Books on the topic 'Focus group data'
To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Focus group data.
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 books for your research on the topic 'Focus group data.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse books on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Initiative, Illinois Permanency Enhancement. Enhancing permanency for Illinois children: Data and focus group summary. [Chicago, Ill]: Illinois African-American Family Commission, 2009.
Find full text
2
Harding, Jamie. Analysing Focus Group Data: Higher Education Lecturers and Their Thoughts on Seminars. 1 Oliver's Yard, 55 City Road, London EC1Y 1SP United Kingdom: SAGE Publications, Ltd., 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781473942165.
Full text
3
Harrell, Margaret C. Data collection methods: Semi-structured interviews and focus groups. Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 2009.
Find full text
4
1965-, Bradley Melissa, ed. Data collection methods: Semi-structured interviews and focus groups. Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 2009.
Find full text
5
Dakduk, Silvana, and Álvaro González. Analyzing Focus Groups Data: The Consumption of Media in the Digital Era. 1 Oliver's Yard, 55 City Road, London EC1Y 1SP United Kingdom: SAGE Publications, Ltd., 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781526494726.
Full text
6
Mirrington, Alexander. Transformations of Identity and Society in Anglo-Saxon Essex. NL Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789462980341.
Full textAbstract:
Transformations of Identity and Society in Anglo-Saxon Essex: A Case Study of an Early Medieval North Atlantic Community presents the results of a comprehensive archaeological study of early medieval Essex (c.AD 400-1066). This region provides an important case study for examining coastal societies of north-western Europe. Drawing on a wealth of new data, the author demonstrates the profound influence of maritime contacts on changing expressions of cultural affiliation. It is argued that this Continental orientation reflects Essex’s longterm engagement with the emergent, dynamic North Sea network. The wide chronological focus and inclusive dataset enables long-term socio-economic continuity and transformation to be revealed. These include major new insights into the construction of group identity in Essex between the 5th and 11th centuries and the identification of several previously unknown sites of exchange. The presentation also includes the first full archaeological study of Essex under ‘Viking’ rule.
7
Farahutdinov, Shamil'. Current trends and innovative methods in marketing research. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1016648.
Full textAbstract:
This tutorial provides an overview of modern and innovative research methods used in marketing. The main focus is on innovative methods that are just becoming widespread, as well as on traditional methods that are being transformed as a result of existing trends in the modern digital age. The theoretical and technical aspects underlying the methods under consideration, a brief history of their origin, heuristic possibilities and limitations are revealed. In some cases, examples of use are provided, as well as indications of useful resources and practical use of methods in individual research practice. Meets the requirements of the Federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation. It is the basis for studying the discipline "Modern methods of sociological research", and its separate sections can complement such disciplines as "Methodology and methods of sociological research", "methods of marketing research", "data Analysis in sociology", etc. The materials of the manual can also be useful for independent researchers, business representatives, and managers. For students and postgraduates studying in groups of specialties and training areas 38.00.00 "Economics and management" and 39.00.00 "Sociology and social work".
8
Jaworski, Barbara, Josef Rebenda, Reinhard Hochmuth, Stephanie Thomas, Michèle Artigue, Inés Gómez-Chacón, Sarah Khellaf, et al. Inquiry in University Mathematics Teaching and Learning. Brno: Masaryk University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/cz.muni.m210-9983-2021.
Full textAbstract:
The book presents developmental outcomes from an EU Erasmus+ project involving eight partner universities in seven countries in Europe. Its focus is the development of mathematics teaching and learning at university level to enhance the learning of mathematics by university students. Its theoretical focus is inquiry-based teaching and learning. It bases all activity on a three-layer model of inquiry: (1) Inquiry in mathematics and in the learning of mathematics in lecture, tutorial, seminar or workshop, involving students and teachers; (2) Inquiry in mathematics teaching involving teachers exploring and developing their own practices in teaching mathematics; (3) Inquiry as a research process, analysing data from layers (1) and (2) to advance knowledge inthe field. As required by the Erasmus+ programme, it defines Intellectual Outputs (IOs) that will develop in the project. PLATINUM has six IOs: The Inquiry-based developmental model; Inquiry communities in mathematics learning and teaching; Design of mathematics tasks and teaching units; Inquiry-based professional development activity; Modelling as an inquiry process; Evalutation of inquiry activity with students. The project has developed Inquiry Communities, in each of the partner groups, in which mathematicians and educators work together in supportive collegial ways to promote inquiry processes in mathematics learning and teaching. Through involving students in inquiry activities, PLATINUM aims to encourage students` own in-depth engagement with mathematics, so that they develop conceptual understandings which go beyond memorisation and the use of procedures. Indeed the eight partners together have formed an inquiry community, working together to achieve PLATINUM goals within the specific environments of their own institutions and cultures. Together we learn from what we are able to achieve with respect to both common goals and diverse environments, bringing a richness of experience and learning to this important area of education. Inquiry communities enable participants to address the tensions and issues that emerge in developmental processes and to recognise the critical nature of the developmental process. Through engaging in inquiry-based development, partners are enabled and motivated to design activities for their peers, and for newcomers to university teaching of mathematics, to encourage their participation in new forms of teaching, design of teaching, and activities for students. Such professional development design is an important outcome of PLATINUM. One important area of inquiry-based activity is that of “modelling” in mathematics. Partners have worked together across the project to investigate the nature of modelling activities and their use with students. Overall, the project evaluates its activity in these various parts to gain insights to the sucess of inquiry based teaching, learning and development as well as the issues and tensions that are faced in putting into practice its aims and goals.
9
J, Schensul Jean, ed. Mapping social networks, spatial data & hidden populations. Walnut Creek, Calif: AltaMira Press, 1999.
Find full text
10
Halperin, Sandra, and Oliver Heath. 12. Interviewing and Focus Groups. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hepl/9780198702740.003.0012.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter considers different types and forms of interviewing, including focus groups, and how they should be conducted. Interviews are a popular method of data collection in political research. They share similarities with surveys, but these similarities relate mostly to structured interviews. The chapter focuses on semi-structured interviews, including focus groups, the emphasis of which is to get the interviewee to open up and discuss something of relevance to the research question. After describing the different types and forms of interview, the chapter explains how interview data can be used to confirm or disconfirm a hypothesis or argument. It also shows how to plan and carry out an interview and how the type and wording of questions, as well as the order in which they are asked, affect the responses you get. Finally, it examines the interviewing skills that will ensure a more successful outcome to an interview.
11
Focus Groups for Libraries and Librarians. Medical Library Association, 1998.
Find full text
12
Steinweg, Anna Susanne. Blick auf Schulcurricula Mathematik: Empirische Fundierung? : Tagungsband des AK Grundschule in der GDM 2021. University of Bamberg Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.20378/irb-51936.
Full textAbstract:
Mathematische Bildung in der Grundschule ist eine herausfordernde und langfristige Aufgabe und unterliegt curricularen Wandlungen. Mit Fokus auf Erkenntnisse aus empirischen Forschungen werden im Rahmen von drei Hauptvorträgen aus verschiedenen Inhaltsperspektiven curriculare Wandlungen im Mathematikunterricht der Grundschule betrachtet und diskutiert. Zusätzlich setzten sich sieben Arbeitsgruppen mit den Themenfeldern ‚Arithmetik‘, ‚Geometrie‘, ‚Daten, Zufall und Wahrscheinlichkeit‘, ‚Kommunikation & Kooperation‘, ‚Lernen, Lehren und Forschen mit digitalen Medien‘, ‚Frühe mathematische Bildung‘ sowie ‚Lehrer:innenbildung‘ intensiv mit aktuellen Forschungs- und Praxisfragen auseinander. Die zentralen Inhalte der Arbeitsgruppen sind in diesem Band ebenfalls dokumentiert. The Proceedings of the 2021 Conference of the Research Group on Primary Mathematics Education (Arbeitskreis Grundschule in der GDM) focus on empirical foundation of curricula in mathematics education in primary school. Three invited talks addressed the main theme in plenum. Additionally, workings groups on the research areas arithmetic, geometry, data & probability, as well as groups on early mathematics education, communication & co-operation, ICT education, and last not least on teacher education offered discussions on current research issues.
13
Asal, Victor, Brian J. Phillips, and R. Karl Rethemeyer. Insurgent Terrorism. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197607015.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
Why do insurgent organizations sometimes kill civilians? Some do all the time, some do so occasionally, and some seem to never do so. Why? Recent research seeks to explain civilian victimization by insurgent groups, also called terrorism, focusing on factors such as insurgent weakness or country regime type. This book presents a different explanation, building on what is referred to as insurgent embeddedness—the extent to which an insurgent group is enmeshed in relationships with the state, other insurgents, and the public. With this framework, the book presents a set of propositions for why such a group might attack civilians. The book introduces new data on insurgent groups and their attributes (the Big, Allied, and Dangerous II Insurgency data) and empirically tests the arguments presented. Some factors robustly related to insurgent terrorism include government coercion, interorganizational alliances, interorganizational rivalry, and involvement in crime. In addition to discussing civilian targeting in general, we also examine how insurgent embeddedness might affect three important types of civilian victimization: terrorist attacks on schools, violence against the news media, and a proclivity for attacking the general public (not government officials or other symbolic types of targets). Finally, because the focus of this book is on relationships, an in-depth explanation of insurgent alliances and rivalries is presented, examining their changes and determinants over time. In total, the book provides a comprehensive look at how insurgent groups interact with other actors—and the implications for several types of bloodshed against civilians.
14
Olejnik, Iwona, ed. Qualitative and quantitative methods in sustainable development. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego w Poznaniu, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18559/978-83-8211-072-2.
Full textAbstract:
Systematic research and comprehensive analyses allow to monitor the implementation of the sustainable development goals. Obviously, when you are interested in the selected issue of sustainable development, it is worth using data from the secondary sources in the first place. This e-book presents a few selected methods that will allow you to answer the questions: how to gather data and how to analyse them? Among the data collection methods presented in this book, we have chosen both: qualitative, in particular focus group interview, and quantitative—based on a questionnaire. In terms of data analysis methods, we present three methods: factor analysis, structural equation modelling and data envelopment analysis. The examples presented in this book relate to sustainable development, for example: sustainable consumption, ecological culture, better nutrition, agricultural development and many more. The book consists of five chapters. Chapter 1 “Qualitative methods” presents the issues concerning the methodology of qualitative research, designing a focus group interview, conducting a focus group interview and analysis of qualitative data using the CAQDAS programs. The main goal of Chapter 2 titled “Quantitative methods” is to exhibit the basics of survey research that can be used in analyses of sustainable development. In particular, this part presents the measurement levels, questionnaire design, population and sample, and the ways of presenting the results of quantitative research. Chapter 3 “Factor analysis in sustainable development research” describes the basic theoretical aspects of factor analysis. The second part of this chapter presents an example of the use of this method in research on sustainable consumption. The last part of this chapter presents case study of the use of factor analysis in research on managers’ ethics in retail industry. Chapter 4 titled “Structural equation modelling in sustainable development research” is dedicated to the structural equation modeling methods applied to solve sustainable development research problems. A structural equation model is an abstraction of reality, and the researcher's job is to build a model that approximates that reality as closely as possible. And the aim of Chapter 5 “Data envelopment analysis methods in sustainable agricultural development research” is to determine the relative technical efficiency of representative agricultural farms from the individual European Union countries.
15
Puvenesvary, M., Radziah Abdul Rahim, R. Sivabala Naidu, Mastura Badzis, Noor Fadhilah Mat Nayan, and Noor Hashima Abd Aziz. Qualitative Research: Data Collection & Data Analysis Techniques. UUM Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32890/9789833827596.
Full textAbstract:
Qualitative Research: Data Collection & Data Analysis Techniques is especially written for anyone who is interested in doing or learning more about qualitative research methods. The reader-friendly organisation and writing style of the book makes it accessible to everyone-academics,professionals, undergraduates, postgraduates, researchers, and even for those who are just beginning to explore the field of qualitative research. Each chapter provides a clear, contextualized and comprehensive coverage of the main qualitative research methods (interviews, focus groups, observations, diary studies, archival document, and content analysis) and will thus equip readers with a thorough understanding of the steps and skills to undertake qualitative research effectively. Bringing together qualitative research scholars from three different tertiary institutions in the country Associate Prof Dr. Puvensvary Muthiah, Dr. Radziah Abdul Rahim, Puan Noor Hashima Abd Aziz, and Noor Fadhilah Mat Nayan, from Universiti Utara Malaysia (UUM), Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mastura Badzis from Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris (UPSI) and R. Sivabala Naidu from Darulaman Teacher Training Institute, this book addresses some of the most important questions facing students and researchers in qualitative research
16
D'Amico, Elizabeth J., Karen Chan Osilla, and Stefanie A. Stern. Prevention and Intervention in the School Setting. Edited by Kenneth J. Sher. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199381708.013.008.
Full textAbstract:
It is well known that the prevalence of alcohol and other drug (AOD) use in the United States increases during the middle school and high school years. The current chapter focuses on the effects of AOD use on youth, and risk and protective factors that may contribute to initiation and escalation of AOD use during this developmental period. The chapter also discusses the importance of creating developmentally appropriate prevention and intervention programming for this age group. The authors provide data on several middle school and high school prevention and intervention programs that have delivered curricula in the school setting to attempt to decrease AOD use. They focus on programs that had a student-only component for their program and had also published at least a 1-year follow-up. They also discuss potential future directions for prevention and intervention for this age group.
17
Morrison, Judith, and Marcos Robles. Recommendations on Diversity Data in the Social Sector. Inter-American Development Bank, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003856.
Full textAbstract:
Administrative records, surveys, and censuses are all important resources for understanding the extent and nature of existing inequities and biases. When individuals, households, and peoples (pueblos) are properly identified based on their ethnicity, race, disability status, sexual orientation, migration status, gender identity, or other characteristics, gaps in socioeconomic indicators across these groups can be quantified. This enables policymakers to focus efforts and resources towards the most disadvantaged and promote equity. The lack of disaggregated data representative of diverse groups limits our understanding of their living conditions and economic opportunities. It also poses a significant challenge. This guide supports individuals interested in collecting or analyzing data on indigenous peoples, African descendants, people with disabilities, and LGBTQ populations by providing conceptual and empirical tools for specialists.
18
Morrison, Judith, and Marcos Robles. Recommendations on Diversity Data in the Social Sector. Inter-American Development Bank, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/000385.
Full textAbstract:
Administrative records, surveys, and censuses are all important resources for understanding the extent and nature of existing inequities and biases. When individuals, households, and peoples (pueblos) are properly identified based on their ethnicity, race, disability status, sexual orientation, migration status, gender identity, or other characteristics, gaps in socioeconomic indicators across these groups can be quantified. This enables policymakers to focus efforts and resources towards the most disadvantaged and promote equity. The lack of disaggregated data representative of diverse groups limits our understanding of their living conditions and economic opportunities. It also poses a significant challenge. This guide supports individuals interested in collecting or analyzing data on indigenous peoples, African descendants, people with disabilities, and LGBTQ populations by providing conceptual and empirical tools for specialists.
19
Lundh, Anna, ed. An Overview of Swedish Higher Education and Research 2022. Universitetskanslersambetets publikationer, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.53340/ukap-6.
Full textAbstract:
The introductory chapter provides an overall understanding of the Swedish higher education system. We begin with a description of how the present system for higher education and research developed, with focus on some major reforms that defined the development over the last 50 years. We then describe in more detail the current Swedish higher education system, that is to say, the basis for operations at higher education institutions (HEIs). This is followed by a chapter about how Swedish higher education managed the coronavirus pandemic in 2021. The main part of the report describes trends and developments, through data about students, doctoral students, international students, staff, research, funding and the financial operations of the HEIs, in an accessible way for a broad group of readers. The report concludes with a set of tables that show quantitative data for students, doctoral students, staff and funding per higher education institution.
20
Muthiah, Puvenesvary, R. Sivabala Naidu, Mastura Badzis, Noor Fadhilah Mat Nayan, Radziah Abdul Rahim, and Noor Hashima Abdul Aziz. Qualitative Research: Data Collection and Data Analysis Techniques -2nd Edition. UUM Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.32890/9789672363415.
Full textAbstract:
Qualitative Research: Data Collection & Data Analysis Techniques (2nd Edition)has been systematically revised with additional content, more in-depth explanations, and latest references to enhance the knowledge and skills required for those interested in conducting qualitative research. The reader-friendly organisation and writing style of this edition provides guaranteed accessibility to a wide array of readers ranging from established scholars to novice researchers and undergraduates. Each chapter in this edition is set to provide a clear, contextualised andcomprehensive coverage of the main qualitative research methods (interviews, focus groups, observations, diary studies, archival document analysis, and content analysis) aimed at equipping readers with a thorough understanding of the design, procedures and skills to effectively undertake qualitative research. At the same time, the authors have anticipated major concerns such as ethical issues that qualitative researchers often face and addressed them in the various chapters. This effort has been made possible through the collaboration involvingnotable qualitative research scholars from different tertiary institutions Assoc. Prof. Dr. Puvensvary Muthiah (ELT Consultant), Dr. R. Sivabala Naidu (Taylors College), Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mastura Badzis (International Islamic University Malaysia), Dr. Radziah Abdul Rahim (formerly attached to National Defense University of Malaysia), Dr. Noor Fadhilah Mat Nayan (University of Reading), and Assoc. Prof. Noor Hashima Abd Aziz (Universiti Utara Malaysia).
21
Boehmer, Ulrike, Melissa A. Clark, and Lisa Fredman. Female Caregivers to Female Cancer Survivors (DRAFT). Edited by Youngmee Kim and Matthew J. Loscalzo. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190462253.003.0005.
Full textAbstract:
In this chapter, the authors focus on adult female caregivers performing informal caregiving tasks to adult females diagnosed with cancer. The authors limit discussion to a binary definition of gender, whereas Chapter 11 addresses gender minorities, including transwomen caregivers and transgender care recipients. The authors present national data on adult caregivers and describe the characteristics of female-to-female caregivers. They present a theoretical model for evaluating the impact of female-to-female cancer caregiving and review interventions that are relevant to this group of caregivers. While female caregiver to female patient is the most prevalent caregiver–patient combination, there is mostly an absence of same-gender effects on cancer caregiving and interventions.
22
Wellman, James, Katie Corcoran, and Kate Stockly. High on God. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199827718.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
Humans are homo duplex, seeking to be individuals but knowing this is only possible in communities. Thus, humans struggle to integrate these two sides of their nature. Megachurches have been enormously successful at resolving this struggle. How do they do it, and what is it about their structure and rituals that makes so many feel as if they are high on God? The affective energies and emotional valences that characterize religious ecstasy are the primary focus of our study of megachurches. Empirically, humans want and desire forms of what Randall Collins calls “emotional energy.” Drawing on extensive qualitative and quantitative data on twelve nationally representative megachurches, we identify six desires that megachurches evoke and meet: acceptance, awe and spiritual stimulation, reliable leadership, deliverance, purpose, and solidarity in a community of like-minded others. Megachurches satisfy these desires through co-presence—being in the presence of other desiring people—a shared mood achieved through powerful musical worship services, a mutual focus of attention on the charismatic senior pastor who acts as an emotional charging agent, transformative altar calls, service opportunities, and small-group participation. This interaction ritual chain solidifies attendees’ commitment and group loyalty, and keeps them coming back to be recharged. Megachurches also have a dark side: they are known for their highly publicized scandals often involving malfeasance of the senior pastor. After examining the positive and negative sides to megachurches, we conclude that they successfully meet the desire of humans to flourish as individuals and to do so in a group.
23
Stuart, Heather, Julio Arboleda-Flórez, and Norman Sartorius. Program Development. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199797639.003.0016.
Full textAbstract:
Chapter 16 discusses how, after reviewing the qualitative and quantitative data, the program committee will come to a consensus on the priority areas for action and select target groups, which will be the focus of the program's activities.
24
Mvula, Peter, and Wapulumuka Mulwafu. Intensification, Crop Diversification, and Gender Relations in Malawi. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198799283.003.0007.
Full textAbstract:
In this chapter a variety of methods were used to collect data to study smallholders in Malawi. The surveys were complemented by a set of qualitative interviews to establish gender dynamics in agriculture and for livelihoods. Key informant interviews were conducted with agricultural personnel in the sampled districts and focus group discussions were held with some farmers. For a bigger picture of the agricultural policies and practices, the study relied on a review of key documents and publications by government and other agencies implementing agricultural programmes in the country. Descriptive statistics demonstrate that a shift from maize and tobacco to Irish potatoes, groundnuts, and soya beans in the areas under study has provided an opportunity for smallholder farmers to diversify and increase production and thus improve their livelihoods. Another noticeable change has been the increased participation of women in the production and marketing of crops.
25
Mullen, Phil, and Kathryn Deane. Strategic Working with Children and Young People in Challenging Circumstances. Edited by Brydie-Leigh Bartleet and Lee Higgins. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190219505.013.27.
Full textAbstract:
Young people in challenging circumstances have been a key participant group in, and for, interventionist community music practice for several decades. In the United Kingdom, hundreds of projects receive funding every year to work with these children and young people, often with a clear agenda to focus on personal and social transformation, as well as musical development. While the benefits of this work have been well documented, it is only within the last decade that anything approaching a systematic, rigorous, and strategic approach has been attempted. Drawing on their professional backgrounds and data from their collective work on three, large-scale, national projects, the authors describe the essential components for a strategic approach to community music with children and young people in challenging circumstances—considering strategy first at the national policy level (what community music development should seek to achieve), and then at the level of community music pedagogy (what approaches would enable the desired musical, social, and personal goals to be achieved).
26
Joshi, Satyakam, and Sadan Jha. Research Institutes in SSR. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199474417.003.0003.
Full textAbstract:
Research institutes engaged in social science research (SSR) constitute an important component of research infrastructure. The data is collected for 311 research institutes including autonomous institutes, government institutes, and research and advocacy groups. The data shows that the average size of faculty in 148 autonomous institutes was seven. It may not be too farfetched to say that such tiny faculty strength will have direct impact on the volume as well as quality of research output from these institutes. ‘Economics and allied subjects’ leads the research in autonomous institutes. In the case of government-run institutes, the research component is weak as their focus is mainly on training and capacity enhancement of government and another staff. Research and advocacy groups have focused primarily on advocacy.
27
Prowse, Martin, and Ellen Hillbom. Policies or Prices? A Gendered Analysis of Drivers of Maize Production in Malawi and Zambia, 2002–13. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198799283.003.0008.
Full textAbstract:
Maize is the basis for both agricultural production and food consumption in many areas of Southern Africa. This chapter presents a longitudinal study on changes in maize production based on Afrint data for Malawi and Zambia. It compares the extent to which farms managed by men and women have experienced such changes and identifies the factors driving the processes. It also locates the discussion within the context of government agricultural policies, especially fertilizer subsidy schemes, and trends in global as well as national maize prices. As a complement to Afrint I, II, and III rounds of data collection the chapter utilizes qualitative data collected in Malawi and Zambia in 2012 and 2016 containing interviews with key informants, households, and focus groups.
28
Halperin, Sandra, and Oliver Heath. 6. Research Design. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hepl/9780198702740.003.0006.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter focuses on the basic principles of research design. It first considers different types of research design, including experimental designs, cross-sectional and longitudinal designs, comparative designs, and historical research designs. It also discusses two types of research validity: internal validity and external validity. The chapter proceeds by describing various methods of data collection and the sort of data or evidence each provides, including questionnaires and surveys, interviewing and focus groups, ethnographic research, and discourse/content analysis. Finally, it examines six issues that must be taken into account to ensure ethical research: voluntary participation, informed consent, privacy, harm, exploitation, and consequences for future research.
29
Roberts, Felicia. Qualitative approaches to clinician–patient communication. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198736134.003.0063.
Full textAbstract:
Data collection techniques and qualitative approaches to analysis are described, along with relevant empirical studies of provider-patient communication in oncology and palliative care. A variety of frameworks are reviewed (ethnography, focus groups, grounded theory, conversation analysis, postmodernism), with differences in scope, focus, or fundamental philosophy addressed, along with the value of each approach for inductive research. Whatever the philosophical grounding researchers gravitate towards, these approaches are all interested in patients’ and practitioners’ beliefs, practices, and understandings of health and illness. They are attempting to derive participants’ understandings from the researcher’s detailed observation, description, and analysis of behaviour and artefacts. In addition to covering several qualitative approaches, the chapter also reflects on the ethical challenges facing researchers engaged in field-based studies. Finally, a brief discussion is offered concerning the trade-offs between reliability and validity in qualitative research.
30
Moore, Gordon, John A. Quelch, and Emily Boudreau. Consumer Segmentation. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190886134.003.0006.
Full textAbstract:
Chapter 6 discusses the use of segmentation strategies in healthcare as tools for understanding differences among groups of consumers. Segmentation makes it possible for a business to target its customers and design, market, price, and distribute its products in the most efficient and effective way. By segmenting the population they care for, healthcare organizations and even individual clinicians can focus their efforts on what is important to those they most want to care for. After highlighting several examples of successful segmentation strategies from different kinds of healthcare firms, this chapter discusses the future of segmentation, given the advances in big data analysis and artificial intelligence.
31
Lynch, Frances L., and John F. Dickerson. Societal Costs of Child and Adolescent Mental Health Disorders. Edited by Thomas H. Ollendick, Susan W. White, and Bradley A. White. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190634841.013.11.
Full textAbstract:
Costs related to mental health and neurodevelopmental conditions (MHNCs) in childhood are experienced by multiple groups, including families, public and private service systems, and society as a whole. This chapter provides a conceptual model of MHNC-related costs, reviews estimates of short-term and long-term costs, and discusses the role of economic evaluation of services. Our conceptual model suggests that it is critical to consider costs from a broad point of view, but current literature on cost of MHNCs is uneven, with significant focus on short-term health system costs and very little emphasis on long-term costs or costs outside the health system, such as costs to families. There is a growing body of literature on MHNC costs, but more emphasis is needed in areas where there is little data to ensure that decision-makers have comprehensive data on the impact of MHNCs in order to manage scarce resources equitably and efficiently.
32
Mori, Pier Angelo. Community Co-operatives and Co-operatives Providing Public Services. Edited by Jonathan Michie, Joseph R. Blasi, and Carlo Borzaga. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199684977.013.13.
Full textAbstract:
The community co-operatives that are spreading today in many parts of the world are the arrival point of an evolutionary process that has seen the progressive shift of co-operatives’ focus from specific social and professional groups to society as a whole. Since the term ‘community co-operative’ is relatively new and similar institutions are named differently at different times, the first task is to elucidate the concept. Its basic elements are community goods, territory, and citizenship, which are discussed with reference to factual cases. We then discuss differences between new community co-operatives and old ones. In the second part we review some data about them, with a special focus on customer-owned providers of public services. The chapter closes with a discussion of the economic reasons why citizen participation through consumer ownership this organizational mode is more likely to expand today in response to privatization failures than it did in the past.
33
Kundu, Anustup, and Kunal Sen. Multigenerational mobility in India. 32nd ed. UNU-WIDER, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35188/unu-wider/2021/970-9.
Full textAbstract:
Most studies of intergenerational mobility focus on adjacent generations, and there is limited knowledge about multigenerational mobility—that is, status transmission across three generations. We examine multigenerational educational and occupational mobility in India, using a nationally representative data set, the Indian Human Development Survey, which contains information about education and occupation for three generations. We find that mobility has increased over generations for education, but not for occupation. We also find that there are stark differences across social groups, with individuals belonging to socially disadvantaged communities in India lagging behind in social progress. Multigenerational mobility for Muslims in education and occupation have decreased in comparison to Hindus over the three generations. While we find that there is an increase in educational mobility for other disadvantaged groups such as Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and Other Backward Classes compared to General Castes, we do not find evidence of increased occupational mobility over the three generations.
34
Naji, Abdennasser. Total Quality Management in Education: Conditions for systemic improvement of the quality of learning outcomes. amazon, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.37870/979-8694752237.
Full textAbstract:
This book deals with the issue of the quality of education systems by examining the key factors that influence learning outcomes, and by highlighting in a systemic way the determinants of this quality. I have shown the importance of considering the quality of learning outcomes as the ultimate and unavoidable objective of any education system that aims to be efficient and effective. I reviewed the theoretical bases that concern the politics, approaches and mechanisms of quality management applied to education. I developed a model called Elmandjra, which tries to explain the influence links that can exist between the inputs, the processes and the outputs of an education system, and how they must function to improve the quality of the learning outcomes. To answer the problem of the book, I compared the proposed model to the reality of the Moroccan educational system based on a research methodology that combines discussion within a focus group, and analysis of statistical data and results of international surveys concerning the Moroccan education system. The results of the work made it possible to establish a model for the quality of education systems comprising nine criteria. They also generated 52 indicators which use will enable other researchers to apply the model to the institutional assessment of education systems. I ended my book by presenting the conclusions on the state of the Moroccan education system that the exploitation of the Elmandjra model made it possible to draw, as well as by recommendations to improve the quality of the Moroccan education system, which other countries can to be inspired to improve theirs.
35
Greenblatt, Samuel H. John Hughlings Jackson. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780192897640.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
John Hughlings Jackson (1835–1911) was a preeminent British neurologist in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. He began to establish that standing in the 1860s, when he incorporated the evolutionary association psychology of Herbert Spencer into his early analyses of aphasia. Jackson also benefitted from his early connection with the National Hospital, Queen Square, London. His nuanced theory of cerebral localization was derived from (1) his clinical observations of (what Charcot later called) Jacksonian epilepsy, in combination with (2) his innovation to think about neurophysiological events at the cellular level, as well as from (3) David Ferrier’s primate localization data. The result was our modern conception of the seizure focus, which was crucial to the beginnings of modern ‘brain surgery’, especially at the hands of Victor Horsley. Jackson’s influence on the neurophysiology of Charles Sherrington is widely acknowledged but poorly defined. In the larger Victorian culture, Jackson was a friend of George Henry Lewes, who was George Eliot’s companion. Lewes attributed ‘sensibility’ to everything in the nervous system, thus maintaining a monist position on the mind-body relation, whereas Jackson maintained a form of psycho-physical parallelism that was actually dualist (‘Concomitance’). Throughout his life Jackson had an interest in insanity, which he viewed from the point of view of Spencerian evolution and dissolution. The latter was an important component of Freud’s psychoanalysis, which Freud took from Jackson. Late in his life Jackson defined the ‘uncinate group of fits’, which was his version of temporal lobe epilepsy.
36
South, Mikle, John D. Herrington, and Sarah J. Paterson. Neuroimaging in Autism Spectrum Disorders. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199744312.003.0003.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter reviews several major themes in the neuroimaging of ASDs to date (see summary of representative themes in Table 3.1), including substantial and essential contributions from the modular framework. The chapter begins, however, with a discussion of several challenges related to the diversity of ASDs in terms of factors such as age, level of functioning, and symptom presentation. Progress in the ability to identify more homogenous subgroups, based on targeted phenotypic measures, opens the door to link neuroimaging with genetics findings and also with treatment outcome data. This should lead to better understanding of both the causes of ASDs and the best approaches to intervention. The chapter is divided according to two broad, related themes related to social information processing and cognitive factors in ASDs. Within these themes, the chapter considers evidence from both structural and functional imaging studies as well as relatively newer approaches to connectivity, including diffusion tensor imaging. The primary focus of this chapter is on research utilizing functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and electroencephalography (EEG). Although several early neuroimaging studies utilized positron emission tomography scanning, these studies are rare now and are not addressed in depth. New techniques such as near-infrared spectroscopy suggest tremendous promise for noninvasive imaging of expanded age groups and severity levels of ASDs; however, these studies are also few in number and are touched on only briefly.
37
Barker, Richard. Conclusion: New roles and relationships in a new innovation ecosystem. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198737780.003.0008.
Full textAbstract:
The result of the proposals in this book is a new ecosystem for medical innovation in which many of the participants play new roles. Life science academics will focus to a greater extent on the potential impact of their work. Companies in industry will see more collaborations and partnerships both with academia and with each other. Patient groups and research charities will increasingly be drivers of innovation. Health systems will move from being passive recipients of innovation to being active participants in development. New entrants, mainly from the IT world, will carve out new businesses in patient selection and support and in treatment analysis. To bring all this about, we need ambitious 5- and 10-year goals covering areas from global convergence on evidence needs to a new concordat on patient data access and security.
38
Pedulla, David. Making the Cut. Princeton University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691175102.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
Millions of workers today labor in nontraditional situations involving part-time work, temporary agency employment, and skills underutilization or face the precariousness of long-term unemployment. To date, research has largely focused on how these experiences shape workers' well-being, rather than how hiring agents perceive and treat job applicants who have moved through these positions. Shifting the focus from workers to hiring agents, this book explores how key gatekeepers evaluate workers with nonstandard, mismatched, or precarious employment experience. Factoring in the social groups to which workers belong—such as their race and gender—the book shows how workers get jobs, how the hiring process unfolds, who makes the cut, and who does not. The book documents and unpacks three important discoveries. Hiring professionals extract distinct meanings from different types of employment experiences; the effects of nonstandard, mismatched, and precarious employment histories for workers' job outcomes are not all the same; and the race and gender of workers intersect with their employment histories to shape which workers get called back for jobs. Indeed, hiring professionals use group-based stereotypes to weave divergent narratives or “stratified stories” about workers with similar employment experiences. The result is a complex set of inequalities in the labor market. Looking at bias and discrimination, social exclusion in the workplace, and the changing nature of work, the book probes the hiring process and offers a clearer picture of the underpinnings of getting a job in the new economy.
39
Avenell, Simon. Transnational Activism, the Local, and Japanese Civil Society. University of Hawai'i Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.21313/hawaii/9780824867133.003.0008.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter reiterates the central argument that the experience with industrial pollution in 1960s and 1970s Japan nurtured an “environmental injustice paradigm” which, in turn, fueled transnational mobilizations in the coming decades. The chapter highlights the role of rooted cosmopolitans who served as the connective tissue between local movements and struggles abroad. Significantly, the chapter notes that the movements explored throughout the study were part of a broader Japanese grassroots reengagement with Asia from the 1970s onward, involving women’s advocacy groups, movements of minority groups, and nongovernmental organizations working on health and development issues. The chapter suggests that these transnational movements played an important role in introducing new ideas and practices into Japanese civic activism which contributed to the development of civil society. These border-crossing movements have been largely invisible in historiography to date because of a general focus on events unfolding within the nation.
40
Bhopal, Raj S. The epidemiological concept of population. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198739685.003.0002.
Full textAbstract:
Epidemiology is a population science in several senses. First, it studies populations’ disease patterns, which are hugely influenced by the interaction of individuals living in communities. Secondly, it depends heavily upon demographic population data to achieve its goals. Thirdly, its findings are drawn from, and applied to, groups (or populations) of people. One critical yet that the causes of disease in individuals is not synonymous with the causes of disease in populations. This has implications for epidemiology and its application to public health. Populations are dynamic, changing in age structure, ethnic composition, and behaviours. Epidemiology needs to work within the context of demographic and epidemiological transitions as societies change. One prime purpose of epidemiology is applying findings in health promotion, health care, and health policy to improve the health of populations. The focus on population in epidemiology distinguishes it from other medical sciences.
41
Nason-Clark, Nancy, Barbara Fisher-Townsend, Catherine Holtmann, and Stephen McMullin. Abusers. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190607210.003.0003.
Full textAbstract:
Focusing on data collected from interviews and focus groups with men who have acted abusively, this chapter tells the story of men’s lives by reflecting on their childhood, trouble with the law, altercations with family and friends, and their early days of intimacy. Most men who batter do not believe they are violent. This chapter focuses on how religious beliefs and practices intersect with, and impact, the experience of controlling, abusive behavior. The contours of how men talk about their experience of interacting with the criminal justice system and other intervention services in the aftermath of their own violence toward an intimate are discussed. Also, issues such as vulnerability, entitlement, and resiliency are discussed, and explicitly spiritual factors such as guilt, remorse, uncertainty, forgiveness, and accountability are considered. The role pastors and other spiritual leaders can play in calling men who abuse to change thinking and change behavior is discussed.
42
Gordon, Kathryn H., Jill M. Holm-Denoma, Valerie J. Douglas, Ross Crosby, and Stephen A. Wonderlich. The Classification of Eating Disorders. Edited by W. Stewart Agras and Athena Robinson. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190620998.013.1.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of this chapter is to elucidate the key issues regarding the classification of eating disorders. To this end, a review of nosological research in the area of eating disorders is presented, with a particular focus on empirically based techniques such as taxometric analysis, latent class analysis, and factor mixture modeling. This is followed by a section outlining areas of overlap between the current Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders–Fifth Edition (DSM-5) eating disorder categories and their symptoms. Next, eating disorder classification models that are alternatives to the DSM-5 are described and critically examined in light of available empirical data. Finally, areas of controversy and considerations for change in next version of the DSM (i.e., the applicability of DSM criteria to minority groups, children, and males; the question of whether clinical categories should be differentiated from research categories) are discussed.
43
Macey, William H., and Alexis A. Fink, eds. Employee Surveys and Sensing. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190939717.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
This volume comprises 27 chapters focused on the design and execution of employee survey programs. These chapters reflect the latest advances in technology and analytics and a pervasive emphasis on driving organizational performance and effectiveness. The individual chapters represent the full range of survey-related topics, including design, administration, analysis, feedback, and action-taking. The latest methodological trends and capabilities are discussed including computational linguistics, applications of artificial intelligence, and the use of qualitative methods such as focus groups. Extending beyond traditional employee surveys, contributions include the role of passive data collection as an alternative or supplement in a comprehensive employee listening system. Unique contextual factors are discussed including the use of surveys in a unionized environment. Individual contributions also reflect increasing stakeholder concerns for the protection of privacy among other ethical considerations. Finally, significant clarifications to the literature are provided on the use of surveys for measuring organization culture, strategic climate, and employee engagement.
44
Joffe QC, Victor, David Drake, Giles Richardson, Daniel Lightman QC, and Timothy Collingwood. Minority Shareholders. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198820383.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
This well-established and authoritative work is the most detailed reference source on the law relating to minority shareholders. As more and more legal emphasis is put on corporate governance, and as the influence of shareholder activism continues to grow, practitioners increasingly need a source of up-to-date and detailed information on the rights and remedies available to the minority. This is the only book to focus on this increasingly topical and important subject. This sixth edition features a new chapter on share purchase orders and valuation. There is expanded coverage of the relevant non-UK authorities, including cases from Hong Kong, Singapore, the British Virgin Islands, and Cayman. There is also more detailed analysis of shareholder agreements and related developments in contract law relevant to minority shareholders (e.g., arguments around implied terms and good faith). The new edition also covers significant developments in case law, such as Eclairs Group Ltd v JKX Oil & Gas plc.
45
Smith, Katherine, Justyna Bandola-Gill, Nasar Meer, Ellen Stewart, and Richard Watermeyer. The Impact Agenda. Policy Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447339854.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
As international interest in promoting and assessing the impact of research grows, this book examines the ensuing controversies, consequences and challenges. It places a particular emphasis on learning from experiences in the UK, since this is the country at the forefront of a range of new approaches to incentivising, monitoring and rewarding research impact achievements. The book aims to understand the origins and rationale for these changes and to critically assess their consequences for academic practice. Combining a review of existing literature with a range of new qualitative data (from interviews, focus groups and documentary analysis), The Impact Agenda is unique in providing a comprehensive, cross-disciplinary empirical examination of the ways in which various forms of research impact assessment are shaping academic practices. Although the primary focus of the book is on the UK, the book also considers the different approaches that other countries with an interest in research impact are taking (notably Australia, Canada and the Netherlands). While noting the benefits that the increasing emphasis on outward facing work is bringing, the book draws attention to a wide range of challenges and controversies associated with research impact assessment and, in particular, with the UK’s chosen approach. It concludes by using the insights in the book to propose an alternative, more theoretically robust approach to incentivising and rewarding efforts to undertake and use academic research for societal benefit.
46
Fridkin, Kim, and Patrick Kenney. Taking Aim at Attack Advertising. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190947569.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
This book develops and tests the “tolerance and tactics theory of negativity.” The theory argues that citizens differ in their tolerance of negative campaigning. Also, candidates vary in the tactics used to attack their opponents, with negative messages varying in their relevance to voters and in the civility of their tone. The interplay between citizens’ tolerance of negativity and candidates’ negative messages helps clarify when negative campaigning will influence citizens’ evaluations of candidates and their likelihood of voting. A diverse set of data sources was collected from U.S. Senate elections (e.g., survey data, experiments, content analysis, focus groups) across several years to test the theory. The tolerance and tactics theory of negativity receives strong empirical validation. First, people differ systematically in their tolerance for negativity, and their tolerance changes over the course of the campaign. Second, people’s levels of tolerance consistently and powerfully influence how they assess negative messages. Third, the relevance and civility of negative messages consistently influence citizens’ assessments of candidates competing for office. That is, negative messages focusing on relevant topics and utilizing an uncivil tone produce significant changes in people’s impressions of the candidates. Furthermore, people’s tolerance of negativity influences their susceptibility to negative campaigning. Specifically, relevant and uncivil messages are most influential for people who are least tolerant of negative campaigning. The relevance and civility of campaign messages also alter people’s likelihood of voting, and the impact of negative messages on turnout is more consequential for people with less tolerance of negativity.
47
Besen-Cassino, Yasemin. Part-Time Employment and Aesthetic Labor Among Middle-Class Youth. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190685898.003.0006.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter addresses work experience from the perspective of the young people themselves so as to capture varied lived experiences of youth employment and unemployment. Research to date has provided an incomplete picture of youth unemployment, failing to focus on part-time work. For youth, part-time jobs are becoming scarce and more difficult to locate. With the economic recession, not only are employers in the retail and service sector less likely to hire but young people find themselves in competition with unemployed older workers and immigrant workers, rendering these jobs more competitive than ever before. Moreover, with the rise in youth unemployment and with recently intensifying aesthetic labor requirements, young people do not have the same extent of opportunities for interacting with diverse groups of workers from a range of backgrounds, including those who have been socially and economically disadvantaged.
48
Beekman, Christopher S., ed. Migrations in Late Mesoamerica. University Press of Florida, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5744/florida/9780813066103.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
Migrations in Late Mesoamerica gathers scholars from different disciplines to address the role of migration during the most tumultuous centuries of Mesoamerican prehistory (A.D. 500–1500). Ethnohistoric, linguistic, biological, and archaeological data coupled with visual imagery and hieroglyphic texts associate the final millennium of Mesoamerican prehistory with the political, economic, and social changes that often unmoored populations from ancestral lands. Independent investigations into these topics have repeatedly discerned the movement of social groups at their core, but migration itself has rarely been the central focus of theoretical analysis. The ongoing rehabilitation of migration as a subject for study now allows prehistorians to re-examine its relationship to other areas of social life. An introductory chapter isolates characteristics of migration that distinguish it from other forms of human mobility, and it argues that migration must be analyzed in conjunction with the other social processes in which it is embedded. Select representatives from archaeology, biological anthropology, linguistics, ethnohistory, epigraphy, and art history present contributions on migration dynamics, causes and impacts, indigenous perceptions of migration, and the methods and assumptions we use when identifying or analyzing our specific cases.
49
Gallagher, Sally K. Getting to Church. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190239671.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
Getting to Church explores the ways in which congregations continue to provide an arena in which adults deepen and expand a sense of identity, connection, and growth. Data for this analysis come from three years of participant observation, focus groups, and personal interviews with clergy, current members, and prospective members in three congregations representing diverse traditions within US Christianity. Our analysis demonstrates that historic tradition or denomination as embodied in buildings and programs, as well as the specific teachings and ethos of congregations, draws men and women differently toward membership. Contrary to the generalization that women are more religious than men, we argue that women’s and men’s religious identity, experience, and practice vary in substance, direction, and breath across religious tradition. Gender shapes joining, though not in the directions or degree we might expect. For both women and men, connecting to congregations provides an opportunity to experience dimensions of personhood that are broader than the current cultural gender script. Congregations provide robust narratives of transcendence that are experienced as empowering to women, as well as narratives of community, connection, and service for men. The fact that these themes appear in congregations located at very different points across the religious field underscores the salience of formal religious affiliation in the formation of adult personhood.
50
Oswald, Laura R. Doing Semiotics. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198822028.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
Structural semiotics is a hybrid of communication science and anthropology that accounts for the deep cultural codes that structure communication and sociality, endow things with value, move us through constructed space, and moderate our encounters with change. Doing Semiotics: A Research Guide for Marketers at the Edge of Culture, shows readers how to leverage these codes to solve business problems, foster innovation, and create meaningful experiences for consumers. In addition to the basic principles and methods of applied semiotics, the book introduces the reader to branding basics, strategic decision-making, and cross-cultural marketing management. The guide can be used to supplement my previous books, Marketing Semiotics (2012) and Creating Value (2015), with practical exercises, examples, extended team projects and evaluation criteria. The work guides students through the application of learnings to all phases of semiotics-based projects for communications, brand equity management, design strategy, new product development, and public policy management. In addition to grids and tables for sorting data and mapping cultural dimensions of a market, the book includes useful interview protocols for use in focus groups, in-depth interviews, and ethnographic studies. Each chapter also includes expert case studies and essays from the perspectives of Marcel Danesi, Rachel Lawes, Christian Pinson, Laura Santamaria, and Laura Oswald.