzo. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190462253.003.0005.

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In this chapter, the authors focus on adult female caregivers performing informal caregiving tasks to adult females diagnosed with cancer. The authors limit discussion to a binary definition of gender, whereas Chapter 11 addresses gender minorities, including transwomen caregivers and transgender care recipients. The authors present national data on adult caregivers and describe the characteristics of female-to-female caregivers. They present a theoretical model for evaluating the impact of female-to-female cancer caregiving and review interventions that are relevant to this group of caregivers. While female caregiver to female patient is the most prevalent caregiver–patient combination, there is mostly an absence of same-gender effects on cancer caregiving and interventions.

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22

Guiney, Thomas C. Organizational Factors in Early Release Policy and Practice. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198803683.003.0009.

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The chapter explores how policymakers operate within and interact across institutional settings. The chapter re-visits the ‘stewardship function’ of the Home Office and examines how functional tasks were assigned, interpreted, and resolved within the Department. It then looks outwards to better understand the fluid and uneven distribution of power between the various actors with a stake in the administration of early release. Particular attention is paid to the dynamic relationship between the judiciary and the executive which, more than any other, has exerted a significant influence over the development of early release in England and Wales. The chapter concludes with a call for greater focus on the production of a liberal democratic statecraft and the central role these techniques have played at critical junctures in the development of criminal justice policy and practice.

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23

Barnhurst, Kevin G. The Press Adopted Linear Time. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252040184.003.0013.

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This chapter considers the notion of news time. News producers, researchers, and observers agree that American life has become busier, with little time to spare. The time crunch seems to have led reporters and editors to focus on the real present instead of the modern tasks of gathering background, spotting trends, or ferreting out future problems. It is argued that the commitment to modern time made news producers resistant to new kinds of information practices and options for conceiving of time. The emergence of other media has been an important element in how the press became entrenched in its version of modern time. The main alternative to newspapers appeared at midcentury: television, a medium that broadcasts in real time and opens the possibility of a return to the realist present.

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24

Dawson, Mark. New Governance in the EU after the Euro Crisis—Retired or Reborn? Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198817468.003.0005.

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This chapter explores the place of new modes of governance among the EU’s legal acts ‘after’ the onset of the sovereign debt and euro crises. While the last decade has seen a period of supposed decline in such instruments, the chapter argues that the euro crisis has returned an altered form of new governance to prominence as a way of managing complex, multilevel problems that traditional regulation cannot easily solve. The empirical drift back to new governance instruments is also examined normatively. Analysing the development of the European Semester, the chapter questions the suitability of new governance instruments to the harmonizing tasks to which they are currently being put. By abandoning the earlier focus of new governance on experimental policy learning between states, the EU may also be abandoning the most promising impact of new governance instruments on the EU’s legal architecture.

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25

Manohar, Sanjay, Valerie Bonnelle, and Masud Husain. Neurological Disorders of Attention. Edited by Anna C. (Kia) Nobre and Sabine Kastner. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199675111.013.027.

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Attention deficits are a frequent and particularly disabling consequence of many neurological disorders, from patients with focal brain lesions through to individuals with traumatic brain injury or neurodegenerative conditions, such as Parkinson’s disease. They are often associated with apparent confusion, fatigue, irritability, and increased time and effort to perform even simple everyday tasks, and constitute a real challenge for rehabilitation. In many cases, attention deficits may be crucial factors underlying failures of memory and higher cognitive functions, contributing to difficulties in resuming previous activities and independent daily living. Here the authors first consider four aspects of attention—selective, sustained, executive, and divided—together with brain regions and networks considered to underpin normal attention and disorders of attention. The authors focus on focal brain lesions, traumatic brain injury and Parkinson’s disease as important examples illustrating the effects of different brain pathologies on attention function.

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26

Prassl, Jeremias. Doublespeak. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198797012.003.0003.

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This chapter turns to linguistic matters. It explores how, despite their focus on commercial labour intermediation, platforms were originally cast in a different light, operating under the mantle of a ‘sharing economy’. Superficial as this may seem, language matters—not least as a driver of regulatory approaches. To understand the gig economy, it is crucial that we look behind the language of innovation and technology, of sharing and collaborative consumption, and of ‘gigs’ and ‘tasks’. This chapter first focuses on arguments that the gig economy should not be regulated at all, discerning multiple iterations of this approach, with varying degrees of sophistication. At its crudest, this is the story that the law stands in the way of innovation and should leave ‘disruptive’ businesses well alone. At a more sophisticated level, we then encounter different proposals for new forms of regulation.

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27

The Underground Tank Risk Management (TANKS) model: User's guide / prepared by Decision Focus Incorporated ; principal investigators D. Cohan ... [et al.] ; prepared for Electric Power Research Institute. Palo Alto, Calif: The Institute, 1989.

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28

Smith, Bryan. Fix It with Focus: A Story about Ignoring Distractions and Staying on Task. Boys Town Press, 2020.

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29

FOTOS, SANDRA. CONSCIOUSNESS RAISING AND NOTICING THROUGH FOCUS ON FORM:GRAMMAR TASK PERFORMANCE VERSUS FORMAL INSTRUCTION. 1993.

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30

Weichlein, Siegfried. Nation State, Conflict Resolution, and Culture War, 1850–1878. Edited by Helmut Walser Smith. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199237395.013.0013.

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Germany as the nation state forms the basis of this article. The notion that rule requires identity, and that identity has to be based on unity and consensus, derives from assumptions of the liberal historiography of the nineteenth century. Symbols and liturgies, on the other hand, represented actions, differences, tasks, and institutions. Between 1850 and 1878, industrialization and nation building were the principal forces generating conflict. Both played a crucial role in politics and society. But in this article, the foundation and formation of the German nation state is the main focus. The second conflict over nation building, which was linked to the first, was the antagonism between the confessional majority and minority: in Germany, this conflict centered on the tension between Catholicism and a Protestant inflected liberalism. This conflict was ideologically charged. This article explains the incidents that led to nation building in the German hinterland.

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31

Salillas, Elena, and Carlo Semenza. Mapping the Brain for Math. Edited by Roi Cohen Kadosh and Ann Dowker. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199642342.013.046.

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Brain stimulation techniques allow for the search of crucial areas for a given function. Not always convergent with neuroimaging, TMS studies have targeted parietal areas critical for quantity representation, spatio-numerical links, numerical and non-numerical quantity, finger gnosis and calculation. TMS data indicate the intraparietal sulcus and surrounding areas in the left and right hemisphere as crucial for quantity processing, although left hemisphere might be dominant. Bilateral parietal loci are essential for calculation and bilateral parietal areas are behind the spatio-numerical link, which extends to frontal and posterior parietal sites. DCE studies to date have focused on the dominant hemisphere, have used calculation tasks and have found both dissociation and overlap between operations. An integrative view of positive findings and a focus on convergence and possible improvement is proposed. Although regularities are found between these techniques, more research is needed before arriving at conclusions that will have basic and clinical importance.

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32

Lindley-French, Julian. UK Military Operations. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198790501.003.0048.

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The world that the United Kingdom must face in the late 2010s and into the 2020s seems to make its small armed force look ever smaller, and the gap between the force and intended effect ever wider. This chapter examines the key drivers of UK military operations since the end of the cold war by assessing how the UK has put strategy and doctrine into practice. The Strategic Defence and Security Review 2010 established seven military tasks for the UK armed forces ranging from the defence of the United Kingdom, deterrence of threats, and support for partners through defence engagement, to defence of the overseas territories. However, the review revealed a fundamental tension between ends, ways, and means, a tension also evident in SDSR 2015. The UK’s armed forces are also in transition, shifting away from the land-centric operations of the wars of Yugoslav succession of the mid-1990s to a greater focus on maritime–amphibious operations with an emphasis on deep ‘jointness’ (cross-service cooperation).

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33

Fuertes, Jairo N., ed. Working Alliance Skills for Mental Health Professionals. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med-psych/9780190868529.001.0001.

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The impetus for this book comes from years of teaching and supervising graduate-level students and my being asked by thoughtful students some variation of the following question: “How do I go about establishing the working alliance?” In this volume, the authors focus on the working alliance, specifically Bordin’s conceptualization of the working alliance, which emphasizes therapist–client agreement on the goals and tasks of treatment, and the existence of a trust and bond that is made between the therapist and client. A perusal of the literature on the working alliance reveals that hundreds of studies have been conducted on the topic. Given the popularity of Bordin’s working alliance and the considerable research that has been conducted about it, it is surprising to find that there is little published work about the skills that are used in sessions to establish and sustain it. To address this gap in the literature, the authors provide examples of in-session therapist interventions and behaviors that can guide the reader toward forming stronger alliances in therapy and, hopefully, better processes and outcomes in treatment.

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34

J, Hanowski Richard, United States. Federal Highway Administration, and Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. Center for Transportation Research, eds. Impact of local/short haul operations on driver fatigue: Task 1, focus groups summary and analysis. Washington, D.C: U.S. Dept. of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, 1998.

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35

J, Hanowski Richard, United States. Federal Highway Administration., and Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. Center for Transportation Research., eds. Impact of local/short haul operations on driver fatigue: Task 1, focus groups summary and analysis. Washington, D.C: U.S. Dept. of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, 1998.

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36

Impact of local/short haul operations on driver fatigue: Task 1, focus groups summary and analysis. Washington, D.C: U.S. Dept. of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, 1998.

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37

The effects of augmented attentional focus on the performance with practice of a closed perceptual-motor task for individuals who differ in task mastery. 1986.

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38

(Editor), Don Burleson, ed. Oracle Job Scheduling: Creating Robust Task Management with dbms_job and Oracle 10g dbms_scheduler (Oracle In-Focus series). Rampant Techpress, 2004.

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39

Brian, Martin, and Kim Delude. Freddie the Fly : A Story about Learning to Focus and Stay on-Task: Bee on, Buzz Off. Boys Town Press, 2019.

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40

Abraham, Werner. Topic, Focus, and Configuration Ability: Papers from the 6th Groningen Grammar Talks Groningen, 1984 (Linguistic Aktuell, Band 4). John Benjamins Pub Co, 1986.

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41

Butz, Martin V., and Esther F. Kutter. Multisensory Interactions. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198739692.003.0010.

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This chapter shows that multiple sensory information sources can generally be integrated in a similar fashion. However, seeing that different modalities are grounded in different frames of reference, integrations will focus on space or on identities. Body-relative spaces integrate information about the body and the surrounding space in body-relative frames of reference, integrating the available information across modalities in an approximately optimal manner. Simple topological neural population encodings are well-suited to generate estimates about stimulus locations and to map several frames of reference onto each other. Self-organizing neural networks are introduced as the basic computation mechanism that enables the learning of such mappings. Multisensory object recognition, on the other hand, is realized most effectively in an object-specific frame of reference – essentially abstracting away from body-relative frames of reference. Cognitive maps, that is, maps of the environment are learned by connecting locations over space and time. The hippocampus strongly supports the learning of cognitive maps, as it supports the generation of new episodic memories, suggesting a strong relation between these two computational tasks. In conclusion, multisensory integration yields internal predictive structures about spaces and object identities, which are well-suited to plan, decide on, and control environmental interactions.

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42

Stephen, Matthew D., and Michael Zürn, eds. Contested World Orders. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198843047.001.0001.

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Contested World Orders systematically compares the demands of rising powers and non-governmental organizations towards international institutions. As international institutions have taken on ever more ambitious tasks, they have been challenged by rising powers dissatisfied with existing institutional inequalities, by non-governmental organizations worried about the direction of global governance, and even by some established powers no longer content to lead the institutions they themselves created. While the debates about the changing international system often focus on the overall structure, this book aims at providing a comprehensive and comparative analysis of the constellation of preferences on the level of individual institutions. Three contributions should be highlighted. First, while demands for change are numerous and often severe, they are largely driven by specific institutional features and interest constellations. There is little evidence of a cleavage between established and rising powers or a hegemonic struggle between the US and China. On many conflicts there are established and rising powers on both sides. Second, in some cases the rising powers have in fact defended the status quo. They have opposed both Western countries’ attempts to increase the intrusiveness of market-making international institutions and NGOs’ attempts to have stronger market-braking regulation of global markets. Third, conflicts appear to be most intractable where established powers aim to defend their institutional privileges against rising powers who demand institutional roles commensurate with their new-found influence.

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43

Heyden, Frances Van der. Anxiety and the effects of self-monitoring strategies and task complexity on a fine motor performance and attentional focus. 2006.

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44

Jenkins, Timothy. Theology’s Contribution to Anthropological Understanding in T. M. Luhrmann’s When God Talks Back. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198797852.003.0007.

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This chapter offers a particular example of the contribution theology might make to anthropology by taking T. M. Luhrmann’s ethnography of evangelical Christian prayer practices, When God Talks Back (2012), as its focus. The argument has two aspects. First, theological criticism of notions of religious experience needs to be taken seriously and will contribute to the anthropological description. Second, something is missing from the anthropological description offered because certain theological ideas—in this case, principally, the direction of travel of the soul with respect to God—are underplayed. The case study illustrates the complexities we may expect from a project of the kind pursued in this volume.

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45

Joshua, Castellino, and Cavanaugh Kathleen A. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199679492.003.0008.

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The Introduction lays out the primary task for this book; to examine the shifting constructions of religious and ethnic minorities in the Middle East with a focus on two primary questions: how the socio-political groups that we define as minorities engage (or are excluded from) various sites of power and, secondly how state practices with regard to minorities (and ostensibly based on Islamic authority) intersect and inform modern constitutionalism and international law. In undertaking this task, we outline a number of challenges, first amongst these is to avoid a limited and reductionist view of the Middle East and, as we fix our focus on minority rights in the Middle East, we set out a second challenge; to ensure that we do not graft a conceptual concept on to a society or, as White argues, we risk ‘losing sight of how the social and political groups these categories describe appeared and developed’.

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46

Lavie, Nilli, and Polly Dalton. Load Theory of Attention and Cognitive Control. Edited by Anna C. (Kia) Nobre and Sabine Kastner. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199675111.013.003.

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Research has highlighted a puzzling discrepancy in our selective attention performance: whereas in some circumstances we are able to be highly selective, at other times we can exhibit high levels of distraction. The load theory of attention and cognitive control provides an explanation for these contrasting observations, proposing that the extent to which people can focus their attention in the face of irrelevant distractions depends on the level and type of information load involved in their current task. According to the theory, the extent to which unattended visual information is perceived depends on the perceptual load of the attended task, such that increasing the level of perceptual load in the task decreases processing of task-irrelevant stimuli. Effective prioritization of task-relevant stimuli in the face of competition from irrelevant distractors is proposed to depend on the availability of executive control functions. Thus, loading executive control results in increased processing of irrelevant stimuli. This chapter presents converging research from a wide range of approaches in support of these proposals, as well as highlighting some of load theory’s wider influences in areas as diverse as emotion processing, developmental psychology, and the understanding of psychological disorders.

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47

Givens, Terryl L. Worship. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199794935.003.0010.

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Mormons have a very low liturgy in their worship services, in contrast to the high formalism of their temples. In its anti-formalism, Mormon worship may be closest to Quakerism. Mormons are strict Sabbatarians, with worship oriented around taking “the sacrament” of the Lord’s Supper, supplemented with “talks” and hymns (called the sacrament meeting). Scriptures are often employed in the talks, but there is no formal requirement to do so, no readings or recitations. And topics may include grace, or resurrection, or the beatitudes, but may also focus on practical matters of self-reliance or thrift. Mormons also practice fasting once a month and have a monthly service that is a blend of Quaker informalism and Puritan conversion narrative, which they call “testimony bearing.” Twice a year, they convene at a General Conference to hear from the leadership of the church.

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Carayannis, Tatiana, and Thomas G. Weiss. The "Third" United Nations. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198855859.001.0001.

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This book is about the Third UN: the ecology of supportive non-state actors—intellectuals, scholars, consultants, think tanks, NGOs, the for-profit private sector, and the media—that interacts with the intergovernmental machinery of the First UN (member states) and the Second UN (staff members of international secretariats) to formulate and refine ideas and decision-making at key junctures in policy processes. Some advocate for particular ideas, others help analyze or operationalize their testing and implementation; many thus help the UN “think.” While think tanks, knowledge brokers, and epistemic communities are phenomena that have entered both the academic and policy lexicons, their intellectual role remains marginal to analyses of such intergovernmental organizations as the United Nations. The Third UN in this volume connotes those working toward knowledge and normative advances for the realization of the values underlying the UN Charter; the book does not discuss armed belligerents and criminals, the main focus of previous analyses of non-state actors and the UN system.

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Stephens, Keri K. Mobile Communication Comparisons Between Diverse Workers. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190625504.003.0011.

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This chapter combines the data from all the workers (150 different people across 35 diverse occupations) whose stories have been shared in this book. From the examination of the characteristics of specific jobs that influence mobile communication at work, four categories emerge: autonomy, mobility, task variability, and communication focus. People who have low autonomy in doing their work typically have predictable times when they have mobile access—breaks—but spend the bulk of their days without that access. Workers with a high degree of autonomy are reachable more often, but their access isn’t necessarily predictable: they might be in a closed-door meeting. It’s acceptable to use mobile devices when employees enjoy higher autonomy, more mobility, and task variability. But people who do repetitive jobs, work in a single location, and have little autonomy are more subject to managerial control and have fewer times where their mobile use is considered acceptable.

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Pak, G. Sujin. Prophecy and the Teaching Office. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190866921.003.0005.

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Bullinger proves pivotal in the history of Protestant views of the prophet and prophecy, for he signaled a significant shift from a focus on the office of the prophet to a focus on prophetic duties, particularly the task of teaching. Calvin even more profoundly identified the prophet with the office of teacher. In his use of Old Testament prophets as significant models for his ministry, Calvin cast this in terms of teaching and intentionally avoided explicit prophetic terminology so that ultimately he viewed himself as a teacher with prophetic functions. Distinctive to Calvin was his emphasis on the prophet’s duty to apply Scripture to contemporary circumstances and his language of temporary and permanent offices. Bullinger and Calvin both employed the prophet and biblical prophecy in their worship reforms and to strengthen scriptural and clerical authority, yet confessional distinctions around these uses increasingly emerged.

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Books on the topic 'Focus on tasks'

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