Relevant bibliographies by topics / Focal attention

Academic literature on the topic 'Focal attention'

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Published: 9 March 2023
Last updated: 10 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Focal attention"

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Castiello, Umberto, and Carlo Umiltà. "Splitting focal attention." Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 18, no. 3 (1992): 837–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0096-1523.18.3.837.

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Julesz, Bela. "Early vision and focal attention." Reviews of Modern Physics 63, no. 3 (July 1, 1991): 735–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/revmodphys.63.735.

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McElree, Brian. "Working memory and focal attention." Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 27, no. 3 (2001): 817–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.27.3.817.

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Nothdurft, Hans-Christoph. "Focal attention in visual search." Vision Research 39, no. 14 (June 1999): 2305–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0042-6989(99)00006-1.

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Kabata, Takashi, Takemasa Yokoyama, Yasuki Noguchi, and Shinichi Kita. "Location Probability Learning Requires Focal Attention." Perception 43, no. 4 (January 2014): 344–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p7589.

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Saarinen, Jukka. "Focal Visual Attention and Pattern Discrimination." Perception 22, no. 5 (May 1993): 509–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p220509.

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Pattern discrimination in the presence of distractor patterns is improved when the stimulus display is preceded by a precue designating the location of the target pattern. Experiments were conducted to determine how big an improvement the precue produced. The specific question of whether the observer is able to process selectively the stimulus pattern in the cued location of the display and ignore the patterns of the noncued locations was addressed. In order to study this, reaction time for pattern discrimination on a blank background (no distractors) was compared with the reaction time when the observer performed the same discrimination task in the presence of distractors and a precue had indicated the location of the stimulus pattern to be discriminated. The results showed that these two reaction times were equal if the cue preceded the stimulus patterns at intervals which were longer than some minimum time. Hence, stimuli outside the ‘aperture’ of focal attention can be ignored. These results could not be attributed to eye movements, because the longest duration of the whole sequence of precue and stimulus patterns was only 200 ms.
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Block, Ned. "Rich conscious perception outside focal attention." Trends in Cognitive Sciences 18, no. 9 (September 2014): 445–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2014.05.007.

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Renninger, L., and S. Ghahghaei. "Crowding of parafoveal targets without focal attention." Journal of Vision 12, no. 9 (August 10, 2012): 325. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/12.9.325.

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Mantyla, Timo. "Recollective Experience Following Suppression of Focal Attention." European Journal of Cognitive Psychology 8, no. 2 (June 1996): 195–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/095414496383158.

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Mackeben, Manfred. "Sustained focal attention and peripheral letter recognition." Spatial Vision 12, no. 1 (1999): 51–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156856899x00030.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Focal attention"

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ALBONICO, ANDREA. "Dissociation between the focal and orientation component of spatial attention in detection, discrimination and reading tasks." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/100364.

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In our daily life, attention plays a fundamental role in governing our visual experience. Indeed, every visual experience consists in an overwhelming amount of visual information reaching our visual system. Selective attention allows us to select the relevant information, which is important for our goals, while ignoring the irrelevant information in our environment. However, selective attention is not a unitary notion, but a multi-faceted concept constituted by different components. Several models on how the attentional resources can be allocated in the space identify two distinct components: an orientation component, which moves the attentional resources to relevant locations for further processing, and a focal component, which allows us to converge our resource on a limited amount of space. The present dissertation inquires the classical view of these two components of selective attention, providing a characterization of both and their mutual relationship. Using a combination of behavioural and neuropsychological evidence, I investigated how these two components operate in different viewing conditions, with different temporal trends and different task demands. Finally, I examined how a deficit in the ability to adjust the attentional focus can condition the reading process in brain-damaged patients. By measuring the cue-size effect in healthy participants, the first set of studies characterizes how the focal component is deployed in the centre of the visual field. These studies show that, even if detectable in both exogenous and endogenous conditions, the facilitatory effect of the focal component is best revealed and more effective in exogenous conditions. Moreover, I elucidated the role played by the task demands and the stimuli used in evoking this facilitatory effect. The second set of studies, always on healthy participants, further extends these findings by showing that the focal and the orientation component are two independent components, which displayed their effects in different viewing conditions and with different temporal trends. The dissociation of these two components is evident not only in simple tasks, as single letter detection or discrimination, but also in a more reading-related task, consisting in discriminating a letter among others. At complement with evidence in healthy participants, the third set of studies investigates how a deficit in the control of the focal component could be responsible for the substitution errors that brain-damage patients affected by Neglect Dyslexia (ND) make in reading texts and single words. The substitution errors would depend on the difficulty to perceptually segregate the letters between each other, and a deficit in the control of the focal component would play a main role in increasing this phenomenon, by preventing the adjustment of the integration field necessary to identify and read the letter correctly. Overall, this set of experiments illustrates a dissociation between the focal and the orientation component of selective attention and suggests the existence of a causal link between the former one and the substitution errors in reading.
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Follet, Brice. "Etude sur la dichotomie ambiant-focal du comportement oculomoteur dans la perception des scènes naturelles." Paris 8, 2012. http://octaviana.fr/document/178646946#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=0.

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Le présent travail de thèse approfondit la question de l'existence de deux modes d'attention visuelle appelés ambiant et focal. Le document commence par présenter les travaux précédant les nôtres tant au niveau comportemental, physiologique, oculométrique et computationnel. Nous exposons ensuite les études expérimentales. L'ensemble des études menées provient directement ou indirectement d'enregistrements oculométriques dans le but d'étudier l'attention visuelle dans ses aspects ambiant et focal. Nous abordons le problème en proposant une méthode de discrimination automatique de ces deux types de fixations contrairement aux approches précédemment utilisées dans la littérature. Cette discrimination nous permet dans un premier temps de relever les indices comportementaux pertinents pour leur distinction. Nous voyons ensuite que ces deux types de fixations obtenus présentent des caractéristiques distinctes au niveau de leur déploiement spatial sur les scènes visuelles présentées. Par la suite, nous investiguons leur rôle respectif dans la perception au travers de deux paradigmes expérimentaux spécifiques. Les hypothèses selon lesquelles les fixations focales s'occupent de la perception locale des objets et que les fixations ambiantes sont vouées au traitement de la scène globale sont validées. Dans un dernier temps, nous nous occupons de la modélisation informatique de l'attention visuelle en vue d'augmenter les prédictions du modèle de saillance visuelle au regard de ces différents types de fixation. Nous proposons enfin un modèle fonctionnel temporel puis une architecture globale du comportement oculaire
This work relies on the question of existence of two kinds of visual named ambient and focal. Document begins to present previous work at behavioral, physiological, oculometric and computational levels. Next, we expose our experimental approach and the obtained results. All experimental methodologies rely on oculomotor data with the aim to study ambient and focal aspects. We approach this problem in suggesting an automatic method to discriminate the two kinds of fixations contrary to previous studies. In a first step, this fixation clustering allows to reveal one relevant behavioral index to discriminate fixations. In a subsequent step, we observe that two kinds of fixations show distinct features on the spatial deployment in the visual scene. In a next step, we investigate the respective role of ambient and focal fixations in the perception across two different paradigms. Hypothesis suggesting focal fixations are specialized in a local perception of object and ambient fixations preferentially treat the global scene are validated. In a next step, we try to consider ambient and focal fixations to increase the ability of a saliency model to predict spatial deployment of fixations. The last step suggests a functional temporal synthesis and a global schema of ocular behavior
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Banaskiwitz, Natalie Helene Van Cleef. "Estudo da função executiva em crianças com epilepsia focal benigna da infância com pontas centrotemporais." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5138/tde-01082012-082156/.

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INTRODUÇÃO: Diversas alterações cognitivas têm sido associadas à epilepsia focal benigna da infância com pontas centrotemporais (EFCT), incluindo distintos aspectos das funções executivas. Neste trabalho, estudamos o perfil do desempenho de crianças com EFCT em testes de funções atencionais e executivas. Calculamos o QI estimado que foi utlizado como critério de exclusão e também para verificar a influência da inteligência no desempenho dos testes. MÉTODOS: Cinqüenta e oito crianças com idade entre 8 e 13 anos participaram deste estudo, sendo 30 crianças diagnosticadas com EFTC e 28 crianças hígidas. Foram usados os seguintes instrumentos: subtestes Vocabulário e Cubos da Escala de Inteligência Wechsler para Crianças 3ª Ed (WISC-III), Teste Stroop versão Victoria, Teste Wisconsin de Classificação de Cartas versão modificada (MCST), Fluência Verbal Fonêmica, Subteste Dígitos da WISC-III, Subteste Códigos da WISC-III, Teste Atenção Concentrada e Torre de Londres. O grupo de estudo foi ainda subdividido em relação à lateralidade da atividade epileptiforme e ao uso de medicação antiepiléptica e comparado ao grupo controle. RESULTADOS: A análise da correlação entre o QI estimado e o desempenho dos testes foi considerada estatisticamente fraca. Os grupos se mostraram homogêneos quanto às variáveis sociodemográficas e também quanto à lateralidade da crise e ao uso de medicação. As crianças com EFCT, especificamente as que apresentavam atividade epileptiforme à esquerda e fazendo uso de medicação possuíam QI dentro da média, porém o seu desempenho foi estatisticamente inferior em relação ao grupo controle e às crianças com atividade à direita, bilateral e sem medicação. O tempo de execução no cartão 1 (Controle) do Teste Stroop foi maior para o grupo de estudo em relação aos controles, sem diferença estatística em relação à lateralidade da descarga epileptiforme e ao uso de medicação. Todos os grupos (descarga à esquerda, descarga à direita, descarga bilateral, com e sem medicação) demonstraram piores rendimentos em relação ao grupo controle. Entretanto, o grupo com descarga à direita e o grupo sem medicação apresentaram resultados menores quando comparados ao grupo controle. Com relação ao Teste de Classificação de Cartas versão modificada, observamos que o grupo com descarga à esquerda e o grupo sem medicação apresentaram piores desempenhos no número de categorias e na eficiência de categorização, enquanto apenas no grupo sem medicação houve maior quantidade de erros que o grupo controle. Nos demais instrumentos, não houve diferença estatística significativa entre os grupos analisados. CONCLUSÃO: A análise da correlação entre o QI estimado e o desempenho dos testes demonstra que o QI estimado não influenciou nos resultados dos testes. Os grupos com descarga à esquerda e com medicação possuem eficiência intelectual menor. Os grupos com descarga à esquerda e sem medicação possuem pior desempenho na capacidade de criação de estratégias para resolução de problemas. Todos os grupos apresentaram resultados menores que o grupo controle na fluência verbal, com maior diferença do grupo com descarga à direita e do grupo sem medicação em relação ao grupo controle. Concluiu-se assim que crianças com EFTC apresentam dificuldades cognitivas e de alguns aspectos da função executiva dependendo de variáveis como lateralidade do foco e do uso ou não de medicação
INTRODUCTION: Many cognitive alterations have been associated to benign focal epilepsy of childhood with centrotemporal spikes (BECTS) including distinct aspects of the executive functions. In this work, we studied the performance profile of children with BECTS in attention and executive functions tests. We calculated the estimated IQ as a means of exclusion criteria as well as a way to verify the influence of intelligence in the tests performance. METHODS: Fifty eight children with ages ranging from 8 to 13 years old participated in the study, from which 30 were diagnosed with BECTS and 28 were healthy children. The following tools were employed: Cubes and Vocabulary subtests of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for children 3ª Ed (WISC-III), Stroop test Victoria version, Wisconsin Card Sorting test modified version (MCST), Phonemic Verbal Fluency (FAS), Trails test intermediary version, Digits subtest of WISC-III, Codes subtest of WISC-III, Concentrated Attention test and Tower of London. The study-group was subdivided according to laterality of epileptic activity and the use of antiepileptic medication and compared to the control-group. RESULTS: The correlation between estimated IQ and tests performance was statistically weak. The groups were homogeneous regarding the sociodemographic variables as well as the laterality of the crisis and the use of medication. The children with BECTS, particularly the ones with epileptiform activity in the left hemisphere and using medication presented IQ within the mean, however their performance were statistically lower when compared to the control-group and to the children with epileptiform activity in the right hemisphere, bilateral activity and without medication. The execution time in card 1 (Control) of the Stroop test was higher in the study-group relative to control and showed no significant difference regarding laterality of the epileptiform discharge and use of medication. All the groups (discharge on the left, discharge on the right, bilateral discharge, with and without medication) showed lower efficiency compared to the control-group in FAS. However, the group with discharge on the left and the group without medication showed lower results compared to the control-group. Relative to the Wisconsin Card Sorting test modified version, we observed worse performances in the number of categories and categorization efficiency in the group with discharge on the left and the group without medication, while only the group without medication presented a higher amount of errors than the control-group. The remaining tools showed no significant difference between the analyzed groups. CONCLUSION: The analysis of correlation between the estimated IQ and the tests performance shows that the estimated IQ did not influence the tests results. The group with discharges on the left hemisphere and the group with medication present lower intellectual efficiency. The group with discharges on the left and the group without medication present the worst performance in the ability to develop strategies to solve problems. All the groups showed lower results than the control-group in verbal fluency with the highest difference presented by the group with discharge on the right and the group without medication relative to control. It is possible to conclude therefore that children with BECTS present limitations concerning cognition and some aspects of executive function depending on variables such as laterality of the focus and the use of medication
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Helo, Andrea, Pia Rämä, Sebastian Pannasch, and David Meary. "Eye movement patterns and visual attention during scene viewing in 3- to 12-month-olds." Cambridge University Press, 2016. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A70683.

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Recently, two attentional modes have been associated with specifi c eye movement patterns during scene processing. Ambient mode, characterized by short fi xations and long saccades during early scene inspection, is associated with localization of objects. Focal mode, characterized by longer fi xations, is associated with more detailed object feature processing during later inspection phase. The aim of the present study was to investigate the development of these attentional modes. More specifi cally, we examined whether indications of ambient and focal attention modes are similar in infants and adults. Therefore, we measured eye movements in 3- to 12-months-old infants while exploring visual scenes. Our results show that both adults and 12-month-olds had shorter fi xation durations within the fi rst 1.5 s of scene viewing compared with later time phases (>2.5 s); indicating that there was a transition from ambient to focal processing during image inspection. In younger infants, fi xation durations between two viewing phases did not differ. Our results suggest that at the end of the fi rst year of life, infants have developed an adult-like scene viewing behavior. The evidence for the existence of distinct attentional processing mechanisms during early infancy furthermore underlines the importance of the concept of the two modes.
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Cantelmi, David. "Direction of covert attention after focal damage to the cerebellum." 2009. http://link.library.utoronto.ca/eir/EIRdetail.cfm?Resources__ID=968300&T=F.

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Zuvic, Samantha Marija. "Focal distraction : spatial shifts of attention are not required for contingent capture." Thesis, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/11929.

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Contingent capture occurs when distractors that share distinguishing characteristics with a target capture attention and slow down target identification. Conventionally, this slowdown has been attributed to the time wasted by an inappropriate attentional shift to the location of a distractor. To examine this account, we obviated the spatial shift by presenting distractors at fixation, and measured contingent capture both directly by measuring response times and indirectly by estimating the duration for which the target remains vulnerable to backward masking. Contingent capture invariably occurred when a salient distractor was presented within about 600 ms before the target. Because spatial shifts were ruled out using our procedure, the conventional account is insufficient. We augment that account with a two-stage model in which stimuli must pass an input filter tuned to the target's distinguishing characteristic before gaining access to a high-level stage which is unavailable for targets while distractors are being processed.
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Books on the topic "Focal attention"

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Ganeri, Jonardon. Empathetic Attention. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198757405.003.0013.

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Attention can be placed on others. Now it is you on whom one’s attention is placed, and what one accesses in focusing on you are your mental states. One does not experience them directly; rather, your movements provide focal attention with a causal channel: they ‘intimate’ your thoughts to one. Empathy is analogous to listening to another, itself a kind of attention. So empathy, one’s awareness of another in their otherness, is an attentional state. While phenomenologists have claimed that empathy, the ability to apprehend the beliefs and emotions of others, is a perceptual skill, this chapter will argue instead that empathy is a distinct kind of attention, attention through embodied comportment to the feelings, commitments, and wishes of others.
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Manohar, Sanjay, Valerie Bonnelle, and Masud Husain. Neurological Disorders of Attention. Edited by Anna C. (Kia) Nobre and Sabine Kastner. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199675111.013.027.

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Attention deficits are a frequent and particularly disabling consequence of many neurological disorders, from patients with focal brain lesions through to individuals with traumatic brain injury or neurodegenerative conditions, such as Parkinson’s disease. They are often associated with apparent confusion, fatigue, irritability, and increased time and effort to perform even simple everyday tasks, and constitute a real challenge for rehabilitation. In many cases, attention deficits may be crucial factors underlying failures of memory and higher cognitive functions, contributing to difficulties in resuming previous activities and independent daily living. Here the authors first consider four aspects of attention—selective, sustained, executive, and divided—together with brain regions and networks considered to underpin normal attention and disorders of attention. The authors focus on focal brain lesions, traumatic brain injury and Parkinson’s disease as important examples illustrating the effects of different brain pathologies on attention function.
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Ganeri, Jonardon. Attention, Not Self. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198757405.001.0001.

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Attention is of fundamental importance in the philosophy of mind, in epistemology, in action theory, and in ethics. This book presents an account in which attention, not self, explains the experiential and normative situatedness of human beings in the world. Attention consists in an organization of awareness and action at the centre of which there is neither a practical will nor a phenomenological witness. Attention performs two roles in experience, a selective role of placing and a focal role of access. Attention improves our epistemic standing, because it is in the nature of attention to settle on what is real and to shun what is not real. When attention is informed by expertise, it is sufficient for knowledge. That gives attention a reach beyond the perceptual: for attention is a determinable whose determinates include the episodic memory from which our narrative identities are made, the empathy for others that situates us in a social world, and the introspection that makes us self-aware. Empathy is other-directed attention, placed on you and focused on your states of mind; it is akin to listening. Empathetic attention is central to a range of experiences that constitutively require a contrast between oneself and others, all of which involve an awareness of oneself as the object of another’s attention. An analysis of attention as mental action gainsays authorial conceptions of self, because it is the nature of intending itself, effortful attention in action, to settle on what to do and to shun what not to do.
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Hodges, John R. Delirium and Dementia. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198749189.003.0002.

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Delirium and dementia affect one or more cognitive domains with a distributed neural basis—attention, memory, and executive function—in some instances accompanied by more focal cognitive deficits. Patients with one, or both, of these conditions constitute the commonest presentation in behavioural neurology and in geriatric psychiatry. This chapter first describes the core characteristics and causes of delirium. This is followed by a description of the major causes of dementia notably, Alzheimer’s disease, frontotemporal dementia, Huntington’s disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, and progressive supranuclear palsy. These are contrasted with pseudodementia, with mention of the causes of rapidly progressive dementia, and differential diagnosis of delirium and dementia.
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Roesen, Tine, and Dirk Uffelmann, eds. Vladimir Sorokin's Languages. Dept. of Foreign Languages, University of Bergen, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.15845/sb.9.8.

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Since coming to the attention of a broader Russian public after the pro-Putin youth movement Walking Together stirred up a storm over Blue Lard in 2002, Vladimir Sorokin has indisputably become one of the most prominent and prolific writers in contemporary Russia, and remains surrounded by an aura of political dissent. The first book in English dedicated to Sorokin’s œuvre, this volume discusses language as the main focal point of his writing. The contributions focus on the multifaceted dimensions of language(s) and metalanguage(s) in Sorokin’s works, including archaisms and neologisms, foreign terms or intercultural stereotypes, colloquial and vulgar language, metadiscursive distance and the materialization of metaphors. The volume also includes a roundtable discussion on translation, in which Sorokin himself takes part.
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Hodges, John R. Testing Cognitive Function at the Bedside. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198749189.003.0005.

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This chapter explores the second component of assessment in patients with suspected cognitive dysfunction: testing cognitive function at the bedside. The first part of the examination should assess distributed cognitive functions, notably orientation and attention, episodic and semantic memory, and frontal executive function (initiation in the form of verbal fluency, abstraction, response inhibition, and set shifting); deficits in these indicate damage to particular brain systems, but not to focal areas of one hemisphere. The second part of the assessment deals with localized functions, divided into those associated with the dominant (i.e. the left side, in right-handers) and non-dominant hemispheres. The former relates largely to tests of spoken language with supplementary tests of reading, writing, calculation, and praxis when applicable. Testing right hemisphere function focuses on neglect (personal and extrapersonal), visuospatial and constructional abilities, and the agnosias including object and face agnosia.
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Ezell, Margaret. Body and Soul. Edited by Andrew Hiscock and Helen Wilcox. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199672806.013.32.

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During the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries, the soul, its nature, and its relationship with the body became focal points for religious, medical, political, and ethical debates, and the choice of vocabulary itself had profound implications in how human and divine nature were represented in early modern English writings. The perceived complexities of the relationship between the body and the soul as delineated in competing schools of classical philosophy provided English writers a fertile ground for analysing the human experience in general and the nature of individual identity. Debates over what happens to the body and the soul at death and at resurrection permeate the writings of the period. During the English Civil War years they were markers of both political and religious affiliations, and this chapter demonstrates how the medical turn in the late seventeenth century focused increasing attention on the separation of soul and mind.
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Egeberg, Morten, and Jarle Trondal. Meta-Governance. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198825074.003.0008.

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Chapter 8 draws attention to meta-governance and how the governing of reforms is affected by how reform processes are organized. The chapter asks how reformers can ensure support for large-scale reforms that are likely to attract profound resistance. The focal point of the chapter is a study of geographical decentralization of central government agencies. The chapter argues that successful meta-governance can be provided for by careful organization of the reform process. The empirical case studied is a large-scale relocation of government agencies in Norway during the early 2000s. In carrying out this reform, the government succeeded against the odds. Most importantly, research has revealed huge constraints on the instrumental control of large-scale reforms in general and of geographical relocation of organizations in particular. Yet, this chapter shows that large-scale reforms can be successfully achieved through careful crafting of the reform organization.
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McClain, Michael E., Reynaldo Victoria, and Jeffrey E. Richey, eds. The Biogeochemistry of the Amazon Basin. Oxford University Press, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195114317.001.0001.

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With a complex assemblage of largely intact ecosystems that support the earth's greatest diversity of life, the Amazon basin is a focal point of international scientific interest. And, as development and colonization schemes transform the landscape in increasing measure, scientists from around the world are directing attention to questions of regional and global significance. Some of these qustions are: What are the fluxes of greenhouse gases across the atmospheric interface of ecosystems? How mush carbon is stored in the biomass and soils of the basin? How are elements from the land transferred to the basin's surface waters? What is the sum of elements transferred from land to ocean, and what is its marine "fate"? This book of original chapters by experts in chemical and biological oceanography, tropical agronomy and biology, and the atmospheric sciences will address these and other important questions, with the aim of synthesizing the current knowledge of biochemical processes operating within and between the various ecosystems in the Amazon basin.
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Irshai, Ronit. Judaism. Edited by Adrian Thatcher. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199664153.013.022.

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This article examines the hitherto unquestioned consensus in Judaic studies that Judaism embraces a positive attitude towards sexuality. Grounded in the new scholarly trends of cultural and gender analysis as well as feminist critique and their impact on Jewish studies, it singles out four focal issues: sexuality in ancient rabbinic thought, to which the most scholarly attention has been directed; and issues in modern Halakhah that have just begun to inform scholarly research: the ethos of modesty and the construction of the female body; homosexuality and lesbianism; and reproduction and sexuality. The discussion reflects the tension between these two scholarly trends, and between the conceptual-theological stratum of Judaism and its reflection in the practical-legal sphere of Jewish law (Halakhah). This examination of Jewish attitudes towards sexuality, in light of the new scholarship, leads to the conclusion that although Judaism affirms sexuality, this cannot be grasped in a simple, superficial, or monolithic fashion.
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Book chapters on the topic "Focal attention"

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Tomlin, Russell S. "Focal attention, voice, and word order." In Typological Studies in Language, 517. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/tsl.30.18tom.

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Juola, James F. "Theories of Focal and Peripheral Attention." In Peripheral Interaction, 39–61. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-29523-7_3.

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Duchowski, A. T., and K. Krejtz. "Visualizing Dynamic Ambient/Focal Attention with Coefficient $$K$$." In Eye Tracking and Visualization, 217–33. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47024-5_13.

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O’Toole, Anita Werner, and Sheila Rouslin Welt. "An Explanatory Theory of the Process of Focal Attention." In Hildegard E. Peplau, Selected Works, 338–47. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-13441-0_22.

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Bhattacharya, Moinak, Shubham Jain, and Prateek Prasanna. "RadioTransformer: A Cascaded Global-Focal Transformer for Visual Attention–Guided Disease Classification." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 679–98. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-19803-8_40.

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Naseem, Usman, Matloob Khushi, Shah Khalid Khan, Nazar Waheed, Adnan Mir, Atika Qazi, Bandar Alshammari, and Simon K. Poon. "Diabetic Retinopathy Detection Using Multi-layer Neural Networks and Split Attention with Focal Loss." In Neural Information Processing, 26–37. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63836-8_3.

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Pineda, Lorena Olmos, and Jorge Gil Tejeda. "The Hierarchy in the Temporary Interaction Micro-processes that Precede the Breaking Points of Focal Attention in an Object of the New Media." In Advances in Human Factors and System Interactions, 63–68. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-79816-1_8.

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Henriksen, L., H. Lou, and P. Bruhn. "Focal Frontal Hypoperfusion in Children with Attentional Deficit Disorder." In Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism Measurement, 278–82. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-70054-5_44.

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Haidn, Oskar J., Nikolaus A. Adams, Rolf Radespiel, Thomas Sattelmayer, Wolfgang Schröder, Christian Stemmer, and Bernhard Weigand. "Collaborative Research for Future Space Transportation Systems." In Notes on Numerical Fluid Mechanics and Multidisciplinary Design, 1–30. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-53847-7_1.

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Abstract This chapter book summarizes the major achievements of the five topical focus areas, Structural Cooling, Aft-Body Flows, Combustion Chamber, Thrust Nozzle, and Thrust-Chamber Assembly of the Collaborative Research Center (Sonderforschungsbereich) Transregio 40. Obviously, only sample highlights of each of the more than twenty individual projects can be given here and thus the interested reader is invited to read their reports which again are only a summary of the entire achievements and much more information can be found in the referenced publications. The structural cooling focus area included results from experimental as well as numerical research on transpiration cooling of thrust chamber structures as well as film cooling supersonic nozzles. The topics of the aft-body flow group reached from studies of classical flow separation to interaction of rocket plumes with nozzle structures for sub-, trans-, and supersonic conditions both experimentally and numerically. Combustion instabilities, boundary layer heat transfer, injection, mixing and combustion under real gas conditions and in particular the investigation of the impact of trans-critical conditions on propellant jet disintegration and the behavior under trans-critical conditions were the subjects dealt with in the combustion chamber focus area. The thrust nozzle group worked on thermal barrier coatings and life prediction methods, investigated cooling channel flows and paid special attention to the clarification and description of fluid-structure-interaction phenomena I nozzle flows. The main emphasis of the focal area thrust-chamber assembly was combustion and heat transfer investigated in various model combustors, on dual-bell nozzle phenomena and on the definition and design of three demonstrations for which the individual projects have contributed according to their research field.
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Bouyer, J. J., P. Delagrange, M. F. Montaron, A. Rougeul-Buser, and P. Buser. "Focal Thalamocortical Rhythms as Indicators of Attentive States in the Cat." In From Neuron to Action, 211–21. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-02601-4_25.

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Conference papers on the topic "Focal attention"

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Yeung, Michael, Leonardo Rundo, Evis Sala, Carola-Bibiane Schonlieb, and Guang Yang. "Focal Attention Networks: Optimising Attention for Biomedical Image Segmentation." In 2022 IEEE 19th International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging (ISBI). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isbi52829.2022.9761414.

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Yeung, Michael, Leonardo Rundo, Evis Sala, Carola-Bibiane Schonlieb, and Guang Yang. "Focal Attention Networks: Optimising Attention for Biomedical Image Segmentation." In 2022 IEEE 19th International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging (ISBI). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isbi52829.2022.9761414.

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Mackeben, Manfred. "The Topography of Visual Focal Attention." In Vision Science and its Applications. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/vsia.1996.fa.4.

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Visual attention can be seen as a computational resource that aids perception in any part of the visual field to which it is applied. This resource is limited, however, as it cannot be applied everywhere at the same time, but constitutes an attentional "focus". It has been known since the groundbreaking work of Helmholtz (1896) that attention has mobility and can be willfully deployed in the periphery of the visual field. In the absence of such "effort of will" it tends to return to the region in or near the center of the visual field.
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Globerson, Amir, Nevena Lazic, Soumen Chakrabarti, Amarnag Subramanya, Michael Ringaard, and Fernando Pereira. "Collective Entity Resolution with Multi-Focal Attention." In Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers). Stroudsburg, PA, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/p16-1059.

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Liang, Junwei, Lu Jiang, Liangliang Cao, Li-Jia Li, and Alexander Hauptmann. "Focal Visual-Text Attention for Visual Question Answering." In 2018 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cvpr.2018.00642.

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Matthews, Oludamilare, Markel Vigo, and Simon Harper. "Sensing Arousal and Focal Attention During Visual Interaction." In ICMI '18: INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MULTIMODAL INTERACTION. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3242969.3243005.

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Krukar, Jakub, Panagiotis Mavros, and Christoph Hoelscher. "Towards capturing focal/ambient attention during dynamic wayfinding." In ETRA '20: 2020 Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3379157.3391417.

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Huang, Randong, and Bo Xu. "Text Attention and Focal Negative Loss for Scene Text Detection." In 2019 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ijcnn.2019.8851959.

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Tran, Bao Hieu, Thanh Le-Cong, Huu Manh Nguyen, Duc Anh Le, Thanh Hung Nguyen, and Phi Le Nguyen. "SAFL: A Self-Attention Scene Text Recognizer with Focal Loss." In 2020 19th IEEE International Conference on Machine Learning and Applications (ICMLA). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icmla51294.2020.00223.

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Cho, Yooshin, Hanbyel Cho, Hyeong Gwon Hong, Jaesung Ahn, Dongmin Cho, JungWoo Chang, and Junmo Kim. "Localization using Multi-Focal Spatial Attention for Masked Face Recognition." In 2023 IEEE 17th International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition (FG). IEEE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/fg57933.2023.10042672.

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Reports on the topic "Focal attention"

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Udupa, Sahana. Small Platforms and the Gray Zones of Deep Extreme Speech. MediaWell, Social Science Research Council, October 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35650/md.2093.d.2021.

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Recent trends of migration to smaller social media platforms among right wing actors have raised a caution that an excessive focus on large, transnational social media companies might lose sight of the volatile spaces of homegrown and niche platforms, which have begun to offer diverse “alternative” avenues to extreme speech. Such trends, which drew global media attention during Trump supporters’ attempted exodus to Parler, are also gaining salience in Europe and the global South. Turning the focus to these developments, this article pries open three pertinent features of extreme speech on small platforms: its propensity to migrate between platforms, its embeddedness in domestic regulatory and technological innovations, and its evolving role in facilitating hateful language and disinformation in and through deep trust-based networks. Rather than assuming that smaller platforms are on an obvious trajectory toward progressive alternatives, their diverse entanglements with exclusionary extreme speech, I suggest, should be an important focal point for policy measures.
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Aslam, Saba, and Megan Schmidt-Sane. Evidence Review: COVID-19 Recovery in South Asian Urban Informal Settlements. SSHAP, June 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/sshap.2022.012.

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The global pandemic has brought renewed attention toward the everyday challenges in informal settlements. COVID-19 reminds us that southern urban life is rooted in ‘collective’ experiences where toilets and kitchens are shared by multiple families; where the categories of work and home, private and public space overlap; and where the majority live in vulnerable conditions. Despite these challenges, some of the most innovative and collective responses to COVID-19 have emerged from these areas. While informal settlements did face a host of risks and vulnerabilities during the pandemic, local responses have highlighted the resilience of informal settlement communities. However, few informal settlements are actually ‘resilient’ and any local responses must be robustly supported by system-wide change including support from local and national governments, improvements to built infrastructure, and improved access to health care services, among other priorities. The category of ‘informal settlements’ also captures a wide range of settlement types, from a legal slum to an informal settlement with no legal status, with many other types in between. This underscores the need to address fundamental issues that ‘perpetuate conditions of inequity, exclusion and vulnerability’ while also recognising the needs and contexts of different kinds of informal settlements. Whether COVID-19 helps governments recognise conditions of insecurity and vulnerability to address safe and secure housing and infrastructures remains to be seen. This is an update to the previous SSHAP brief on ‘COVID-19 in Informal Urban Settlements’ (March 2020). This evidence review highlights local responses, grassroots efforts, and challenges around COVID-19 recovery within urban informal settlements in South Asia. It focuses on specific examples from Karachi, Pakistan and Mumbai, India to inform policy responses for COVID-19 recovery and future epidemic preparedness and response. We show how local level responses are shaped in these cities where national and international responses have not reached communities at municipal and sub-municipal levels. This brief was written by Saba Aslam (IDS Alumni) and Megan Schmidt-Sane (IDS), with reviews from Professor Amita Bhide (Tata Institute of Social Sciences, India), Dr Asad Sayeed (Collective for Social Science Research, Pakistan), Annie Wilkinson (IDS), and contributions from Swati Mishra (LSHTM), Prerana Somani (LSHTM), Saleemullah Odho (Deputy Commissioner, Korangi district Karachi), Dr Noman Ahmed (NED University, Karachi), Tahera Hasan (Imkaan Foundation, Karachi), Atif Khan (District Health Officer, Korangi district Karachi), Dr Harris (District Focal person, Korangi), Aneeta Pasha (Interactive for Research and Development, Karachi), Yasmeen Shah (Pakistan Fisherfolk Forum), Ghulam Mustafa (HANDS Pakistan), and Dr Shehrin Shaila Mahmood (icddr,b). This brief is the responsibility of SSHAP.
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