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Journal articles on the topic 'Fly eye'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 25 May 2024

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1

Gaspar, Pedro, Isabel Almudi, Maria D. S. Nunes, and Alistair P. McGregor. "Human eye conditions: insights from the fly eye." Human Genetics 138, no. 8-9 (November 1, 2018): 973–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00439-018-1948-2.

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2

Tai, Yuha, and Tomoyuki Miyamoto. "Experimental Characterization of High Tolerance to Beam Irradiation Conditions of Light Beam Power Receiving Module for Optical Wireless Power Transmission Equipped with a Fly-Eye Lens System." Energies 15, no. 19 (October 8, 2022): 7388. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15197388.

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This paper is an experimental characterization of a light-receiving module containing a fly-eye lens system with high tolerance to beam irradiation conditions. The fly-eye lens system, which is tolerant to fluctuations in beam shape, beam size, number of beams, beam incident position, and beam incident direction, was proposed, a light receiver module with a fly-eye lens system was constructed, and its characteristics were evaluated. The effect of the beam size on the fly-eye lens system was evaluated and the tolerance to misalignment of beam incident position was measured. When a GaAs solar cell was irradiated with a laser beam of 450 nm wavelength and 6 W light output through a 90 cm long water tank with tap water, a maximum output of 0.755 W was obtained as underwater OWPT. In addition, a fly-eye lens system with mirrors applied to four surfaces was proposed and fabricated as a light-receiving side module that can receive high incident angles from any direction of up, down, left, and right and its effectiveness was clarified through experiments.

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3

Walther, Rhian F., and Franck Pichaud. "Some assembly required: building the fly eye for motion detection and colour discrimination." Biochemist 42, no. 5 (October 15, 2020): 58–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bio20200066.

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Among the many eyes that have evolved on Earth, the insect compound eye is the most abundant. Its crystal-like lattice structure is a feat of engineering that has evolved over millions of years, and is exquisitely adapted to detect moving objects and discriminate colours. This enables many behaviours, including foraging for food, finding a mate and avoiding predators. Our understanding of how the compound eye is built and works has been greatly expanded by studying the humble fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster. The simple outward appearance of the fly eye belies a host of sophisticated features. Through the precise arrangement of photosensitive cells in the retina and their connections to the brain, the fly eye packs an astonishing amount of hardware into a very tiny volume. In this primer, we introduce the molecular pathways that underpin the building and inner workings of the fly eye.

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4

Davies, Kevin. "In the eye of the fly." Nature 354, no. 6352 (December 1991): 356. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/354356b0.

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5

Finlay, R. D. "Preventable eye injuries while fly fishing." Eye 28, no. 6 (March 14, 2014): 775. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/eye.2014.57.

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6

Singh, Amit. "Eye development at the Houston "Fly Meeting"." International Journal of Developmental Biology 50, no. 8 (2006): 659–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1387/ijdb.062186as.

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7

Chen, Rui, and Graeme Mardon. "Keeping an eye on the fly genome." Developmental Biology 282, no. 2 (June 2005): 285–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.04.015.

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8

Kumar, Justin P. "The fly eye: Through the looking glass." Developmental Dynamics 247, no. 1 (October 23, 2017): 111–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvdy.24585.

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9

Zhu, Jinjin, Sneha Palliyil, Chen Ran, and Justin P. Kumar. "Drosophila Pax6 promotes development of the entire eye-antennal disc, thereby ensuring proper adult head formation." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 23 (June 5, 2017): 5846–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1610614114.

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Paired box 6 (Pax6) is considered to be the master control gene for eye development in all seeing animals studied so far. In vertebrates, it is required not only for lens/retina formation but also for the development of the CNS, olfactory system, and pancreas. Although Pax6 plays important roles in cell differentiation, proliferation, and patterning during the development of these systems, the underlying mechanism remains poorly understood. In the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, Pax6 also functions in a range of tissues, including the eye and brain. In this report, we describe the function of Pax6 in Drosophila eye-antennal disc development. Previous studies have suggested that the two fly Pax6 genes, eyeless (ey) and twin of eyeless (toy), initiate eye specification, whereas eyegone (eyg) and the Notch (N) pathway independently regulate cell proliferation. Here, we show that Pax6 controls eye progenitor cell survival and proliferation through the activation of teashirt (tsh) and eyg, thereby indicating that Pax6 initiates both eye specification and proliferation. Although simultaneous loss of ey and toy during early eye-antennal disc development disrupts the development of all head structures derived from the eye-antennal disc, overexpression of N or tsh in the absence of Pax6 rescues only antennal and head epidermis development. Furthermore, overexpression of tsh induces a homeotic transformation of the fly head into thoracic structures. Taking these data together, we demonstrate that Pax6 promotes development of the entire eye-antennal disc and that the retinal determination network works to repress alternative tissue fates, which ensures proper development of adult head structures.

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10

Sadananda, Ranjitha C., Reshma Ravindra, and Rashmi G. "Ophthalmomyiasis Externa Presenting As Red Eye." JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES 10, no. 2 (June 15, 2020): 69–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.58739/jcbs/v10i2.2.

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Ophthalmomyiasis is the infestation of the eye with fly larva. It is commonly found in unhygienic areas and poor socioeconomic conditions. Internal Ophthalmomyiasis can be vision threatening leading to blindness, therefore early diagnosis and prompt treatment is required. We present a case of a 21year old male patient who presented with pain, redness and foreign body of left eye. Larva was observed on slit lamp examination. On ex-tracting them and examining, it was found to be Oestrus Ovis. The patient was treated with lubricating drops, mild topical steroid, topical antibiotics and topical betadine drops. The patient responded well to the treatment. Keywords : ophthalmomyiasis, oestrus ovis, sheep nasal botfly

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11

Morris, D. S., P. Desai, and C. J. MacEwen. "Response to ‘Preventable eye injuries while fly fishing’." Eye 28, no. 6 (March 14, 2014): 775–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/eye.2014.58.

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12

Liu Hong, 刘红, 王蔚生 Wang Weisheng, and 郑健 Zheng Jian. "Design of fly-eye lens for laser display." High Power Laser and Particle Beams 26, no. 8 (2014): 89002. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/hplpb20142608.89002.

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13

Parisky, K. M. "THE FLY EYE: A MODEL FOR RETINAL DEGENERATION." Journal of Experimental Biology 215, no. 23 (November 7, 2012): v. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.064469.

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14

Brachmann, Carrie Baker, and Ross L. Cagan. "Patterning the fly eye: the role of apoptosis." Trends in Genetics 19, no. 2 (February 2003): 91–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-9525(02)00041-0.

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15

Sun, Ziqi, Ting Liao, Kesong Liu, Lei Jiang, Jung Ho Kim, and Shi Xue Dou. "Fly-Eye Inspired Superhydrophobic Anti-Fogging Inorganic Nanostructures." Small 10, no. 15 (April 22, 2014): 3001–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/smll.201400516.

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16

Chen, Wenfeng, Wenmiao Zhong, Lingqi Yu, Xiang Lin, Jiayu Xie, and Zhenxing Liu. "A Drosophila Model Reveals the Potential Role for mtt in Retinal Disease." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 2 (January 11, 2024): 899. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms25020899.

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Congenital stationary night blindness (CSNB) is a genetically heterogeneous inherited retinal disorder, caused by over 300 mutations in 17 different genes. While there are numerous fly models available for simulating ocular diseases, most are focused on mimicking retinitis pigmentosa (RP), with animal models specifically addressing CSNB limited to mammals. Here, we present a CSNB fly model associated with the mtt gene, utilizing RNA interference (RNAi) to silence the mtt gene in fly eyes (homologous to the mammalian GRM6 gene) and construct a CSNB model. Through this approach, we observed significant defects in the eye structure and function upon reducing mtt expression in fly eyes. This manifested as disruptions in the compound eye lens structure and reduced sensitivity to light responses. These results suggest a critical role for mtt in the function of fly adult eyes. Interestingly, we found that the mtt gene is not expressed in the photoreceptor neurons of adult flies but is localized to the inner lamina neurons. In summary, these results underscore the crucial involvement of mtt in fly retinal function, providing a framework for understanding the pathogenic mechanisms of CSNB and facilitating research into potential therapeutic interventions.

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17

Green, Edward W., Susanna Campesan, Carlo Breda, Korrapati V. Sathyasaikumar, Paul J. Muchowski, Robert Schwarcz, Charalambos P. Kyriacou, and Flaviano Giorgini. "Drosophila eye color mutants as therapeutic tools for Huntington disease." Fly 6, no. 2 (April 2012): 117–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/fly.19999.

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18

Wilkinson, Gerald S. "Artificial sexual selection alters allometry in the stalk-eyed fly Cyrtodiopsis dalmanni (Diptera: Diopsidae)." Genetical Research 62, no. 3 (December 1993): 213–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s001667230003192x.

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SummarySelection for increased and decreased ratio of eye span to body length was exerted on male stalk-eyed flies (Cyrtodiopsis dalmanni) from Malaysia using replicate selected and unselected lines. Response to selection was symmetrical. After 10 generations high line male eye span increased to 1·3 body lengths while low line male eye span declined to 1·1 body lengths. Realized heritabilities for eye span to body length ratio, estimated using regressions of deviations from unselected controls on cumulative selection differentials, were greater than zero for all four selected lines with average h2 = 0·35 + 0·06. The static linear allometric relationship between eye span and body length diverged between selected lines and rotated among selected line males in the same direction as among males in other sexually dimorphic diopsid species. Crosses between lines after 13 generations of selection indicate that the genes which influence relative eye span combine additively and do not exhibit sex linkage or maternal effects. The genetic correlation between the sexes, 0·29 + 0·05 as estimated by the regression of female on male change in eye span, did not prevent sexual dimorphism in eye span from diverging between lines. These results suggest that the exaggerated eye span of male C. dalmanni is maintained by natural selection opposing sexual selection rather than by lack of or asymmetry in additive genetic variation. Furthermore, the variation in sexual dimorphism for eye span-body length allometry observed among extant diopsid species is consistent with sexual selection of variable intensity acting on relative eye span.

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19

Adamyuk, V. "Insect larvae in the human eye." Kazan medical journal 22, no. 2 (December 24, 2020): 245. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/kazmj52929.

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While in previous years these larvae were found in the human eye, as a rarity, and were almost exclusively observed in tropical countries, recently, according to Cecchini (ref. In Zentr. F. Ophth., 1925), they began to be observed often and in Europe. In all cases, fly larvae lay in large numbers in the conjunctival sac. After removing them, there was a complete cure of the conjunctivitis that existed in patients.

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20

TAKINO, Hideo, Teruki KOBAYASHI, Norio SHIBATA, Masaaki KUKI, Akinori ITOH, and Hideki KOMATSUDA. "224 Fabrication of a Complex Shaped Fly-eye Mirror." Proceedings of The Manufacturing & Machine Tool Conference 2001.3 (2001): 205–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemmt.2001.3.205.

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21

Kakeya, Hideki, Shimpei Sawada, Yukio Ueda, and Tomoya Kurokawa. "Integral volumetric imaging with dual layer fly-eye lenses." Optics Express 20, no. 3 (January 13, 2012): 1963. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.20.001963.

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22

Rosen, Joseph, and David Abookasis. "Seeing through biological tissues using the fly eye principle." Optics Express 11, no. 26 (December 29, 2003): 3605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.11.003605.

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23

Beam, Carolyn K., and Kenneth H. Moberg. "Thegang of fourgene regulates growth and patterning of the developing Drosophila eye." Fly 4, no. 2 (April 15, 2010): 104–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/fly.4.2.11890.

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24

Rössler, Y., and H. Rosenthal. "Genetics of the Mediterranean Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephritidae): Eye Color, Eye Shape, and Wing Mutations." Annals of the Entomological Society of America 81, no. 2 (March 1, 1988): 350–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aesa/81.2.350.

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25

Ribak, Gal, Alison R. Egge, and John G. Swallow. "Saccadic head rotations during walking in the stalk-eyed fly ( Cyrtodiopsis dalmanni )." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 276, no. 1662 (January 20, 2009): 1643–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2008.1721.

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In stalk-eyed flies (Diopsidae), the eyes are positioned at the end of rigid peduncles protruding laterally from the head. Sexual selection for eye span in male Cyrtodiopsis dalmanni results in eye span that exceeds body length and exceeds the eye span of females. We studied whether the twofold higher moment of inertia (MOI) of the male head results in a reduced head rotation velocity during turning. We analysed films of flies performing walking turns and compared the head kinematics between the sexes. The significance of head rotation to turning was evaluated from the turning kinematics of flies with immobilized (glued) heads. Male and female C. dalmanni rotated their heads relative to the surrounding environment 1.55-fold (male) and 1.65-fold (female) faster than the angular velocity of the body by performing rapid head saccades. During the larger turns, flies with immobilized heads were unable to reorient gaze as fast as the control flies. Despite the larger MOI of the head, male C. dalmanni match the head saccade of females suggesting that eye span elongation is coupled by an adaptation of the neck apparatus to rotate the wider head.

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26

Muñoz-Soriano, Verónica, Yaiza Belacortu, Fabrice C. Durupt, Silvia Muñoz-Descalzo, and Nuria Paricio. "Mtlinteracts with members of Egfr signaling and cell adhesion genes in the Drosophila eye." Fly 5, no. 2 (April 2011): 88–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/fly.5.2.15457.

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27

Archie Pollock, John, Bejon T. Maneckshana, and Teresa E. Leonardo. "Three-Dimensional Time-Lapse Digital Movie Analysis of the Developing Fruit Fly Eye in Organ Culture." Microscopy and Microanalysis 3, S2 (August 1997): 1129–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600012538.

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The compound eye of the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, is composed of a highly ordered array of facets (FIG. 1), each containing a precise set of neurons and supporting cells. The eye arises during the third larval instar from an undifferentiated epithelium, the eye imaginai disc, which is connected to the brain via the optic stalk (FIG. 2). During eye development, movement of the morphogenetic furrow, progressive recruitment of specific cell types and the growth of photoreceptor axons into the brain are each dynamic processes that are routinely studied indirectly in fixed tissues. While stereotyped development and the ‘crystalline’ like structure of the eye facilitates this analysis, certain experiments are hindered by the inability to observe developmental processes as they occur. To overcome this limitation, we have combined organ culture with advanced microscopy tools to enable the observation of eye development in living tissue.

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28

Jia Wenwu, 贾文武, 汪岳峰 Wang Yuefeng, 黄峰 Huang Feng, 赵诚 Zhao Cheng, and 侯军燕 Hou Junyan. "Effects of Aberration on Performance of Fly′s Eye Integrator." Laser & Optoelectronics Progress 47, no. 11 (2010): 110801. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/lop47.110801.

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29

Zupančič, Gregor, Andrej Meglič, and Aleš Škorjanc. "The dynamics of light adaptation in Ascalaphus (Libelloides macaronius; Neuroptera)." Acta Biologica Slovenica 50, no. 2 (December 1, 2007): 71–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.14720/abs.50.2.15062.

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The owl-fly or Ascalaphus (Libelloides macaronius; Neuroptera) is an insect with a UV-sensitive superposition eye. Although optical superposition is mainly a feature of dusk/dark active animals, this is a predator living and hunting in bright sunlight. In such conditions the process of light adaptation is believed to be very important, yet it has so far only been partially explored in the owl-fly. Here we present physiological evidence for the migration of the screening pigment, which functions as a light control mechanism. The process of light adaptation was studied optically by dynamic imaging and optical reflection spectroscopy of the eye-glow. We established that the eye-glow is reduced uniformly upon illumination and that its diameter doesn’t get smaller, which is indicative of pigment migration in the primary pigment cells. The change in spectral absorbance of the dorso-frontal eye is very similar to the absorbance spectrum of the primary pigment cell screening pigment. We found that the change in the light screening due to adaptation is rather small – no more than 10 fold for a 10000 fold change in light intensity. We also found that the rate of adaptation is light-sensitive. We propose that a significant part of this light sensitivity is due to indirect heating of the eye and to the very steep temperature dependency of the rate of adaptation between 30 and 35°C.

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30

Brown, P. E., and M. Anderson. "Spectral sensitivity of the compound eye of the cabbage root fly, Delia radicum (Diptera: Anthomyiidae)." Bulletin of Entomological Research 86, no. 4 (August 1996): 337–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485300034908.

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AbstractThe spectral sensitivity of the compound eye of the cabbage root fly, Delia radicum (Linnaeus), was measured using the electroretinogram (ERG) technique, at fifteen selected wavelengths between 340 nm and 670 nm. The form of the ERG was found to be diphasic in nature. A primary peak of spectral sensitivity in the UV (340–350 nm), and a smaller secondary peak in the blue-green region (460–546 nm) were found, together with a shoulder of sensitivity, representing a ‘pseudo-peak’ as reported for other Diptera, in the red region (630 nm). No significant differences were found between the dorsal and ventral regions of the eye. The peak response in the green region (546 nm) agrees well with existing behavioural data on colour attraction and visual discrimination of host plants by the cabbage root fly.

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31

Lorenzo, Damaris N., Min-gang Li, Sarah E. Mische, Karen R. Armbrust, Laura P. W. Ranum, and Thomas S. Hays. "Spectrin mutations that cause spinocerebellar ataxia type 5 impair axonal transport and induce neurodegeneration in Drosophila." Journal of Cell Biology 189, no. 1 (April 5, 2010): 143–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.200905158.

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Spinocerebellar ataxia type 5 (SCA5) is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorder caused by mutations in the SPTBN2 gene encoding β-III–spectrin. To investigate the molecular basis of SCA5, we established a series of transgenic Drosophila models that express human β-III–spectrin or fly β-spectrin proteins containing SCA5 mutations. Expression of the SCA5 mutant spectrin in the eye causes a progressive neurodegenerative phenotype, and expression in larval neurons results in posterior paralysis, reduced synaptic terminal growth, and axonal transport deficits. These phenotypes are genetically enhanced by both dynein and dynactin loss-of-function mutations. In summary, we demonstrate that SCA5 mutant spectrin causes adult-onset neurodegeneration in the fly eye and disrupts fundamental intracellular transport processes that are likely to contribute to this progressive neurodegenerative disease.

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32

O'Grady, Gail E., and Susan B. McIver. "Fine structure of the compound eye of the black fly Simulium vittatum (Diptera: Simuliidae)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 65, no. 6 (June 1, 1987): 1454–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z87-228.

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The fine structure of the ommatidia in light- and dark-adapted eyes of male and female Simulium vittatum Zetterstedt was investigated using scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The male eye is divided into distinct dorsal and ventral regions. The facets in the dorsal region are approximately two times larger than those in the ventral one, which are similar in size to the ones in the female eye. All ommatidia of S. vittatum examined consist of two general regions: a distal dioptric apparatus with bordering primary and accessory pigment and Semper cells, and a sensory receptor layer. Each ommatidium in the female eye and ventral eye of the male has eight retinular cells (R cells): six peripheral (R1–6) and two central (R7, R8). R7 occurs distally and R8 basally. Strikingly, the ommatidia in the dorsal eye of the male lack the R7 cell. In all ommatidia, rhabdomeres on the inner surface of the peripheral R cells are separate throughout their length, creating an open rhabdom. A greater diameter of corneal facets, elongated peripheral R cells, and perhaps the lack of the R7 cell are specializations of the dorsal region of the eye that help the male to detect small, rapidly moving females against the skylight as they fly above the swarm of males. Differences observed between light- and dark-adapted eyes of male and female S. vittatum were the same and were associated with the internal components of the peripheral R cells.

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33

Burton, Brian G., Ben W. Tatler, and Simon B. Laughlin. "Variations in Photoreceptor Response Dynamics Across the Fly Retina." Journal of Neurophysiology 86, no. 2 (August 1, 2001): 950–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.2001.86.2.950.

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Gradients in the spatial properties of retinal cells and their relation to image statistics are well documented. However, less is known of gradients in temporal properties, especially at the level of the photoreceptor for which no account exists. Using light flashes and white-noise-modulated light and current stimuli, we examined the spatial and temporal properties of a single class of photoreceptor (R1–6) within the compound eyes of male blowfly, Calliphora vicina. We find that there is a trend toward higher performance at the front of the eye, both in terms of spatiotemporal resolution and signal-to-noise ratio. The receptive fields of frontal photoreceptors are narrower than those of photoreceptors at the side and back of the eye and response speeds are 20% faster. The signal-to-noise ratio at high frequencies is also greatest at the front of the eye, allowing a 30–40% higher information rate. The power spectra of signals and noise indicate that this elevation of performance results both from shorter responses to individual photons and from a more reliable registration of photon arrival times. These distinctions are characteristic of adaptational changes that normally occur on increasing illumination. However, all photoreceptors were absorbing light at approximately the same mean photon rate during our recordings. We therefore suggest that frontal photoreceptors attain a higher state of light adaptation for a given photon rate. This difference may be achieved by a higher density of (Ca2+ permeable) light-gated channels. Consistent with this hypothesis, membrane-impedance measurements show that frontal photoreceptors have a higher specific conductance than other photoreceptors. This higher conductance provides a better temporal performance but is metabolically expensive. Across the eye, temporal resolution is not proportional to spatial (optical) resolution. Neither is it matched obviously to optic flow. Instead we examine the consequences of an improved temporal resolution in the frontal region for the tracking of small moving targets, a behavior exhibited by male flies. We conclude that the temporal properties of a given class of retinal neuron can vary within a single retina and that this variation may be functionally related to the behavioral requirements of the animal.

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34

Bonini, N. M., Q. T. Bui, G. L. Gray-Board, and J. M. Warrick. "The Drosophila eyes absent gene directs ectopic eye formation in a pathway conserved between flies and vertebrates." Development 124, no. 23 (December 1, 1997): 4819–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.124.23.4819.

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The fly eyes absent (eya) gene which is essential for compound eye development in Drosophila, was shown to be functionally replaceable in eye development by a vertebrate Eya homolog. The relationship between eya and that of the eyeless gene, a Pax-6 homolog, critical for eye formation in both flies and man, was defined: eya was found to be essential for eye formation by eyeless. Moreover, eya could itself direct ectopic eye formation, indicating that eya has the capacity to function as a master control gene for eye formation. Finally, we show that eya and eyeless together were more effective in eye formation than either gene alone. These data indicate conservation of the pathway of eya function between flies and vertebrates; they suggest a model whereby eya/Eya gene function is essential for eye formation by eyeless/Pax-6, and that eya/Eya can in turn mediate, via a regulatory loop, the activity of eyeless/Pax-6 in eye formation.

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35

Schulte, S. J., S. D. Rider, Jr., J. H. Hatchett, and J. J. Stuart. "Molecular genetic mapping of three X-linked avirulence genes, vH6, vH9 andvH13, in the Hessian fly." Genome 42, no. 5 (October 1, 1999): 821–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g98-162.

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Three X-linked avirulence genes, vH6, vH9, and vH13 in the Hessian fly, Mayetiola destructor, confer avirulence to Hessian fly resistance genes H6, H9, and H13 in wheat. We used a combination of two- and three-point crosses to determine the order of these genes with respect to each other, the white eye mutation and three X-linked molecular markers, G15-1, 020, and 021, developed from genomic lambda clones, λG15-1, λ020, and λ021. The gene order was determined to be vH9-vH6-G15-1-w-vH13-020-021. In situ hybridization of λG15-1, λ020, and λ021, on the polytene chromosomes of the Hessian fly salivary gland established their orientation on Hessian fly chromosome X1. Based on the size of the Hessian fly genome, and the genetic distances between markers, the relationship of physical to genetic distance was estimated at no more than 300 kb/cM along Hessian fly chromosome X1, suggesting that map-based cloning of these avirulence genes will be feasible.Key words: Mayetiola destructor, avirulence genes, genetic map, SSCP, in situ hybridization.

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36

Tanaka, Gengo, Andrew R. Parker, David J. Siveter, Haruyoshi Maeda, and Masumi Furutani. "An exceptionally well-preserved Eocene dolichopodid fly eye: function and evolutionary significance." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 276, no. 1659 (December 22, 2008): 1015–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2008.1467.

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The exceptionally preserved eyes of an Eocene dolichopodid fly contained in Baltic amber show remarkable detail, including features at micrometre and submicrometre levels. Based on this material, we establish that it is likely that the neural superposition compound eye existed as far back as 45 Ma. The ommatidia have an open rhabdom with a trapezoidal arrangement of seven rhabdomeres. Such a structure is uniquely characteristic of the neural superposition compound eye of present-day flies. Optical analysis reveals that the fossil eyes had a sophisticated and efficient optical system.

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37

Cavodeassi, F., R. Diez Del Corral, S. Campuzano, and M. Dominguez. "Compartments and organising boundaries in the Drosophila eye: the role of the homeodomain Iroquois proteins." Development 126, no. 22 (November 15, 1999): 4933–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.126.22.4933.

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The Drosophila eye is patterned by a dorsal-ventral organising centre mechanistically similar to those in the fly wing and the vertebrate limb bud. Here we show how this organising centre in the eye is initiated - the first event in retinal patterning. Early in development the eye primordium is divided into dorsal and ventral compartments. The dorsally expressed homeodomain Iroquois genes are true selector genes for the dorsal compartment; their expression is regulated by Hedgehog and Wingless. The organising centre is then induced at the interface between the Iroquois-expressing and non-expressing cells at the eye midline. It was previously thought that the eye develops by a mechanism distinct from that operating in other imaginal discs, but our work establishes the importance of lineage compartments in the eye and thus supports their global role as fundamental units of patterning.

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Silies, Marion, Yeliz Yuva-Aydemir, Sigrídur Rut Franzdottir, and Christian Klämbt. "The eye imaginal disc as a model to study the coordination of neuronal and glial development." Fly 4, no. 1 (January 2010): 71–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/fly.4.1.11312.

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Haque, Asim, and J. David Dickman. "Vestibular Gaze Stabilization: Different Behavioral Strategies for Arboreal and Terrestrial Avians." Journal of Neurophysiology 93, no. 3 (March 2005): 1165–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00966.2004.

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In birds, it is thought that head movements play a major role in the reflexive stabilization of gaze and vision. In this study, we investigated the contributions of the eye and head to gaze stabilization during rotations under both head-fixed [vestibuloocular (VOR)] and head-free conditions in two avian species: pigeons and quails. These two species differ both in ocular anatomy (the pigeon has 2 distinct foveal regions), as well as in behavioral repertoires. Pigeons are arboreal, fly extended distances, and can navigate. Quails are primarily engrossed in terrestrial niches and fly only short distances. Unlike the head-fixed VOR gains that were under-compensatory for both species, gaze gains under head-free conditions were completely compensatory at high frequencies. This compensation was achieved primarily with head movements in pigeons, but with combined head and eye-in-head contributions in the quail. In contrast, eye-in-head motion, which was significantly reduced for head-free compared with head-fixed conditions, contributed very little to overall gaze stability in pigeons. These results suggest that disparity between the stabilization strategies employed by these two birds may be attributed to differences in species-specific behavior and anatomy.

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Parker, Taylor B., Kelly A. Meiklejohn, Gregory A. Dahlem, Ralph C. Eagle, and Marius J. Heersink. "Ophthalmomyiasis Case Caused by Two Blow Fly (Diptera: Calliphoridae) Species in North America." Scientific World Journal 2024 (May 14, 2024): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2024/2209301.

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Ophthalmomyiasis is the result of fly larvae feeding on the tissues of the eye. Commonly associated with poor hygiene and open wounds, this condition is rare and often stigmatized. Treatment can be straightforward, and full recovery is common. Identifying the species responsible for ophthalmomyiasis is important for the medical, forensic, and entomological communities. Here, we present a case of ophthalmomyiasis where 30–40 blow fly (Diptera: Calliphoridae) larvae were removed from the eye of a human male. A representative subsample of five larvae was used for taxonomic identification via two approaches (a) DNA analysis, via sequencing of the complete mitochondrial genome (mtGenome) and comparison of the mtGenome and mitochondrial COI barcode region to GenBank, and (b) morphology, examination of the posterior spiracles using microscopy, and comparison to published larval descriptions of blow flies. Two species of blow flies were identified from the DNA analysis: Lucilia coeruleiviridis and Phormia regina. Morphological examination could only confirm L. coeruleiviridis as being present. To our knowledge, finding two blow fly species causing ophthalmomyiasis in a single individual has not been previously reported in the scientific literature. Neither P. regina nor L. coeruleiviridis prefers living tissue for larva development, but since they fill similar ecological niches, perhaps this was a show of competition rather than a normal feeding habit. Knowing these blow fly species can resort to this behavior, and that it can affect human populations, is valuable to the education of patients and providers.

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Royet, J., and R. Finkelstein. "Establishing primordia in the Drosophila eye-antennal imaginal disc: the roles of decapentaplegic, wingless and hedgehog." Development 124, no. 23 (December 1, 1997): 4793–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.124.23.4793.

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The eye-antennal imaginal discs of Drosophila melanogaster form the head capsule of the adult fly. Unlike the limb primordia, each eye-antennal disc gives rise to morphologically and functionally distinct structures. As a result, these discs provide an excellent model system for determining how the fates of primordia are specified during development. In this study, we investigated how the adjacent primordia of the compound eye and dorsal head vertex are specified. We show that the genes wingless (wg) and orthodenticle (otd) are expressed throughout the entire second instar eye-antennal disc, conferring a default fate of dorsal vertex cuticle. Activation of decapentaplegic (dpp) expression in the posterior eye disc eliminates wg and otd expression, thereby permitting eye differentiation. We also demonstrate that otd is activated by wg in the vertex primordium. Finally, we show that early activation of dpp depends on hedgehog (hh) expression in the eye anlage prior to morphogenetic furrow formation.

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SUMITA, Takayuki, Yoshinori HASHIMOTO, Yoshimi TAKEUCHI, Tomohiko KAWAI, Kiyoshi SAWADA, Hideo TAKINO, and Kazushi NOMURA. "Ultraprecision 5-Axis Control Machining and Testing of Fly-Eye Mirrors." Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers Series C 70, no. 697 (2004): 2723–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/kikaic.70.2723.

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Yun, G., and M. Kavehrad. "Indoor infrared wireless communications using spot diffusing and fly-eye receivers." Canadian Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering 18, no. 4 (October 1993): 151–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cjece.1993.6593942.

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WEBEL, R., K. HAUG-COLLET, B. PEARSON, R. T. SZERENCSEI, R. J. WINKFEIN, P. P. M. SCHNETKAMP, and N. J. COLLEY. "Potassium-Dependent Sodium-Calcium Exchange through the Eye of the Fly." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 976, no. 1 (January 24, 2006): 300–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2002.tb04753.x.

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Sun, Ziqi, Ting Liao, Liyuan Sheng, Jung Ho Kim, Shi Xue Dou, and John Bell. "Fly compound-eye inspired inorganic nanostructures with extraordinary visible-light responses." Materials Today Chemistry 1-2 (October 2016): 84–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mtchem.2016.11.001.

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Wernet, Mathias F., and Claude Desplan. "Building a retinal mosaic: cell-fate decision in the fly eye." Trends in Cell Biology 14, no. 10 (October 2004): 576–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tcb.2004.09.007.

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Uusitalo, R. O., and M. Weckström. "Potentiation in the First Visual Synapse of the Fly Compound Eye." Journal of Neurophysiology 83, no. 4 (April 1, 2000): 2103–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.2000.83.4.2103.

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In the first visual synapse of the insect compound eye, both the presynaptic and postsynaptic signals are graded, nonspiking changes in membrane voltage. The synapse exhibits tonic transmitter release (even in dark) and strong adaptation to long-lasting light backgrounds, leading to changes also in the dynamics of signal transmission. We have studied these adaptational properties of the first visual synapse of the blowfly Calliphora vicina. Investigations were done in situ by intracellular recordings from the presynaptic photoreceptors, photoreceptor axon terminals, and the postsynaptic first order visual interneurons (LMCs). The dark recovery, the shifts in intensity dependence, and the underlying processes were studied by stimulating the visual system with various adapting stimuli while observing the recovery (i.e., dark adaptation). The findings show a transient potentiation in the postsynaptic responses after intense light adaptation, and the underlying mechanisms seem to be the changes in the equilibrium potential of the transmitter-gated conductance (chloride) of the postsynaptic neurons. The potentiation by itself serves as a mechanism that after light adaptation rapidly recovers the sensitivity loss of the visual system. However, this kind of mechanism, being an intrinsic property of graded potential transmission, may be quite widespread among graded synapses, and the phenomenon demonstrates that functional plasticity is also a property of graded synaptic transmission.

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Elizabeth Bush. "Joey Fly, Private Eye, in Creepy Crawly Crime (review)." Bulletin of the Center for Children's Books 62, no. 9 (2009): 377–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/bcc.0.0882.

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Therrien, Marc, Gino Laberge, Surapong Koonpaew, Gawa Bidla, and Guy Sauvageau. "Molecular Dissection of Nup98-HoxA9 Oncogenic Activity Using Drosophila." Blood 112, no. 11 (November 16, 2008): 3785. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v112.11.3785.3785.

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Abstract Roughly three-quarter of the genes associated with human diseases have fly counterparts. This high degree of conservation, combined to a wide range of genetic tools, makes Drosophila an attractive model to study basic mechanisms lying at the heart of various human disorders. Several oncogenes mediate their effects by interfering with specific cell machinery components common to all eukaryotes. The systematic identification of cell components influencing the activity of oncogenes should therefore accelerate the characterization of those oncogenes. Toward this goal, we take advantage of Drosophila molecular genetics to identify conserved genes that functionally interact with oncogenes. Our effort currently focuses on the t(7;11)(p15;p15) translocation associated with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and which fuses the N-terminal part of Nucleoporin 98 (NUP98) to the C-terminal part of the transcription factor HOXA9. As homologues of NUP98 and HOXA9 are present in flies, we hypothesized that expression of NUP98-HOXA9 during development will affect some of the same protein networks that are perturbed in human hematopoietic cells. We successfully conducted several modifier screens in the past by exploiting dosage-sensitive phenotypes specifically induced in the eyes. To that end, we expressed NUP98-HOXA9 during eye development, which interestingly phenocopied Homothorax (HTH) overexpression in its ability to block eye development and promoted head cuticle formation. HTH is the homologue of MEIS1; a DNA-binding co-factor for HOXA9 that functions with a third partner, PBX, and which together form a ternary complex that regulates gene expression. Importantly, we found that the NUP98-HOXA9 eye phenotype was suppressed by mutations in the hth and exd (Drosophila pbx) genes, thus lending support to the specificity of the phenotype. In agreement with this, a structure/function analysis of NUP98-HOXA9 conducted in the fly eye narrowed down the same functional domains/motifs as those that had been identified using mouse models, namely, the HOXA9 homeodomain, the HOXA9 ANW motif (a PBX-interaction site) and the NUP98 portion. Remarkably, we also found that NUP98-HOXA9 and HTH/MEIS synergistically induced cell proliferation when coexpressed in the developing eye. As a result, large tissue overgrowths were produced. The cooperation observed in this experimental setting is reminiscent of the ability of MEIS1 to accelerate AML onset when co-expressed with NUP98-HOXA9 in mouse models. Moreover, we found that the collaboration strictly depends on endogenous EXD/PBX as its depletion by RNAi completely prevents overgrowth formation. Together, these findings provide compelling evidence that the NUP98-HOXA9 fly model recapitulates several of the key functional features that had been established in mammals for this oncogene and thus should prove useful to further delineate the immediate events disturbed by NUP98-HOXA9 expression. Based on these premises, we conducted a genetic screen to isolate dominant modifiers of the NUP98-HOXA9 eye phenotype. Approximately 100,000 fly progeny have been screened, which led to the isolation of a few hundred mutations acting either as suppressors or enhancers. Several complementation groups have now been uncovered and their molecular identification is currently underway. Validation of relevant genes in mouse leukemia models will be conducted to confirm their significance with respect to HOX-dependent leukemia. The NUP98-HOXA9 fly model as well as the early findings of the screen will be presented.

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Kracklauer, Martin P., Susan M. L. Banks, Xuanhua Xie, Yaning Wu, and Janice A. Fischer. "DrosophilaklaroidEncodes a SUN Domain Protein Required for Klarsicht Localization to the Nuclear Envelope and Nuclear Migration in the Eye." Fly 1, no. 2 (March 19, 2007): 75–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/fly.4254.

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