Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Flux de chaleur et de CO2'
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Klein, Amelie. "Étude multi-paramètrique de l'évolution des systèmes hydrothermaux : apports à la compréhension des systèmes volcaniques en cours de réactivation." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Clermont Auvergne (2021-...), 2024. http://theses.bu.uca.fr/nondiff/2024UCFA0125_KLEIN.pdf.
Full textVolcanic hydrothermal activity poses unpredictable hazards like phreatic explosions or flank collapse, as well as pervasive hazards such as the emission of hot, toxic gases from steaming ground and fumaroles. The presence of a hydrothermal system has important implications for interpreting signals from the magmatic system. Therefore, the spatial distribution and temporal evolution of geophysical and geochemical signals at volcanoes with long-lived hydrothermal systems provide crucial information for detecting precursors of eruptive activity.La Soufrière de Guadeloupe volcano is currently undergoing a phase of unrest, which started in 1992 and saw an increase in intensity in 2018. To advance the understanding of the shallow hydrothermal system at La Soufrière, we repeatedly mapped diffuse CO2 degassing, ground temperature and self-potential across the dome summit from 2021 to 2024. This work represents the first mapping of self-potential in over a decade and the first quantification of CO2 degassing over the entire summit. It provides an up-to-date picture of the distribution of subsurface fluid circulation and the associated ground heat and CO2 fluxes. We also outline a numerical approach to improve the quantification of the fumarole fluxes based on a physical plume model and thermal images of the fumarole plumes and use this to calculate heat and mass fluxes from La Soufrière's major fumaroles.Our multi-parameter mappings, repeated self-potential profiles, and comparisonswith previous studies show that hydrothermal fluid circulation in the northeastern summit sector has significantly increased over the last decade. Estimated condensation depths of ascending hydrothermal fluids suggest that this development may be due to a change in the distribution of subsurface permeability, which is likely related to the dome displacement field. The short-term dynamics of hydrothermal fluid circulation are investigated using a two-year self-potential time series. We observe diurnal and semidiurnal variations linked to atmospheric tides. Finally, we analyse the response of the shallow hydrothermal system to precipitation, seismicity and fumarole temperature.This shows that the northeastern summit sector is highly interconnected and highlights the strong structural control of the hydrothermal system dynamics by the main summit fractures.This work provides a picture of the current distribution and spatiotemporal evolution of shallow hydrothermal fluid circulation at La Soufrière de Guadeloupe. This helps us to identify the preferred zones for future monitoring. The datasets generated will help to constrain models from other geophysical methods to infer the internal state of the dome and assess potential hazards related to passive degassing, alteration or fluid pressurisation
Gable, Robert. "Température, gradient et flux de chaleur terrestre : mesures, interprétation /." Orléans : Éd. du Bureau de recherches géologiques et minières, 1986. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb377010343.
Full textGuitari, Imed. "Etude expérimentale et modélisation d'une pompe à chaleur fonctionnant au CO2." Lyon, INSA, 2005. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2005ISAL0070/these.pdf.
Full textThis work concerns an experimental study and modelling of an air/water beat pump using carbon dioxide as a working fluid. The experimental study is carried out on an instrumented test setup (pressure, temperature, flow end power measurements) to characterize the operation of this type of installation in static and dynamic mode. The static model was developed an validated. It allows to determine the optimal conditions of operation for various external conditions. Thus, a simplified law governing the optimal high pressure according to the gas cooler outlet temperature is deduced from the calculations. The dynamic model is based on the equations of mass and energy conservation. It takes into account the thermal inertia on the compressor, the exchanger' s walls, the refrigerant (carbon dioxide) and the coolant (water). Comparison between modelling results and those obtained with the test stand gives a good agreement. Thanks to this model, it is possible to record the operating variables versus time and space after changing the input parameters such as sources temperatures, expansion valve opening and compressor rotating speed. In particular, we notice a good representation of starting process with a transition from subcritical to transcritical cycle
Vibhatavata, Phuangphet. "Fabrication de carburant synthétique par valorisation du CO2 et de la chaleur nucléaire." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LYO10208/document.
Full textThis work is in the context of large-scale efforts to enhance greenhouse gas emissionsmitigation. A potential way to recycle CO2 as a carbon feedstock to produce a synthetic fuelby the conversion of CO2 and hydrogen, produced from water electrolysis using nuclear orrenewable energy. This process may be sustainable in some specific context like in Frenchcontext; French electricity is mainly generated by nuclear and renewable energies that havelow carbon footprints. In this work, a synthetic fuel is produced by CO2 hydrogenation intosynthesis gas via the Reverse Water-Gas Shift (RWGS) reaction, then synthesis gas isconverted into a synthetic fuel. This research project consists of two main parts:The first part focuses on the development of a selective and stable catalyst for the RWGSreaction at moderate temperature (723-773 K). We have applied the micro-kinetic approach ofthe RWGS reaction and its side reactions in order to determine a multi-metallic catalyst,which has shown to perform better selectivity and stability than a conventional, commercialcatalyst under the optimal operating conditions of the RWGS reaction. In the second part, weconducted the simulations of a large-scale dimethyl ether (DME) production process by theconversion of CO2 from industrial flue gases in the French context. The simulation of the CO2to DME process showed the process energy efficiency of 52% and the emissions reductionpotential of 88% of total CO2 emissions
Ringenbach, Nicolas. "Bilan radiatif et flux de chaleur en climatologie urbaine : Mesures,modélisation et validation sur Strasbourg." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2004. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2004/RINGENBACH_Nicolas_2004.pdf.
Full textToudji, Sid-Ali Amine. "Pervaporation de composés purs : approche expérimentale du couplage entre transfert de matière et transfert de chaleur." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0100.
Full textThe aim of this work is to study the pervaporation process and specifically to understand the mass and heat transport mechanisms in a dense polymeric membrane. A better understanding of these mechanisms would make it possible to improve the limiting parameters for the development of this process, such as the low mass fluxes as well as the origin and the quantity of heat required for transport through the membrane. In order to answer these questions, we have developed an experimental setup that allows simultaneous measurement of mass flux and heat flux density. The dead-end permeation of the setup developed gives access to the temperature profile of the liquid feed. These temperature data make possible the estimation of the heat flux densities engaged during the pervaporation experiments by means of an inverse computation coupled with a STAR CCM + simulation. The mass flux is measured by a new method in addition to the gravimetric method used as a reference. The new method uses a pressure sensor located in the feed tank to continuously measure the mass flux with 1Hz raw acquisition frequency synchronized with the temperature measurement. In order to simplify the experimental constraints, we applied only permeation of pure liquids. The correlation of the two fluxes (mass and heat density) measured led us to observe that the amount of heat taken to the feed side to pervaporate a unit mass of pure liquid is less than the amount of heat required to vaporize the same liquid. It represents 50% of it in the case of water and only 25% in the case of the ethanol
Goret, Marine. "Etude des interactions entre le climat urbain et le CO2 : modélisation des flux de CO2 et application à l'échelle d'une ville." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019INPT0119.
Full textClimate and CO2 are closely tied. The link between them is so well established that the objectives for global warming mitigation are expressed in terms of the maximum amount of CO2 equivalent that can be emitted. The amount of CO2 present in the atmosphere at a given time is the result of complex exchanges and equilibriums between the atmosphere and the earth's surface. The latter is composed not only of oceans, vegetation and natural soils, but also cities. Exchanges between the atmosphere and urban surfaces come mainly from four contributors: building emissions, road traffic, human respiration and urban vegetation. Two of these contributors depend on climate: buildings and vegetation. Buildings emissions, at least at high and medium latitudes, are strongly related to space heating, and therefore fluctuate with the outside temperature. As for the vegetation, its growth and open-up speed depends on the weather and climate conditions and more particularly on temperature, precipitation and solar radiation. The CO2 emitted by the city is then transported through the atmosphere by the local atmospheric circulation which is the result of the synoptic situation modified by the city's influence. Therefore there are strong interactions between climate and CO2 at the city scale: the city's carbon footprint depends on the local climate, and the transport of CO2 through the atmosphere is influenced by the atmospheric circulation induced by the city. The aim of this thesis is to study these interactions. That's why, the modeling of CO2 exchanges between urban surfaces and the atmosphere has been added to the urban micro-climate model TEB. This allows to verify that the physical processes that link CO2 emissions/uptakes in the city and the urban climate are well identified and understood. The model is evaluated on two case studies each of which specifically assessed one of the contributors to city/atmosphere CO2 exchanges that is weather-sensitive: the buildings on the Toulouse site (France), and the vegetation on the Kumpula site (Finland). These two sites demonstrate the model's ability to reproduce CO2 exchanges between urban surfaces and the atmosphere as well as their daily and seasonal cycles. The Toulouse site underlines the importance of a detailed knowledge of the inhabitants' energy behaviour in order to simulate the CO2 emissions of buildings. Kumpula site demonstrates the ability of the ISBA model, designed to describe the interactions between non-urban vegetation and the atmosphere, to describe the CO2 exchanges between urban vegetation and the atmosphere. The model, thus validated, is used to carry our simulations of CO2 emissions from buildings on the scale of the entire urban agglomeration of Toulouse. These simulations once again highlighted the necessity of a good knowledge of the inhabitant's energy behaviors: on our case study (four days in winter), the 2°C reduction of the nigth-time space heating setpoint temperature reduces CO2 emissions by 33%. During these simulations, the transport of CO2 emitted by the city through the atmosphere is also monitored. This shows that, despite a calm wind situation, the CO2 plume created by the city dissipates rapidly (less than a day), limiting the increase in CO2 concentration over the city. Simulations on other cities are neeeded to determine if this result can be generalized. During this thesis, we studied climate/CO2 interactions at the city scale. In the future, it would be interesting to carry out simulations in future climate or in coupled mode with climate models in order to study the feedback between local and global climate/CO2 links
Cheng, Li Zhen. "Interprétation des données de flux de chaleur et de gravité dans le bouclier canadien." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape4/PQDD_0020/NQ49058.pdf.
Full textCheng, Li Zhen. "Interprétation des données de flux de chaleur et de gravité dans le Bouclier Canadien /." Thèse, Montréal : Chicoutimi : Université du Québec à Montréal ;. Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 1999. http://theses.uqac.ca.
Full textDelarochelambert, Thierry. "Etude expérimentale et théorique des transferts thermiques couples en convection naturelle à travers une double paroi verticale à haute densité de flux de chaleur." Mulhouse, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997MULH0506.
Full textBen, Moussa Hocine. "Etude des transferts de chaleur et de masse dans un silo à grains soumis à un flux de chaleur pariétal instationnaire." Poitiers, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989POIT2313.
Full textPatej, Stéphanie. "Structure d'écoulement au sein d'une nappe liquide soumise à un flux de chaleur." Poitiers, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000POIT2291.
Full textCrespy, Charles. "Contribution à la mesure de champs de température bi et tri-dimensionnels par photographie de Speckle : application à l'estimation des flux de chaleur pariétaux." Lyon, INSA, 2009. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2009ISAL0031/these.pdf.
Full textThis study deals with the implementation of a Speckle Photography experimental device in order to measure temperature fields in bidimensional and tridimensional air flows, specially it focuses on near wall heat transfers estimation. First of all, an experimental device is designed and optimized for thermal phase object studies. Then, an original metrology to measure convective parietal heat flux is developed. It allows to increase spatial resolution and measurement accuracy, and to correct measurements from diffraction phenomenon which introduces a bias in parietal measurement. This technique is successfully validated with a measurement campaign on an air jet impingement flow simultaneously perform with the Speckle Photography technique and with a balance method. Finally, a tridimensionnal field estimation algorithm which needs a narrow viewing angle is developed. This technique has the advantage to be used in the parietal problems. It's implemented to estimate the thickness and the position of a free convective boundary layer
Louleh, Ziad. "Modélisation et conduite des réacteurs discontinus par analyse des flux thermiques." Toulouse, INPT, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996INPT037G.
Full textUnnikrishnakurup, Sreedhar. "Etude expérimentale et numérique d'un essai de soudage TIG statique et estimation des paramètres du flux de chaleur." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MON20013/document.
Full textGas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW) process is generally used for assemblies that requires high quality weld joint. The microstructure and the weld joint relies mainly on the thermal cycle due to the welding operation, the chemical composition of the metallic material and the complex flow of molten metal in the weld pool. Moreover the fluid flow in the weld pool play a major role in the temperature distribution and the final weld pool shape. Better understanding of the physical phenomena involved in the welding operation, more exactly in the weld pool, are the fundamental step for improving the GTAW operation, for example increase the productivity or avoid defects. In the present research work, a two dimensional axi-symmetric multiphysics model was established in order to predict the weld pool shape evolution in the frame of a stationary Gas Tungsten Arc Welding using a finite element numerical approach. The weld pool model included various driving forces such as self-induced electromagnetic (Lorentz force), surface tension (Marangoni force), buoyancy and the arc plasma drag force. The stated GTAW model is used for predicting the velocity and temperature distribution in the fusion zone and the final weld pool shape. In order to validate the GTAW model, an experimental set up was defined for synchronizing the acquisition of time dependent data such as temperature, weld pool radius and welding process parameters (current and voltage). Image processing algorithms were developed for the time dependent weld pool size identification from the high speed camera images. Comparison between experimental and calculated data exhibited important discrepancies on the temperature field and weld pool radius. These discrepancies are due to the incoming heat flux from the arc plasma into the work piece. The heat flux was modeled with a Gaussian function itself described with few parameters;two of these required to be estimated: GTAW efficiency and Gaussian distribution.An inverse approach is used for estimating these parameters from the available experimental data: temperature, weld pool radius and macrographs. The Levenberg-Marquardt method is used to solve the inverse heat transfer problem coupled to an iterative process regularization. Afterward the inverse heat transfer problem was investigated through few numerical cases in order to verify its robustness to three sorts of error in the input data (measurement noise, sensor location error and inaccuracies associated with the thermophysical properties). The inverse approach was robust to errors introduced on measurement data. However, errors on the position of sensors or on the knowledge of material thermo-physical properties are problematic on the GTAW efficiency estimation. Finally the inverse problem was solved with experimental measurement. The estimated parameters are in good agreement with the literature. The evaluated error on the estimated parameters is less than 10%
Yala, Malika. "Étude et réalisation de microcapteurs de flux thermique en technologie silicium." Lille 1, 2007. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2007/50376-2007-Yala.pdf.
Full textSmith, Pascalle. "Modélisation des cultures européennes au sein de la biosphère : phénologie, productivité et flux de CO2." Paris 6, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA066250.
Full textHassaine, Ahmed. "Etude des transferts d'impulsion et de chaleur par convection forcée dans un canal à parois sinusoïdales soumises à un flux de chaleur de densité constante." Lyon 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993LYO10046.
Full textBoutin, Jacqueline. "Flux air-mer de CO2 et salinité à la surface de l'océan par télédétection et mesures autonomes CARIOCA." Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00470532.
Full textEl, Ammouri Fouad. "Etude théorique des transferts couplés conductif, convectif et radiatif dans des écoulements gazeux hétérogènes et turbulents : mesure du flux conductif par déviation de faisceau laser." Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993ECAP0310.
Full textDécossin, Étienne. "Ébullition et assèchement dans un lit de particules avec production interne de chaleur : premières expériences et simulations numériques en situation multidimensionnelle." Toulouse, INPT, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000INPT004H.
Full textBelattar, Sougrati. "Le traitement par corrélation des mesures simultanées de flux thermique et de température de surface appliqué à l'analyse des échanges énergétiques sur la surface d'une paroi en régime variable." Lille 1, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985LIL10048.
Full textDidorally, Sheddia. "Prévision des flux de chaleur turbulents et pariétaux par des simulations instationnaires pour des écoulements turbulents chauffés." Thesis, Toulouse, ISAE, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ESAE0015/document.
Full textThe improvement of aerothermal predictions is a major concern for aeronautic manufacturers. In line with this issue, SAS approaches are assessed on the prediction of wall and turbulent heat fluxes for heated-turbulent flows. This study also aims at evaluating these advanced URANS methods in regard to DRSM models and hybrid RANS/LES approaches as ZDES. Firstly, we proposed to combine the SAS approach and a DRSM model in order to better reproduce both resolved and modelled Reynolds stresses. This new model, called SAS-DRSM, was implemented in ONERA Navier-Strokes code elsA. Unsteady simulations of two heated turbulent flows encountered in an aircraft engine compartment were then performed to evaluate all the SAS models available in the code. These numerical studies demonstrated that SAS approaches improve prediction of the flows compared to classical URANS models. They lead to full 3D flows with many turbulent structures. These structures favour turbulent mixing and thus induce a better prediction of the wall heat fluxes. Moreover, the numerical simulations showed that SAS methods are more accurate than classical URANS models without increasing significantly calculation costs. SAS approaches are not able to resolve the smallest turbulent structures in relation to ZDES which provides better predictions. Finally, the investigation of the turbulent heat flux suggested that the constant turbulent Prendtl number assumption, that is characteristic of classical URANS models, may not be valid in some regions of the flow
Letendre, Jacinthe. "Flux de CO2, conditions hydriques, et leurs relations avec divers indices spectraux en tourbière ombrotrophe boréale." Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/24568/24568.pdf.
Full textMortada, Sorina. "Étude et modélisation d'une pompe à chaleur intégrée dans un système double flux et utilisant des échangeurs à mini-canaux." Paris, ENMP, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011ENMP0042.
Full textThe building sector is the largestenergy consummer in France. Regulations require energy consumption reduction by imposing the label low-enegybilding. These buildings should consume mess than 50 kWh ep/m ˉ². Anˉ¹ for heating, ventilation, air conditionning, hot water, and lighting. Heating systems suitable for this type of buildings are missing on the French market. The technological development in this thesis concerns an air to air heat pump (mini-HP). The development criteria are energy peformance, low cost, and compactness for easy integration into a general air management system of an individual house. Components to accomplish these criteria are aluminium mini-channel heat exchangers, and variable speed compressors. The first prototype presented a COP higher than 4, even for low outdoor temperatures. A new technique for defrosting the evaporator was tested. The optimal control strategy has been identified and tested. Methodological developments concern miniaturized metrology, development of correlations required for mini-channel heat exchangers modeling, and dynamic modeling of an integrated air-to-air thermodynamic system. Tests on a specific test bench have led to the proposal of a new correlation for predicting the evaporative heat coefficient inside mini-channels for low mass fluxes. A mini-HP dynamic model was achieved. This model allows simulating the system esponse to various types of perturbations. An experimental validation has taken place. This model will allow developing a predictive control strategy
Mauran, Sylvain. "Flux de gaz en milieu poreux réactif déformable : relation entre texture, propriétés mécaniques et transferts : incidence sur la mise en oeuvre des réactifs et les performances de pompes à chaleur chimiques solide-gaz." Perpignan, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990PERP0097.
Full textRivalland, Vincent. "Amelioration et validation du modele de fonctionnement de la végétation ISBA-A-gs: stress hydrique et flux de CO2." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00009717.
Full textRivalland, Vincent. "Amélioration et validation du modèle de fonctionnement de la végétation ISBA-A-gs : stress hydrique et flux de CO2." Toulouse 3, 2003. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00009717.
Full textAyad, Mohamed Fadil. "Modélisation et caractérisation expérimentale d’un évaporateur à mini-canaux de climatisation automobile fonctionnant au CO2." Thesis, Nancy 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007NAN10155/document.
Full textThis work deals with the use of carbon dioxide as refrigerant for automotive air conditioning systems in replacement of HFC-134a. The objective is to provide the right design of evaporators. For that, it is necessary to study the vaporization of CO2 inside minichannels and to characterize the heat and mass transfer on the air-side. CO2 vaporization is characterized by a predominant nucleate boiling, leading to high heat transfer coefficients, and an early dryout (disappearance of liquid film in contact with the wall). From experimental data found in the literature, a predictive method of heat transfer coefficient according to the vapor quality has been developed. This method combines heat transfer models of nucleate boiling, convective evaporation and post-dryout. On the air-side of the evaporator, an experimental work has been performed to study the impact of absolute humidity on the thermal-hydraulic performance of louvered fins. We noted that from a relatively low value of Reynolds number, in dehumidifying conditions, the increase in absolute humidity degrades the sensible heat transfer coefficient, while the fin efficiency remains almost unchanged. Finally, all these results allowed us to develop a numerical model of minichannels evaporator based on a fine discretization of the heat exchanger; it is a valuable tool for the design and optimization of such heat exchangers
Frasson, Thomas. "Flux de chaleur hétérogène dans des simulations de convection mantellique : impact sur la géodynamo et les inversions magnétiques." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Grenoble Alpes, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024GRALU027.
Full textThe Earth’s magnetic field is generated within the Earth’s core, where convective motions ofthe electrically conducting liquid iron result in a dynamo action. This process, called the geodynamo,has been maintaining a magnetic field for billion of years. Paleomagnetic evidence showsthat the behaviour of the geodynamo has changed during geological times. These behaviourchanges are visible through variations in the strength and stability of the magnetic dipole. Variationsin the heat flux at the core-mantle boundary (CMB) due to mantle convection have beensuggested as one possible mechanism capable of driving such a change of behaviour.Numerical models of mantle convection and of the geodynamo have made significant improvementsin the recent years. Coupling mantle convection models and geodynamo models cangive insights into how the geodynamo reacts to variations in the CMB heat flux. Our current understandingof this thermal coupling between the mantle and the core is nonetheless restricted bylimitations in numerical models on both the mantle and core side. On the mantle side, the orientationof the mantle with respect to the spin axis has to be better constrained in order to exploitrecent simulations reproducing about 1 Gyr of mantle convection. Constraining this orientationrequires to align the maximum inertia axis of the mantle with the spin axis of the Earth, causingsolid-body rotations of the mantle called true polar wander (TPW). On the core side, numericalsimulations are still far from the parameter regime of the Earth, and it is not clear whether thereversing mechanism observed in these models is relevant for the Earth’s core.This work aims at acquiring a more complete understanding of how lateral heterogeneitiesof the CMB heat flux affect the geodynamo. In a first part, we explore the impact of TPW onthe CMB heat flux using two recently published mantle convection models: one model drivenby a plate reconstruction and a second that self-consistently produces a plate-like behaviour. Wecompute the geoid in both models to correct for TPW. An alternative to TPW correction is used forthe plate-driven model by simply repositioning the model in the original paleomagnetic referenceframe of the plate reconstruction. We find that in the plate-driven mantle convection model, themaximum inertia axis does not show a long-term consistency with the position of the magneticdipole inferred from paleomagnetism. TPW plays an important role in redistributing the CMBheat flux, notably at short time scales (≤ 10 Myr). Those rapid variations modify the latitudinaldistribution of the CMB heat flux. A principal component analysis (PCA) is computed to obtainthe dominant CMB heat flux patterns in the models.In a second part, we study the impact of heterogeneous heat flux conditions at the top of thecore in geodynamo models that expands towards more Earth-like parameter regimes than previouslydone. We especially focus on the heat flux distribution between the poles and the equator.More complex patterns extracted from the mantle convection models are also used. We show thatan equatorial cooling of the core is the most efficient at destabilizing the magnetic dipole, while apolar cooling of the core tends to stabilize the dipole. The observed effects of heterogeneous heatflux patterns are explained through the compatibility of thermal winds generated by the heat fluxpattern with zonal flows. Notably, heat flux patterns have a more moderate effect when westwardzonal flows are strong, with a destabilization of the dipole only for unrealistically large amplitudes.A parameter controlling the strength and stability of the magnetic dipole that is consistentwith the reversing behaviour of the geodynamo is suggested.i
Ouzzane, Mohamed. "Développement simultané en convection mixte laminaire dans une conduite avec un flux de chaleur non uniforme sur sa surface externe : cas avec et sans ailettes." Sherbrooke : Université de Sherbrooke, 2000.
Find full textMazot, Agnès. "Activité hydrothermale des volcans Kelud et Papandayan (Indonésie) et évaluation des flux de gaz carbonique." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210971.
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Doctorat en sciences, Spécialisation géologie
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Deng, Hao. "Détermination des flux thermiques et de la température du système revêtement-substrat en cours de projection thermique." Besançon, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003BESA2001.
Full textThe purpose of this work is to study influence of the auxiliary means (pre-heating and cooling) used during thermal spray on temperature field and properties (residual stresses status, microhardness and interfacial adherence) of coating-substrate system. A study relying on the specification of function permitted to confirm the feasibility and the reliability of the method of inverse heat transfer problem (IHTP). An extension of the function specification method was applied to determine scanning rate of the process HEATCOOL®. Through the study of the conjugate gradient method, a modified method synthesizing two traditionhal methods for a plan problem has been proposed. The influence of the number of thermocouples, the initial value, the mesh density and the stopping criterion on precision and convergent speed of numerical calculation has been studied systematically. An optimal configuration was then used to determine the profiles of the thermal fluxes such as heating and cooling sources. These results have been verified quantitatively using bi-sample set-up and qualitatively while the study on the scanning rate. The simulation of instantaneous temperature field during the realization of the first layer has showed the difference in temperature at the interface of coating-substrate for the two systems considered (NiCrBSi/Stainless steel and ZrO2-8%Y2O3/ Stainless steel), but also the interest of CO2-liquid like a cooling means. Lastly, the coatings carried out by the process HEATCOOL® revealed the better performances in residual stresses status, microhardness and adherence than those carried out by the classical configurations (single spray and spray accompanied by a cooling)
Maubert, Pierre. "Etude des régimes d'écoulements et de transferts thermiques dans les systèmes en rotation soumis à un flux force." Aix-Marseille 2, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993AIX22100.
Full textPayeur-Poirier, Jean-Lionel. "Flux de CO2 d'une chronoséquence d'écosystèmes d'épinette noire de la forêt boréale de l'Est de l'Amérique du Nord." Thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2011/27936/27936.pdf.
Full textForest harvest and subsequent stand development can have major effects on the carbon cycle of boreal stands. Carbon dioxide (CO2) fluxes of a three-point black spruce harvest chronosequence located in the boreal forest of eastern North America were measured over a one-year period at the ecosystem scale with the eddy covariance technique and CO2 efflux from soils was measured with a portable infrared gas analyzer. The three sites (pre-harvest, recently-harvested, and juvenile) were 105-, 8- and 33-years old, respectively. On an annual basis, the pre-harvest site (EOBS) was a weak carbon sink (6 ± 4 g C m-2 yr-1), the recently-harvested site (HBS00) a source (-87 ± 3 g C m-2 yr-1) and the juvenile site a moderate to strong sink (143 ± 35 g C m-2 yr-1). Annual gross ecosystem production (GEP) at the pre-harvest site was only 28% greater than at the recently-harvested site (646 ± 6 versus 504 ± 5 g C m-2 yr-1) while GEP at the juvenile site (1107 ± 32 g C m-2 yr-1) was 71% greater than at the pre-harvest site, suggesting significant physiological constraints to photosynthesis at the pre-harvest site. Annual ecosystem respiration (Re) followed the same pattern, but intersite differences were somewhat less (640 ± 8 to 591 ± 6 to 964 ± 50 g C m-2 yr-1). Annual soil respiration (Rs) decreased following harvest from 593 to 500 g C m-2 yr-1 and increased with further stand development to 644 g C m-2 yr-1, although the changes were less than for GEP and Re. Q10 and R10 of Rs for the snow-free period varied between sites, were lowest for the recently-harvested site and appeared to be related to GEP via substrate supply. The annual ratio of Rs to Re was lower for the juvenile site (67%) than for the pre-harvest and recently-harvested sites (93 and 85%, respectively). These results quantify how some of the major physiological processes that influence the carbon cycle of boreal black spruce stands evolve following harvest and should be useful for better incorporating stand-age effects into regional and global scale models. Keywords: boreal forest; CO2 fluxes; harvest; chronosequence; disturbance; soil respiration; eddy covariance
Scheiff, Valentin. "Etude expérimentale et modélisation du transfert de chaleur de l'ébullition transitoire." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018INPT0145/document.
Full textThe study of rapid transient boiling is an important issue in the nuclear safety. Such a phenomenon may occur in the case of a RIA (Reactivity Initiated Accident) in the core of a nuclear reactor powerplant, where a power excursion can trigger the formation of a vapour film around the fuel rod, leading to an important rise of the rod temperature and a risk of failure. Some studies in reactor conditions provided transient boiling curves but the modeling lacks of reliability. In collaboration with the IRSN (Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire), an experiment model was built at the Institute of Fluid Mechanics of Toulouse. It generates the flow of a refrigerant, HFE7000, in a semi-annular section channel, whose inner wall is made of a metal foil rapidly heated by Joule effect, simulating the heating of a fuel rod. Infrared thermography is used to measure the temperature of the metal foil, painted with a black paint to increase its emissivity, causing also an increase of the wall thermal resistance. The measurement accuracy of the interest temperature has been optimized according to the paint thickness and a correction on the energy balance takes account this parameter. These measurements are coupled with a high-speed camera that allows visualizing the boiling regimes and get bubble sizes using image processing algorithms. On a flux-temperature diagram, the heat transfers are represented both for steady and transient regimes. Each boiling regime is then reviewed : convection, onset of nucleate boiling, nucleate boiling, boiling crisis, film boiling and rewetting. Steady regimes are correctly modeled by usual correlations. Transient convection is characterized over the whole wall and its evolution is closed to the quasi-steady solution. It is shown that heat transfer during the transition to nucleate boiling are strongly related to the formation of a large vapor phase that spreads on the wall. A local study of this propagation is then necessary. In order to simulate and control transient temperature during nucleate boiling, a P.I.D. is implemented to impose a steady or ramps temperature (from 5 to 500 K.s 1 ). The results in nucleate boiling make it possible to recover the results of the literature in both steady and transient conditions. The experiment allows to study the heat transfer when a vapor film is formed and insulates the wall. The film boiling regime during heating or the cooling of the wall can thus be stabilized for several seconds with this system. The conditions for triggering of film boiling are thus characterized, as its spread dynamic and its transfers once established. Finally, the implementation of the physical characteristics of our experience in IRSN’s SCANAIR code allows us to begin to calculate and compare our experimental results with numerical simulations. Unsteady conduction calculations are applied to the measured temperature to analyze our results during the convection regime and after the onset of boiling
Aubert, Adrien. "Etude de la protection thermique par film d'eau d'une paroi soumise à un flux radiatif : approches expérimentale et numérique." Nantes, 2010. http://archive.bu.univ-nantes.fr/pollux/show.action?id=4f71a165-9801-4736-8e3c-185961634336.
Full textInnovative heat protection device are very important in the industrial context of new material research. This work is dedicated to the study of a water film based system, when a vertical panel is submitted to a radiant heat flux. The aim is to avoid the wall from being damaged. First, a simplified situation is considered, that is the heat transfer between a water film and a heated plane. A semi-analytical solution is presented as well as a numerical study of the influence of surface instabilities on heat transfer. The research is then divided in two axes. An experimental work was released on a dedicated apparatus. Different configurations are studied. The film is either pre-established on the wall when the radiant heat flux is applied, or triggered once the panel subjected to the radiant flux reaches a certain temperature. Influences of the height, of the film flow and the radiant flux are studied. When using small flows, the wall tends to dry. However, the film seems really powerful to protect the wall concerning more important flows. Simultaneously, a 2D unsteady numerical model of the wall and the film was developed. Results are compared to the experiments and proved to give the same trends as well as the numerical values. The model can be used to simulate situations impossible to achieve experimentally due to safety risks
Gaultier, Valérie. "Contribution à l'etude des échanges de phosphate à l'interface eau-sédiment en milieu fluvial : evaluation des flux. : Mesure des capacités de relargage et d'adsorption des sédiments : Applications aux fleuves Seine et Charente." Lyon, INSA, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994ISAL0091.
Full textThis research aims to identify the forms of phosphate accumulation in sediments, their evolution and their transfer within the sediment and at the sediment-water interface. In the eutrophication of rivers, phosphate exchanges at the sediment-water interface play an important role. In specific physical , chemical and biological conditions, the internal phosphate loading of the sediment can return. Into solution and rejoin the phosphate brought by the watersheds. The mechanisms controlling the repartition of phosphate between the dissolved and the particular phase are adsorption desorption, precipitation dissolution an~ biological assimilation mineralisation of organic matter. The exchanges of phosphate at the sediment-water Interface are dependent of diffusion, bioturbation, advection, resuspension and sedimentation. Early diagenesis refers to ail these processes. The fractionation of the different forms of phosphate, according to the scheme of Williams and Jacquet (1976), shows that more than 50 % and 40 % of total phosphate correspond to ferric hydroxides bound phosphate, respective! y at the stations of Seine and Charente rivers. Diffusion fluxes at the sediment-water interface, calculated from the orthophosphate's concentration gradients obtained with diffusion samplers, are directed from the interstitial water toward the water column. The diffusion fluxes are, in average, lower than 1 mg. M-2. H-l, and do not create significant increase of the concentrations of ortbophosphates in the water column. The benthic fluxes at the sediment-water interface, evaluated in situ with benthic chambers, take into account adsorption, desorption, bioturbation and advection, unlike the diffusion fluxes. So, at the station of river Seine, benthic fluxes are around 10 mg. M-2. H-l and are higher than diffusion fluxes. At the stations of river Charente, no flux is detected. The particular phosphate brought to surficial sediment (between 3 and 103 mg. M-2. H-l) is al ways higher than the export of dissolved phosphate from the sediment by diffusion. This can be attributed to the fact that the sedimentation fluxes are overestimated. Owing LO resuspension. . Experimentatio n s of resuspension in reactor, allowed to estimate the phosphate re lease and adsorption capacity of the sediment. The release can be at the origin of an increase of phosphate concentrations in the dissolved phase of 0. 5 mg. L- 1. After adsorption, the total phosphate initial internal loading of the sediment particles can increase from 20 to lOO %. The released and adsorbed phosphate quantities demonstrate that resuspension constitutes an important way of phosphate transfer between the particular and the dissolved phases
TROUFLEAU, DENIS. "Estimation du flux de chaleur sensible sur couverts epars par teledetection infrarouge thermique et multicapteur. Application aux zones arides et semi-arides." Paris, ENGREF, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996ENGR0024.
Full textTorres, Olivier. "Représentation des flux turbulents à l’interface air-mer et impact sur les transports de chaleur et d’eau dans un modèle de climat." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLV002/document.
Full textThe turbulent fluxes at the air-sea interface represent the link between the ocean and the atmosphere and therefore play a major role in the climate system. In climate models, turbulent processes are subgrid scale processes, not explicitly resolved, and must therefore be parameterized. They are estimated from atmospheric and oceanic state variables using mathematical models called “bulk parameterizations”. This thesis aims to characterize and understand the links between the representation of turbulent fluxes at the air-sea interface and the behavior of a climate model at different time scales in tropical regions. To study these links, I developed a modeling strategy using an atmospheric 1D model (SCM), an oceanic (OGCM) or atmospheric (AGCM) general circulation model and a coupled model (GCM). The analysis of SCM simulations allows us to study the direct response of a model to modifications of the turbulent fluxes parameterization. It is shown that it regulates the amount of water, energy and momentum available to the system and therefore its behavior. It can thus represent more than 60% of simulated latent heat flux differences between two climate models in convective periods. The spatial impact of the parameterization of turbulent fluxes is studied through AGCM simulations. They highlight the link between parameterization, its effect on large-scale moisture and temperature gradients, and thus its influence on atmospheric circulation. The study of OGCM simulations underlines the main role of the wind for the behavior of the tropical oceans. If the wind drives changes in SST due to its impact on ocean dynamics and mainly on the equatorial undercurrent, humidity, temperature and radiative flux only influence the ocean surface and are therefore of lesser importance. Finally, the analysis of GCM simulations highlights the feedbacks and the adjustment generated by the modification of turbulent fluxes. When coupling the two components, the ocean acts as a buffer and absorbs the modification of the turbulent fluxes, which leads to a modification of the SST. The adjustment that occurs causes a modification of the atmospheric variables which leads to a new state of equilibrium of the system. The parameterization of surface turbulent fluxes acts at first order on the energy equilibrium of a coupled model and can therefore lead to different simulated climate state. Since this study is focused on the tropics, an interesting perspective would be to extend the study of the turbulent fluxes representation to other spatio-temporal scales (i.e. extra-tropical areas / daily frequency). This would make it possible to validate the systematic behavior of the parameterizations defined in this thesis on a global scale
Torres, Olivier. "Représentation des flux turbulents à l’interface air-mer et impact sur les transports de chaleur et d’eau dans un modèle de climat." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLV002.
Full textThe turbulent fluxes at the air-sea interface represent the link between the ocean and the atmosphere and therefore play a major role in the climate system. In climate models, turbulent processes are subgrid scale processes, not explicitly resolved, and must therefore be parameterized. They are estimated from atmospheric and oceanic state variables using mathematical models called “bulk parameterizations”. This thesis aims to characterize and understand the links between the representation of turbulent fluxes at the air-sea interface and the behavior of a climate model at different time scales in tropical regions. To study these links, I developed a modeling strategy using an atmospheric 1D model (SCM), an oceanic (OGCM) or atmospheric (AGCM) general circulation model and a coupled model (GCM). The analysis of SCM simulations allows us to study the direct response of a model to modifications of the turbulent fluxes parameterization. It is shown that it regulates the amount of water, energy and momentum available to the system and therefore its behavior. It can thus represent more than 60% of simulated latent heat flux differences between two climate models in convective periods. The spatial impact of the parameterization of turbulent fluxes is studied through AGCM simulations. They highlight the link between parameterization, its effect on large-scale moisture and temperature gradients, and thus its influence on atmospheric circulation. The study of OGCM simulations underlines the main role of the wind for the behavior of the tropical oceans. If the wind drives changes in SST due to its impact on ocean dynamics and mainly on the equatorial undercurrent, humidity, temperature and radiative flux only influence the ocean surface and are therefore of lesser importance. Finally, the analysis of GCM simulations highlights the feedbacks and the adjustment generated by the modification of turbulent fluxes. When coupling the two components, the ocean acts as a buffer and absorbs the modification of the turbulent fluxes, which leads to a modification of the SST. The adjustment that occurs causes a modification of the atmospheric variables which leads to a new state of equilibrium of the system. The parameterization of surface turbulent fluxes acts at first order on the energy equilibrium of a coupled model and can therefore lead to different simulated climate state. Since this study is focused on the tropics, an interesting perspective would be to extend the study of the turbulent fluxes representation to other spatio-temporal scales (i.e. extra-tropical areas / daily frequency). This would make it possible to validate the systematic behavior of the parameterizations defined in this thesis on a global scale
Olivier, Léa. "Rôle de la mésoéchelle dans l'océan Atlantique tropical sur la salinité et les flux air-mer de CO2." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023SORUS149.
Full textThe tropical Atlantic Ocean (TAO) controls exchanges from one hemisphere to the other and is a place of strong interactions with the atmosphere. The TAO is home to five of the world's largest rivers as well as intense rainfall in the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ). This induces large spatial variability of salinity and of air-sea CO2 flux. While the global ocean is a strong CO2 sink, the TAO is a strong source of CO2 to the atmosphere due to the deep waters rich in inorganic carbon upwelled to the surface at the equator. However, this source is mitigated by the low CO2 concentrations in the Amazon River plume whose freshwater is low in inorganic carbon and favours phytoplankton blooms. It is in this context that propagate the tropical instability waves (TIWs) and the North Brazil current (NBC) rings, the two dominant mesoscale forms in the TAO. The objective of this work is to describe and understand the variability of the surface salinity and CO2 fluxes associated with the mesoscale. In-situ observations collected during cruises and Argo floats are coupled to surface satellite salinity, temperature and chlorophyll-a. In the equatorial Atlantic the salinity gradient between the fresh water from rainfall under the ITCZ and the salty water of the equatorial upwelling is very strong in May-June. The TIWs strongly distort this gradient, and are therefore particularly well observed in surface salinity. The observation of TIWs in salinity provides complementary information to their observation in surface temperature on their seasonal and interannual variability. Furthermore, salinity does not only play the role of a passive tracer, as together with temperature, it determines the seawater surface density. This affects the energy that allows TIWs to develop and propagate. One of the energy sources is the potential energy generated by the deformation of the density gradient. The effect of salinity on this energy is as strong as that of temperature, which means that by adding the contribution of salinity, the potential energy is doubled. TIWs modify and are modified by the salinity in the equatorial Atlantic. On the western edge of the basin, the Amazon plume results in even more salinity variability than in the equatorial Atlantic. The NBC rings, eddies that are 200 km in diameter, are highly contrasted structures. They trap the salty, CO2-rich waters of the NBC, but their rotation stirs water from the Amazon plume. The fresh water of the plume enhances the exchanges of CO2 and heat with the atmosphere. The northwestern TA in February 2020 was found to be a CO2 sink 10 times stronger than expected, and more than 40% of this flux is due to the effect of eddies. Their role is twofold, on the one hand they stir the plume which becomes a strong carbon sink, but also, they do not retain the CO2-rich surface signature of the waters they trap, and instead often stir freshwater filaments. The situation in summer is very different from the one in winter. The NBC changes its orientation by 90° and instead of following the South American coastline, it flows towards Africa. The NBC passes the mouth of the Amazon that is close to its maximum discharge and advects the plume eastwards. However, the NBC rings and the winds change this classical pattern. The formation and propagation of eddies make the plume discontinuous, and the winds favour a northwestward transport of fresh water. Thus, in August -September, whereas part of the plume indeed flows eastwards, another part is advected towards the Lesser Antilles. Particularly strong examples of this were observed in late summer 2021. This work shows the importance of the oceanic mesoscale for understanding key phenomena, such as the propagation of the TIWs and of the Amazon plume and the TAO carbon budget
Seiler-Marie, Nathalie. "Modélisation et simulation des phénomènes d'ébullition et du transfert de chaleur dans la zone d'impact d'un jet sur une plaque chaude." Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2004. https://hal.science/tel-04604377.
Full textSeiler-Marie, Nathalie. "Modélisation et Simulation des phénomènes d'ébullition et du transfert de chaleur dans la zone d'impact d'un jet sur une plaque chaude." Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2004. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/7641/1/seiler.pdf.
Full textVacher, Maxime. "Etude de l’évaporation du CO2 dans des microcanaux intégrés dans des détecteurs en silicium : approches numérique et expérimentale." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Grenoble Alpes, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024GRALI048.
Full textBecause of its good thermo-physical properties and low global warming power (GWP), for certain scientific applications, CO2 is considered a suitable refrigerant for cooling electronic devices. The next generation of trace detectors at the LHC (CERN), scheduled for installation in 2027, will be cooled to temperatures between +10°C and -40°C, by evaporating liquid CO2 circulating in titanium mini-channels attached to 4cm² silicon PIXEL sensors. For the next generation, to be installed on the Future Circular Collider (FCC) by 2040, a new option explored by CERN is being studied by the LEGI-LAPP team. This innovative solution involves circulating CO2 through microchannels integrated into the silicon substrate directly behind the sensors, minimizing thermal interfaces. To achieve this, it is necessary to evaluate the thermal performance of this solution in order to validate this technological choice. As part of this thesis, several silicon/pyrex multichannel samples were produced in a cleanroom environment. These samples consist of an expansion zone (capillaries) connected to an evaporation zone (parallel microchannels). For saturation temperatures between -30°C and -40°C, mass velocities ranging from 250 kg/(m²s) to 1400 kg/(m²s), and vapor contents between 4% and 18%, the heat transfer coefficient between the silicon wall and the CO2 was evaluated for heat fluxes ranging from 12 kW/m² to 161 kW/m². The results show that the heat transfer coefficient is strongly degraded by increasing mass velocity, but remains relatively independent of heat flux density. Numerical 2D flow simulations using the Volume Of Fluid approach confirm this trend
Boscary, Jean. "Transfert thermique et flux critique dans un écoulement hélicoi͏̈dal en tube chauffé uniformément." Toulouse, INPT, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995INPT096H.
Full textTakherist, Djilali. "Structure crustale, subsidence mésozoi͏̈que et flux de chaleur dans les bassins nord-sahariens (Algérie) : apport de la gravimétrie et des données de puits." Montpellier 2, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990MON20052.
Full textCréon, Bocquet Laura. "Effets thermodynamiques de l'extension de la lithosphère sur les roches du manteau : modélisation et quantification des flux de carbone mantelliques vers la croûte." Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066528/document.
Full textThis work presents a quantitative investigation of the CO2 in the lithospheric mantle by the study of peridotite xenoliths brought up to the surface by alkaline volcanism in the Pannonian Basin (Central Europe). Textural and geochemical studies of mantle xenoliths highlight a polyphased metasomatism of the lithospheric mantle. The last metasomatic event is related to the percolation of silicate melts of adakite-like compositions, originated from slab melting. During metasomatism, primary fluids reacted with metasomatic amphiboles to form parental melts of the calc-alkaline series observed at the surface of the Pannonian Basin. The CO2 budget of adakite-like magmas and of the mantle below the Pannonian Basin was then constrained by an innovative approach on mantle xenoliths using (1) synchrotron X-ray microtomography, (2) NanoSIMS, Raman spectroscopy and microthermometry, and (3) thermodynamic models. The CO2 concentrations in adakite-like melts were estimated between 9.0 and 25.4 wt. %, in agreement with a fluid-rich source. CO2 concentrations of ~2000 ppm were determined as representative of the Pannonian lithospheric mantle. This significant CO2 lithospheric reservoir is probably tapped by the major shear zone of the Mid Hungarian Zone, resulting in the omnipresence of mantle CO2 in the Pannonian basin
Koffi, Kouakou Urbain. "Distribution des paramètres du carbone et du flux de CO2 à l'interface air - mer dans l'Est de l'Atlantique tropical." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00945786.
Full textThomas, Anthony. "Transfert d'eau et de chaleur dans une pile à combustible à membrane : mise en évidence expérimentale du couplage et analyse des mécanismes." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LORR0143/document.
Full textProton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) make it possible to convert efficiently chemical energy into electricity. For this, hydrogen is oxidized at one of the electrodes of the cell, created protons pass through the electrolyte (membrane) while electrons flow across the external circuit provide the electrical energy. All these elements recombine at the second electrode, with oxygen, to produce water. Performance is not perfect within a cell and a part of the reactants energy is also degraded as heat. Despite recent advances, the large scale commercialization of PEMFC is still hampered by durability issues, some of them being related to water and thermal management. In order to quantify the thermal behavior and its effect on the water transport, a fuel cell has been instrumented for the electrodes temperature, water and heat fluxes measurement. The results show that high temperature gradients (up to about 30 K/mm) can exist in a cell operating under standard conditions. It was observed a clear influence of the temperature field in the cell on the water transport. Water flows towards the coldest part of the cell (usually the channels), passing through the porous layers in vapor phase in our experimental conditions