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1
Cosnita, Mihaela, Monica Balas, and Cristina Cazan. "The Influence of Fly Ash on the Mechanical Properties of Water Immersed All Waste Composites." Polymers 14, no. 10 (May 11, 2022): 1957. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14101957.
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The paper presents new value-added composite materials prepared by recycling tire rubber, polyethene terephthalate (PET), high-density polyethene (HDPE), wood sawdust, and fly ash. The composites were manufactured through the compression molding technique for three temperatures (150 °C, 160 °C, and 190 °C) previously optimized. The addition of fly ash as reinforcement in polymer blends is a viable route to improve the composite” properties. The paper aims to assess the effect of fly ash on the mechanical properties and water stability of the new all waste composites considering their applications as outdoor products. The static tensile (stress-strain behavior) and compression properties of the composites were tested. The fly ash composites were characterized in terms of wetting behavior and surface energies (contact angle measurements); chemical structure of the new interface developed between composite” components (FTIR analysis), crystalline structure (XRD analysis), surface morphology and topography (SEM, AFM). The addition of fly ash promoted the development of the hybrid interfaces in the new composites, as FTIR analysis has shown, which, in turn, greatly improved the mechanical and water resistance. The novel all waste composites exhibited lower surface energies, larger contact angles, and smoother morphologies when compared to those with no fly ash. Overall, the study results have revealed that fly ash has improved the mechanical strength and water stability of the composites through the formation of strong hybrid interfaces. The study results show optimal water stability and tensile strength for 0.5% fly ash composites cured at 190 °C and optimal compressive strength with good water stability for 1% fly ash composite cured at 150 °C.
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Juang, Shueiwan Henry, and Ching-Feng Li. "Influence of Different Addition Ratios of Fly Ash on Mechanical Properties of ADC10 Aluminum Matrix Composites." Metals 12, no. 4 (April 11, 2022): 653. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met12040653.
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Aluminum-fly ash composites are formed by the chemical reaction between fly ash and the high-temperature aluminum-based alloy, which melts to form aluminum oxide as a reinforcing phase, which belongs to a composite of in situ synthetic reinforcing phases. Compared to aluminum-based alloys, composites have superior strength, rigidity, damping capacity, and wear resistance, but lower ductility and toughness. In this study, different fly ash addition ratios (0, 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15 wt%) were added to the ADC10-2Mg alloy melt via stir casting to form the aluminum-fly ash composite under the chemical reaction at 800 °C for 30 h. Subsequently, microstructure observation, density and porosity measurements, and hardness and tensile tests were conducted to analyze the influence of different fly ash weight percentages on the mechanical properties of aluminum-fly ash composites. According to the results, an aluminum-fly ash composite with good dispersibility of fly ash debris can be prepared by stir casting, and the fly ash particles gradually decomposed small debris as they reacted with the aluminum-based alloy at high temperatures during a long-term reaction process. The density of the aluminum–fly ash composite was reduced by adding fly ash, and its hardness and tensile strength were improved as well. However, the porosity increased with the amount of fly ash and the ductility was diminished. For the aluminum-fly ash composite with 6 wt% of fly ash, its density decreased by approximately 2%, the hardness and tensile strength increased by 7% and 49%, respectively, and the ductility decreased by 35%, as compared to those of the ADC10 alloy.
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Pritam Praharaj, Ankita, Dibakar Behera, Tapan Kumar Bastia, Prasanta Rath, and Priyabrata Mohanty. "BisGMA/jute fibre/fly ash hybrid composites." Pigment & Resin Technology 43, no. 5 (August 26, 2014): 263–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/prt-06-2013-0089.
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Purpose – This paper aims to prepare BisGMA (bisphenol-A glycidyldimethacrylate)/jute fibre/fly ash hybrid composites with improved mechanical and corrosive properties. Design/methodology/approach – BisGMA prepolymer was first synthesised using diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-A and methacrylic acid. Then 2-hydroxy ethylacrylate-treated jute fibre and sodium hydroxide-treated fly ash were incorporated in the fabrication of composites using dicumyl peroxide, cobalt naphthenate and N,N-dimethyl aniline as catalyst, accelerator and promoter, respectively. The composition of BisGMA, jute fibre and fly ash was kept constant, whereas treated and untreated jute fibre and fly ash were used alternatively. Findings – Treatment of both jute and fly ash leads to improved mechanical properties of composites. However, treated fabric plays a dominant role compared to treated fly ash as filler. Among all the composites, the one having both treated jute fibre and treated fly ash is the most suitable composite for structural applications. Research limitations/implications – The present investigation has come up with a hybrid composite that can be used for a wide range of applications like low-cost housing and structural projects, structural laminates, etc., as it is both corrosion- and moisture-resistant. It is also the most durable from the mechanical point of view. There is also a scope of using other fillers instead of fly ash to study the changes brought about in the mechanical properties. Originality/value – The above composites have never been fabricated before.
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Orsakova, Denisa, Rudolf Hela, Petr Novosad, and Jaroslav Valek. "Possible Synergism of High Temperature Fly Ash and Fluidized Bed Combustion Fly Ash in Cement Composites." Advanced Materials Research 1106 (June 2015): 29–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1106.29.
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One of the possibilities how to activate fly ash in cement composites is to add calcium oxide as a chemical activator. This addition can improve pH of composites. Because fluidized bed combustion (FBC) fly ash contain around 15% of calcium oxide, we decided to add FBC fly ash into binder system of cement composite with classic fly ash.Three mixtures were designed. First one contain in binder system only cement and classic fly ash. In second and third mixture was part (25% resp. 50%) of classic fly ash replaced by FBC fly ash. Consistency, shrinkage, compressive strength and freeze-thaw resistance were tested. Microstructure was detected by XRD and TG analyses.
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Zhang, P., Q. Li, and Z. Sun. "Effect of polypropylene fibre on flexural properties of concrete composites containing fly ash and silica fume." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part L: Journal of Materials: Design and Applications 226, no. 2 (February 16, 2012): 177–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1464420712437637.
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The application of fly ash and silica fume in concrete composites by blending synchronously can improve the mechanical properties of concrete composites. However, the concrete composite becomes much brittle with the usage of fly ash and silica fume. Polypropylene fibre is often used to improve the ductility of concrete composites. This article discusses the effect of polypropylene fibre on the flexural properties of concrete composites containing fly ash and silica fume. Results reveal that the addition of polypropylene fibre can increase the flexural strength and decrease the flexural modulus of elasticity of the concrete composite containing fly ash and silica fume evidently. Furthermore, it is indicated that an increase in the fibre volume fraction leads to an increase in the flexural strength and a decrease in the flexural modulus of elasticity when the fibre volume fraction is not beyond 0.12 per cent. Polypropylene fibre seems to play an important role to improve the ductility of concrete composites containing fly ash and silica fume.
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Rao, D. V., Shaik Chand Mabhu Subhani, N. Vijay Kumar, and Ch Naveen Kumar. "To Study the Mechanical Properties of Slag and Fly Ash Reinforced As 2024 Composites." International Journal of Innovative Research in Engineering and Management 9, no. 6 (December 26, 2022): 111–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.55524/ijirem.2022.9.6.19.
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Metal matrix composites (MMCs) possess significantly improved properties compared to unreinforced alloys. There has been an increasing interest in composites containing low density and low cost reinforcements. In view of the generation of large quantities of solid waste by products like fly ash and slags, the present study is discarded, new methods for treating and using these solid wastes are required. Hence, composites with fly ash and Granulated blast furnace slag as reinforcements are likely to overcome the cost barrier for wide spread applications in automotive and small engine applications. In the present investigation, AA 2024 alloy – 5 wt. % fly ash and slag composites separately were made by stir casting route. Phase identification and structural characterization were carried out on fly ash and GBF slag by X-ray diffraction studies.The hardness and compression tests were carried out on all these alloy and composites. The reinforcement Improved hardness and mechanical properties were observed for both the composites compared to alloy; this increase is higher for AA2024-Fly ash composite than AA2024- Granulated blast furnace slag composite.
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Azhagarsamy, P., and K. Sekar. "Investigation on Mechanical and Tribological Properties of AA7075 Alloy with B4C, Gr and Fly Ash Reinforced Hybrid Composites." Materials Science Forum 979 (March 2020): 52–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.979.52.
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The Aluminum alloys and its composites are used in the aerospace, automobile and marine industries due to their higher strength, stiffness and wear resistance properties. This study is focused on mechanical and tribological study of Al 7075 hybrid composite reinforced with B4C, Gr and Fly ash. The reinforcements are added to Al alloy in three different compositions such as (4wt% B4C/4wt% Gr/7wt% Fly ash, 4wt% B4C/5wt% Gr/8wt% Fly ash and 4wt% B4C/6wt% Gr/9wt% Fly ash). The stir casting machine was used for manufacturing hybrid composites. Hardness and wear tests were conducted for three different Al 7075 hybrid composites. The microstructure showed that the reinforcement was uniformly distributed in the matrix without agglomeration. The hardness and wear test results revealed that the composite with 4wt% B4C /6wt% Gr/9wt% Fly ash exhibited an increase in hardness value of about 22.69% and the minimum wear rate as compared to other composites.
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Mohd Nasir, Nur Hazzarita, Fathoni Usman, Ean Lee Woen, Mohamed Nainar Mohamed Ansari, Abu Bakar Mohd Supian, and Saloma Saloma. "Microstructural and Thermal Behaviour of Composite Material from Recycled Polyethylene Terephthalate and Fly Ash." Recycling 8, no. 1 (January 9, 2023): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/recycling8010011.
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Nowadays, the environmental impact of plastic waste is crucial, and in the energy industry, fly ash, a type of solid waste, has also prompted severe ecological and safety concerns. In this study, we synthesised composite material from two industrial wastes: recycled polyethylene terephthalate (rPET) as the matrix and fly ash as the filler. The effect of different fly ash loadings on the thermal behaviour and microstructure of the composite material using rPET were evaluated. Various loading amounts of fly ash, up to 68%, were added in the rPET mixtures, and composites were made using a single-threaded bar’s barrel extruder. The feeding zone, compression zone, and metering zone made up the three functional areas of the extruder machine with a single-flighted, stepped compression screw. The composite materials were subjected to DSC and SEM equipped with EDX spectroscopy tests to examine their thermal behaviour and microstructural development. It was found that the thermal behaviour of rPET improved with the addition of fly ash but degraded as the fly ash loading increased to 68%, as confirmed by the DSC study. The composites’ microstructural development revealed an even filler distribution within the polymer matrix. However, when the fly ash loading increased, voids and agglomeration accumulated, affecting the composites’ thermal behaviour.
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Razzaq, Alaa Mohammed, Dayang Laila Majid, Uday M. Basheer, and Hakim S. Sultan Aljibori. "Research Summary on the Processing, Mechanical and Tribological Properties of Aluminium Matrix Composites as Effected by Fly Ash Reinforcement." Crystals 11, no. 10 (October 8, 2021): 1212. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst11101212.
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Fly ash is the main waste as a result of combustion in coal fired power plants. It represents about 40% of the wastes of coal combustion products (fly ash, boiler ash, flue gas desulphurization gypsum and bottom ash). Currently, coal waste is not fully utilized and waste disposal remains a serious concern despite tremendous global efforts in reducing fossil fuel dependency and shifting to sustainable energy sources. Owing to that, employment of fly ash as reinforcement particles in metallic matrix composites are gaining momentum as part of recycling effort and also as a means to improve the specifications of the materials that are added to it to form composite materials. Many studies have been done on fly ash to study composite materials wear characteristics including the effects of fly ash content, applied load, and sliding velocity. Here, particular attention is given to studies carried out on the influence FA content on physical, mechanical, and the thermal behavior of Aluminium-FA composites. Considerable changes in these properties are seen by fly ash refinement with limited size and weight fraction. The advantage of fly ash addition results in low density of composites materials, improvement of strength, and hardness. It further reduces the thermal expansion coefficient and improve wear resistance.
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Ťažký, Martin, and Rudolf Hela. "Synergistic Effect of High Temperature Fly Ash with Fluidized Bed Combustion Fly Ash in Cement Composites." Key Engineering Materials 722 (December 2016): 113–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.722.113.
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Using high temperature fly ash for his pozzolan properties to cement composite production is known a few years ago. New ways combustion of fossil fuels also creates a new type of fly ash, named fluidized bed combustion fly ash. However, this fly ash has same pozzolan properties as has high temperature fly ash, this type is not using for production of cement composites. Fluidized bed combustion fly ash has highly variable chemical composition but usually it has a higher amount of free CaO together with sulphates. This higher amounts of free CaO after mixing of fluidized bed combustion fly ash with water to some extent becomes an activator for the beginning of the pozzolanic reaction, during which is consumed the extinguished CaO. If there is also present high temperature fly ash in cement composite, it could be accelerated his pozzolanic reaction in the same manner using a fluidized bed combustion fly ash. In this experiment was tested a synergy effect in the use of fluidized bed combustion fly ash with high temperature fly ash as an additive. The experiment was carried out on cement pastes that have been studied in particular the progress of hydration processes, pointing to a possible acceleration of pozzolanic reactions of both types of fly ash.
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Lee, Chinlai, Maochieh Chi, and Ran Huang. "Quantitative evaluation of mineral admixtures on the properties, pore structure, and durability of cement-based composites." Science and Engineering of Composite Materials 19, no. 2 (June 1, 2012): 199–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/secm-2011-0127.
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AbstractThe influence of water/cementitious material ratio, silica fume, and fly ash as partial Portland cement replacement materials on the properties, pore structure, and durability of cement-based composites was evaluated by conducting compressive strength test, mercury intrusion porosimetry test, water absorption, rapid chloride penetration test, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Water/cementitious material ratio, and replacement percentage of silica fume and fly ash have significant effects on the pore structure and durability of cement-based composites. Composites with silica fume or fly ash have a denser structure than the control composite on SEM micrographs. Silica fume has about 5–10 times as much effect as fly ash, according to results of multiple linear regression analyses of testing data.
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A.Yousif, Ban. "Prediction on Mechanical Properties of Fly Ash Reinforced Polymer Composite Material." Al-Nahrain Journal of Science 25, no. 4 (December 1, 2022): 49–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.22401/anjs.25.4.08.
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Fly ash with different weight ratios was used as a reinforcing material for the composite material (polyester + 5% short carbon fiber) to make a hybrid composite material. The weight ratio of the carbon fiber used with the polymer was constant, and the weight ratios used for fly ash were (5%, 10%, 15%)wt. The mechanical properties of the hybrid composite material were studied and compared with the composite material without the addition of fly ash. The results showed an increase in the tensile strength and modulus of elasticity by increasing the weight percentage of fly ash, while there was no significant increase in the compressive strength value except for the composite material reinforced by 15% of fly ash. The results showed a significant improvement in the measured mechanical properties of the hybrid composites samples with an increase in the addition percentage of fly ash.
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Ravi Kumar, K., and V. S. Sreebalaji. "Modeling and Analysis on the Influence of Reinforcement Particle Size During EDM of Aluminum (Al/3.25Cu/8.5Si)/Fly Ash Composites." Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Systems 15, no. 04 (September 22, 2016): 189–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219686716500141.
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In the present study, aluminum alloy (Al/3.25Cu/8.5Si) composites reinforced with fly ash particles was fabricated using stir casting technique. Fly ash particles of three different size ranges 53–75, 75–103 and 103–125[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]m of 3, 6 and 9 weight percentages was reinforced in aluminum alloy. The effect of peak current, pulse on time, and pulse off time on surface roughness (SR), material removal rate (MRR) and tool wear rate (TWR) of electric discharge machining (EDM) was investigated. A central composite design using response surface methodology (RSM) was selected for conducting experiments, and mathematical models were developed using Design Expert V7.0.0 software. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) technique was used to check the significance of the models developed. Peak current was the major factor influencing the EDM of aluminum fly ash composites. The MRR, TWR, and SR of aluminum fly ash composites were also influenced by the size of the fly ash particles.
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Alghamdi, Mohammed N. "Effect of Filler Particle Size on the Recyclability of Fly Ash Filled HDPE Composites." Polymers 13, no. 16 (August 23, 2021): 2836. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13162836.
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Fly ash polymer composites are innovative high-performance materials that reduce the environmental worries and disposal complications of heavy industry produced fly ash. This study developed and characterized such composites of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) matrices and found that the use of small (50–90 µm) particles of fly ash could give rise to the tensile modulus (~95%) and tensile strength (~7%) of their reinforced composites when compared to neat HDPE materials. While these results themselves convey a strong message of how fly ash can be effectively utilized, this was not the key aim of the current study. The study was extended to examine the effect of fly ash particle size on the recyclability of relevant HDPE composites. The extrusion-based multiple recycling of composites gave slightly lower mechanical properties, primarily due to filler/matrix delamination when large fly ash particles were used. Compared to freshly made fly ash-filled HDPE composites, although using small (50–90 µm) fly ash particles reduced the tensile modulus and tensile strength of recycled composites, the values were still far above those from neat HDPE materials. This novel insight directs the effective utilization of fly ash and provides long-term sustainable and economical solutions for their practical applicability.
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Nagaraja, Santhosh, Kempaiah Ujjaini Nagegowda, Anand Kumar V, Sagr Alamri, Asif Afzal, Deepak Thakur, Abdul Razak Kaladgi, Satyam Panchal, and Ahamed Saleel C. "Influence of the Fly Ash Material Inoculants on the Tensile and Impact Characteristics of the Aluminum AA 5083/7.5SiC Composites." Materials 14, no. 9 (May 9, 2021): 2452. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14092452.
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The choice of suitable inoculants in the grain refinement process and subsequent enhancement of the characteristics of the composites developed is an important materials research topic, having wide scope. In this regard, the present work is aimed at finding the appropriate composition and size of fly ash as inoculants for grain refinement of the aluminum AA 5083 composites. Fly ash particles, which are by products of the combustion process in thermal power plants, contributing to the large-scale pollution and landfills can be effectively utilized as inoculants and interatomic lubricants in the composite matrix–reinforcement subspaces synthesized in the inert atmosphere using ultrasonic assisted stir casting setup. Thus, the work involves the study of the influence of percentage and size of the fly ash dispersions on the tensile and impact strength characteristics of the aluminum AA 5083/7.5SiC composites. The C type of fly ash with the particle size in the series of 40–75 µm, 76–100 µm, and 101–125 µm and weight % in the series of 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, and 2.5 are selected for the work. The influence of fly ash as distinct material inoculants for the grain refinement has worked out well with the increase in the ultimate tensile strength, yield strength, and impact strength of the composites, with the fly ash as material inoculants up to 2 wt. % beyond which the tensile and impact characteristics decrease due to the micro coring and segregation. This is evident from the microstructural observations for the composite specimens. Moreover, the role of fly ash as material inoculants is distinctly identified with the X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) for the phase and grain growth epitaxy and the Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) for analyzing the characteristic X-Rays of the fly ash particles as inoculant agents in the energy spectrum.
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Choudhury, Subhasrita, and Manoj Kumar Mishra. "Development and evaluation of coalmine waste materials for gainful utilisation." Emerging Materials Research 12, no. 2 (June 1, 2023): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/jemmr.22.00185.
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Coal mine overburden as well as thick inseam parting materials found in the lower Gondwana basin are often treated as mine wastes. Unused fly ash from coal fired plants is another waste material. This investigation focused on using these wastes to develop better composite materials. Composite materials of varying composition with coal mine wastes from 50% to 90% and fly ash from 10% to 50% were developed with 2 to 6% cement additives. Their physical, chemical and geotechnical properties were determined. OPC strongly influenced the geotechnical properties. Fly ash presence were optimized for unconfined compressive strength (UCS) and California bearing ratio for both the mine wastes. Composite materials with 70% overburden, 30% fly ash, and 6% cement showed 4.01 MPa UCS at 56 days. Similarly, 80% inseam parting, 20% fly ash, and 6% cement produced 4.90 MPa UCS at 56 days. Analysis of fly ash present in the two composites and their strength values produced linear correlations. Pearson and Spearman’s coefficients produced high correlation of −0.9 for the composite prepared with parting materials. Microstructural analysis showed C-S-H gel formation occurring at 28 days. The composites meet the strength criterion for the base and sub-base of the coal mine haul road.
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Terzic, Anja, Zagorka Radojevic, Ljiljana Milicic, Ljubica Pavlovic, and Zagorka Acimovic. "Leaching of the potentially toxic pollutants from composites based on waste raw material." Chemical Industry and Chemical Engineering Quarterly 18, no. 3 (2012): 373–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/ciceq111128013t.
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The disposal of the fly ash generated in coal based power-plants may pose a significant risk to the environment due to the possible leaching of hazardous pollutants, such as toxic metals. Also, there is a risk of leaching even when fly ash is built-in the construction composites. Fly ashes from various landfills were applied in several composite samples (mortar, concrete and brick) without any physical or thermal pre-treatment. The leachability of the potentially toxic pollutants from the fly ash based products was investigated. The leaching behavior and potential environmental impact of the 11 potentially hazardous elements was tracked: Pb, Cd, Zn, Cu, Ni, Cr, Hg, As, Ba, Sb and Se. A detailed study of physico-chemical characteristics of the fly ash, with accent on trace elements and the chemical composition investigation is included. Physico/chemical properties of fly ash were investigated by means of X-ray fluorescence, differential thermal analysis and X-ray diffraction methods. Scanning electron microscope was used in microstructural analysis. The results show that most of the elements are more easily leachable from the fly ash in comparison with the fly ash based composites. The leaching of investigated pollutants is within allowed range thus investigated fly ashes can be reused in construction materials production.
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Jili, Qu, Wang Junfeng, Batugin Andrian, and Zhu Hao. "Characterization and Comparison Research on Composite of Alluvial Clayey Soil Modified with Fine Aggregates of Construction Waste and Fly Ash." Science and Engineering of Composite Materials 28, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 83–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/secm-2021-0008.
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Abstract Fine aggregates of construction waste and fly ash were selected as additives to modify the characteristics of Shanghai clayey soil as a composite. The laboratory tests on consistency index, maximum dry density, and unconfined compressive strength were carried out mainly for the purpose of comparing the modifying effect on the composite from fine aggregates of construction waste with that from fly ash. It is mainly concluded from test results that the liquid and plastic limit of the composites increase with the content of two additives. But their maximum dry density all decreases with the additive content. However, fine aggregates of construction waste can increase the optimum water content of the composites, while fly ash on the contrary. Finally, although the two additive all can increase the unconfined compressive strength of composites, fly ash has better effect. The current conclusions are also compared with previous studies, which indicates that the current research results are not completely the same as those from other researchers.
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Venkatachalam, G., and A. Kumaravel. "Fabrication and Characterization of A356-Basalt Ash-Fly Ash Composites Processed by Stir Casting Method." Polymers and Polymer Composites 25, no. 3 (March 2017): 209–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096739111702500305.
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This paper presents the characterization of A356 composite reinforced with fly ash and basalt ash produced by stir casting method. Aluminium metal matrix composites (AMC) are used in wide variety of applications such as structural, aerospace, marine, automotive etc. Stir casting is cost effective manufacturing process and it is useful to enhance the attractive properties of AMCs. Three sets of hybrid AMC are prepared by varying the weight fraction of the reinforcements (3% basalt + 7% fly ash, 5% basalt + 5% fly, 7% basalt + 3% fly ash). The effect of reinforcements on the mechanical properties of the hybrid composites such as hardness, tensile, compressive and impact strength were studied. The obtained results reveal that tensile, compressive and impact strength was increased when weight fraction of fly ash increased, whereas the hardness increases when weight fraction of the basalt ash increased. Microscopic study reveals the dispersion of the reinforcements in the matrix.
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Terzic, Anja, Natasa Djordjevic, Miodrag Mitric, Smilja Markovic, Katarina Djordjevic, and Vladimir Pavlovic. "Sintering of fly ash based composites with zeolite and bentonite addition for application in construction materials." Science of Sintering 49, no. 1 (2017): 23–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sos1701023t.
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Due to pozzolanic characteristics, fly ash is commonly used as a cement replacement in construction composites. Addition of natural clays with sorption ability (i.e. zeolite and bentonite) in to the fly ash based construction materials is of both scientific and industrial interest. Namely, due to the application of sorptive clay minerals, it is possible to immobilize toxic heavy metals from the composite structure. The thermal compatibility of fly ash and zeolite, as well as fly ash and bentonite, within the composite was observed during sintering procedure. The starting components were used in 1:1 ratio and they were applied without additional mechanical treatment. The used compaction pressure for the tablets was 2 t?cm-2. The sintering process was conducted at 1000?C and 1200?C for two hours in the air atmosphere. The mineralogical phase composition of the non-treated and sintered samples was analyzed using X-ray diffraction method. Scanning electron microscopy was applied in the analysis of the microstructure of starting and sintered samples. The thermal behavior was observed via DTA method. The influence of temperature on the properties of fly ash-zeolite and fly ash-bentonite composites was investigated.
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Wan Badaruzzaman, Wan Hamidon, Noaman Mohammed Ridha Dabbagh, Kushairi Mohd Salleh, Esri Nasrullah Saharuddin, Nur Fashiha Mat Radzi, Mohd Amir Ashraff Azham, Shahrul Faizi Abdullah Sani, and Sarani Zakaria. "Mechanical Properties and Water Absorption Capacity of Hybrid GFRP Composites." Polymers 14, no. 7 (March 29, 2022): 1394. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14071394.
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Hybrid glass fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP) composites have been used for decades in various engineering applications. However, it has a drawback with its application in marine/flood environments due to a lack of water resistance and frail mechanical stability. Floods have been considered one of the most periodic hazards that could hit urban areas, due to climate change. The present paper aims to address this gap and to investigate the mechanical properties (tensile, compressive, and flexural strength) and water absorption capacity of hybrid GFRP composite comprising woven E-glass fabric and epoxy resin, various reinforcing materials (kenaf and coconut fibres), and various filler materials (fly ash, nano-silica, and calcium carbonate (CaCO3). The composites with 30 wt.% GFRP, 50 wt.% resin, 15 wt.% fly ash, 5 wt.% CaCO3, 10 wt.% GFRP, 60 wt.% resin, and 30 wt.% fly ash showed the lowest water absorption property of 0.45%. The results revealed that the GFRP composite reinforced kenaf fibres with nano-silica, fly ash, and CaCO3 improved the water absorption resistance. At the same time, GFRP reinforced the coconut fibres with fly ash, and kenaf fibres with CaCO3 showed no favourable impact on water absorption. The identification of a hybrid GFRP composite with various reinforcing materials and fillers would assist future developments with a more compatible, enhanced, and reliable water-resistant composite, specifically for structural applications in flood-prone areas.
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Ali, Mohd. "Investigation of Fly ash Polymer Composite of Fly ash Polymer Composite." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 9 (September 30, 2022): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.46479.
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Abstract: Industrial waste like fly-ash which is creating environmental problems, is mainly used as a buildingmaterial due to its low cost and easy availability. But the main disadvantage of these bricks is its low strength. So, a lot of research is going on to increase the strength of these bricks. The presentresearch work is carried out to develop a new systematic procedure to produce fly ash composite bricks which will have higher compressive strength. Here the fly-ash is mixed with Cold setting resin at different proportions and water treated at different temperatures to find out a solution to the brick industry. The compressive strength, Hardness, water absorption, Density and thermal conductivity of the fly ash-resin powder bricks obtained under optimum test conditions are 11.24MPa, 47.37HV, 19.09% 1.68 g/cm3, and 0.055 W/mK respectively. The sliding wear behavior is also investigated. The structure-property correlation of these composites is studied using X-ray diffraction, FTIR analysis and scanning electron microscopy
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Patel, Rakesh V., and S. Manocha. "Studies on Carbon-Fly Ash Composites with Chopped PANOX Fibers." Journal of Composites 2013 (December 23, 2013): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/674073.
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Chemical analysis and morphological studies of fly ash reveals the complex chemical constituents present as spherical particles with diameter of less than 25 μm. The constituents of fly ash are silica, alumina, iron oxide, titanium dioxide, calcium and magnesium oxide, and other trace elements. The use of thermosetting as well thermoplastic polymer matrix has been made by several workers to develop polymer matrix fly ash particulate composites by using the hard and abrasive properties of fly ash and lightweight of polymers. Such composites have poor mechanical strength, fracture toughness, and thermal stability. To overcome these shortcomings, in carbonaceous matrix, the carbon fibers were added as additional reinforcement along with the fly ash. The composites were developed with two different methods known as Dry method and Wet method. The processing parameters such as temperature and pressure were optimized in establishing the carbon matrix. Physical, thermal, and mechanical characteristics were studied. The microstructures of composites show good compatibility between fly ash and fibers with the carbon matrix. These composites have higher strength, thermal stability, and toughness as compared to polymer matrix fly ash particulate composites.
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Jayamani, Elammaran, Md Rezaur Rahman, Deshan Anselam Benhur, Muhammad Khusairy Bin Bakri, Akshay Kakar, and Afrasyab Khan. "Comparative study of fly ash/sugarcane fiber reinforced polymer composites properties." BioResources 15, no. 3 (May 29, 2020): 5514–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.15.3.5514-5531.
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This paper discusses mechanical, morphological, infrared spectral, and thermal properties of fly ash/sugarcane fiber reinforced epoxy polymer composites. Samples were prepared with and without the addition of 2 wt% of fly ash. Sugarcane fiber additions were varied from 0 wt% to 10 wt% (with an increment of 2 wt% for each sample), while the epoxy was used as a binder. A comparative study of these properties was completed on samples with and without the addition of fly ash in the composites. Based on the results obtained, the addition of 2 wt% of fly ash improved the tensile strength and hardness properties but reduced the flexural strength of the composites. Additions of fly ash reduced bubble or void formation in the composites, while toughening the composites and improving adhesion between the fiber and matrix. Samples with 4 w% of fiber and 2 wt% of fly ash composites showed high tensile strength and hardness properties, while 2 wt% of fiber composites showed high flexural strength.
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Wang, Qing Ping, Yu Cheng Wu, and Fan Fei Min. "Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Fly Ash Al-25Mg Composites Processed by Powder Metallurgy Method." Advanced Materials Research 152-153 (October 2010): 545–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.152-153.545.
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Fly ash particles reinforced aluminum matrix composites were fabricated by powder metallurgy method. The influence of different fly ash content on hardness, the friction and wear behavior of the composites were investigated at a constant sliding velocity of 400r/min. The worn surfaces of composites were observed by scanning electron microscope, and worn mechanism of composites was discussed. The results showed that the hardness of composites increased first and then decreased with fly ash content increasing. Under the lower loads and at the lower fly ash content, the friction co-efficient is steadily lower than that of Al alloy matrix. The wear resistance of composites increased with the volume fraction of fly ash particles and the wear mechanism was characterized as abrasive wear and adhesive wear.On the other hand, the wear mechanisms in the composites have been transformed with increasing load and fly ash volume; it mainly was delamination wear and abrasive wear.
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Udaya and Peter Fernandes. "Experimental Investigation and Micro-Structural Evolution Analysis of CNT & Fly Ash Reinforced Aluminium Matrix Composites." Materials Science Forum 830-831 (September 2015): 429–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.830-831.429.
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The paper illustrates Carbon nanotubes reinforced pure Al (CNT/Al) composites and fly ash reinforced pure Al (FA/Al) composites produced by ball-milling and sintering. Microstructures of the fabricated composite were examined and the mechanical properties of the composites were tested and analysed. It was indicated that the CNTs and fly ash were uniformly dispersed into the Al matrix as ball-milling time increased with increase in hardness.
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Babu Rao, Jinugu, D. Venkata Rao, G. J. Catherin, and N. R. M. R. Bhargava. "Development of Light Weight AA2024 Alpha Composites." Materials Science Forum 690 (June 2011): 258–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.690.258.
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Composites are most promising materials of recent interest. Metal matrix composites (MMCs) possess significantly improved properties compared to unreinforced alloys. There has been an increasing interest in composites containing low density and low cost reinforcements. Hence, composites with fly ash as reinforcement are likely to over come the cost barrier for wide spread applications in automotive and small engine applications. AA 2024 alloy – 2 to 10% (by weight) fly ash composites were made by stir casting route. Phase identification and structural characterization was carried out on fly ash by X-ray diffraction studies. Scanning electron microscopy and optical microscopy was used for microstructure analysis. The hardness, density and compression tests were carried out on all these alloy and composites. The SEM studies reveal that there was a uniform distribution of fly ash particles in the matrix phase and also very good bonding exists between the matrix and reinforcement. With increasing the amount of fly ash the density of the composites was decreased and the hardness was increased. The increase in compression strength was observed with increase in amount of fly ash.
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Cai, Xiang Rong, Bai Quan Fu, and Zhi Gang Liu. "Study on the Preparation of Green and Environmentally Friendly High Toughness Cementitous Composites with Large Amount of Fly Ash." Materials Science Forum 996 (June 2020): 97–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.996.97.
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In order to reduce the environmental burden and the energy consumption of PVA fiber reinforced high toughness cementitious composites, special focus is placed on the influence of fly ash type and content and curing type on the flexural performance of high toughness cementitious composites through four-point bending tests. The high toughness cementitious composites without fly ash have been used in the program for comparison purpose. The tests results show that, compared with the basic high toughness cementitious composites, the flexural strength decreases and the deflection increases with the s/b increasing when the fly ash is added. The increase in fly ash content results in an improvement of strain hardening property and increases in both flexural strength and deflection, which show that fly ash is benefit to the pseudo strain hardening performance. However the effects of fly ash type and curing type are not obvious on the load but obvious on the deflection. The deflection of high toughness cementitious composites with type I fly ash or water curing is higher than that of type II or standard curing. It is demonstrated that all the high toughness cementitious composites studied in this paper exhibit strain-hardening and multiple cracking through adding fly ash.
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Jiang, Zhiqiang, Bai Xue, Xiaoping Mai, Changmei Wu, Lingjun Zeng, Lan Xie, and Qiang Zheng. "Integrating Fly Ash-Controlled Surface Morphology and Candle Grease Coating: Access to Highly Hydrophobic Poly (L-lactic Acid) Composite for Anti-Icing Application." Nanomaterials 13, no. 7 (March 30, 2023): 1230. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano13071230.
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New ways of recycling fly ash are of great significance for reducing the environmental pollution. In this work, biodegradable hydrophobic poly (L-lactic acid)/fly ash composites for anti-icing application were successfully fabricated via a facile solvent-volatilization-induced phase separation approach. A silane coupling agent of 3-(Trimethoxysilyl) propyl methacrylate was used to decorate a fly ash surface (FA@KH570) for strengthening the interface bonding between fly ash and poly (L-lactic acid). Moreover, FA@KH570 could obviously enhance the crystallinity of poly (L-lactic acid) (PLLA)/FA@KH570 composites, which accelerated the conversion from the liquid-liquid to the liquid-solid phase separation principle. Correspondingly, the controllable surface morphology from smooth to petal-like microspheres was attained simply by adjusting the FA@KH570 content. After coating nontoxic candle grease, the apparent contact angle of 5 wt% PLLA/FA@KH570 composite was significantly increased to an astonishing 151.2°, which endowed the composite with excellent anti-icing property. This strategy paves the way for recycling waste fly ash and manufacturing hydrophobic poly (L-lactic acid) composite for potential application as an anti-icing material for refrigerator interior walls.
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Doddipatla, Purnima, and Sourav Agrawal. "Effect of Treatment of Fly Ash on Mechanical Properties of Polypropylene." Key Engineering Materials 759 (January 2018): 20–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.759.20.
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Recently lot of research is going on for different type of properties of composites and polymers.Fly ash is one source which is available abundantly and is considered an industrial waste. Fly ash can be used in huge amount in polymers.However there will be some problems with adhesion of the polymer matrix and fly ash. The matrix polymer chosen is Polypropylene and the flyash was treated with different material and composites were made . An effect of content of fly ash and study of effect of treatment on mechanical properties of the PP/fly ash composites was done. XRF studies were carried out to study the composition of fly ash.
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Senthil Kumar, B. R., M. Thiagarajan, and K. Chandrasekaran. "Investigation of Mechanical and Wear Properties of LM24/Silicate/Fly Ash Hybrid Composite Using Vortex Technique." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2016 (2016): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/6728237.
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This work has investigated to find the influence of silicate on the wear behavior of LM 24/4 wt.% fly ash hybrid composite. The investigation reveals the effectiveness of incorporation of silicate in the composite for gaining wear reduction. Silicate particles with fly ash materials were incorporated into aluminum alloy matrix to accomplish reduction in wear resistance and improve the mechanical properties. The LM24/silicate/fly ash hybrid composite was prepared with 4 wt.% fly ash particles with 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, and 24 wt.% of silicate using vortex technique. Tribological properties were evaluated under different load (15, 30, 45, 60, and 75 N); sliding velocity (0.75, 1.5, 2.25, and 3 m/sec) condition using pin on disc apparatus and mechanical properties like density, hardness, impact strength, and tensile strength of composites were investigated. In addition, the machining of the aluminum hybrid composite was studied using Taguchi L9orthogonal array with analysis of variance. The properties of the hybrid composites containing 24 wt.% silicates exhibit the superior wear resistance and mechanical properties.
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Sharma, Pankaj Kr, Shashi Prakash Dwivedi, Vijay Gautam, and Amit Kr Gupta. "Industrial Importance of Aluminium-Fly Ash Composite and Its Application-A Review." International Journal of Advance Research and Innovation 4, no. 4 (2016): 148–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.51976/ijari.441624.
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The present investigation has been focused on utilization of waste fly ash in useful manner by dispersing it in aluminum matrix to produce composite. In the present work, fly-ash which mainly consists of refractory oxides like silica, alumina, and iron oxides, was used as the reinforcing phase and to increase the wet ability magnesium and silicon were added. Composites were produced with different percentages of reinforcing phase. Al-fly ash composite is electrically conductive and can be processed by ECM, Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM).
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Terzic, A., Lj Pavlovic, N. Obradovic, V. Pavlovic, J. Stojanovic, Lj Milicic, Z. Radojevic, and M. M. Ristic. "Synthesis and sintering of high-temperature composites based on mechanically activated fly ash." Science of Sintering 44, no. 2 (2012): 135–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sos1202135t.
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Amount of fly ash which is and yet to be generated in the coming years highlights the necessity of developing new methods of the recycling where this waste can be reused in significant quantity. A new possibility for fly ash utilization is in high-temperature application (thermal insulators or/and refractory material products). As such, fly ash has to adequately answer the mechanical and thermal stability criteria. One of the ways of achieving it is by applying mechanical activation procedure on fly ash. In present study, fly ashes from two different power plants were mechanically activated in a planetary ball mill. Mechanically treated fly ashes were cemented with two different binders: standard Portland cement and high-aluminates cement. Physico-chemical analysis and investigation of mineralogical components of composites are emphasized, due to the changes occurred in fly ash during mechanical activation and sintering of composites. Macro-performance of the composites was correlated to the microstructure of fly ash studied by means of XRD and SEM analysis. Thermal stability of crystalline phases was investigated with DTA. Highlight was placed on determination of relationship between mechanically activated fly ash and obtained composites microstructure on one side and behavior of sintered composites on the other side.
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Suresha, Bheemappa, Shivaprakash Vidyashree, and Harshavardhan Bettegowda. "Effect of Filler Materials on Abrasive Wear Performance of Glass/Epoxy Composites." Tribology in Industry 45, no. 1 (March 15, 2023): 111–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.24874/ti.1386.10.22.01.
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When creating polymer-based composites, plain weave fabrics and micron-sized fillers offer bidirectional strength and reduced voids/inhomogeneity. In the present work, It was investigated how glass fabric reinforced epoxy composite (G-E) performed during three-body abrasive wear with and without ceramic fillers (SiO2, Al2O3, graphite, and fly ash cenospheres). In experiments, loads of 20 N and 40 N were applied at various abrading distances of 500 m, 1000 m, 1500 m, and 2000 m. According to the results of sand abrasive wear test, the specific wear rates of G-E based composites are sensitive to fibre and filler/matrix adhesion. Under all tribo-test settings, the SWR for all particulate G-E composites decreases in the following order: G-E > Gr/G-E > SiO2/G-E > Al2O3/G-E > fly ash cenosphere/G-E. Furthermore, the specific wear rate of the fly ash cenosphere filled G-E composites were found to be lower than the G-E and other filler materials filled G-E composites. There was 38.7% reduction in the specific wear rate at 40 N, 2000 m in fly ash cenosphere filled G-E composite. As per the evidence of scanning electron microscope images of worn-out surfaces, mechanisms such as ploughing, fibre breakage, fibre pull-out, fibre thinning, and a network of microcracks caused the wear in composites.
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Alghamdi, Mohammed N. "Performance for Fly Ash Reinforced HDPE Composites over the Ageing of Material Components." Polymers 14, no. 14 (July 18, 2022): 2913. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14142913.
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The by-product abundances of fly ash allow them to be used as the reinforcing filler for high-volume and high-performance thermoplastic composites. However, the durability of the composites remains questioned as polymer degradation during environmental weathering creates brittle materials, leading to surface cracks, which potentially release hazardous fly ash particles into the environment. This paper reports the effect of environmental ageing (UV and moisture exposure) on the morphological and mechanical properties of fly ash mixed high-density polyethylene (FA/HDPE) composites with three dissimilar weight fractions (5, 10 and 15 wt%) of filler and compared the results with similarly aged neat HDPE samples. The consequence of environmental ageing on the elevated mechanical properties of composites is investigated. Fifteen wt% fly ash reinforced composite appears to have better morphological and mechanical properties after 20 weeks of ageing, with only ~5 and ~9% reduction in Young’s modulus and tensile strength, respectively. The driving factors controlling the ageing effects are broadly discussed and recommendations are made for research advancements.
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Praveen Kumar, A., and M. Nalla Mohamed. "A comparative analysis on tensile strength of dry and moisture absorbed hybrid kenaf/glass polymer composites." Journal of Industrial Textiles 47, no. 8 (July 12, 2017): 2050–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1528083717720203.
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Economic and environmental concerns lead the researchers toward development of sustainable and renewable materials of which reinforced composites are part of. The abundantly available natural fibers have attracted the researchers to study their performance as reinforcements and feasibility for making automobile components. The performance of composite materials is mainly assessed through their mechanical properties. However, natural fibers to date were mainly used as reinforcements to create bulk composite components with reduced cost rather than improved mechanical performances. Among the methods available for improving mechanical properties of the natural fiber composites, combined mercerization treatment, hybridization, and incorporation of fly ash fillers in the matrix are the best solutions. Therefore, the objective of this research is to evaluate the tensile properties of hybrid kenaf/glass composites with and without fly ash particulate filler as per ASTM standards. Moisture absorption behavior and its effect on the tensile properties of hybrid composites are also investigated. The results revealed that the addition of 10wt % fly ash particles with natural fiber composites increased the tensile strength of composites while hybridization with glass fibers reduced the water absorption properties.
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Sengupta, Shubhalakshmi, Sunanda Sain, Dipa Ray, and Aniruddha Mukhopadhyay. "Development and Characterizations of Green Coupling Agent Coated Fly Ash Reinforced Recycled Polypropylene Matrix Composites." Advanced Materials Research 747 (August 2013): 707–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.747.707.
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Two industrial wastes fly ash and polypropylene was used to develop novel composite materials. The fly ash (FA) particles were coated with stearic acid (SA) and palmitic acid (PA) in 1 wt% concentration. The surface coated fly ash particles were incorporated as filler in recycled polypropylene (RPP) matrix composites by melt mixing in 1:1 weight ratio. The composites were tested for their flexural properties, impact behaviour, dynamic mechanical properties and fracture surface analysis. Increase in flexural strength, modulus and impact strength was observed in the coated FA/RPP composites. 1wt % PA coated FA/RPP composites showed great increase in flexural strength. In 1 wt% SA treated FA/RPP (RFASA1) composites highest shift in glass transition to a higher temperature were found. Fracture surface analysis revealed efficient filler matrix interactions in the SA and PA treated FA/RPP composites. Thus, green, renewable, inexpensive chemicals like stearic and palmitic acid was found to be an effective coupling agent in FA/RPP composites.
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Ilandjezian, R., and S. Gopalakannan. "Mechanical and Micro-Structural Behavior of Lignite Coal Based Fly-Ash and Microsphere Reinforced Al 6061 Metal Matrix Composite." Applied Mechanics and Materials 852 (September 2016): 123–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.852.123.
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Metal-matrix composites (MMC’s) have considerably enhanced properties including high specific strength; specific modulus, damping capacity and good wear resistance compared to non-reinforced alloys. There has been an increasing interest in composites containing low density and low cost reinforcements. Among various discontinuous dispersions used, fly-ash is one of the most less-expensive and low density reinforcement available in large quantities as solid waste by-product during combustion of coal in Thermal power plants. Alternatively Microspheres derived from the fly ash is also used as reinforcement in Aluminum Metal Matrix Composite to enhance the material properties. Hence, MMC’s uses fly ash and its derivatives used as reinforcement are likely to overcome the cost barrier for wide spread applications in automotive and other industrial applications.Similarly particulate reinforced Aluminum Metal Matrix Composite are gaining importance because of their low cost with advantages like isotropic properties and the possibility of secondary processing facilitating fabrication of secondary components. The Stir casting method based particulate reinforced Aluminum Metal Matrix Composites have higher specific strength, specific modulus and good wear resistance as compared to non-reinforced Al-alloys. They find wide applications in automobile and aerospace because of their excellent combination of physical, mechanical and tribological properties. Primarily because of their high specific strength and stiffness, these composite materials could also be used in Automobiles weight reduction and other applications. In this work a comparative study between Fly ash and Fly ash derived Microsphere base Al-MMC is explained in lucid manner.
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Subarmono, Subarmono, Jamasri Jamasri, M. W. Wildan, and Kusnanto Kusnanto. "Mechanical Properties of Aluminum/fly Ash Composites Produced by Hot Extrusion." Material Science Research India 7, no. 1 (June 25, 2010): 95–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/msri/070110.
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This research aims to investigate mechanical properties of aluminum matrix composites reinforced with fly ash (AMC/Fly ash) produced using hot extrusion.AMC/Fly ash was prepared from aluminum fine powder as matrix and fly ash as reinforcement. The various amount of fly ash of 5%; 7.5%; 10%; 12.5% and 15% wt were added to the aluminum fine powder. Each composition was mixed using rotary mixer for 3 hours. The mixture was compacted using uniaxial pressing with a pressure of 100 MPa to produce green body. The green body was hot extruded with an extrusion ratio of 0.25 and temperature of 600ºC. Bending strength, Vickers hardness, wear rate and porosity of the AMC/fly ash were measured. The microstructure was observed using SEM. The results show that mechanical properties of the composites such as bending strength and Vickers hardness increase, porosity and wear rate decrease with increasing fly ash content up to 12.5 wt %. Above 12.5 wt % of fly ash those mechanical properties of composites seems to be inverse. The properties of AMC/12.5 wt % fly ash produced using hot extrusion from green body showing the best properties in term of the bending strength, Vickers hardness, porosity and wear resistance, that are 302 MPa; 79 VHN; 0.73 % and 0,0095 mg/(MPa.m), respectively.
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Küçük, Mehmet Emin, Teemu Kinnarinen, Juha Timonen, Olli Mulari, and Antti Häkkinen. "Characterisation of Industrial Side Streams and Their Application for the Production of Geopolymer Composites." Minerals 11, no. 6 (May 31, 2021): 593. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11060593.
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This study focuses on characterisation of side streams including biomass fly ash, biomass bottom ash, coal fly ash, green liquor dregs, limestone mine tailings, and electric arc furnace steel slag from different industrial locations in Finland. It was found that the fly ash samples contained the highest Al2O3 and SiO2 concentrations, a large number of spherical particles of small sizes and high specific surface areas. Fly ashes and steel slag were observed to contain higher amounts of amorphous phases compared to the other side streams. The high loss on ignition value of the coal fly ash and green liquor dregs was found to exceed the limitations for their application in geopolymer composites. Despite their relatively high concentrations in ashes and steel slag, the leaching tests have shown that no hazardous metal leached out from the streams. Finally, test specimens of geopolymer composites (GP2) were prepared by the application of biomass fly ash, bottom ash, and limestone mine tailings without any pre-treatment process, in addition to the ordinary Portland cement-(R) and metakaolin-based geopolymer composites (GP1). The measured compressive (14.1 MPa) and flexural strength (3.5 MPa) of GP2 suggest that it could be used in concrete kerbs and paving flags. The data has also shown that over 500% of the compressive strength was developed between 7 and 28 days in GP2, whereas in the case of reference concrete (R) and the metakaolin-based geopolymer composite (GP1) it was developed in the first 7 days.
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Sim, Jeesoo, Youngjeong Kang, Byung Joo Kim, Yong Ho Park, and Young Cheol Lee. "Preparation of Fly Ash/Epoxy Composites and Its Effects on Mechanical Properties." Polymers 12, no. 1 (January 2, 2020): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12010079.
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In this research, a fly ash/epoxy composite was fabricated using fly ash filler classified as industrial waste. The behavior of its mechanical properties was investigated by changing the volume of fly ash to 10, 30 and 50 vol.%. To determine the influence of particle size on the mechanical properties, we used two different sizes of the fly ash, which were separated by sieving to less than 90 μm and 53 μm. To optimize fabrication conditions, the viscosity of the fly ash/epoxy slurry was measured at various temperatures with different fly ash volume fractions. In terms of mechanical properties, tensile strength increased as the amount of fly ash increased, up to a critical point. On the other hand, the compression strength of the composite increased continuously as the amount of fly ash increased. Finally, the fracture surfaces were characterized and correlated with the mechanical properties.
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Wu, Gao Hui, Jian Gu, Qiang Zhang, and Xiao Zhao. "Fabrication and Dynamic Mechanical Properties Offly Ash/Epoxy Composites." Key Engineering Materials 353-358 (September 2007): 1467–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.353-358.1467.
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An inexpensive fly ash (FA), which is from a waste production, has been employed to fabricate fly ash/epoxy composites in our work. Three kinds of fly ash with the most probable diameters of 74"m, 119"m and 146"m were filled in the modified epoxy resin (EP). The purpose of this study is to characterize the dynamic mechanical properties of such composites, and the dynamic mechanical behaviors of the composites are investigated in the temperature range from -40 to 150oC using a tension-compression mode. The results indicate that the dynamic elastic moduli for the fly ash/epoxy composites are (1.4~2.0) GPa, and the peak values of loss factor (tanδ) for these composites can reach (0.79~0.90) in the test specification. In addition, a scanning electron microscope (SEM) has been used to observe the distribution of fly ash particles in the matrix, as well as the photographs of fracture surface of composites.
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Kumar, Krishnan Ravi, Kothavady Mylsamy Mohanasundaram, Ramanathan Subramanian, and Balasubramaniam Anandavel. "Influence of fly ash particles on tensile and impact behaviour of aluminium (Al/3Cu/8.5Si) metal matrix composites." Science and Engineering of Composite Materials 21, no. 2 (March 1, 2014): 181–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/secm-2013-0006.
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AbstractThe present work aimed to study the tensile and impact behaviour of fly ash particle reinforced aluminium matrix composites. Fly ash particles reinforced aluminium (Al/3Cu/8.5Si) matrix composites were fabricated by the stir casting technique. Three different size ranges of fly ash particles (50–75, 75–103 and 103–150 μm) were used. The composites were subjected to tensile and impact tests. The tensile and impact fracture surfaces of the aluminium alloy and composites were investigated using a scanning electron microscope to characterise the fracture mechanism of the composites. The tensile strength of composites increased, while the ductility and impact strength of composites decreased with an increase in fly ash particle content. The fracture surface of the unreinforced material was characterised by uneven distribution of a large number of dimples resulting in ductile failure. In the case of composites, the presence of hard and brittle reinforcement particles in the ductile aluminium matrix places constraints on the plastic flow of the matrix leading to brittle failure with an increase in fly ash particles.
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Sathishkumar, GK, G. Rajkumar, K. Srinivasan, and MJ Umapathy. "Structural analysis and mechanical properties of lignite fly-ash-added jute–epoxy polymer matrix composite." Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites 37, no. 2 (October 19, 2017): 90–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0731684417735183.
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The role of lignite fly ash in determining the physical properties of polymer matrix composite is studied in the present investigation. For that, different compositions of polymer matrix composite were prepared using epoxy polymer resin with lignite fly ash and jute fiber in the combination of (90 − x) EP − 10 JF − xLFA (where x = 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, and 2.5 wt.%) through hand layup technique followed by light compression molding technique. The changes in the physical properties of polymer matrix composite, when fly ash was added, were found to be quite interesting. A linear increase in mechanical strength such as compressive strength, tensile strength, flexural strength, impact energy, and barcol hardness was observed up to the addition of 2 wt.% fly ash content in the polymer matrix composite. Scanning electron microscope image of the composite sample EPJF2.0 showed the distribution of the fly ash, minimal voids, and fiber pullouts presented at the fractured surface. Of all the prepared polymer matrix composites, the sample EPJF2.0 showed a higher mechanical strength and better thermal stability than the other samples.
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Siddhi Jailani, H., A. Rajadurai, B. Mohan, and T. Sornakumar. "Sliding wear behaviour of Al-Si alloy–fly ash composites produced by powder metallurgy technique." Industrial Lubrication and Tribology 69, no. 2 (March 13, 2017): 241–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ilt-12-2015-0206.
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Purpose Metal matrix composites (MMCs) are commonly used in many aerospace and industrial applications. MMCs possess significantly improved properties including high specific strength, specific modulus, damping capacity and good wear resistance compared to unreinforced alloys. The purpose of this paper is to describe the tribological studies of Al-Si alloy–fly ash composites manufactured using powder metallurgy technique. Design/methodology/approach Al-Si (12 Wt.%) alloy–fly ash composites were developed using powder metallurgy technique. Al-Si alloy powder was used as matrix material, and the fly ash was used as reinforcement. The particle size of Al-Si alloy powder was in the range of 75-300 μm, and the fly ash was in the range of 1-15 μm. The friction and wear characteristics of the composites were studied using a pin-on-disc set up. The test specimen was mated against cast iron disc, and the tests were conducted with the loads of 10, 20 and 30 N, sliding speeds of 0.5, 1 and 1.5 m/s for a sliding distance of 2,000 m. Findings The effects of load and sliding speed on tribological properties of the base alloy and Al-Si alloy–fly ash composites pins on sliding with cast iron disc are evaluated. The wear rate of Al-Si alloy–fly ash composites is lower than that of base alloy, and it increases with increasing load and sliding speed. The coefficient of friction of Al-Si alloy–fly ash composites is increased as compared with base alloy. Practical implications The development of Al-Si alloy–fly ash composites produced by powder metallurgy technique will modernize the automobile and other industries because near net shape at low cost and good mechanical properties are obtained. Originality/value There are few papers available on the development and tribological studies of Al-Si alloy–fly ash composites produced by powder metallurgy technique.
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Praveen Kumar, A., M. Nalla Mohamed, K. Kurien Philips, and J. Ashwin. "Development of Novel Natural Composites with Fly Ash Reinforcements and Investigation of their Tensile Properties." Applied Mechanics and Materials 852 (September 2016): 55–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.852.55.
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Increasing demand for special materials leads to new inventions. One of the most promising inventions is the concept of composites. Natural fibers have the potential as a reinforcing material as an alternative to the use of glass, carbon and other synthetic fibers in automotive industries. Among various natural fibers, Kenaf is a widely used fiber due to its easy availability, low density, low production cost and satisfactory mechanical properties. To enhance the mechanical properties of natural fibre composites, strengthening of the matrix and fibre is very much essential. A prospective reinforcement in this regard is fly ash, which is abundantly available as a waste product from thermal power plants. In this paper, a new novel natural composite with epoxy as a resin and reinforcing both bio waste (Kenaf) and industrial waste (Fly ash) has been developed. All the laminates were prepared with a total of 4 plies. Laminates without fly ash filler were also fabricated for comparison purpose. A hand lay-up method was used for the fabrication of composites and was tested as per ASTM standards for evaluation of tensile properties. The effect of fly ash weight percentage (5, 10, 15% wt.) on tensile properties was studied experimentally. Due to the incorporation of fly ash fillers into the kenaf fiber composites, there is considerable improvement in the mechanical properties. Overall results supported the effective utilization of natural composites for automotive applications.
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Nirala, Akhileshwar, Shatrughan Soren, Navneet Kumar, Yogesh Shrivastava, Rajeev Kamal, Abdullah Ibrahem Al-Mansour, and Shamshad Alam. "Assessing the Mechanical Properties of a New High Strength Aluminum Hybrid MMC Based on the ANN Approach for Automotive Application." Materials 15, no. 6 (March 9, 2022): 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15062015.
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Aluminum-based composites with characteristics such as low density and high strength to weight ratio have been identified to be one of the best-emerging alternatives. The lightweight composite is gaining popularity, particularly in the automotive industry. The composite’s qualities make it a prospective material to replace significant materials that are now used in the automobile industry. For lightweight products, various weight reduction solutions were proposed. In the present work, one such lightweight composite was fabricated by using a stir casting process, which includes reinforcement powders viz. carbon nanotube and fly ash to pure aluminum. The use of fly ash helps in reducing the overall associated cost of the material as well as provides low density. The work aims to identify the amount of fly ash (by weight %) suitable to avail good mechanical properties. In concern with the mechanical properties, density, yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, and wear resistance of the composite specimen were examined. Moreover, the artificial neural network was adopted to identify minimum volumetric wear for a given set of conditions. From the results, it was perceived that with the increase in fly ash content, the volumetric wear of the fabricated composite decreases. However, with the increase in load and speed, the volumetric wear rate increases.
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Kosasang, Onthida, Autsadawooth Kummoo, Ratchapol Konghakot, and Sukangkana Talangkun. "Corrosion Investigation and Microstructure of High Calcium Fly Ash Reinforced Al6061." Key Engineering Materials 824 (October 2019): 260–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.824.260.
Full textAbstract:
In this study, the effect of high Ca fly ash on the corrosion behavior and microstructure of Al6061 alloy matrix composite was investigated. The Al6061 matrix composites containing 5, 7, and 10 wt% of fly ash particles were prepared by the stir casting process. The corrosion behavior was investigated using potentiodynamic polarization measurement using 5 wt% NaCl. The results revealed that the Icorr increased from 2.44 µA/cm2 to 8.60 µA/cm2 as the fly ash concentration increased from 5 wt% to 10 wt%. This increase of Icorr indicates an increase of the corrosion rate. The corrosion mainly occurs at the interface between fly ash particles and Al 6061 matrix.
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Jaworska, Beata, Paweł Łukowski, and Jerzy Jaworski. "Influence of cement substitution by calcareous fly ash on the mechanical properties of polymer-cement composites." MATEC Web of Conferences 163 (2018): 03005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201816303005.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of the presented research was to determine the influence of cement substitution with calcareous fly ash on the mechanical properties of polymer-cement composites. Coal combustion products such as calcareous fly ash have been already used in traditional cement composites as a part of cement and considered potential additions for concrete but its introduction into polymer-cement composites is still under preliminary investigation. The morphology of fly ash causes problems with its compatibility with polymer-cement binders but its insertion into those building materials is another way to utilize mineral combustion products that are cumbersome in storage and recycling. The influence of the mineral addition on polymer-cement composites containing 20% of polymer was especially taken into consideration. Mechanical properties of polymercement mortars modified with calcareous fly ash were tested after 28 and 90 days of curing. As a part of preliminary study, activity index of mineral addition was determined. Polymer-cement composites containing calcareous fly ash were characterized by higher flexural and tensile strength comparing to standardized mortar, even for the mortars containing 40% of mineral addition. The negative effect of the polymer-cement composites modification with calcareous fly ash was especially observed on the compressive strength of this composites.
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Thirupathaiah, C., and Sanjeev Reddy K. Hudgikar. "Effect of Silicon Carbide Boron Carbide and Fly-Ash Particles on Aluminium Metal Matrix Composite." Advances in Science and Technology 106 (May 2021): 26–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.106.26.
Full textAbstract:
The current paper deals about the fabrication of composite material is to combine the desirable attributes of metals and ceramics. Aluminium 6063 used as a base material in combination with the Silicon carbide ,Boron carbide and fly-ash were used as reinforcement material. Our intention is to increased or enhanced properties of pure Aluminium 6063 by addition of Silicon Carbide ,Boron Carbide and fly-ash. The process of fabrication composite material is prepared by using stir casting method. In this paper, addition of Silicon Carbide 1% , Boron Carbide 1% and fly-ash1% with aluminium increasing percentage ratio the mechanical properties of composite material is enhanced, so it is clear that the effect of Silicon Carbide , Boron Carbide and fly-ash were helpful to increasing properties of pure Aluminium by addition. The influence of reinforced ratio of silicon carbide, Boron carbide and fly-ash particles on mechanical behavior was examined. The effect of different weight percentage of silicon carbide, Boron carbide and fly-ash in composite on tensile strength, hardness, microstructure was studied. It was observed that the hardness & tensile strength of the composites increased with increasing reinforcement elements addition in it. The distribution of silicon carbide, Boron carbide and fly-ash particles was uniform in aluminum.