Journal articles: 'Foam printing'

1

Tammaro, Daniele, Massimiliano Maria Villone, and Pier Luca Maffettone. "Microfoamed Strands by 3D Foam Printing." Polymers 14, no. 15 (August 7, 2022): 3214. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14153214.

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We report the design, production, and characterization of microfoamed strands by means of a green and sustainable technology that makes use of CO2 to create ad-hoc innovative bubble morphologies. 3D foam-printing technology has been recently developed; thus, the foaming mechanism in the printer nozzle is not yet fully understood and controlled. We study the effects of the operating parameters of the 3D foam-printing process to control and optimize CO2 utilization through a maximization of the foaming efficiency. The strands’ mechanical properties were measured as a function of the foam density and explained by means of an innovative model that takes into consideration the polymer’s crystallinity content. The innovative microfoamed morphologies were produced using a bio-based and compostable polymer as well as polylactic acid and were then blown with CO2. The results of the extensive experimental campaigns show insightful maps of the bubble size, density, and crystallinity as a function of the process parameters, i.e., the CO2 concentration and temperature. A CO2 content of 15 wt% enables the acquirement of an incredibly low foam density of 40 kg/m3 and porosities from the macro-scale (100–900 μm) to the micro-scale (1–10 μm), depending on the temperature. The foam crystallinity content varied from 5% (using a low concentration of CO2) to 45% (using a high concentration of CO2). Indeed, we determined that the crystallinity content changes linearly with the CO2 concentration. In turn, the foamed strand’s elastic modulus is strongly affected by the crystallinity content. Hence, a corrected Egli’s equation was proposed to fit the strand mechanical properties as a function of foam density.

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Dawson, T. L. "Foam Dyeing and Printing of Carpets." Journal of the Society of Dyers and Colourists 97, no. 6 (October 22, 2008): 262–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1478-4408.1981.tb03586.x.

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Wirth, David M., Anna Jaquez, Sofia Gandarilla, Justin D. Hochberg, Derek C. Church, and Jonathan K. Pokorski. "Highly Expandable Foam for Lithographic 3D Printing." ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 12, no. 16 (April 8, 2020): 19033–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsami.0c02683.

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Bonthu, Dileep, H. S. Bharath, Suhasini Gururaja, Pavana Prabhakar, and Mrityunjay Doddamani. "3D printing of syntactic foam cored sandwich composite." Composites Part C: Open Access 3 (November 2020): 100068. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcomc.2020.100068.

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Yang, Si Yi, Er Tuan Zhao, and Yu Kun An. "Research on Manufacturing the Metal Foams with Regular Cells by 3D Printing." Advanced Materials Research 1120-1121 (July 2015): 1233–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1120-1121.1233.

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In the paper the methods of designing and manufacturing of the metals foam with regular cells are researched. The software models of metals foam are designed by CAD. The models are transmitted into 3D printing machine to manufacture foam framework. The metal foams with regular cells and fixed porosities are manufactured by chemical plating, electric plating and investment cast. According to the applications the structures of metal foams can be designed to control sizes, shapes and distribution of pores, porosities, density and to control the properties of metals foam, which can satisfy various demands of applications. Nickel foam with regular cells is designed and manufactured by this method.

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Markin, Nerella, Schröfl, Guseynova, and Mechtcherine. "Material Design and Performance Evaluation of Foam Concrete for Digital Fabrication." Materials 12, no. 15 (July 30, 2019): 2433. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12152433.

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Three-dimensional (3D) printing with foam concrete, which is known for its distinct physical and mechanical properties, has not yet been purposefully investigated. The article at hand presents a methodological approach for the mixture design of 3D-printable foam concretes and a systematic investigation of the potential application of this type of material in digital construction. Three different foam concrete compositions with water-to-binder ratios between 0.33–0.36 and densities of 1100 to 1580 kg/m³ in the fresh state were produced with a prefoaming technique using a protein-based foaming agent. Based on the fresh-state tests, including 3D printing as such, an optimum composition was identified, and its compressive and flexural strengths were characterized. The printable foam concrete showed low thermal conductivity and relatively high compressive strengths of above 10 MPa; therefore, it fulfilled the requirements for building materials used for load-bearing wall elements in multi-story houses. Thus, it is suitable for 3D-printing applications, while fulfilling both load-carrying and insulating functions.

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Kim, Youngwoo, Chanhee Moon, Omid Nematollahi, Hyun Dong Kim, and Kyung Chun Kim. "Time-Resolved PIV Measurements and Turbulence Characteristics of Flow Inside an Open-Cell Metal Foam." Materials 14, no. 13 (June 25, 2021): 3566. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14133566.

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Open-cell metal foams are porous medium for thermo-fluidic systems. However, their complex geometry makes it difficult to perform time-resolved (TR) measurements inside them. In this study, a TR particle image velocimetry (PIV) method is introduced for use inside open-cell metal foam structures. Stereolithography 3D printing methods and conventional post-processing methods cannot be applied to metal foam structures; therefore, PolyJet 3D printing and post-processing methods were employed to fabricate a transparent metal foam replica. The key to obtaining acceptable transparency in this method is the complete removal of the support material from the printing surfaces. The flow characteristics inside a 10-pore-per-inch (PPI) metal foam were analyzed in which porosity is 0.92 while laminar flow condition is applied to inlet. The flow inside the foam replica is randomly divided and combined by the interconnected pore network. Robust crosswise motion occurs inside foam with approximately 23% bulk speed. Strong influence on transverse motion by metal foam is evident. In addition, span-wise vorticity evolution is similar to the integral time length scale of the stream-wise center plane. The span-wise vorticity fluctuation through the foam arrangement is presented. It is believed that this turbulent characteristic is caused by the interaction of jets that have different flow directions inside the metal foam structure. The finite-time Lyapunov exponent method is employed to visualize the vortex ridges. Fluctuating attracting and repelling material lines are expected to enhance the heat and mass transfer. The results presented in this study could be useful for understanding the flow characteristics inside metal foams.

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Markin, V., G. Sahmenko, V. N. Nerella, M. Näther, and V. Mechtcherine. "Investigations on the foam concrete production techniques suitable for 3D-printing with foam concrete." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 660 (December 4, 2019): 012039. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/660/1/012039.

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Hooper, Rowan. "3D-printing drone squirts foam to pick up waste." New Scientist 222, no. 2968 (May 2014): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0262-4079(14)60913-1.

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Xu, Kang, Dongya Li, Erwei Shang, and Yu Liu. "A Heating-Assisted Direct Ink Writing Method for Preparation of PDMS Cellular Structure with High Manufacturing Fidelity." Polymers 14, no. 7 (March 24, 2022): 1323. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14071323.

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In response to the fact that most of the current research on silicone 3D printing suffers from structure collapse and dimensional mismatch, this paper proposes a heating-assisted direct writing printing method for commercial silicone rubber materials for preparing silicone foam with enhanced fidelity. In the experimental processes, the effects of substrate temperature, printing pressure, and printing speed on the filament width were investigated using a controlled variable method. The results showed the following: (1) the diameter of silicone rubber filaments was positively correlated with the printing pressure and substrate temperature, but negatively correlated with the printing speed; (2) the filament collapse of the large filament spaced foams was significantly improved by the addition of the thermal field, which, in turn, improved the mechanical properties and manufacturing stability of the silicon foams. The heating-assisted direct writing process in this paper can facilitate the development of the field of microelectronics and the direct printing of biomaterials.

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Rastogi, Prasansha, Cornelis H. Venner, and Claas Willem Visser. "Deposition Offset of Printed Foam Strands in Direct Bubble Writing." Polymers 14, no. 14 (July 16, 2022): 2895. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14142895.

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Direct Bubble Writing is a recent technique to print shape-stable 3-dimensional foams from streams of liquid bubbles. These bubbles are ejected from a core-shell nozzle, deposited on the build platform placed at a distance of approximately 10 cm below the nozzle, and photo-polymerized in situ. The bubbles are ejected diagonally, with a vertical velocity component equal to the ejection velocity and a horizontal velocity component equal to the motion of the printhead. Owing to the horizontal velocity component, a discrepancy exists between the nozzle trajectory and the location of the printed strand. This discrepancy can be substantial, as for high printhead velocities (500 mm/s) an offset of 8 mm (in radius) was measured. Here, we model and measure the deviation in bubble deposition location as a function of printhead velocity. The model is experimentally validated by the printing of foam patterns including a straight line, a circle, and sharp corners. The deposition offset is compensated by tuning the print path, enabling the printing of a circular path to the design specifications and printing of sharp corners with improved accuracy. These results are an essential step towards the Direct Bubble Writing of 3-dimensional polymer foam parts with high dimensional accuracy.

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Damanpack, A. R., André Sousa, and M. Bodaghi. "Porous PLAs with Controllable Density by FDM 3D Printing and Chemical Foaming Agent." Micromachines 12, no. 8 (July 23, 2021): 866. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi12080866.

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This paper shows how fused decomposition modeling (FDM), as a three-dimensional (3D) printing technology, can engineer lightweight porous foams with controllable density. The tactic is based on the 3D printing of Poly Lactic Acid filaments with a chemical blowing agent, as well as experiments to explore how FDM parameters can control material density. Foam porosity is investigated in terms of fabrication parameters such as printing temperature and flow rate, which affect the size of bubbles produced during the layer-by-layer fabrication process. It is experimentally shown that printing temperature and flow rate have significant effects on the bubbles’ size, micro-scale material connections, stiffness and strength. An analytical equation is introduced to accurately simulate the experimental results on flow rate, density, and mechanical properties in terms of printing temperature. Due to the absence of a similar concept, mathematical model and results in the specialized literature, this paper is likely to advance the state-of-the-art lightweight foams with controllable porosity and density fabricated by FDM 3D printing technology.

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Baptista-Pires, Luis, Alfredo de la Escosura-Muñiz, Marc Balsells, Julio C. Zuaznabar-Gardona, and Arben Merkoçi. "Production and printing of graphene oxide foam ink for electrocatalytic applications." Electrochemistry Communications 98 (January 2019): 6–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.elecom.2018.11.001.

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Chen, Qiyi, Peng-Fei Cao, and Rigoberto C. Advincula. "Mechanically Robust, Ultraelastic Hierarchical Foam with Tunable Properties via 3D Printing." Advanced Functional Materials 28, no. 21 (April 11, 2018): 1800631. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201800631.

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15

Ni, Shi Min, Qing Shan Li, and Xin Yuan Shen. "Application of Anion Multifunctional Additive in Polymer." Advanced Materials Research 427 (January 2012): 13–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.427.13.

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The title introduced Anion anionic additive, character and application. Anionic additive can apply in paint, textile, coating, foam, plastic, etc. The structure of opal shale and the mechanism of release anion were discussed. The opal shale was comminuted by the airflow method. The average diameter of the opal shale granule was observed by granularity instrument. The result indicated that size is about 0.40-5.0μm. The printing poplin with high performance was achieved by intermingle technology and the generally printing means. The anion number (4000 ions /cm3) in printing poplin was measured.

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Bedarf, Patrick, Alessandro Dutto, Michele Zanini, and Benjamin Dillenburger. "Foam 3D printing for construction: A review of applications, materials, and processes." Automation in Construction 130 (October 2021): 103861. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2021.103861.

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17

Petrović, Saša, Nemanja Kašiković, Dragoljub Novaković, Živko Pavlović, Gordana Bošnjaković, and Iskren Spiridonov. "Exploitation influence on compressible polyurethane flexographic sleeve properties." Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal 35, no. 3 (September 25, 2020): 440–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/npprj-2020-0026.

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AbstractFlexographic sleeves are made using various materials, including a sub-group with extremely durable polyurethane foam shock-absorbing layer. During exploitation, the sleeves are exposed to cyclic dynamic loading, and the flexographic printing process is highly sensitive to the changes in pressure. Deformation of printing elements occurs due to the almost two times higher residual strain of the exploited sleeves. Changes in the residual strain induce occurrence of the hysteresis losses, which lead to heat generation. The forces impacting the material are not strong enough to induce permanent deformation in the microstructure. Therefore, the leading cause of the change lies in the molecular structure of the parent polymer of the polyurethane foam cell walls, whose resilience is declining. The thickness of the exploited sleeves tends to be around 8 % lesser. In addition to high-frequency cyclic loads during printing, the adhesive layer of self-adhesive sleeves undergoes reduction in the share of acrylates, phthalates and rosin, thereby reducing the adhesive strength and the force needed to initiate the de-adhesion by half. The knowledge of mechanisms of change in certain characteristics of the sleeves enables predicting their service life and increasing the stability of the printing process through possible corrections of other process parameters.

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Righetti, G., C. Zilio, G. Savio, R. Meneghello, M. Calati, and S. Mancin. "Experimental pressure drops during the water flow into porous materials realized via additive manufacturing." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2116, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012059. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2116/1/012059.

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Abstract Open-cell foams offer several interesting possibilities in numerous technological fields. In fact, they present high surface area to volume ratio as well as enhanced flow mixing and attractive stiffness and strength. However, their complete and reliable characterization has not been completed yet. In fact, there is still no a comprehensive work that relates all the foam geometrical characteristics to their heat transfer and pressure drop features. This paper is the very first outcome of a larger study that aims at realizing open-cell foams via additive manufacturing, testing them, then generating a simulation model based on the real geometries to numerically optimize each parameter. The present manuscript presents the construction of the open-foam via 3D printing and the experimental pressure drop measurements when water flows through the foam.

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Mustapha, Khairul Azhar, Fadhilah Shikh Anuar, and Fatimah Al-Zahrah Mohd Saat. "Prediction of Slip Velocity at the Interface of Open-Cell Metal Foam Using 3D Printed Foams." Colloids and Interfaces 6, no. 4 (December 12, 2022): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/colloids6040080.

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An open-cell metal foam gains a lot of interest from researchers due to its unique porous structure, which provides high surface area and good tortuosity, as well as being lightweight. However, the same structure also induces a massive pressure drop which requires an optimum design to suit applications, for example, a partially filled setup or staggered design. Thus, better attention to the slip velocity at the interface between the porous structure and non-porous region is required to maximize its potential, especially in thermal fluid applications. This study proposed a slip velocity model of an open-cell metal foam by using a reverse engineering method and 3D printing technology. A series of experiments and a dimensionless analysis using the Buckingham-Pi theorem were used to compute the slip velocity model. Results show that the pressure drop increases with decreasing pore size. However, the blockage ratio effects would be more significant on the pressure drop with foams of smaller pore sizes. The proposed slip velocity model for an open-cell metal foam agrees with the experimental data, where the predicted values fall within measurement uncertainty.

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Kumar, Sumana, and Abha Misra. "Three-dimensional carbon foam-metal oxide-based asymmetric electrodes for high-performance solid-state micro-supercapacitors." Nanoscale 13, no. 46 (2021): 19453–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1nr02833b.

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Nace, Susan Erica, John Tiernan, Donal Holland, and Aisling Ni Annaidh. "A comparative analysis of the compression characteristics of a thermoplastic polyurethane 3D printed in four infill patterns for comfort applications." Rapid Prototyping Journal 27, no. 11 (July 22, 2021): 24–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rpj-07-2020-0155.

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Purpose Most support surfaces in comfort applications and sporting equipment are made from pressure-relieving foam such as viscoelastic polyurethane. However, for some users, foam is not the best material as it acts as a thermal insulator and it may not offer adequate postural support. The additive manufacturing of such surfaces and equipment may alleviate these issues, but material and design investigation is needed to optimize the printing parameters for use in pressure relief applications. This study aims to assess the ability of an additive manufactured flexible polymer to perform similarly to a viscoelastic foam for use in comfort applications. Design/methodology/approach Three-dimensional (3D) printed samples of thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) are tested in uniaxial compression with four different infill patterns and varying infill percentage. The behaviours of the samples are compared to a viscoelastic polyurethane foam used in various comfort applications. Findings Results indicate that TPU experiences an increase in strength with an increasing infill percentage. Findings from the study suggest that infill pattern impacts the compressive response of 3D printed material, with two-dimensional patterns inducing an elasto-plastic buckling of the cell walls in TPU depending on infill percentage. Such buckling may not be a beneficial property for comfort applications. Based on the results, the authors suggest printing from TPU with a low-density 3D infill, such as 5% gyroid. Originality/value Several common infill patterns are characterised in compression in this work, suggesting the importance of infill choices when 3D printing end-use products and design for manufacturing.

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Wiste, T., O. Maliuk, V. Tikhonchuk, T. Lastovicka, J. Homola, K. Chadt, and S. Weber. "Additive manufactured foam targets for experiments on high-power laser–matter interaction." Journal of Applied Physics 133, no. 4 (January 28, 2023): 043101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0121650.

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Additive manufactured (AM) foams in the context of high-power laser–matter interaction have emerged as a topic of significant interest. Printed foam targets provide a highly controlled environment for laser interaction and permit a high degree of versatility in terms of average density, spatial structure, and materials. These features are of great value to a variety of applications, including inertial confinement fusion and generation of intense x-rays and gamma rays. This paper describes an approach to the design and fabrication of AM foams for laser–plasma interaction experiments, including the selection of cellular structure, optimization of mechanical properties using a finite element approach, and foam printing on dielectric and conducting substrates.

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Nofar, Mohammadreza, Julia Utz, Nico Geis, Volker Altstädt, and Holger Ruckdäschel. "Foam 3D Printing of Thermoplastics: A Symbiosis of Additive Manufacturing and Foaming Technology." Advanced Science 9, no. 11 (February 20, 2022): 2105701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/advs.202105701.

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Park, Jungjin, John Howard, Avi Edery, Matthew DeMay, and Norman Wereley. "Tunable Energy Absorbing Property of Bilayer Amorphous Glass Foam via Dry Powder Printing." Materials 15, no. 24 (December 19, 2022): 9080. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15249080.

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The research in this paper entails the design of material systems with tunable energy-absorbing properties. Hollow glass microspheres of different densities are layered using dry powder printing and subsequently sintered to form a cellular structure. The tunability of the bilayer foams is investigated using various combinations of hollow microspheres with different densities and different thickness ratios of the layers. The mechanical responses to quasi-static uniaxial compression of the bilayer foams are also investigated. These bilayer samples show different mechanical responses from uniform samples with a distinctive two-step stress–strain profile that includes a first and second plateau stress. The strain where the second plateau starts can be tuned by adjusting the thickness ratio of the two layers. The resulting tunable stress–strain profile demonstrates tunable energy absorption. The tunability is found to be more significant if the density values of each layer differ largely. For comparison, bilayer samples are fabricated using epoxy at the interface instead of a sintering process and a different mechanical response is shown from a sintered sample with the different stress–strain profile. Designing the layered foams allows tuning of the stress–strain profile, enabling desired energy-absorbing properties which are critical in diverse impact conditions.

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Paquet, Elodie, Alain Bernard, Benoit Furet, Sébastien Garnier, and Sébastien Le Loch. "Foam additive manufacturing technology: main characteristics and experiments for hull mold manufacturing." Rapid Prototyping Journal 27, no. 8 (August 3, 2021): 1489–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rpj-06-2020-0137.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to present a novel methodology to produce a large boat hull with a foam additive manufacturing (FAM) process. To respond to shipping market needs, this new process is being developed. FAM technology is a conventional three-dimensional (3D) printing process whereby layers are deposited onto a high-pressure head mounted on a six-axis robotic arm. Traditionally, molds and masters are made with computer numerical control (CNC) machining or finished by hand. Handcrafting the molds is obviously time-consuming and labor-intensive, but even CNC machining can be challenging for parts with complex geometries and tight deadlines. Design/methodology/approach The proposed FAM technology focuses on the masters and molds, that are directly produced by 3D printing. This paper describes an additive manufacturing technology through which the operator can create a large part and its tools using the capacities of this new FAM technology. Findings The study shows a comparison carried out between the traditional manufacturing process and the additive manufacturing process, which is illustrated through an industrial case of application in the manufacturing industry. This work details the application of FAM technology to fabricate a 2.5 m boat hull mold and the results show the time and cost savings of FAM in the fabrication of large molds. Originality/value Finally, the advantages and drawbacks of the FAM technology are then discussed and novel features such as monitoring system and control to improve the accuracy of partly printed are highlighted.

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Merabtine, Abdelatif, Nicolas Gardan, Julien Gardan, Houssem Badreddine, Chuan Zhang, Feng Zhu, and Xiao-Lu Gong. "Experimental and numerical thermal analysis of open-cell metal foams developed through a topological optimization and 3D printing process." European Physical Journal Applied Physics 83, no. 1 (July 2018): 10904. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjap/2018180060.

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This study focuses on the thermal analysis and comparing a lattice model and an optimized model of open-cell metal foams manufactured thanks to a metal casting process. The topological optimization defines the complex geometry through thermal criteria and a plaster mold reproduces it in 3D printing to be used in casting. The study of the thermal behavior conducted on the two open foam metal structures is performed based on several measurements, as well as numerical simulations. It is observed that the optimized metal foam presented less and non-homogenous local temperature than the lattice model with the gap of about 10 °C between both models. The pore size and porosity significantly affect the heat transfer through the metal foam. The comparison between numerical simulations and experimental results regarding the temperature fields shows a good agreement allowing the validation of the developed three-dimensional model based on the finite element method.

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Martínez Borja, Ana Lilia, José de Jesús Pérez Bueno, and Maria Luisa Mendoza Lopez. "Composite materials with graphenic materials by extrusion for 3D printing." MRS Advances 3, no. 64 (2018): 3891–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2018.601.

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AbstractThe work shows the preparation and characterization of composite materials using a polymer as a matrix (ABS) and carbon black or a graphenic material (graphene or graphene foam). The materials were individually mixed with the polymer and the process parameters were established in an extruder with capacity for temperature control starting at laboratory conditions and up to 600 °C. The process parameters were adjusted to form filaments that were subsequently used in a 3D printer. The parameters of the printing process were adjusted to achieve the production of flat prototypes. These prototypes were characterized by Digital Optical Microscopy. The degree of homogeneity of the prototypes and the working ranges for the graphene material concentrations were determined. Even though the characterizations were done in flat samples, 3D printing allows obtaining a great diversity of structure that broadens the diversity of applications for such kind of composite materials.

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Markin, Viacheslav, Martin Krause, Jens Otto, Christof Schröfl, and Viktor Mechtcherine. "3D-printing with foam concrete: From material design and testing to application and sustainability." Journal of Building Engineering 43 (November 2021): 102870. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2021.102870.

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Furet, Benoit, Philippe Poullain, and Sébastien Garnier. "3D printing for construction based on a complex wall of polymer-foam and concrete." Additive Manufacturing 28 (August 2019): 58–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2019.04.002.

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Butkutė, Karolina, and Vitoldas Vaitkevičius. "3D concrete printing with wastes for building applications." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2423, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 012034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2423/1/012034.

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Abstract This study focuses on the benefits of deploying plastic waste as a promising alternative to main 3D concrete printing (3DCP) binders. 3D printing technology improvements display that this construction method holds a significant potential by not only finding a globally greener way to developing 3D printing composites but also in researching a more sustainable approach to reducing carbon footprint on the planet, and also becoming one of the possibilities in replacing industrial wastes to ordinary Portland cement. As an alternative to ordinary Portland cement this paper analyses secondary raw materials like burnt shale ashes (BSA), plastic waste (PW) granules and grinded foam rubber (FR). These chosen materials help to solve two environmentally relevant problems: elimination of industrial waste and CO2 level reduction in concrete production, meantime enhancing the sustainability of the potential 3D printing concrete mixes that had been modified by wastes. Further review presents respective differences between fresh concrete and hardened mix properties. These experimental studies proved that one of four different mixtures significantly enhanced the stability of the studied parameters.

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Kumar, Sumana, and Abha Misra. "Three-Dimensional Carbon Foam Based Asymmetric Assembly of Metal Oxides Electrodes for High-Performance Solid-State Micro-Supercapacitor." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 1 (July 7, 2022): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01110mtgabs.

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Micro-supercapacitors hold great attention as one of the promising energy storage devices satisfying the increasing quest for miniaturized and portable devices. Despite having impressive power density, superior cyclic lifetime, and high charge-discharge rates, micro-supercapacitors still suffer from low energy density, limits their practical application. The energy density (E=1/2CV2) can be increased either by increasing specific capacitance (C) or voltage range (V). Asymmetric micro-supercapacitors have attracted great attention by using two different electrode materials to expand the voltage window and thus increase the energy density. Currently, versatile fabrication technologies such as inkjet printing, lithography, laser scribing, etc., are used to directly or indirectly pattern the electrode material; these techniques still suffer from scalable production and cost inefficiency. Here, we demonstrate the scalable production of a three-dimensional (3D) carbon foam (CF) based asymmetric micro-supercapacitor by spray printing technique on an array of interdigital electrodes. The solid-state asymmetric micro-supercapacitor comprised of CF-MnO positive electrode and CF-Fe2O3 negative electrode achieves a high areal capacitance of 18.4 mF/cm2 (2326.8 mF/cm3) at 5 mV/s and a wider potential window of 1.4 V. Consequently, a superior energy density of 5 µWh/cm2 is obtained, and high cyclic stability is confirmed with retention of the initial capacitance by 86.1% after 10000 electrochemical cycles. The optimized decoration of pseudocapacitive metal oxides in the 3D carbon network helps in high electrochemical utilization of materials where the 3D interconnected network of carbon provides overall electrical conductivity and structural integrity. The research provides a simple and scalable spray printing method to fabricate an asymmetric micro-supercapacitor using a custom-made mask that can be integrated on a large scale.

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Yan, Leilei, Keyu Zhu, Yunwei Zhang, Chun Zhang, and Xitao Zheng. "Effect of Absorbent Foam Filling on Mechanical Behaviors of 3D-Printed Honeycombs." Polymers 12, no. 9 (September 10, 2020): 2059. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12092059.

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Polylactic acid (PLA) hexagonal honeycomb structures were fabricated by using 3D-printing technology. By filling with absorbent polymethacrylimide (PMI) foam, a novel absorbent-foam-filled 3D-printed honeycomb was obtained. The in-plane (L- and W-direction) and out-of-plane (T-direction) compressive performances were studied experimentally and numerically. Due to absorbent PMI foam filling, the elastic modulus, compressive strength, energy absorption per unit volume, and energy absorption per unit mass of absorbent-foam-filled honeycomb under L-direction were increased by 296.34%, 168.75%, 505.57%, and 244.22%, respectively. Moreover, the elastic modulus, compressive strength, energy absorption per unit volume, and energy absorption per unit mass, under W-direction, also have increments of 211.65%, 179.85, 799.45%, and 413.02%, respectively. However, for out-of-plane compression, the compressive strength and energy absorption per unit volume were enhanced, but the density has also been increased; thus, it is not competitive in energy absorption per unit mass. Failure mechanism and dimension effects of absorbent-foam-filled honeycomb were also considered. The approach of absorbent foam filling made the 3D-printed honeycomb structure more competitive in electromagnetic wave stealth applications, while acting simultaneously as load-carrying structures.

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Marques, C., H. R. Fernandes, F. H. Perera, P. Miranda, and J. M. F. Ferreira. "Two different techniques used in the production of foam structures: 3D printing and glass foaming." Ciência & Tecnologia dos Materiais 28, no. 1 (January 2016): 29–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ctmat.2016.02.003.

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Shatalova, S., N. Chernysheva, V. Lesovik, M. Elistratkin, and Alena Sheremet. "DEVELOPMENT OF A COMPREHENSIVE SOLUTION FOR 3D PRINTING OF WALL STRUCTURES." Bulletin of Belgorod State Technological University named after. V. G. Shukhov 7, no. 10 (June 10, 2022): 8–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.34031/2071-7318-2022-7-10-8-19.

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Construction 3D printing is one of the advanced construction technologies in the era of widespread digitalization. The main idea of construction printing is to create a finished product or structure with one installation according to a given digital model. One of the obstacles to widespread implementation is the lack of integrated solutions for the construction of printed walls, ensuring the fulfillment of both structural and thermal engineering requirements, as well as the lack of available materials that allow obtaining mixtures for construction printing, maximally optimized for the features of a 3D printer. At the same time, an important condition for the commercial attractiveness of 3D technologies is the minimization of initial costs, as well as the availability of raw materials that contribute to their development by small and medium-sized businesses. The article offers a comprehensive solution for the development and creation of wall structures, consisting in alternating printing with one device (in different modes) of a fixed formwork made of fine-grained concrete with filling the interior space with a foam concrete mixture based on gypsum cement binder. This solution ensures the fulfillment of structural and thermal engineering requirements based on available standard components (commodity binders), maximally optimized for the features of the construction printer.

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SLAVCHEVA, G. S., and T. V. MAKAROVA. "Foam Concretes for Heat Insulation Layers of External Walls Constructed by the Method of 3D Printing." Stroitel'nye Materialy 764, no. 10 (2018): 30–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.31659/0585-430x-2018-764-10-30-35.

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Shen, Qiankun, Shaoyu Chen, Chaoxia Wang, Chunyue Liu, and Anli Tian. "A foam single-face pretreatment to modify silk fabric using EBODAC to improve inkjet printing performance." Journal of The Textile Institute 105, no. 8 (January 20, 2014): 799–805. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00405000.2013.852735.

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Asmaria, Talitha, Rafida Rahmi, Muhammad Satrio Utomo, Franciska Pramuji Lestari, Aprillia Erryani, Patmah Fathoni, Tutun Nugraha, and Ika Kartika. "The 3D Printing in Material Research and Medical Physics Education and Its Accuracy Study." Jurnal Penelitian & Pengembangan Pendidikan Fisika 6, no. 2 (December 31, 2020): 227–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.21009/1.06209.

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This study aims to construct prototypes using three-dimensional (3D) printing technology as a research apparatus and a physics education instrument, particularly in medical physics education. Two main designs of prototypes have been arranged. Two foam NaCl templates are drawn using computer-aided design (CAD) software. Image processing techniques achieve a 3D model of a thoracic vertebra. All 3D model data are printed using polylactic acid (PLA) filament. The prints of foam NaCl templates are utilized for holding the NaCl powder. The prototype of a human vertebra is used for visualization of the real condition of the human bone anatomy. The results of the prototypes are analyzed to investigate the similarity between the model and the prints. This investigation is done using a Vernier Caliper and CT Scan. The measurement using Caliper shows a higher percentage in likeness than the CT-Scan. All the accuracy study shows they have more than 83% in similarity. It can be concluded that all built prototypes have prominent exactitude and can support the material research using the printed NaCl templates. Hereafter, a bone mock-up’s genuine perception can function for further application, such as implant or surgery planning.

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Weiss, Hans-Rudolf, Nicos Tournavitis, Xiaofeng Nan, Maksym Borysov, and Lothar Paul. "Workflow of CAD / CAM Scoliosis Brace Adjustment in Preparation Using 3D Printing." Open Medical Informatics Journal 11, no. 1 (October 24, 2017): 44–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874431101711010044.

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Background: High correction bracing is the most effective conservative treatment for patients with scoliosis during growth. Still today braces for the treatment of scoliosis are made by casting patients while computer aided design (CAD) and computer aided manufacturing (CAM) is available with all possibilities to standardize pattern specific brace treatment and improve wearing comfort. Objective: CAD / CAM brace production mainly relies on carving a polyurethane foam model which is the basis for vacuuming a polyethylene (PE) or polypropylene (PP) brace. Purpose of this short communication is to describe the workflow currently used and to outline future requirements with respect to 3D printing technology. Method: Description of the steps of virtual brace adjustment as available today are content of this paper as well as an outline of the great potential there is for the future 3D printing technology. Results: For 3D printing of scoliosis braces it is necessary to establish easy to use software plug-ins in order to allow adding 3D printing technology to the current workflow of virtual CAD / CAM brace adjustment. Textures and structures can be added to the brace models at certain well defined locations offering the potential of more wearing comfort without losing in-brace correction. Conclusions: Advances have to be made in the field of CAD / CAM software tools with respect to design and generation of individually structured brace models based on currently well established and standardized scoliosis brace libraries.

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Xu, Jiawen, Xinghao Zhang, Yu Liu, Yang Zhang, Heng-Yong Nie, Gaoyang Zhang, and Weilian Gao. "Selective coaxial ink 3D printing for single-pass fabrication of smart elastomeric foam with embedded stretchable sensor." Additive Manufacturing 36 (December 2020): 101487. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2020.101487.

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An, Zhengkai, Qing Feng, Rusong Zhao, and Xiaoli Wang. "Bioelectrochemical Methane Production from Food Waste in Anaerobic Digestion Using a Carbon-Modified Copper Foam Electrode." Processes 8, no. 4 (April 1, 2020): 416. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8040416.

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Anaerobic bioelectrochemical digestion (ABD) is widely used for treating wastewater and recovering energy. The electrode is the key point for ABD system, which was sparsely studied with food waste. In this study, a carbon-modified copper foam was fabricated with copper foam and multiple wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) through electrophoretic deposition and screen-printing methods. The carbon-modified copper foam electrode was investigated in an ABD reactor for food waste. The features of bioelectrochemical methane production, process stability, and electrochemical characterization were evaluated in the ABD reactor, and were compared to the control reactor without equipping electrode. The ultimate methane production reached 338.1 mL CH4/L in the ABD reactor, which was significantly higher than the 181.0 mL CH4/L of the control reactor. The methane produced from the electrode was 137.8 mL CH4/L, which was up to 40.8% of total methane production in the ABD reactor. It was attributed to the electroactive bacteria that were enriched and activated by the carbon-modified copper foam electrode, further activating the direct interspecies electron transfer (DIET) pathways for methane production. The cyclic voltammetry (CV) analysis showed higher redox peaks, which is one of the pieces of evidence for the enrichment of electroactive bacteria. The carbon-modified copper foam electrode has the advantages of both carbon and metal materials, and demonstrated a high possibility for use in bioelectrochemical methane production for food waste.

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Almonti, D., G. Baiocco, Emanuele Mingione, and N. Ucciardello. "Evaluation of the effects of the metal foams geometrical features on thermal and fluid-dynamical behavior in forced convection." International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 111, no. 3-4 (October 8, 2020): 1157–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00170-020-06092-1.

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Abstract Metal foams are a material, featuring interesting characteristics for the aeronautical and automotive fields because of their low specific weight, high thermal properties, and mechanical performances. In particular, this paper deals with thermal and fluid dynamic study of 24 open-cell aluminum EN43500 (AlSi10MnMg) metal foams produced by indirect additive manufacturing (I-AM), combining 3D printing and metal casting to obtain a controllable morphology. A study of foam behavior function of the morphological features (pores per inch (PPI), branch thickness (r), and edges morphology (smooth-regular)) was performed. The samples produced were heated by radiation and tested in an open wind circuit gallery to measure the fluid dynamic properties such as pressure drop (Δp), inertial coefficient (f), and permeability (k), in an air forced convection flow. The thermal characterization was performed evaluating both the theoretical (kth) and effective (keff) thermal conductivity of the foams. Also, the global heat transfer coefficient (HTCglobal) was evaluated with different airflow rates. Analysis of variance (ANoVA) was performed to figure out which geometrical parameters are significant during both thermal and fluid dynamic processes. The results obtained show how the controllable foam morphology can affect the involved parameters, leading to an ad hoc design for industrial applications that require high thermo-fluid-dynamical performances.

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Mackiewicz, Ewelina, Tomasz Wejrzanowski, Bogusława Adamczyk-Cieślak, and Graeme J. Oliver. "Polymer–Nickel Composite Filaments for 3D Printing of Open Porous Materials." Materials 15, no. 4 (February 12, 2022): 1360. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15041360.

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Catalysis has been a key way of improving the efficiency-to-cost ratio of chemical and electrochemical processes. There have been recent developments in catalyst materials that enable the development of novel and more sophisticated devices that, for example, can be used in applications, such as membranes, batteries or fuel cells. Since catalytic reactions occur on the surface, most catalyst materials are based on open porous structures, which facilitates the transport of fluids (gas or liquid) and chemical (or electrochemical) specific surface activity, thus determining the overall efficiency of the device. Noble metals are typically used for low temperature catalysis, whereas lower cost materials, such as nickel, are used for catalysis at elevated temperatures. 3D printing has the potential to produce a more sophisticated fit for purpose catalyst material. This article presents the development, fabrication and performance comparison of three thermoplastic composites where PLA (polylactic acid), PVB (polyvinyl butyral) or ABS (acrylonitrile butadiene styrene) were used as the matrix, and nickel particles were used as filler with various volume fractions, from 5 to 25 vol%. The polymer–metal composites were extruded in the form of filaments and then used for 3D FDM (Fused Deposition Modeling) printing. The 3D printed composites were heat treated to remove the polymer and sinter the nickel particles. 3D printed composites were also prepared using nickel foam as a substrate to increase the final porosity and mechanical strength of the material. The result of the study demonstrates the ability of the optimized filament materials to be used in the fabrication of high open porosity (over 60%) structures that could be used in high-temperature catalysis and/or electrocatalysis.

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Lv, Xinyuan, Fang Ye, Laifei Cheng, and Litong Zhang. "3D printing “wire-on-sphere” hierarchical SiC nanowires / SiC whiskers foam for efficient high-temperature electromagnetic wave absorption." Journal of Materials Science & Technology 109 (May 2022): 94–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2021.08.054.

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Liu, Chao, Xianggang Wang, Yuning Chen, Chao Zhang, Lei Ma, Zhicong Deng, Chun Chen, Yamei Zhang, Jinlong Pan, and Nemkumar Banthia. "Influence of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose and silica fume on stability, rheological properties, and printability of 3D printing foam concrete." Cement and Concrete Composites 122 (September 2021): 104158. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2021.104158.

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Pramono, Andi, Baskoro Azis, Tiara Ika Widia Primadani, and Wahyu Waskito Putra. "PENERAPAN UPCYCLING LIMBAH KAIN PERCA PADA KURSI FLAT-PACK." Mintakat: Jurnal Arsitektur 23, no. 1 (April 10, 2022): 14–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.26905/jam.v23i1.6075.

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Limbah kain perca merupakan limbah anorganik yang memerlukan perhatian khusus dalam penanganannya dengan tujuan untuk keberlanjutan lingkungan. Metode yang sering digunakan dalam pengelolaan limbah adalah 3R (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle). Dari teknik pengolahan Reuse kemudian berkembang menjadi upcycling yang lebih menekankan kepada peningkatan nilai manfaat material. Dalam bidang interior, kain perca di-upcycling menjadi pembungkus busa untuk dudukan dan sandaran pada kursi flat-pack. Konsep dasar pembuatan kursi flat-pack adalah pemanfaatan limbah kardus yang disusun sedemikian rupa sehingga terbentuk kursi yang dapat digunakan pada ruangan interior seperti ruang tamu dan ruang keluarga. Kemudian konsep pembuatan bahan ini dikembangkan dengan menggunakan papan MDF yang lebih keras dan kokoh. Untuk lebih memberi kenyamanan pada kursi, perlu ditambah busa yang dibungkus kain. Teknik sambungan yang digunakan dalam menyambung kain perca berupa patchwork, quilting, dan applique. Untuk mempercantik produk dan sekaligus sebagai identitas pembuatan, dapat menambahkan teknik sablon, baik sablon manual ataupun sablon digital.Fabric waste is inorganic waste that requires special treatment in its handling with the aim of environmental sustainability. The method often used in waste management is 3R (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle). Reuse processing methods then developed into upcycling, emphasising more on increasing the value of material benefits. In the interior, fabric waste is upcycling into foam coverings for backrests and seats. It mounts on a flat-pack chair. The main idea behind flat-pack chairs is to use cardboard trash that has been arranged in such a way that chairs may be made. It is suitable for usage in indoor spaces such as living rooms and family rooms. Then the concept of making this material was developed using a more rigid and sturdy MDF board. Comfortable on the seat need to be applied by adding foam that covered by the fabric. Joint techniques to combine fabric waste can use patchwork, quilting, and applique technique. To decorate the product and simultaneously as the identity of manufacture, can embed screen printing techniques, either manual screen printing or digital screen printing.

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Poullain, Philippe, Elodie Paquet, Sébastien Garnier, and Benoît Furet. "On site deployment of 3D printing for the building construction – The case of YhnovaTM." MATEC Web of Conferences 163 (2018): 01001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201816301001.

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The University of Nantes has developed a 3D printing technique (BatiPrint3DTM) dedicated to the construction of the walls of a house. This innovative on site construction technique is based on the deposition of two layers of expansive foam used as a formwork for a third concrete layer. It allows to build at the same time the structure and the insulation. This new construction technology has first been developed at the laboratory, but rapidly, we decided to deploy it on site, in order to demonstrate its technical viability. We present the technology Batiprint3DTM and the demonstrator YhnovaTM, a 95m2 social dwelling built for the social landlord Nantes Métropole Habitat (NMH).

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Skawiński, Igor, and Tomasz Goetzendorf-Grabowski. "FDM 3D printing method utility assessment in small RC aircraft design." Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Technology 91, no. 6 (June 10, 2019): 865–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/aeat-07-2018-0189.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the possibility of manufacturing fused deposition modelling (FDM) 3D printed structures such as wings or fuselages for small remote control (RC) air craft and mini unmaned aerial vehicles (UAVs). Design/methodology/approach Material tests, design assumptions and calculations were verified by designing and manufacturing a small radio-controlled motor-glider using as many printed parts as possible and performing test flights. Findings It is possible to create an aircraft with good flight characteristics using FDM 3D printed parts. Current level of technology allows for reasonably fast manufacturing of 3D printed aircraft with good reliability and high success ratio of prints; however, only some of the materials are suitable for printing thin wall structures such as wings. Practical implications The paper proves that apart from currently popular small RC aircraft structural materials such as composites, wood and foam, there is also printed plastic. Moreover, 3D printing is highly competitive in some aspects such as first unit production time or production cost. Originality/value The presented manufacturing technique can be useful for quick and cost-effective creating scale prototypes of the aircraft for performing test flights.

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Santangelo, Paolo E., Marcello Romagnoli, and Marco Puglia. "An experimental approach to evaluate drying kinetics and foam formation in inks for inkjet printing of fuel-cell layers." Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 135 (July 2022): 110631. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2022.110631.

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Wang, Yingxue, Jing Yu, Qi Liu, Jingyuan Liu, Rongrong Chen, Jiahui Zhu, Rumin Li, and Jun Wang. "Porous carbon foam loaded CoSe2 nanoparticles based on inkjet-printing technology as self-supporting electrodes for efficient water splitting." Electrochimica Acta 438 (January 2023): 141594. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2022.141594.

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Kamluk, A. N., and A. O. Likhamanau. "Experimental determination of the rational geometrical parameters of the sprinkler frame arms and deflector on the expansion rate and stability of foam." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Physical-Technical Series 64, no. 1 (March 28, 2019): 60–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.29235/1561-8358-2019-64-1-60-68.

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The results of experimental studies on determination of the effect of the deflector-type sprinkler geometric parameters on the air-mechanical foam formation process are presented in the article. A collapsible sprinkler was developed for the experiment. The elements of the collapsible sprinkler which allow creating its various configurations in a fairly wide range of geometric parameters were made from polylactide (PLA-plastic) with the help of 3D printing. The dependencies of the air-mechanical foam expansion rate and stability on the sprinkler holder length, as well as the external diameter, the taper angle and the ledges height of the sprinkler sprayer were established. The ranges of optimal values along the holder length L = 45÷55 mm and the sprayer ledges height h = 1÷3 mm of the sprinkler for generation of foam with the greatest expansion rate and stability were determined, as well as the ranges of values of these parameters at which the change in the quality characteristics does not occur (L = 90÷150 mm, h = 5÷15 mm). A decrease in the foam quality characteristics with an increase in the sprayer taper angle of the sprinkler was established. Approximate dependencies of the foam expansion rate and stability on the sprayer taper angle of the sprinkler in the range α = 30÷135° were obtained. In addition, it is determined that an increase in the sprayer external diameter in the range from 20 mm to 100 mm results in a gradual deterioration in the foam qua lity. The results of the conducted researches will allow optimizing geometrical parameters of existing designs of deflector-type sprinklers with the aim to increase their fire extinguishing efficiency.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Foam printing'

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