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Journal articles on the topic 'Flying foxes'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 21 February 2023

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1

Parry-Jones, Kerryn, Koa Narelle Webster, and Anja Divljan. "Baseline levels of faecal glucocorticoid metabolites and indications of chronic stress in the vulnerable grey-headed flying-fox, Pteropus poliocephalus." Australian Mammalogy 38, no. 2 (2016): 195. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am15030.

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The physiological stress hormone levels and physical condition of captured urban flying-foxes experiencing a food shortage were compared with those of free-living rural flying-foxes with access to supplementary food. Glucocorticoid hormone levels were determined by measuring glucocorticoid metabolites (GCMs) from the faeces of individual animals. The rural flying-foxes were in good condition with high Body Condition Indexes (BCIs) and low levels of GCMs, the range of which may be considered the baseline for this species. In comparison, urban flying-foxes had lower BCIs and elevated levels of GCMs: 75% had levels that were higher than the rural range and 30% were higher by an order of magnitude. Such elevated levels of glucocorticoid (‘stress’) hormones are characteristic of chronic stress. While urbanisation can cause chronic stress, given the low BCIs observed, it is more likely that food shortage was the major stressor in this study. While the rural male and female flying-foxes showed no significant differences in either their levels of faecal glucocorticoid metabolites or their BCIs, significantly different results were found between male and female urban flying-foxes: males were in relatively better condition than females but had higher levels of faecal glucocorticoid metabolites. The autumn and winter reproductive constraints on food-restricted flying-foxes probably explain the differences observed. Additional droppings collected under the urban colony gave similar results to those collected from captured flying-foxes at the same location, and could be a useful non-invasive method for determining the levels of physiological stress in flying-fox colonies.

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2

Smith, Helen M., Linda E. Neaves, and Anja Divljan. "Predation on cicadas by an Australian Flying-fox Pteropus poliocephalus based on DNA evidence." Australian Zoologist 40, no. 4 (January 2020): 515–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.7882/az.2018.029.

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Historically, reports of insectivory in family Pteropodidae have largely been anecdotal and thought to be an incidental corollary of flying-foxes feeding on plant products. More recent direct observations of flying-foxes catching and consuming insects, as well as advances in techniques that increase our ability to detect dietary items, suggest that this behaviour may be deliberate and more common than previously thought. Usually, multiple insects are consumed, but it appears that flying-foxes hunt and eat them one at a time. However, we have collected and photographed oral ejecta pellets under trees with high flying-fox activity, some containing evidence of multiple masticated insects. Further genetic analysis proved that these pellets came from Grey-headed Flying-foxes Pteropus poliocephalus. We propose that flying-foxes use an array of insect feeding strategies, most likely in response to variation in insect abundance and activity, as well as abiotic factors such as light and temperature.

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3

Pulscher, Laura A., Ellen S. Dierenfeld, Justin A. Welbergen, Karrie A. Rose, and David N. Phalen. "A comparison of nutritional value of native and alien food plants for a critically endangered island flying-fox." PLOS ONE 16, no. 5 (May 19, 2021): e0250857. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250857.

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Habitat loss and alteration are two of the biggest threats facing insular flying-foxes. Altered habitats are often re-vegetated with introduced or domestic plant species on which flying-foxes may forage. However, these alien food plants may not meet the nutritional requirements of flying-foxes. The critically endangered Christmas Island flying-fox (CIFF; Pteropus natalis) is subject to habitat alteration and the introduction of alien food plants, and therefore is a good model species to evaluate the potential impact of alien plant species on insular flying-foxes. In this study, we evaluated nutritional content of native food plants to determine how flying-foxes historically met their nutritional requirements. Furthermore, we compared the nutritional content of native and alien fruits to predict possible impacts of alien plants on insular flying-foxes. Native and alien fruits and flowers, and native foliage (leaves, petals, and petioles) commonly consumed by the CIFF were collected and evaluated for soluble sugars, crude protein, non-fiber carbohydrates, and nine minerals. Evaluation of native food plants suggests that flying-foxes meet energy requirements by consuming fruit and nectar. However, fruit and nectar are low in protein and essential minerals required for demanding life periods; therefore, flying-foxes likely supplement their diets with pollen and foliage. Thus, flying-foxes require a diverse array of plants to meet their nutritional requirements. Compared to native fruits, alien fruits contained significantly higher non-fiber carbohydrates, and this may provide an important energy source, particularly from species that bear fruit year-round. Median mineral concentrations in alien fruit species, however, were deficient compared to native fruits, suggesting major (or even seasonal) shifts in the proportion of alien species in the CIFF diet could lead to nutritional imbalances. This study confirms the need to quantify nutritional parameters in addition to feeding ecology when evaluating habitat quality to inform conservation actions that can be applied both locally and globally.

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4

Fahrenkamp-Uppenbrink, Julia. "Flying foxes in peril." Science 355, no. 6332 (March 30, 2017): 1386.17–1388. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.355.6332.1386-q.

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5

Mo, Matthew, Mike Roache, Rebecca Williams, Ian N. Drinnan, and Beth Noël. "From cleared buffers to camp dispersal: mitigating impacts of the Kareela flying-fox camp on adjacent residents and schools." Australian Zoologist 41, no. 1 (January 2020): 19–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.7882/az.2020.002.

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The management of the Kareela flying-fox camp in southern Sydney, New South Wales, is a case study of the challenges faced by local councils trying to mitigate negative impacts from flying-foxes on their communities. When flying-foxes were discovered roosting in Kareela in February 2008, local residents and schools complained to the public land manager, Sutherland Shire Council. Concerns were mainly about the impacts of flying-fox faeces, noise and odour, and fear of disease. Initially, branches overhanging affected properties were removed to mitigate the issue. Ongoing impacts prompted council to clear vegetation from the fringes of the camp, creating a buffer area. These buffers provided physical separation but reportedly caused noise impacts to intensify during peak influxes of flying-foxes when animals appeared to be unsettled from being concentrated into a smaller area of roosting habitat. Camp dispersal was advocated by some stakeholders seeking swift resolution. Others rejected the idea, considering the high cost and poor success rate of camp dispersal attempts elsewhere. Subsequently, several key stakeholders including direct neighbours of the camp renounced their support for camp dispersal. Council proceeded with camp dispersal, which only achieved a temporary absence of flying-foxes from Kareela. During this time, a new flying-fox camp formed 3.5 km away. Flying-foxes subsequently returned to the Kareela camp 15 months after the initial dispersal. This case study demonstrates the many interacting factors involved in managing flying-fox camps that have impacts on human settlements. Moreover, the Kareela case study adds to the list of flying-fox dispersal attempts in eastern Australia that have been ineffective in permanently removing flying-foxes from a camp. The case study also highlights the importance of understanding the social and political context of flying-fox camp management, in addition to flying-fox ecology.

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6

Mohd-Azlan, Jayasilan, Sally Soo Kaicheen, and Lisa Lok. "The Distribution and Community’s Perception of Flying Fox, Pteropus vampyrus in Limbang, a Transboundary Area in Sarawak." Tropical Life Sciences Research 33, no. 3 (September 30, 2022): 195–225. http://dx.doi.org/10.21315/tlsr2022.33.3.11.

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Flying foxes are threatened throughout their geographic range, and there are large gaps in the understanding of their landscape-scale habitat use. This study identified potential habitats in Limbang, Sarawak and informed potential distribution based on dispersal and interview surveys. Here, biological surveys were combined with interviews of local communities in Limbang Mangrove National Park (LMNP), Sarawak to illustrate distribution and the communities' perception on the protected flying fox (Pteropus vampyrus). Mangrove forest areas were surveyed for for the presence of flying foxes and villagers were interviewed regarding the use by flying foxes of agricultural areas and instances of conflict. Boat and questionnaire surveys were conducted for nine days from 18 to 27 February 2021. The surveys did not record any flying fox roosting sites within the national park and was instead observed to fly from Menunggul Island, Brunei into the national park in the evenings and back to Brunei in the mornings. A total of 27 flying foxes were recorded during the boat survey. Flying foxes were detected from 8/154 survey points and their spatial distribution appeared to be concentrated along Sungai Limpaku Pinang. Most respondents were aware of the species while some have directly observed them in fruit orchards, mangroves, rivers and mixed dipterocarp forests. Eleven perception-based questions were presented, and results showed that locality and income were the most influential parameters exhibiting conservation awareness through Boosted Regression Trees (BRT) analysis. Most respondents believe that flying foxes can uplift the local economy through ecotourism opportunities. However, these findings need to be carefully interpreted as the species has a large home range. Hence, long-term monitoring should be established to generate a larger dataset for stronger analysis to better represent the distribution and occurrence of this species in LMNP.

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7

Bräutigam, Amie, and Thomas Elmqvist. "Conserving Pacific Island flying foxes." Oryx 24, no. 2 (April 1990): 81–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605300034724.

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Pacific Islanders, conservationists, and bat biologists are applauding the recent decision of the Parties to the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) to increase protection of flying foxes, or fruit bats, of the genera Acerodon and Pteropus from the adverse effects of international trade into US jurisdictions in the Pacific. This decision culminates efforts dating as far back as 1981 to control international trade in these species, which has decimated populations on many islands. It poses a challenge to US government authorities to institute wildlife trade controls in the Pacific and to Pacific Island governments, many of which are not yet CITES members, to develop effective measures to control exports of these and other species.

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8

Schmelitschek, Emily, Kristine French, and Kerryn Parry-Jones. "Fruit availability and utilisation by grey-headed flying foxes (Pteropodidae: Pteropus poliocephalus) in a human-modified environment on the south coast of New South Wales, Australia." Wildlife Research 36, no. 7 (2009): 592. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr08169.

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Context. Extensive clearing and modification of habitat is likely to change many facets of the environment including climate and regional food resources. Such changes may result in changes in behaviour in highly mobile fauna, such as flying foxes. Aims.The availability of fruit resources was examined to determine whether grey-headed flying foxes (Pteropus poliocephalus) have feeding preferences related to habitat or dietary items, and whether human usage of the land around the colony site has affected the resources available. Methods. Fruit availability around a colony was monitored from December 2004 to March 2005. Night surveys and faecal analyses were undertaken to determine the distribution of feeding locations, the food species used and the food items consumed by P. poliocephalus. Key results.The amount of food available per hectare in each habitat was similar. However, we found differences in the composition of food trees and the distribution of food resources within each habitat. Ficus species were a major resource with flying foxes observed feeding in figs during every survey and figs identified in droppings over the whole period. Human-modified habitats were used throughout the study period with flying foxes observed in small patches of vegetation and in individual trees without any nearby vegetation. Conclusions. The need for maintaining vegetation, particularly Ficus species, in all areas where flying foxes are found, especially in human-modified habitats and rainforest remnants, is highlighted as this vegetation is of great importance to flying foxes. Other wildlife, such as birds and possums, may also benefit from the maintenance of this vegetation. Implications. Through management of urban resources there is the potential to prevent future conflict situations arising between humans and wildlife, such as can be seen when flying fox colonies are in close proximity to houses.

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9

Mo, Matthew, Mike Roache, Deb Lenson, Heidi Thomson, Mitchell Jarvis, Natalie Foster, Angie Radford, Lorraine Oliver, Damon L. Oliver, and Joss Bentley. "Congregations of a threatened species: mitigating impacts from Grey-headed Flying-fox Pteropus poliocephalus camps on the Batemans Bay community." Australian Zoologist 41, no. 1 (January 2020): 124–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.7882/az.2020.021.

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Flying-fox camps in urban areas are a contentious wildlife management issue. Since 2012, Grey-headed Flying-foxes Pteropus poliocephalus have regularly occupied two camps in Batemans Bay, New South Wales (NSW). At one site, the Water Gardens, impacts on adjacent residents and businesses occur when animals roost near the reserve boundaries. During March–July 2016, a large influx of flying-foxes arrived, causing the camps to spread into neighbouring residential, recreational and industrial areas. Prior to this, impacts had been mitigated through vegetation clearing to create buffer zones and residential subsidies for mitigation equipment and services. The influx warranted additional measures such as a dispersal program and further vegetation removal, which were expedited by the Commonwealth Government granting a National Interest Exemption under section 158 of the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 and the NSW Government committing $2.5 million in funding towards the new measures. These measures moved flying-foxes from key conflict areas but also coincided with flying-fox numbers reducing as local blossom diminished. Ongoing community engagement played an important role in building community resilience to live with this threatened species, which is vital considering that Batemans Bay will likely continue to be an important area for flying-foxes.

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10

Peel, Alison J., Claude Kwe Yinda, Edward J. Annand, Adrienne S. Dale, Peggy Eby, John-Sebastian Eden, Devin N. Jones, et al. "Novel Hendra Virus Variant Circulating in Black Flying Foxes and Grey-Headed Flying Foxes, Australia." Emerging Infectious Diseases 28, no. 5 (May 2022): 1043–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2805.212338.

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11

ROCHE, S. E., S. COSTARD, J. MEERS, H. E. FIELD, and A. C. BREED. "Assessing the risk of Nipah virus establishment in Australian flying-foxes." Epidemiology and Infection 143, no. 10 (February 4, 2014): 2213–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268813003336.

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SUMMARYNipah virus (NiV) is a recently emerged zoonotic virus that causes severe disease in humans. The reservoir hosts for NiV, bats of the genus Pteropus (known as flying-foxes) are found across the Asia-Pacific including Australia. While NiV has not been detected in Australia, evidence for NiV infection has been found in flying-foxes in some of Australia's closest neighbours. A qualitative risk assessment was undertaken to assess the risk of NiV establishing in Australian flying-foxes through flying-fox movements from nearby regions. Events surrounding the emergence of new diseases are typically uncertain and in this study an expert opinion workshop was used to address gaps in knowledge. Given the difficulties in combining expert opinion, five different combination methods were analysed to assess their influence on the risk outcome. Under the baseline scenario where the median was used to combine opinions, the risk was estimated to be very low. However, this risk increased when the mean and linear opinion pooling combination methods were used. This assessment highlights the effects that different methods for combining expert opinion have on final risk estimates and the caution needed when interpreting these outcomes given the high degree of uncertainty in expert opinion. This work has provided a flexible model framework for assessing the risk of NiV establishment in Australian flying-foxes through bat movements which can be updated when new data become available.

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12

Sangster, CR, AN Gordon, and D. Hayes. "Systemic toxoplasmosis in captive flying-foxes." Australian Veterinary Journal 90, no. 4 (March 22, 2012): 140–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.2011.00868.x.

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13

Scanlon, Annette T., Sophie Petit, and Leonel da S. Sternberg. "Insectivory in Fijian flying foxes (Pteropodidae)." Australian Journal of Zoology 61, no. 4 (2013): 342. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo13047.

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We used scat and isotope analyses to assess insectivory in Fijian flying foxes (Pteropodidae), seeking insights into niche partitioning of co-occurring bat species with high plant diet overlap. Moth scales were most common in scats of Notopteris macdonaldi (87%; P. tonganus: 62%; Pteropus samoensis: 36%) and may indicate shared resources. The small and highly manoeuvrable N. macdonaldi exploited nectar-rich flowers also favoured by moths (e.g. Barringtonia spp.). Other invertebrate remains were most frequent in scats of P. tonganus (69%). On the basis of scat results and ecological observations, P. tonganus uses a combination of insectivory and a highly varied plant diet to obtain sufficient nutrients. Scats of P. samoensis contained few invertebrate remains, but abundant protein-rich plant species (including Freycinetia spp.), and juveniles seemed to consume moths frequently. Clustered δ15N and δ13C for N. macdonaldi and P. samoensis indicated a narrower dietary breadth than that of P. tonganus. P. tonganus juveniles appeared at a significantly higher trophic level than did adults, probably the result of milk consumption and/or higher rates of protein synthesis. The methods used detected little evidence that bats partitioned resources vertically. This study generates hypotheses for the further examination of flying-fox diets.

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14

Halpin, K., P. L. Young, H. Field, and J. S. Mackenzie. "Newly discovered viruses of flying foxes." Veterinary Microbiology 68, no. 1-2 (August 1999): 83–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-1135(99)00063-2.

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15

Florens, F. B. V. "Flying foxes face cull despite evidence." Science 350, no. 6266 (December 10, 2015): 1325. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.350.6266.1325-a.

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16

Vincenot, Christian E., F. B. Vincent Florens, and Tigga Kingston. "Can we protect island flying foxes?" Science 355, no. 6332 (March 30, 2017): 1368–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aam7582.

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17

Calford, M. B., and K. I. McNally. "Hearing in flying foxes (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae)." Australian Mammalogy 10, no. 2 (June 1, 1987): 97–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am87020.

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18

Graydon, M. L., P. P. Giorgi, and J. D. Pettigrew. "Vision in flying foxes (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae)." Australian Mammalogy 10, no. 2 (June 1, 1987): 101–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am87021.

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19

Lavery, Tyrone H., and John Fasi. "Buying through your teeth: traditional currency and conservation of flying foxes Pteropus spp. in Solomon Islands." Oryx 53, no. 3 (October 16, 2017): 505–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605317001004.

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AbstractGlobally, island bats are vulnerable to subsistence hunting, with widespread population declines, local extirpations and extinctions. Bats are important to the ecological functioning of remote oceanic islands, and thus the sustainable management of hunting of flying foxes Pteropus spp. is a conservation priority in the Pacific. In Solomon Islands people hunt flying foxes for bushmeat and their canine teeth, which are used as traditional currency. The value of teeth potentially increases hunting pressure on species of Pteropus. We interviewed 197 people on Makira Island to determine the nature of this use and how it may influence flying-fox populations. We asked questions to gather information about hunting practices, the value of canine teeth, utilization of traditional currency, and population trends of Pteropus. Flying-fox teeth remain highly valued on Makira. It is primarily the teeth of P. tonganus that are used rather than those of the smaller P. cognatus. Although flying foxes are not targeted solely for their teeth, this added value seemingly drives hunters to focus on P. tonganus. Hunting varied across five regions of Makira and high hunting pressure corresponded with perceived rarity of P. tonganus. Regions with low hunting pressure may be opportune locations to initiate flying-fox conservation on Makira.

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20

Carpenter, Roger E. "Flight Physiology of Flying Foxes, Pteropus Poliocephalus." Journal of Experimental Biology 114, no. 1 (January 1, 1985): 619–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.114.1.619.

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Oxygen consumption was measured during flight in two flying foxes (Pteropus poliocephalus) at airspeeds of 4–8.6ms−1. There was good agreement with the measured power input of the only previously measured large bat, and with an allometric equation predicting power input for flying vertebrates. Measurements of respiratory exchange ratios, pulmonary water loss, respiratory frequencies, heart rates and body temperatures of both bats flying at intermediate airspeeds were compared with equivalent measurements on other bats or birds in flight. Despite a high non-evaporative thermal conductance in flight, the P. poliocephalus became severely hyperthermic at ambient temperatures (Ta) above 25°C. The failure to dissipate heat as successfully as flying birds at high Ta is apparently the result of an inability to increase pulmonary ventilation rates, and thus increase rates of evaporative heat loss. The effect of airspeed on endurance was measured systematically on one bat. Endurance was not limited by energy reserves at all airspeeds, and flight times were significantly greater at the airspeed of minimum power input (Vmp). The endurance of both bats was so reduced at the higher airspeeds that they would not achieve maximum flight range in still air at the velocity where cost of locomotion is lowest. Contrary to a common assumption, flight range would be maximized at the Vmp.

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21

Forsyth, David M., Michael P. Scroggie, and Eve McDonald-Madden. "Accuracy and precision of grey-headed flying-fox (Pteropus poliocephalus) flyout counts." Wildlife Research 33, no. 1 (2006): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr05029.

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The principal method for estimating the abundance of bats in roosts is to count the number of bats exiting the roost at dusk (‘flyout counts’). We hypothesised that the accuracy and precision of flyout counts decrease non-linearly as the number of bats moving per unit of time increases, and that accuracy increases with observer experience. To test these hypotheses, we filmed grey-headed flying-foxes (Pteropus poliocephalus) exiting a roost in Melbourne on three consecutive evenings. The film was slowed and the number of flying-foxes flying-out in 30-s intervals was counted and assumed to be the true abundance. Thirteen other observers independently counted the number of flying-foxes flying-out in real time. We formulated our hypotheses into candidate models and compared support for these models using information-theoretic methods. Non-linear models had much greater support than linear models for all three flyouts. There was undercounting in two flyouts and overcounting in the third. There was good support for an effect of observer experience in one of the flyouts, but less support in the others. Precision declined as the true abundance increased in all three flyout counts. Our results indicate that accuracy, precision and observer effects vary with the dynamics of each flyout, and suggest that under some conditions flyout counts will often provide both inaccurate and imprecise estimates of abundance.

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22

McKINNON, Allan, and Tetuso MIZUNO. "Zoonotic Viruses of Flying Foxes in Australia." Journal of Veterinary Epidemiology 13, no. 1 (2009): 30–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2743/jve.13.30.

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23

Gunawardena, Panduka S., Denise A. Marston, Richard J. Ellis, Emma L. Wise, Anjana C. Karawita, Andrew C. Breed, Lorraine M. McElhinney, Nicholas Johnson, Ashley C. Banyard, and Anthony R. Fooks. "Lyssavirus in Indian Flying Foxes, Sri Lanka." Emerging Infectious Diseases 22, no. 8 (August 2016): 1456–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2208.151986.

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24

Armon, Carmel. "Western Pacific ALS/PDC and flying foxes." Neurology 61, no. 3 (August 11, 2003): 291–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/wnl.61.3.291.

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25

Banack, Sandra Anne, and Paul Alan Cox. "Biomagnification of cycad neurotoxins in flying foxes:." Neurology 61, no. 3 (August 11, 2003): 387–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000078320.18564.9f.

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26

Smythe, L. D., H. E. Field, L. J. Barnett, C. S. Smith, M. F. Dohnt, M. L. Symonds, M. R. Moore, and P. F. Rolfe. "Leptospiral Antibodies in Flying Foxes in Australia." Journal of Wildlife Diseases 38, no. 1 (January 2002): 182–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-38.1.182.

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27

Reynes, Jean-Marc, Dorian Counor, Sivuth Ong, Caroline Faure, Vansay Seng, Sophie Molia, Joe Walston, Marie Claude Georges-Courbot, Vincent Deubel, and Jean-Louis Sarthou. "Nipah Virus in Lyle's Flying Foxes, Cambodia." Emerging Infectious Diseases 11, no. 7 (July 2005): 1042–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1107.041350.

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28

Martin, L., P. A. Towers, M. A. McGuckin, L. Little, H. Luckhoff, and A. W. Blackshaw. "Reproductive biology of flying foxes (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae)." Australian Mammalogy 10, no. 2 (June 1, 1987): 115–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am87024.

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29

Prociv, P. "Parasites of Australian flying-foxes (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae)." Australian Mammalogy 10, no. 2 (June 1, 1987): 107–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am87022.

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30

Loebel, M. R., and G. Sanewski. "Flying-foxes (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae) as orchard pests." Australian Mammalogy 10, no. 2 (June 1, 1987): 147–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am87033.

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31

Pettigrew, J. D., and B. G. M. Jamieson. "Are flying-foxes (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae) really primates." Australian Mammalogy 10, no. 2 (June 1, 1987): 119–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am87025.

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32

Sutton, R. H., and B. Hariono. "Lead poisoning in flying-foxes (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae)." Australian Mammalogy 10, no. 2 (June 1, 1987): 125–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am87026.

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33

Stringer, Elizabeth, Sushan Han, and R. Scott Larsen. "Cutaneous vitiligo associated with hypovitaminosis D in Malayan flying foxes (Pteropus vampyrus) and Island flying foxes (Pteropus hypomelanus)." Veterinary Record Case Reports 4, no. 1 (May 2016): e000297. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vetreccr-2016-000297.

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34

S. Monson, Clark, and Paul Alan Cox. "Prestige, taboo, and sustainability: predicting wildlife population trajectories in indigenous commerce." Pacific Conservation Biology 13, no. 1 (2007): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc070004.

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Commercial traffic in plants and animals has led to severe declines for some species, while others have experienced few if any negative impacts. Given the uncertainty regarding which species are likely to be adversely affected by monetized trade, it would be useful to have a model that could predict wildlife population trajectories of wild-gathered species subsequent to commercialization. We suggest that the indigenous conservation strategy of "taboo" offers important insights into identifying species that are susceptible to over-exploitation through commercial traffic. We describe an economic conservation/extinction model based on the dual concepts of taboo and optimal foraging strategy and examine the model through a detailed case study of vulnerability to perturbation in the case of commercial traffic in Pacific island flying foxes. We suggest that tile virtual eradication of flying foxes from the island of Guam during the Twentieth Century resulted from a cultural predilection among the indigenous Chamorro people for consuming flying foxes coupled with the cultural loss of the traditional taboo conservation system on the island.

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35

Markus, Nicola, and Les Hall. "Foraging behaviour of the black flying-fox (Pteropus alecto) in the urban landscape of Brisbane, Queensland." Wildlife Research 31, no. 3 (2004): 345. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr01117.

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The foraging movements of 13 Pteropus alecto from four camps in suburban Brisbane were monitored over two summer and one winter season between 1998 and 2000. By means of radio-telemetry, the flying-foxes were tracked to their foraging sites over 49 nights for a total of 237 h. Data from flying-foxes tracked from dusk to dawn showed that bats travelled directly to a foraging site early in the night and undertook smaller movements between foraging sites for the remainder of the night. Bats undertook a greater number of nocturnal movements during a food resource shortage than during a season of greater resource abundance. Mean distances (±s.e.) travelled from camps to foraging sites varied between camps and ranged from 2.9 ± 0.3 km (n = 24) to 7.6 ± 0.07 km (n = 2). In all three seasons, flying-foxes foraged on a variety of native and exotic plant species. Dominant exotics included Cocos palms (Sygarus romanzoffiana), Chinese elm trees (Celtis sinensis) and Cadaghi (Corymbia torrelliana), while highly utilised native food plants included figs (Ficus spp.), grevilleas (Grevillea spp.) and bottlebrushes (Callistemon spp.).

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O'Brien, G. M., J. R. McFarlane, and P. J. Kearney. "Pituitary content of luteinizing hormone reveals species differences in the reproductive synchrony between males and females in Australian flying-foxes (genus Pteropus)." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 15, no. 4 (2003): 255. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd02075.

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Flying-foxes (genus Pteropus, suborder Megachiroptera) are long-lived tropical mammals. Their seasonal reproduction appears to be regulated by an endogenous, circannual rhythm modified by multiple environmental cues. Luteinizing hormone (LH) content in pituitary extracts was examined to establish the broad time-frame of pituitary stages in the reproductive seasonality of the flying-foxes. A comparison was made between the grey-headed flying-fox P. poliocephalus, which mates and conceives in autumn, and the little red flying-fox P. scapulatus, which mates and conceives in spring. In P. scapulatus, LH was maximum during the spring mating season at 1494 ng mg−1 in males and 896 ng mg−1 in females. In P. poliocephalus males, LH increased to 1082 ng mg−1 in early summer, 4 months before the mating season; LH concentrations in male P. poliocephalus returned to a low of 222 ng mg−1 by the time of the autumn mating, by which time the female P. poliocephalus expressed elevated LH concentrations (624 ng mg−1). Apparently in P. poliocephalus, the peak LH concentrations in females are delayed by 4 months relative to LH concentrations in males. This is associated with 4 months of energetic courtship on the part of male P. poliocephalus, which is not observed in P. scapulatus, the fertility of which is synchronized between the sexes. The heterologous radioimmunoassay developed using monoclonal antibody 518B7 confirmed classic suppression of LH during pregnancy and lactation in flying-foxes and LH elevation in response to gonadectomy. Juveniles generally had pituitary levels similar to non-breeding levels in adults.

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Griffith, Phoebe, Kerryn Parry-Jones, and Andrew A. Cunningham. "Dietary partitioning in newly sympatric urban flying-foxes (Pteropus poliocephalus and Pteropus alecto)." Australian Mammalogy 42, no. 3 (2020): 361. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am19047.

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The black flying-fox (Pteropus alecto) is extending its range southward and is now sympatric with the grey-headed flying-fox (P. poliocephalus) in New South Wales. Competition for food between the two species has been suggested to be a contributor to declines of the vulnerable grey-headed flying-fox. During winter 2016 the diet of both species was investigated over one night at four sites of sympatry, by microscopic analysis of faecal samples. Resource partitioning between the two species was found, with the black flying-fox either preferentially choosing to eat more fruit than the grey-headed flying-fox or being an inferior competitor for pollen and nectar. These results, though limited, do not support the hypothesis that the black flying-fox threatens the grey-headed flying-fox through food competition.

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McConkey, Kim R., Donald R. Drake, Janet Franklin, and Filipe Tonga. "Effects of Cyclone Waka on flying foxes (Pteropus tonganus) in the Vava'u Islands of Tonga." Journal of Tropical Ecology 20, no. 5 (August 9, 2004): 555–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467404001804.

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Severe tropical cyclones are a major cause of episodic mortality for Pacific Island flying foxes (large fruit bats). Many flying foxes starve after forests are stripped of food sources, and hunting by humans may also increase in the post-cyclone period. In December 2001, Cyclone Waka passed directly over the Vava'u Islands in the Kingdom of Tonga, western Polynesia. We visited the islands 6 mo later to survey the flying fox (Pteropus tonganus) population and assess availability of potential food items (fruit and flower) in primary, secondary and plantation forests. Less than 20% of the pre-cyclone bat population (surveyed in 1999–2001) remained 6 mo after the storm. The density of potential food trees in flower or fruit at this time was only 15% of pre-cyclone density, and the main species available were different in the two time periods. The highest density of potential food trees occurred in secondary forest (26 flowering or fruiting trees ha−1) and plantations (23 ha−1); primary forest offered the least food (18 ha−1). Since 65–70% of the land area has been converted to agricultural plantations, this vegetation type had the highest absolute number of food-bearing trees – almost seven times that of primary forest. Flowering coconuts (Cocos nucifera) were the most abundant food source overall and we suggest that this species may be important in sustaining flying foxes following severe storms.

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SHIRAI, Junsuke, Abdul Lahman SOHAYATI, Abdul Lahman MOHAMED ALI, Mohamed Noor SURIANI, Takahide TANIGUCHI, and Syed Hassan SHARIFAH. "Nipah Virus Survey of Flying Foxes in Malaysia." Japan Agricultural Research Quarterly: JARQ 41, no. 1 (2007): 69–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.6090/jarq.41.69.

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Cox, T. E., L. D. Smythe, and L. K. P. Leung. "FLYING FOXES AS CARRIERS OF PATHOGENIC LEPTOSPIRA SPECIES." Journal of Wildlife Diseases 41, no. 4 (October 2005): 753–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-41.4.753.

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Nelson, John E. "Vocal Communication in Australian Flying Foxes (Pteropodidae; Megachiroptera)." Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie 21, no. 7 (April 26, 2010): 857–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0310.1964.tb01224.x.

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Parsons, J. G., A. Cairns, C. N. Johnson, S. K. A. Robson, L. A. Shilton, and D. A. Westcott. "Bryophyte dispersal by flying foxes: a novel discovery." Oecologia 152, no. 1 (January 10, 2007): 112–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00442-006-0639-1.

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Tidemann, C. R., and J. E. Nelson. "Flying-foxes (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae) and bananas: some interactions." Australian Mammalogy 10, no. 2 (June 1, 1987): 133–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am87029.

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44

Tella, José L., Dailos Hernández-Brito, Guillermo Blanco, and Fernando Hiraldo. "Urban Sprawl, Food Subsidies and Power Lines: An Ecological Trap for Large Frugivorous Bats in Sri Lanka?" Diversity 12, no. 3 (March 6, 2020): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d12030094.

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Electrocution is one of the less known anthropogenic impacts likely affecting the bat population. We surveyed 925 km of overhead distribution power lines that supply energy to spreading urbanized areas in Sri Lanka, recording 300 electrocuted Indian flying foxes (Pteropus giganteus). Electrocutions were recorded up to 58 km from the nearest known colony, and all of them were in urbanized areas and very close ( X ¯ = 4.8 m) to the exotic fruiting trees cultivated in gardens. Predictable anthropogenic food subsidies, in the form of cultivated fruits and flowers, seem to attract flying foxes to urban habitats, which in turn become ecological traps given their high electrocution risk. However, electrocution rates greatly varied among the 352 power lines surveyed (0.00–24.6 indiv./km), being highest in power lines with four wires oriented vertically ( X ¯ = 0.92 indiv./km) and almost zero in power lines with wires oriented horizontally. Therefore, the latter design should be applied to projected new power lines and old vertically oriented lines in electrocution hotspots should be substituted. Given that flying foxes are key seed dispersers and pollinators, their foraging habitat selection change toward urban habitats together with high electrocution risk not only may contribute to their population decline but also put their ecosystem services at risk.

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Tsang, Susan M., and Sigit Wiantoro. "REVIEW- INDONESIAN FLYING FOXES: RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION STATUS UPDATE." TREUBIA 46 (December 31, 2019): 103–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.14203/treubia.v46i0.3792.

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Flying foxes are important ecological keystone species on many archipelagoes, and Indonesia is home to over a third of all flying fox species globally. However, the amount of research on this clade belies their importance to natural systems, particularly as they are increasingly threatened by anthropogenic development and hunting. Here, we provide a review of the literature since the publication of the Old World Fruit Bat Action Plan and categorize research priorities as high, medium, or low based on the number of studies conducted. A majority of the research priorities for Indonesian endemics are categorized as medium or high priority. Low priority ratings were in multiple categories for widespread flying fox species found throughout Southeast Asia, though much of the data were from outside of the Indonesian extent of the species range. These research gaps tend to highlight broader patterns of research biases towards western Indonesia, whereas significant research effort is still needed in eastern Indonesia, particularly for vulnerable island taxa.

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Bell, Karen L., Kathryn L. Batchelor, Matt Bradford, Adam McKeown, Stewart L. Macdonald, and David Westcott. "Optimisation of a pollen DNA metabarcoding method for diet analysis of flying-foxes (Pteropus spp.)." Australian Journal of Zoology 68, no. 6 (2020): 273. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo20085.

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Determining the diet of flying-foxes can increase understanding of how they function as pollinators and seed dispersers, as well as managing any negative impacts of large roosts. Traditional methods for diet analysis are time consuming, and not feasible to conduct for hundreds of animals. In this study, we optimised a method for diet analysis, based on DNA metabarcoding of environmental DNA (eDNA) from pollen and other plant parts in the faeces. We found that existing eDNA metabarcoding protocols are suitable, with the most useful results being obtained using a commercial food DNA extraction kit, and sequencing 350–450 base pairs of a DNA barcode from the internally transcribed spacer region (ITS2), with ~550 base pairs of the chloroplast rubisco large subunit (rbcL) as a secondary DNA barcode. A list of forage plants was generated for the little red flying-fox (Pteropus scapulatus), the black flying-fox (Pteropus alecto) and the spectacled flying-fox (Pteropus conspicillatus) from our collection sites across Queensland. The diets were determined to comprise predominantly Myrtaceae species, particularly those in the genera Eucalyptus, Melaleuca and Corymbia. With more plant genomes becoming publicly available in the future, there are likely to be further applications of eDNA methods in understanding the role of flying-foxes as pollinators and seed dispersers.

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Towers, PA, and L. Martin. "Peripheral plasma progesterone concentrations in pregnant and non-pregnant greyheaded flying-foxes (Pteropus poliocephalus) and little red flying-foxes (P. scapulatus)." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 7, no. 5 (1995): 1163. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd9951163.

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Blood was collected from breeding-season and pregnant P. poliocephalus females shot in the wild and from captive pregnant and ovariectomized P. poliocephalus and P. scapulatus females. Peripheral plasma progesterone concentrations measured by radioimmunoassay were similar to those obtained by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy: in intact non-pregnant P. poliocephalus females without corpora lutea (CLs) values ranged from 2 to 30 ng mL-1; after ovariectomy, they ranged from 1 to 85 ng mL-1. A significant source of progesterone in these bats may be the adrenal. In P. poliocephalus, peripheral plasma progesterone concentrations showed relatively little change over the breeding season or in early pregnancy when a CL formed, but increased from mid pregnancy to reach 200-800 ng mL-1 in late pregnancy. A mid-pregnancy ovary with CL contained 2.80 ng progesterone whereas the contralateral ovary contained 0.13 ng. Overall, CL size decreased during pregnancy and was negatively correlated with plasma progesterone concentrations. In late pregnancy, the main source of progesterone appears to be the placenta; plasma concentrations increase with placental growth and are significantly correlated with placental weight, and placentas contain 4-8 micrograms progesterone g-1. There was no evidence that progesterone concentrations fall before parturition. Limited observations indicated that peripheral progesterone concentrations follow similar patterns in P. scapulatus.

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Banack, Sandra Anne. "DIET SELECTION AND RESOURCE USE BY FLYING FOXES (GENUSPTEROPUS)." Ecology 79, no. 6 (September 1998): 1949–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(1998)079[1949:dsarub]2.0.co;2.

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Chua, Kaw Bing, Chong Lek Koh, Poh Sim Hooi, Kong Fatt Wee, Jenn Hui Khong, Beng Hooi Chua, Yee Peng Chan, Mou Eng Lim, and Sai Kit Lam. "Isolation of Nipah virus from Malaysian Island flying-foxes." Microbes and Infection 4, no. 2 (February 2002): 145–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1286-4579(01)01522-2.

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Breed, Andrew C., Hume E. Field, Jonathan H. Epstein, and Peter Daszak. "Emerging henipaviruses and flying foxes – Conservation and management perspectives." Biological Conservation 131, no. 2 (August 2006): 211–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2006.04.007.

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