Relevant bibliographies by topics / Flying foxes

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Flying foxes'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 21 February 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Flying foxes"

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Parry-Jones, Kerryn, Koa Narelle Webster, and Anja Divljan. "Baseline levels of faecal glucocorticoid metabolites and indications of chronic stress in the vulnerable grey-headed flying-fox, Pteropus poliocephalus." Australian Mammalogy 38, no. 2 (2016): 195. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am15030.

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The physiological stress hormone levels and physical condition of captured urban flying-foxes experiencing a food shortage were compared with those of free-living rural flying-foxes with access to supplementary food. Glucocorticoid hormone levels were determined by measuring glucocorticoid metabolites (GCMs) from the faeces of individual animals. The rural flying-foxes were in good condition with high Body Condition Indexes (BCIs) and low levels of GCMs, the range of which may be considered the baseline for this species. In comparison, urban flying-foxes had lower BCIs and elevated levels of GCMs: 75% had levels that were higher than the rural range and 30% were higher by an order of magnitude. Such elevated levels of glucocorticoid (‘stress’) hormones are characteristic of chronic stress. While urbanisation can cause chronic stress, given the low BCIs observed, it is more likely that food shortage was the major stressor in this study. While the rural male and female flying-foxes showed no significant differences in either their levels of faecal glucocorticoid metabolites or their BCIs, significantly different results were found between male and female urban flying-foxes: males were in relatively better condition than females but had higher levels of faecal glucocorticoid metabolites. The autumn and winter reproductive constraints on food-restricted flying-foxes probably explain the differences observed. Additional droppings collected under the urban colony gave similar results to those collected from captured flying-foxes at the same location, and could be a useful non-invasive method for determining the levels of physiological stress in flying-fox colonies.
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Smith, Helen M., Linda E. Neaves, and Anja Divljan. "Predation on cicadas by an Australian Flying-fox Pteropus poliocephalus based on DNA evidence." Australian Zoologist 40, no. 4 (January 2020): 515–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.7882/az.2018.029.

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Historically, reports of insectivory in family Pteropodidae have largely been anecdotal and thought to be an incidental corollary of flying-foxes feeding on plant products. More recent direct observations of flying-foxes catching and consuming insects, as well as advances in techniques that increase our ability to detect dietary items, suggest that this behaviour may be deliberate and more common than previously thought. Usually, multiple insects are consumed, but it appears that flying-foxes hunt and eat them one at a time. However, we have collected and photographed oral ejecta pellets under trees with high flying-fox activity, some containing evidence of multiple masticated insects. Further genetic analysis proved that these pellets came from Grey-headed Flying-foxes Pteropus poliocephalus. We propose that flying-foxes use an array of insect feeding strategies, most likely in response to variation in insect abundance and activity, as well as abiotic factors such as light and temperature.
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Pulscher, Laura A., Ellen S. Dierenfeld, Justin A. Welbergen, Karrie A. Rose, and David N. Phalen. "A comparison of nutritional value of native and alien food plants for a critically endangered island flying-fox." PLOS ONE 16, no. 5 (May 19, 2021): e0250857. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250857.

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Habitat loss and alteration are two of the biggest threats facing insular flying-foxes. Altered habitats are often re-vegetated with introduced or domestic plant species on which flying-foxes may forage. However, these alien food plants may not meet the nutritional requirements of flying-foxes. The critically endangered Christmas Island flying-fox (CIFF; Pteropus natalis) is subject to habitat alteration and the introduction of alien food plants, and therefore is a good model species to evaluate the potential impact of alien plant species on insular flying-foxes. In this study, we evaluated nutritional content of native food plants to determine how flying-foxes historically met their nutritional requirements. Furthermore, we compared the nutritional content of native and alien fruits to predict possible impacts of alien plants on insular flying-foxes. Native and alien fruits and flowers, and native foliage (leaves, petals, and petioles) commonly consumed by the CIFF were collected and evaluated for soluble sugars, crude protein, non-fiber carbohydrates, and nine minerals. Evaluation of native food plants suggests that flying-foxes meet energy requirements by consuming fruit and nectar. However, fruit and nectar are low in protein and essential minerals required for demanding life periods; therefore, flying-foxes likely supplement their diets with pollen and foliage. Thus, flying-foxes require a diverse array of plants to meet their nutritional requirements. Compared to native fruits, alien fruits contained significantly higher non-fiber carbohydrates, and this may provide an important energy source, particularly from species that bear fruit year-round. Median mineral concentrations in alien fruit species, however, were deficient compared to native fruits, suggesting major (or even seasonal) shifts in the proportion of alien species in the CIFF diet could lead to nutritional imbalances. This study confirms the need to quantify nutritional parameters in addition to feeding ecology when evaluating habitat quality to inform conservation actions that can be applied both locally and globally.
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Fahrenkamp-Uppenbrink, Julia. "Flying foxes in peril." Science 355, no. 6332 (March 30, 2017): 1386.17–1388. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.355.6332.1386-q.

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Mo, Matthew, Mike Roache, Rebecca Williams, Ian N. Drinnan, and Beth Noël. "From cleared buffers to camp dispersal: mitigating impacts of the Kareela flying-fox camp on adjacent residents and schools." Australian Zoologist 41, no. 1 (January 2020): 19–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.7882/az.2020.002.

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The management of the Kareela flying-fox camp in southern Sydney, New South Wales, is a case study of the challenges faced by local councils trying to mitigate negative impacts from flying-foxes on their communities. When flying-foxes were discovered roosting in Kareela in February 2008, local residents and schools complained to the public land manager, Sutherland Shire Council. Concerns were mainly about the impacts of flying-fox faeces, noise and odour, and fear of disease. Initially, branches overhanging affected properties were removed to mitigate the issue. Ongoing impacts prompted council to clear vegetation from the fringes of the camp, creating a buffer area. These buffers provided physical separation but reportedly caused noise impacts to intensify during peak influxes of flying-foxes when animals appeared to be unsettled from being concentrated into a smaller area of roosting habitat. Camp dispersal was advocated by some stakeholders seeking swift resolution. Others rejected the idea, considering the high cost and poor success rate of camp dispersal attempts elsewhere. Subsequently, several key stakeholders including direct neighbours of the camp renounced their support for camp dispersal. Council proceeded with camp dispersal, which only achieved a temporary absence of flying-foxes from Kareela. During this time, a new flying-fox camp formed 3.5 km away. Flying-foxes subsequently returned to the Kareela camp 15 months after the initial dispersal. This case study demonstrates the many interacting factors involved in managing flying-fox camps that have impacts on human settlements. Moreover, the Kareela case study adds to the list of flying-fox dispersal attempts in eastern Australia that have been ineffective in permanently removing flying-foxes from a camp. The case study also highlights the importance of understanding the social and political context of flying-fox camp management, in addition to flying-fox ecology.
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Mohd-Azlan, Jayasilan, Sally Soo Kaicheen, and Lisa Lok. "The Distribution and Community’s Perception of Flying Fox, Pteropus vampyrus in Limbang, a Transboundary Area in Sarawak." Tropical Life Sciences Research 33, no. 3 (September 30, 2022): 195–225. http://dx.doi.org/10.21315/tlsr2022.33.3.11.

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Flying foxes are threatened throughout their geographic range, and there are large gaps in the understanding of their landscape-scale habitat use. This study identified potential habitats in Limbang, Sarawak and informed potential distribution based on dispersal and interview surveys. Here, biological surveys were combined with interviews of local communities in Limbang Mangrove National Park (LMNP), Sarawak to illustrate distribution and the communities' perception on the protected flying fox (Pteropus vampyrus). Mangrove forest areas were surveyed for for the presence of flying foxes and villagers were interviewed regarding the use by flying foxes of agricultural areas and instances of conflict. Boat and questionnaire surveys were conducted for nine days from 18 to 27 February 2021. The surveys did not record any flying fox roosting sites within the national park and was instead observed to fly from Menunggul Island, Brunei into the national park in the evenings and back to Brunei in the mornings. A total of 27 flying foxes were recorded during the boat survey. Flying foxes were detected from 8/154 survey points and their spatial distribution appeared to be concentrated along Sungai Limpaku Pinang. Most respondents were aware of the species while some have directly observed them in fruit orchards, mangroves, rivers and mixed dipterocarp forests. Eleven perception-based questions were presented, and results showed that locality and income were the most influential parameters exhibiting conservation awareness through Boosted Regression Trees (BRT) analysis. Most respondents believe that flying foxes can uplift the local economy through ecotourism opportunities. However, these findings need to be carefully interpreted as the species has a large home range. Hence, long-term monitoring should be established to generate a larger dataset for stronger analysis to better represent the distribution and occurrence of this species in LMNP.
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Bräutigam, Amie, and Thomas Elmqvist. "Conserving Pacific Island flying foxes." Oryx 24, no. 2 (April 1990): 81–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605300034724.

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Pacific Islanders, conservationists, and bat biologists are applauding the recent decision of the Parties to the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) to increase protection of flying foxes, or fruit bats, of the genera Acerodon and Pteropus from the adverse effects of international trade into US jurisdictions in the Pacific. This decision culminates efforts dating as far back as 1981 to control international trade in these species, which has decimated populations on many islands. It poses a challenge to US government authorities to institute wildlife trade controls in the Pacific and to Pacific Island governments, many of which are not yet CITES members, to develop effective measures to control exports of these and other species.
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Schmelitschek, Emily, Kristine French, and Kerryn Parry-Jones. "Fruit availability and utilisation by grey-headed flying foxes (Pteropodidae: Pteropus poliocephalus) in a human-modified environment on the south coast of New South Wales, Australia." Wildlife Research 36, no. 7 (2009): 592. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr08169.

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Context. Extensive clearing and modification of habitat is likely to change many facets of the environment including climate and regional food resources. Such changes may result in changes in behaviour in highly mobile fauna, such as flying foxes. Aims.The availability of fruit resources was examined to determine whether grey-headed flying foxes (Pteropus poliocephalus) have feeding preferences related to habitat or dietary items, and whether human usage of the land around the colony site has affected the resources available. Methods. Fruit availability around a colony was monitored from December 2004 to March 2005. Night surveys and faecal analyses were undertaken to determine the distribution of feeding locations, the food species used and the food items consumed by P. poliocephalus. Key results.The amount of food available per hectare in each habitat was similar. However, we found differences in the composition of food trees and the distribution of food resources within each habitat. Ficus species were a major resource with flying foxes observed feeding in figs during every survey and figs identified in droppings over the whole period. Human-modified habitats were used throughout the study period with flying foxes observed in small patches of vegetation and in individual trees without any nearby vegetation. Conclusions. The need for maintaining vegetation, particularly Ficus species, in all areas where flying foxes are found, especially in human-modified habitats and rainforest remnants, is highlighted as this vegetation is of great importance to flying foxes. Other wildlife, such as birds and possums, may also benefit from the maintenance of this vegetation. Implications. Through management of urban resources there is the potential to prevent future conflict situations arising between humans and wildlife, such as can be seen when flying fox colonies are in close proximity to houses.
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Mo, Matthew, Mike Roache, Deb Lenson, Heidi Thomson, Mitchell Jarvis, Natalie Foster, Angie Radford, Lorraine Oliver, Damon L. Oliver, and Joss Bentley. "Congregations of a threatened species: mitigating impacts from Grey-headed Flying-fox Pteropus poliocephalus camps on the Batemans Bay community." Australian Zoologist 41, no. 1 (January 2020): 124–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.7882/az.2020.021.

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Flying-fox camps in urban areas are a contentious wildlife management issue. Since 2012, Grey-headed Flying-foxes Pteropus poliocephalus have regularly occupied two camps in Batemans Bay, New South Wales (NSW). At one site, the Water Gardens, impacts on adjacent residents and businesses occur when animals roost near the reserve boundaries. During March–July 2016, a large influx of flying-foxes arrived, causing the camps to spread into neighbouring residential, recreational and industrial areas. Prior to this, impacts had been mitigated through vegetation clearing to create buffer zones and residential subsidies for mitigation equipment and services. The influx warranted additional measures such as a dispersal program and further vegetation removal, which were expedited by the Commonwealth Government granting a National Interest Exemption under section 158 of the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 and the NSW Government committing $2.5 million in funding towards the new measures. These measures moved flying-foxes from key conflict areas but also coincided with flying-fox numbers reducing as local blossom diminished. Ongoing community engagement played an important role in building community resilience to live with this threatened species, which is vital considering that Batemans Bay will likely continue to be an important area for flying-foxes.
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Peel, Alison J., Claude Kwe Yinda, Edward J. Annand, Adrienne S. Dale, Peggy Eby, John-Sebastian Eden, Devin N. Jones, et al. "Novel Hendra Virus Variant Circulating in Black Flying Foxes and Grey-Headed Flying Foxes, Australia." Emerging Infectious Diseases 28, no. 5 (May 2022): 1043–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2805.212338.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Flying foxes"

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Long, Emma. "The feeding ecology of Pteropus rufus in a remnant gallery forest surrounded by sisal plantations in south-east Madagascar." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2002. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=231933.

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Pteropus rufus, Madagascar's largest endemic fruit bat, is widely distributed but declining in number due to habitat loss and over-hunting. The roost of Berenty, located in a 250 ha remnant of gallery forest surrounded by 30,000 ha of sisal plantations and patches of endemic spiny forest, is the largest in southeastern Madagascar and is an important historical breeding site for this species. Compared with conspecifics elsewhere in Madagascar the diet of P. rufus at Berenty is narrow, containing only 17 plant species. Seven gallery forest and four cultivated species are consistently utilised by the bats, but no endemic spiny forest species were identified in their diet. Pollen of Agave sisalana, present in 84% of faecal samples, contains 36% protein, the main digestive extraction of which was high (73%). Native fruits provide more protein that cultivars, but the latter have significantly higher concentrations of soluble carbohydrates. P. rufus has high mean buccal extraction for nitrogen (73%); carbohydrates (86%); condensed tannins (46%) and phenolics (24%). However, contrary to expectation condensed tannin extraction had no significant effect on nitrogen extraction. P. rufus swallows more viable than non-viable Ficus seeds. In 92% and 58% of germination trials, bat-passed seeds had the highest percentage germination and fastest rate of germination, respectively, compared with seeds from ripe fruits, ejecta pellets or faeces of other frugivores. A minimum foraging range of 17 km was established. The role of P. rufus in pollination is inferred from the presence of pollen on the head and thorax of bats and in their faeces. P. rufus is therefore, an important seed disperser and potentially important pollinator. However, at Berenty its' heavy reliance on the introduced cultivator A. sisalana, unique among the Pteropodidae, suggests that without this resource the remaining gallery forest could not support such a large colony of P. rufus.
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Birt, Patrina. "Mutualistic interactions between the nectar-feeding little red flying-fox Pteropus scapulatus (Chiroptera : Pteropodidae) and flowering eucalypts (Myrtaceae) : habitat utilisation and pollination /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2004. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe19062.pdf.

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Wahl, Douglas E., and n/a. "The management of flying foxes (Pteropus spp.) in New South Wales." University of Canberra. Resource, Environmental & Heritage Sciences, 1994. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20061113.152804.

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Throughout their world distribution, fruit bats (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae) play an extremely important role in forest ecology through seed dispersal and pollination. However, the recognition of their role in maintaining forest ecological diversity has been largely overshadowed by the fact that fruit bats are known to cause damage to a wide variety of cultivated fruits and, as a result, significant effort is undertaken to control fruit bat numbers in areas where crop damage frequently occurs. In Australia, fruit bats of the genus Pteropus (or flying foxes) are well known for their role in destroying valuable fruit crops, particularly along the east coast from Cairns to Sydney. Historical evidence suggests that flying foxes have been culled as an orchard pest in large numbers for the past 80 years. Uncontrolled culling both on-farm and in roosts coupled with extensive habitat destruction in the past century, has resulted in noticeable declines both in flying fox distribution and local population numbers. In New South Wales, flying foxes have been 'protected' under the National Parks and Wildlife Act (1974) since 1986. From that time, fruitgrowers have been required to obtain a licence (referred to as an occupier's licence) from the National Parks and Wildlife Service (NPWS) to cull flying foxes causing damage to fruit crops. However, despite the 'protected' status of the species, flying foxes continue to be culled in large numbers as an orchard pest. An examination of the management of flying foxes in NSW, has shown that, between 1986-1992, fifteen NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service Districts issued a combined total of 616 occupier's licences to shoot flying foxes with an total allocation of over 240,000 animals. In addition, most flying foxes are culled when the female is carrying her young under wing or when the young remain in the camp but continue to be dependent on her return for survival. Further evidence on the extent of culling includes a widely distributed fruitgrower survey with responses indicating that as few as 50% of the fruitgrowers shooting flying foxes in NSW obtain the required licence from the National Parks and Wildlife Service. While the NPWS has undertaken research into the role of flying foxes in seed dispersal and pollination, management effort largely continues to focus on resolving conflicts between fruitgrowers and flying foxes primarily by issuing culling permits to fruitgrowers. At present, there is no NPWS policy on the management of flying foxes in NSW to guide the administration of the permit system. As a result, the process of issuing permits for flying foxes is largely inconsistent between NPWS Districts. The absence of comprehensive goals and objectives for the management of flying foxes has resulted in the current situation where large numbers of flying foxes are being culled both legally and illegally in the absence of any data on the impacts of unknown culling levels on local flying fox populations. The NPWS has a statutory obligation to manage flying foxes consistent with the 'protected' status of the species in NSW and several well known principles of wildlife management. However, current management of flying foxes in indicates that the Service may be in violation of the requirement to 'protect' and 'conserve' flying foxes as required under the National Parks and Wildlife Act (1974). This study recommends that licences issued to fruitgrowers to cull flying foxes be discontinued immediately and that adequate enforcement be engaged to reduce illegal shooting. This action should continue until such time that research on flying fox populations is able to demonstrate that the culling of flying foxes will not lead populations into decline. Furthermore, management effort should focus on the development of alternative strategies to reduce crop damage by flying foxes and provide incentives for growers to utilize existing control strategies such as netting.
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Hamilton, Steven G. "Melanesian Island Pteropodidae (Chiroptera) community niche partitioning conveyed in hair and tounge ecomorphology /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2004. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe18340.pdf.

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Krauth, Alinta. "More-than-human creative practice: Approaches to making interactive and digital art as enrichment for wild flying foxes and domesticated dogs." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2022. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/235060/1/Alinta_Krauth_Thesis.pdf.

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This thesis explores animal enrichment as a potential basis for interactive and digital art made for use between humans and other species, focusing on domestic dogs and wild flying foxes in rehabilitation care. Its methods are practice-based and incorporate creative practice and animal-computer interaction design. Its findings look towards the future of interactive art and aesthetics as ethical actions of care and enrichment towards other species.
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Martín, Muñoz de Cote Gerardo Antonio. "Modelling transmission of Hendra virus from flying foxes to horses." Thesis, 2017. https://researchonline.jcu.edu.au/51045/1/51045-martin-munoz-de-cote-2017-thesis.pdf.

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Diseases that originate in wildlife and spillover to humans and domestic animals are of increasing public health concern. Of the wildlife groups in which emergent diseases originate, bats (Mammalia: Chyroptera) are a common source of some of the most virulent organisms: Ebola and Marburgh viruses, SARS Coronavirus and Nipah and Hendra viruses. Of these, Hendra virus (HeV, Paramyxoviridae: Henipavirus) is the only one that has not caused an epidemic outbreak a.er it spills over to horses and thence to humans. However, its geographic location in Australia represents an unparalleled opportunity to study spillover dynamics of emerging viruses, given the research capacity and human resources immediately available. .e importance of understanding spillover dynamics lies in the potential ability of reducing the risk of epidemics by decreasing the frequency of spillover. Since emergence HeV has spilled over to horses on 55 occasions along a 1500 km coastal stripe in eastern Australia, from northern Queensland to central New South Wales, with mortality rates in infected horses and humans close to 50-75%. In this study I used a series of modelling techniques to address basic questions of HeV epidemiology and ecology: What are the essential components of the spillover system? How is HeV transmitted from bats to horses? Which reservoir host species are more likely involved in spillover? What are the potential avenues to predict spillover occurrence? How does the spillover host affect spillover risk? How can we mitigate risk of HeV spillover? To identify the components of the HeV spillover system I participated in a workshop with the National HeV Research Program investigators. We discussed the available evidence and theory regarding spillover and published a conceptual model that is included here as Chapter 2. .e conceptual model consists of an explicit representation of the factors that have to be present for spillover to occur. Then, to find out how HeV is transmitted, I used unpublished experimental data on HeV survival at different temperatures in the laboratory (Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Paul Selleck), to generate a HeV survival model in the form of an ordinary differential equation. I used the model to test if survival could predict spillover in space (Chapter 3). .e poor predictive capacity of the HeV survival model suggested that transmission to horses could be direct. However, given that I could not completely rule out indirect transmission I quantified HeV decay in the microclimates it experiences once excreted in paddocks. With the simulations and analyses I found that HeV survival is lower on the ground than at ambient air temperatures, and that ground vegetation and tree shade increase survival. In addition, given that desiccation occurs in most circumstances and further decreases survival, HeV can seldom be indirectly transmitted (Chapter 4). At the time this project began in late 2012 it was not clear which of the four flying fox species were more important for spillover. To identify the most likely reservoir hosts I used the concept of ecological niche to see if spillover occurred where prevailing climatic conditions are preferred by a specific flying fox species. Using these methods I identified P. alecto and P. conspicillatus as the most important reservoir hosts explaining spillover, and therefore most likely to transmit HeV to horses (Chapter 5). Using similar methods I identified climatic correlates of the spatio-temporal pattern of spillover, and produced spillover risk maps in response to climate change. In Chapter 6 I modelled the spatio-temporal risk pattern and found that the most likely climatic factors involved are the seasonal amplitudes of minimum temperature and rainfall. Finally, I modelled HeV risk in response to the climatic suitability for P. alecto and P. conspicillatus (Chapter 7). With these models I found that the horse population at risk will increase by up to 165,000 by 2050, given the number of horses in 2007. In addition I predicted a reservoir host replacement in the northern limits of the HeV spillover distribution. In my last results Chapter (8) I studied how horses affect spillover risk by modelling the effects of paddock structure on horse behaviour. To do this I deployed GPS trackers in horses and found that when horses are kept in small areas such as paddocks their movements tend to be random. This indicates that beyond the tree coverage of the paddock the effect of its structure on risk of contact with HeV is minimal. The last Chapter of this thesis is a general discussion and conclusions, in which I present a series of mitigation strategies and recommendations and guidelines for future research. Among research recommendations and guidelines I included a simulation framework that can be extended to improve HeV risk prediction (Chapter 9).
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Wu, Hui-Wen, and 吳慧雯. "Preliminary Ecological Study on the Formosan Flying Foxes (Pteropus dasymallus formosus)." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/15578141419826597030.

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碩士
臺灣大學
森林環境暨資源學研究所
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This study uses literature review, interviews of local residents, field observation, radio tracking and rejecta collection to form a preliminary ecological understanding of the Formosan flying fox (Pteropus dasymallus formosus) that can provide a foundation for further research and reference for conservation planning. The Formosan flying fox was first described as a new species in 1873 by the British scholar Sclater, and was re-classified to one of five subspecies of the Ryukyu flying fox (Pteropus dasymallus) by Nagamichi Kuroda in 1933. At the past, Formosan flying foxes established a stable population on Green Island, although early historical research information is limited to mainly the Japanese colonial period (1895-1949). From 1976-1986, overhunting and habitat destruction severely threatened the Formosan flying fox population, and in 1989 it was officially listed as a protected endangered species by the Wildlife Conservation Law. Since 2006, scattered individuals of flying foxes have been reported in eastern Taiwan, including re-observation of wild individuals on Green Island and discovery of a permanent population on Turtle Island. The literature review and interviews by this study indicate that the main range of the Formosan flying fox in the past was located on Green Island, with sporadic sightings in eastern Taiwan. Currently, the Formosan flying fox is only distributed on Green Island and Turtle Island. Literature review and field observations reveal that the bat’s diet consists mainly of fruits from the species of Ficus that are found on the island, but during times of food scarcity, it will feed on other types of food resources. It is most active before sunrise and after sunset. The bats do not form into significantly large groups, but there are occasional interactions between individuals. Mating occurs in the fall and offspring are usually borne in the following spring, around April. The bats prefer day roosts that are located in natural forests on steep slopes near water sources. During the four-month radio-telemetry portion of this study, day roost range of monitored bats did not exceed 1 km2. In order to ensure that stable populations of Formosan flying fox are established on Turtle Island and Green Island, this study recommends prioritization for the conservation of the bats’ preferred forested ravine habitat, establishment of Turtle Island as a “major wildlife habitats” and continuation of long-term monitoring of the existing populations on Turtle Island and Green Island.
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Kaminski, Sascha. "The challenges for more effective management of flying foxes in Australia." Thesis, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/147198.

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Parsons, Jennifer G. "Studying mobile species in spatially complex ecosystems: Australian flying-foxes as a case study." Thesis, 2011. https://researchonline.jcu.edu.au/21872/1/01_front.pdf.

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The high degree of environmental heterogeneity present in Australia has resulted in species possessing specific traits that ensure their survival, one such trait is a high degree of mobility. Some species will migrate or travel long distances in order to track seasonally available resources. This makes the monitoring of mobile species difficult and as climate change continues to affect the timing and availability of these resources, understanding the response of these species is more important than ever. Here I use flying-foxes (Pteropus spp.) as a study group as they are highly mobile, the influence of climate change on their distribution is yet to be investigated, they have complex management issues and they are widely distributed across coastal Australia. I identify methods of monitoring highly mobile flying-foxes on a variety of spatial and temporal scales. I then apply the ecological information collected to a specific management issue: bat strikes in the aviation industry. I develop a new method of monitoring flying-foxes at camps that are difficult to access: aerial photography. This technique produces results comparable to traditional census methods, and the remote capture allows access to information on camps that were impossible to access before. My results from North Queensland show that camp use is highly variable and that patterns shown at a regional level are not necessarily reflected at all camps. This technique can be applied across large areas and could be the key to a national monitoring strategy for Australian flying-foxes. I then develop climate models for all four Australian mainland flying-foxes on a national scale and find that parameters associated with precipitation are the single most important climatic factor contributing to flying-fox camp location. This could be due to the importance of precipitation for the fruiting and flowering phenology of flying-fox food trees. When modeling the changes in climatic space for these four species with global climate data from 2030, 2050 and 2070. I find that three species (Pteropus alecto, P. conspicillatus and P. scapulatus) should experience an increase in mean area and abundance at each time slice and that one species shows a decrease (P. poliocephalus). With variable future projections for precipitation in future global climate models and the absence of finer scale data, this should be interpreted with caution. Changes in distribution have been identified for all four species already and a camp has been located that now contains all four species, when previously only two were known to co-roost at this location. The climate at this location is suitable for the two newly recorded species but marginally so for one (P. conspicillatus). Evidence suggests that P. poliocephalus has historically occurred at this location but that P. conspicillatus has more recently occurred in this region, possibly as a result of climate change. To explore the ecological factors influencing behaviour at a local scale, emergence timing at a flying-fox camp in tropical North Queensland was investigated. This also allowed me to determine if the factors influencing emergence timing in the tropics differed from other areas. I found that a linear relationship with the time of civil twilight explains most of the variation in emergence time, but that significant effects of weather, month and year also exist. Many of these factors also related to light levels, with cloud cover and heavy rainfall, delaying emergence. There was also a possible influence from increased anthropogenic lighting over the seven years of the study as I found that yearly variation in emergence time is correlated with increased activity from a nearby port, possibly reflecting increased light pollution. On a monthly basis, emergence timing was influenced by seasonal variation in roost occupancy, suggesting that foraging competition may also influence this behaviour. At a finer scale again, I investigated roost tree usage within camps and found high variability on a variety of time scales with seasonal changes in abundance overlain on highly variable day-to-day patterns of roost use. To apply this information to a current management problem, I next investigate flying-fox movements and strikes at a local airport and on a national scale. To identify movement patterns at an airport, I develop motion-detecting infra-red camera technology to detect nocturnal wildlife movements. I found that flying-foxes dominate the nocturnal wildlife activity at this airport and that there are seasonal peaks of activity in the periods preceding and following the wet season. These peaks of activity correspond with flowering peaks of food trees in the region and a nightly peak of activity after sunset corresponded with the emergence time of flying-foxes in the region. Flying-foxes and birds had opposing directional movements with flying-foxes moving toward the urban centre in the evening whilst diurnally active birds were leaving the area. The pattern reversed in the morning when flying-foxes returned to the camp. This can be explained by the different activity patterns of these groups with both going to forage at different times. Infra-red cameras can provide an efficient and inexpensive monitoring tool for aviation managers and the similarity of local studies to national patterns provides evidence that nocturnal monitoring of wildlife can provide an excellent mitigation strategy. Data on a national scale showed that flying-fox strikes are increasing, are greatest in tropical regions, and are more likely during early evening and while an aircraft is landing rather than departing. These studies show that movements and patterns of aircraft strike differ for flying-foxes and birds and highlight the importance of taxon-specific studies. I have shown that good baseline ecological data from a variety of spatial and temporal scales can provide important information for the management of flying-foxes at a local airport. I have also provided an overview of many monitoring methods that can be translated to other regions and to other highly mobile species.
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Vardon, Michael Jonathan. "The biology of the black flying-fox Pteropus Alecto in monsoonal Australia." Phd thesis, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/147978.

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Books on the topic "Flying foxes"

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Flying foxes are not foxes! New York, NY: Gareth Stevens Publishing, 2015.

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Foley, Louise Munro. Australia: Find the flying foxes! New York: McGraw-Hill, 1988.

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Reda, Sheryl A. Flying foxes and other bats. Chicago: World Book, Inc., 2006.

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The spell of the flying foxes. New Delhi: Penguin Books India, 2011.

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Flying fox bats. Edina, Minn: Abdo & Daughters, 1996.

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Flying fox bats. Edina, Minn: ABDO Pub., 2011.

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Hall, Leslie. Flying foxes: Fruit and blossom bats of Australia. Malabar, Fla: Krieger Pub. Co., 2000.

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It's a baby flying fox! Edina, Minn: ABDO, 2010.

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Powlesland, Ralph. The status of birds, peka, and rodents on Niue: Status report, 1994-1995. Apia, Samoa: South Pacific Regional Environment Programme, 1998.

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Giannini, Norberto P. On the cranial osteology of Chiroptera. New York, NY: American Museum of Natural History, 2006.

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Book chapters on the topic "Flying foxes"

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George, Helen. "Grey-headed Flying Foxes." In Care and Handling of Australian Native Animals, 159–70. P.O. Box 20, Mosman NSW 2088, Australia: Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.7882/rzsnsw.1990.016.

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Lunney, Daniel, Adele Reid, and Alison Matthews. "Community perceptions of flying-foxes in New South Wales." In Managing the Grey-headed Flying-fox, 160–75. P.O. Box 20, Mosman NSW 2088, Australia: Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.7882/fs.2002.050.

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Law, Brad, Peggy Eby, and Doug Somerville. "Tree-planting to conserve flying-foxes and reduce orchard damage." In Managing the Grey-headed Flying-fox, 84–90. P.O. Box 20, Mosman NSW 2088, Australia: Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.7882/fs.2002.041.

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Hughes, Julie. "Survival, inquiry and sophistication in managing Grey-headed Flying-foxes." In Managing the Grey-headed Flying-fox, 142–45. P.O. Box 20, Mosman NSW 2088, Australia: Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.7882/fs.2002.048.

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Burgin, Shelley. "First Plenary Debate: fruit and flying-foxes in the 21st century." In Managing the Grey-headed Flying-fox, 117–21. P.O. Box 20, Mosman NSW 2088, Australia: Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.7882/fs.2002.044.

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Bower, Col. "Management issues in minimisation of damage by flying-foxes to horticultural crops." In Managing the Grey-headed Flying-fox, 77–79. P.O. Box 20, Mosman NSW 2088, Australia: Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.7882/fs.2002.039.

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Ford, Denise. "An historical perspective of changing community attitudes towards Flying-foxes in Sydney." In Managing the Grey-headed Flying-fox, 146–59. P.O. Box 20, Mosman NSW 2088, Australia: Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.7882/fs.2002.049.

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Maclean, Jenny. "Note: The ‘Devil's rope’: flying-foxes in barbed wire fences." In The Biology and Conservation of Australasian Bats, 421–23. P.O. Box 20, Mosman NSW 2088, Australia: Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.7882/fs.2011.042.

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Waples, Kelly. "Review of the NPWS policy on the mitigation of commercial crop damage by flying-foxes." In Managing the Grey-headed Flying-fox, 39–46. P.O. Box 20, Mosman NSW 2088, Australia: Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.7882/fs.2002.032.

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Holmes, Tim, and Craig Walker. "Pteropus, pestilence and politics - managing flying-foxes in an inane environment." In The Biology and Conservation of Australasian Bats, 357–60. P.O. Box 20, Mosman NSW 2088, Australia: Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.7882/fs.2011.036.

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Conference papers on the topic "Flying foxes"

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Basri, Chaerul, Etih Sudarnika, Abdul Zahid, Srihadi Agung Priyono, Retno D. Soejoedono, Eko M. Z. Arifin, Heru Susetya, et al. "The Potential Risk of Viral Transmission Among Flying Foxes, Domestic Animals, and Humans in Southern Coast of West Java, Indonesia." In 1st International Conference in One Health (ICOH 2017). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icoh-17.2018.26.

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